De La Salle University- Dasmariñas

College of Liberal Arts and Communication

Social Sciences Department

EDSA TRAFFIC CRISIS

A Research Project

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in GRSS 205

Teaching Political Economy

Submitted to:

Dr. Edward Reed

Estefanie G. Awa-ao
Anna Karina P. Duban
Christine D. Mendaro

Master of Arts in Teaching Social Science

December 10, 2016

 PART I

THE PROBLEM/CHALLENGES AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS

Every day we come across news about the traffic situation on EDSA and how people in
all classes, rich or poor deal with the daily struggle of travelling going to work, school or such
like reason may possibly be depending on the situation. 1EDSA became the nation’s socio-
political statement; it is where the two major people power revolutions have happened that has
successfully managed to propel its cause, the EDSA 1 – the Fall of Marcos Regime, and the
EDSA 2 – the Fall of Estrada Regime. It embodies the rich democratic history of our country that
reflects our love for liberty and free expression that countries acknowledge us. ²Today, this
historical road is known for its infamous traffic condition and it is considered having the "worst
traffic on Earth," according on a global evaluation conducted by Waze, a GPS-based navigation
app.³In 2011, a motorist crawls 2.13 minutes to cover a kilometer, making the travel speed at
only 28.10 kilometers per hour. With several road works ahead, commuters are estimated to
spend additional 1 to 2 hours on the road. Different proposals were instigated to alleviate the
EDSA traffic crisis, for instance the implementation of the HPG or the Highway Patrol Group,
opening of alternative routes or “Mabuhay Lanes” and road widening projects, But all of these
proposals do not offer long term solutions, instead it only intensify the existing problem. The
everyday condition in EDSA is a story of all of us and how we came overcome such situations
and how to handle its aftermaths.
Stakeholders of the EDSA Traffic Crisis:

Commuters (the general population) – Traffic congestion affects the health of an individual
particularly the commuters riding in an open vehicle like jeepneys and non-air-conditioned
buses. It increased the carbon emissions and consumption of fuel that upsurge the greenhouse
4
gas emissions. According to the report of JICA or Japan International Cooperation Agency,
greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase to 5.72 million tons a year in 2030, compared
to 4.7 million tons a year in 2012. Increase in gas emission multiply the health risk of commuters
and can accumulate respiratory related diseases like lung cancer. Also, traffic jam situations can
1
EDSA: The Traffic Statement of the Philippines August 31, 2015
² Tan, Lara Metro Manila has 'worst traffic on Earth,' longest commute – Waze October 2, 2015
³ Mabalay, Amihan Beyond traffic jams: the bigger picture on Metro Manila’s transportation disaster April 5, 2014
4
Traffic Problems in the Philippines and Proposed Solutions September 2, 2014
lead to cardio related diseases since it can build up stress both physically and mentally to our
body according to the 2012 study by the Washington University.

Motorists (both public and private) –Vehicular accidents occur when there are unanticipated
occurrences and lack of discipline among motorists causing to build up bottleneck traffic
situations. Public utility vehicle drivers were more affected in view of the fact that their income
is insufficient due to the horrendous traffic congestion in EDSA.

Students-Heavy traffic could affect the over-all performance of students.Traffic congestion is the
reason of tardiness in students. Being stuck on traffic for a long time also brings pressure to them
resulting of draining of their mental and physical energy that is supposed to be utilized in their
studies.

Entrepreneurs- Traffic congestions in EDSA affects the business activities of our country. The
National Capital Region or NCR is the center of our economic transactions since Makati City,
the business capital of the Philippines is located in this region. Main branches of both local and
international industries are stationed in this area. The Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) recently released a report saying that even with the economic growth the Philippines is
experiencing right now, the country is losing P2.4 billion a day due to the worsening traffic grid
lock and by 2030 it will continue to increaseto P6 billion if permanent solutions will not be
implement to reduce traffic obstruction.

Transport Companies (bus companies)- A study conducted by the Philippine Institute of

Development Studies (PIDS) confirmed that there are over 12,500 buses operating within Metro
Manila, or from the province to Metro Manila, dispersed over 1,122 bus operators. 5 The study
also noted that commuters prefer to ride on a bus rather than the other modes of transport such as
private vehicles, MRT, LRT, taxis, and utility vehicles. The rising congestion in EDSA and other
main roads in Metro Manila convinced the government to monitor and regulate buses and its
franchising. It also recommended to pay bus drivers minimum wages instead of commissions to
avoid reckless driving of bus drivers to avoid road accidents.

Local Government Units- EDSA is surrounded by 7 out of the 16 cities in the NCR (National
Capital Region) and these cities are in charge of managing the traffic situation in their
jurisdiction. According to Interior and Local Government Secretary Mel Senen Sarmiento, Local
officials should work together and come up with a long-term solution to the worsening traffic in
Metro Manila. 6He also accentuated that LGUs of Metro Manila should have a strategic long-
term plan in solving the congestion and other problems like garbage and sewage system. Using
the Internal Revenue Allotment, he added (Sarmiento) will make these strategic plans effective
and efficient. (Felipe, The Philippine Star September 20, 2015). Metro Manila mayors should
help each other to reduce the problems of their respective cities. On the contrary, political
conflict especially the clashing of political ideals is a hindrance for having a genuine cooperation
to achieve a better traffic management system.

Automobile Industry- The Chamber of Automotive Manufacturers of the Philippines Inc.

(CAMPI), the country’s largest automotive group lead by Rommel Gutierrez, in behalf of the
entrepreneurs in the local automobile industry, expressed his support in giving President Duterte
emergency powers to solve the congestion in EDSA and also outside Metro Manila. (Mercurio,
The Philippine Star, August 23, 2016) He said the industry is hoping the government’s campaign
would not affect the business of local automotive players, particularly the robust sales they are
enjoying at the moment. 7The Philippine automotive industry is seen sustaining its double-digit
expansion even beyond 2020 when motor vehicle sales are expected to reach 500,000 units
annually. In an interview conducted by the Philippine Star to the president of the Federation of
Automotive Industries of the Philippines Vicente Mills Jr., he told that after 2020, the country
could still be among the fastest growing automotive markets in Southeast Asia with an annual
sales of 10 percent or higher. The reason for the growth of the automotive market of the country
is the low down payments and easy installment plans in purchasing a car which lead to an
increase of ownership in one or two cars.

Department of Transportation and Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)- These

two government agencies are responsible of creating long term solutions in addressing the
problem of congestion in EDSA. But, their authority in handling the congestion problem had
limitations because of the different traffic policies imposed by the LGUs. Senator Grace Poe
filed a bill that will give the full authority to the Department of Transportation in traffic
management and creating a central authority lead by DOTr. The national agencies that the DOTr
want spared from traffic management include the Metro Manila Development Authority, Land
Transportation Office, and Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. If this bill
became a law, it is believe that it will be easier to execute some of the projects like the metro bus
rapid transit, the extension of LRT Lines 1 and 2 to Cavite and Masinag, Antipolo to Pier 4
respectively, and the construction of four new mass rail systems aside from the ongoing MRT
Line 7 project from Quezon City to Bulacan, and a separate railway system which will connect
the entire main islands of the Philippines. (Zurbano, 2016- LGUs partly to blame for messy
traffic, says MMDA)

5 Is there no way to deal with traffic in Metro Manila? Albert, Jose Ramon October 07, 2015
6 Lawmakers wary ‘blanket’ powers for traffic encroach on LGU functions Yap, DJ October 01, 2016
7 LGUs asked to come up with traffic management plans Felipe, Cecille September 20, 2015
 PART II

HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM

EDSA – Epifiano de los Santos Avenue is a famous road in the capital city which not
only known for the two bloodless revolutions existed in the area but also of every day
tremendous traffic is named after Epifiano de los Santos y Cristobal, a Filipino historian. It is the
longest road in Metro Manila. In an interview, Peter Uckong, senior researcher at the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) explains how this thoroughfare came to be.
He said that the avenue was constructed in 1940, during the presidency of the late Manuel L.
Quezon. The engineers behind the construction of the major road were Florencio Moreno and
Osmundo Monsod. Initially, it was named called 19 de Junio to commemorate the birthday of
Rizal. The route was renamed “Highway 54” by American administrators in a misconception that
the road stretches 54 kilometers when it is actually about 24 kilometers long. In 1959, the road
was renamed to honor Filipino intellectual and historian Epifiano de los Santos under Republic
Act 2140.1
EDSA is not just an ordinary road. It is history on its own right. Before long, commuters,
passersby, riders, students, employees, private individuals, business sectors and among others
have enough same old story to tell about EDSA today – the traffic issues and its underlying
serious implications on both social and economic grounds. Business people tell more worrying
tales. Jaime Ysmael of the Ayala Corporation, a conglomerate said that as commutes grow
longer, productivity is suffering.2
In an article written by Amihan Euza Mabalay, (2014), Manila traffic is considered as
among the world’s worst, according to CNN’s travel website. A study conducted by Japan
International Cooperating Agency (JICA) cites that the Philippines will lose P2.4 billion a day
until the construction of 15 major road projects are completed by 2016.
Traffic congestion in EDSA can be traced back during the American colonial period. In
an article entitled “Traffic in the Philippines’Capital, it stated that Manila has taken the worst
aspect of American urban planning and applied them to a dense, Spanish-style metropolis before
adding not a few mistakes. First fault of the city was its failure to build an extensive, high-
volume public transport system. Seven metropolitan railway lines have been planned but only
1. Villavicencio, History in Asphalt, February 25, 2012
2. Rising car ownership and appalling transport policies block the roads, February 27, 2016.
three have been built since work began in the early 1980s and the connections between them are
poor. Since it has few trains, hundreds of small bus operators ply the roads. EDSA alone is
served by 266 bus companies, while 1,122 operate somewhere in Manila. There is competition
between these buses that they race against each other and loitered the roads long as they can.3
During the time of presidency of President Ferdinand Marcos, traffic jams in the avenue
started to build up. Several interchanges were constructed to relieve congestion, including the
Balintawak and Magallanes Interchanges at the ends of the avenue.Later with the
implementation of the Metro Manila Arterial Road System in 1965, in order to complete the
circumferential Road 4 system, EDSA was extended to Taft Avenue from the South Luzon
Expressway (the extension was called F. Rein Avenue), and further to Roxas Boulevard (P.
Lovina Avenue) EDSA was also extended from its original Balintawak to Apolonio Samson
Road of Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan.4
Another factor that contributes in the traffic plague in Manila in our present time today
started from rising of car ownership, increasing car sales, lack of mass transit Since then people
started buying cars and started to travel along highways in Manila, “many people now drive, the
economy of the Philippines grew by 5.8% last year, Cars are thought to carry about 30% of
people in the metropolis but account for 72% of traffic.5
The alarming level of traffic congestion that people are continually experiencing in
EDSA is not only brought up by increasing rate of car ownership whether public or private, the
construction of several interchanges of roads or a failure to build an extensive, high-volume
public transport system. According to an article written by Mabalay, the heavy traffic and
extreme congestion of Metro Manila roads is just the tip of the iceberg. The larger problem is
embedded in our national policies and approach on transportation. She further connotes that the
problem lies on two grounds: inefficient and unsustainable urban planning and car/automobile-
dependency.

3. Villavicencio, History in Asphalt, February 25, 2012

4. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati_Central_Business_District
5. Rising car ownership and appalling transport policies block the roads, February 27, 2016.

PART III
What change or solution has been proposed to improve the situation? How will this change
improve the situation why people are proposing?

There are lots of studies regarding on how the government should improve the situation
about the EDSA traffic. Everyone is affected on this matter. Researchers derive many possible
solutions to improve the situation on EDSA. Positive changes and improved traffic situations are
possible to materialize given the proper time allotment, effort, sufficient funding, discipline and
good bureaucracy. In an article written by Architect Felino A. Palafox Jr. dated September1,
2016, he cited about the Cheonggyecheon stream restoration in Seoul, South Korea which used
to be an EDSA-like highway. It was completely removed to make way for urban and ecological
renewal which in turn makes the economy of Seoul grew better and traffic was decongested.
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) proposed “Roadmap for Transport
Infrastructure Development for Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas” that offers some solutions
in the busiest roads along EDSA and some alternative route to ease the congestion. JICA’s P2.3-
trillion infrastructure road map to decongest Metro Manila involves the establishment of new
infrastructure and improving traffic management. New roads and expressways will be built, and
this is intended to improve accessibility to rail systems, traffic enforcement and education. The
public transport system will also be improved, and in the process, the country will be able to cut
its traffic losses and even generate revenues. The JICA reckons that the Philippines can save as
much as P1.2 trillion in 2030. This is equivalent to P1.9 billion a day, or P570 billion a year from
time cost savings and P2.1 billion a day or P630 billion annually from vehicle operating cost
savings. The government can also generate up to P119 billion a year in toll and fare revenue.
Commuters, on the other hand, will be able to save at least P18 daily and cut their travel time by
49 minutes per trip. In its proposed roadmap for 2030, the Japanese agency stressed the need for
an integrated urban mass-transit network, with an efficient railway system making up a large part
of the public transport mix (www.flatplanet.com)

Aside from those “dream-like” proposals above, Here are other possible solutions to alleviate the
traffic crisis in EDSA:

TELECOMMUTING it refers to a home-based work arrangement allowing employee to

clock in hours without stepping into the office. In theory, it will lessen the numbers of
commuters traveling daily, thus easing the traffic congestion.

EMERGENCY POWERS FOR THE PRESIDENT - this means giving power to the
president to do the action. In this way the key project of the government will be push through
example the key project like Rail Cargo Project. The Executive can effectively use and mobilized
all the government resources and undertaking such necessary measures by appointments,
procurement budgetary and COA. (JV. Ejercito)

BUS SEGREGATION SCHEME – it is a color-coded scheme for buses plying EDSA

that will utilize green, yellow, and orange stickers. It is a proposal from MMDA that there will be
Bus Segregation along the Highway, under the scheme buses were marked A, B, and C each with
corresponding bus stops. This means less buses hanging around a certain stop and shorter time
travel for buses with less stops.

Some private sectors also have proposals like the following:

LONG TERM
Decentralization
Proper Zoning and City Development
Seaport Development
Switch from Current Private Bus/ Jeepney Franchising Scheme

SHORT TERM
Increase the number of Traffic Enforcers
Shorter work week
Promote working from home
Carpooling Incentives

(Yapyuco, Justine)

How will this change improve the situation? If the people and the government should
only have a brighter look that EDSA, it can change maybe this proposals would be a great start.
And by admitting by the public that it is not just an instant it should be vice versa, we should be
drastic to the change and the government should not blame anyone regarding the EDSA traffic.
 PART IV

Who supports change and why? How would they benefit from change? Who are their
political allies or supporters?

Effective solutions are necessary to change the situation in EDSA. Stakeholders are
longing to have a hassle-free journey of using this historical highway.

The Commuters (working class and students)- The commuters, especially the working class
and students enthusiastically supported the implementations of long term solutions to lessen their
travel time. The establishment of South Station changed the route of buses coming from
Southern provinces of Luzon, taking the C-5 route instead of taking the route to EDSA. It will
lessen the congestion since majority of the provincial buses travelling from northern or southern
part of Luzon take the EDSA route. As mentioned in this paper, traffic congestion lead to
underperformance of employees and students. The instigation of these changes

Businesses/Entrepreneurs- According to the editorial page of the Manila Standard Today

(http://thestandard.com.ph/opinion/editorial/208946/traffic-solution.html June 24, 2016), the
business community noted that the Philippines was near transportation crisis that needed urgent
action and solutions. Former president, now Rep. Gloria Arroyo is proposing a bill in Congress
to grant the emergency powers to President Duterte, saying the traffic congestion in Metro
Manila “impedes progress and leads to a situation where billions are lost daily in fuel cost, man
hours and opportunities.” The bill also aims to authorize Mr. Duterte to reorganize the Metro
Manila Development Authority to make it more effective, innovative and responsive to the traffic
crisis in Metro Manila. This power will also secure the immediate construction of railroads and
road widening for the improvement of the transportation system of the Philippines.

Emergency services/health care- The decrease of automobiles travelling along EDSA will
result to a better response to emergency situations and also promoting environment sustainability
since carbon emissions will reduce, an aspect of evolution of EDSA that should take place. The
biggest contributors of air pollution in EDSA are jeepneys and tricycles. Restricting these
vehicles from entering our major roads or limiting its franchise will definitely minimize carbon
monoxide quantity in the atmosphere of Metro Manila. A better coordination of traffic lights,
with timing adjusted to traffic density, would be a beneficial measure to insure a smoother
flow of traffic and therefore less air pollution.
 PART V

Who resists change and why? How do they benefit from the current situation? Who are
their political allies or supporters?

There have been a lot of proposal to address the issue regarding the extreme traffic
congestion in EDSA. Proposed changes or solutions ranges from short-term to long term
measures. Some gathered support from different stakeholder while some resisted.

On an article posted in Philippine Daily Inquirer on November 12, 2016 by Jovic Yee, it
stated there that the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTRFB) issued
“Memorandum Circular No. 2016 -009 prohibiting UV Express vans from using EDSA, except
when using the highways. This, according to LTFRB will help address the traffic congestion
problem in the metro. In response to this memorandum, Rosalino Marable, national president of
the Coalition of Operators and Drivers of UV Express said that they were not responsible for the
heavy traffic that congested the EDSA. A group of van operators criticized the said
memorandum, saying that there was no public consultation was made. With the issuance made,
commuters from northern provinces would now have to get off at Balintawak while those from
the south should alight either on Coastal Road or Roxas Boulevard.
 Another proposed solutions to the traffic issues on EDSA comes from the executive
branch of the government where our present President Rodrigo Duterte seek an emergency
power to the legislative body asking the House of Congress and the House of Senate to enact the
Senate Bill entitled "Freedom from Traffic and Congestion Act" authored by Senator Peter
Cayetano. The said bill seeks to authorize the President and heads of executive agencies related
to the transportation sector to use necessary resources and employ executive actions to resolve
the crisis. Senator Cayetano strongly believe that if granted, the emergency powers would also
help alleviate traffic congestion not only in the metro but as well as those highly urbanized area
such as Cavite, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, Laguna and Metro Cebu. He also hoped that the
national and local government units should implement standard policy regarding traffic rules and
regulation that is applicable to all so to avoid confusions among drivers and motorists.
During the final hearing of the senate committee about the emergency power sought by
Duterte’s administration, senators (unnamed) questioned the obscure provisions of the
Department of Transportation (DOTR) for the vague provisions in its proposed “Traffic and
Congestion Crisis Act”. Senate Minority Leader Ralph Recto questioned Transportation
Undersecretary Jerry de Guzman about the project and admitted that many of the road, maritime,
aviation and rail projects listed by the DOTr in the bill were not funded in the proposed P3.35-
trillion national budget for 2017 or did not have feasibility studies or engineering plans yet.
Senator Recto stated that DOTr’s proposal as having “no focus,” He also cited a provision that
mentioned the “formulation of decongestion and transportation network reform plan,” which
meant the government did not have a comprehensive plan yet to address the crisis. Recto and
Sen. Grace Poe, chair of the panel, likewise questioned the authority of the proposed traffic czar,
whom the DOTr proposed would have jurisdiction all over the country. (Paolo Romero, The
Philippine Star)

On an article posted by Maila Ager in Inquirer, Sen. Grace Poe has laid down several
conditions to consider the emergency powers being sought for President Rodrigo Duterte to
address the traffic crisis in the country. She said that there should be a “clear cut parameters”. It
includes the following: the additional powers “must be FOI-compliant, the emergency powers
must not only be “fiscally responsible” but it must also have details and deadlines and the powers
must be in pursuit of clearly-identified results.
 Another individual who questioned the grant of emergency powers to the president was
Kabayan Rep. Harry Roque - a party-list lawmaker in the House of Representatives. To cite one
reason of his disapproval, Roque states that the power to be granted to Duterte to resolve the traffic
crisis unhampered by any laws, regulations and procedures smacks of blanket authority that
disregards existing laws. Furthermore, he also pointed out that “The entire scheme of the
Constitution is anchored on the three branches of government and that emergency
power is granted only under very brazen circumstances, when we want to unsettle
the balance of power. In response to the argument raised by Roque, Transportation
Undersecretary for Legal and Procurement Raoul Creencia told the congressman
that the emergency powers would grant the President the mandate to solve the
traffic crisis which existing laws failed to do. Creencia said the power of the
President to go to direct or negotiated procurement would still be within the
bounds of the Republic Act 9184 or the Government Procurement Reform Act.
(Cayabyab, Marc Jayson INQUIRER.net)

Part VI
What strategy do you recommend for implementing change in a way that overcomes
opposition and gains benefits for the affected population? Are there similar cases from
which lessons can be learned and applied?

Many changes or solutions were proposed to address EDSA’s traffic problems. It ranges
from small to larger scale measures from implementing traffic policies to a high urban planning
and reconstructions. We can say here, that all proposals however small or large they may seem
were good and indeed is a sure way to help resolve the issue one way or another. But, the case
about EDSA is so serious that it poses economic threat and disadvantages in our county. So,
preferably, we assume that the major population especially the higher authorities would rather
seek a long term measures that ensures stable and high-end results. The thing is – among the
enlisted solutions, what is best fitted to pursue traffic problems in EDSA? Will the preferred
solution doesn’t hurt government funding? What government agency or institution should govern
and spearhead the program? These are just some of our pre-conceived concerns that oppositions
may poster and addressed. Regarding this matter, here are some of our recommendations:
1. CONDUCT A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY. In proposing solutions, it should be a
product of long term feasibility study considering all factors that the program or solution
may incur. It should have a well-laid out infrastructural plan.
2. PARTICIPATORY PLANNING. This strategy connotes collaboration between
implementers of the program, stakeholders and the affected population. Collaboration
activities shall include discussion and decision making. In an article posted on April 10,
2015 by upweb wordpress in UP Forum, it describes “participatory planning will give the
elite and ordinary citizen the opportunity to engage in a collaborative discussion, where
each stake holder can level off and lay claim to their “right in the city”. In this matter,
aggregate concerns from different parties will most if not all maybe put into consideration
before such engineering plans and construction be decided.
3. PROMOTE TRANSPARENCY. This strategy should be manifested by whoever
individual/authority assigned, selected or appointed by the government to spearhead the
government’s preferred traffic solution in EDSA. If manifested, it could build up trust
and may avoid issues such as corruption. Transparency shall cover every detail – from the
purchase of materials, selection of contractors, payment scheme and among others
(especially financial transactions).
References:

Flatplanet (2014, September 2) Traffic Problems in the Philippines and Proposed Solutions
Retrieved from: http://www.flatplanet.com.au/hard-heads-the-bpo-business-case/229-traffic-
problems-in-the-philippines-and-proposed-solutions-

Mabalay, Amihan (2014, April 5) Beyond traffic jams: the bigger picture on Metro Manila’s
transportation disaster Retrieved from:http://thepoc.net/index.php/beyond-traffic-jams-the-
bigger-picture-on-metro-manilas-transportation-disaster/

RTNJR (2015, August 31) EDSA: The Traffic Statement of the Philippines Retrieved
from:http://empowered-pinoy.com/edsa-the-traffic-statement-of-the-philippines/

Tan, Lara (2015, October 2) Metro Manila has 'worst traffic on Earth,' longest commute – Waze
Retrieved from: http://cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/10/01/Metro-Manila-Philippines-worst-
traffic-longest-commute-Waze-survey.html

(2016, November 11) Rising Car Ownership and Appalling Transport Policies Block the Roads
Retrieved from:http://www.economist.com/news/asia/rising-car-ownership-and-appalling-
transport-policies

EDSA http://www.enwikipedia.org/wiki/Makati_Central_Business_District
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asphalt

(02, September 2014) Traffic in the Phillippines and Proposed Solution

https://business.inquirer.net/211679/solutions-to-traffic-woes-proposed

Bueza, Michael (07,July 2016 )Solutions to traffic woes proposed Philippine Daily Inquirer:
http://www.flatplanet.com.au/hard-heads-the-bpo-business-case/229-traffic-problems-in-the-
philippines-and-proposed-solutions-

Cayabyab, Marc Jayson. (15 September 2016) Duterte Emergency Powers as Blanket Authority
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Ager, Maila. (10 August 2016) Duterte Emergency Power Won’t Come without Conditions- Poe:
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Yee, Jovic, (August 03, 2016) http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/802316/dont-blame-us-for-edsa-

traffic-van-drivers-tell-ltfrb#ixzz4PjrFuJg

Zurbano, Joel (July 17, 2016) LGUs partly to blame for messy traffic, says MMDA Manila
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Mercurio, Richmond (August 23, 2016). Car dealers to Rody: Solve traffic first. The Philippine
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Mercurio, Richmond (May 10, 2016) Philippine auto industry seen sustaining double-digit
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plans. The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/09/20/1501770/lgus-asked-
come-traffic-management-plan

(02, September 2014) Traffic in the Phillippines and Proposed Solution

https://business.inquirer.net/211679/solutions-to-traffic-woes-proposed

Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (CMFR) September 11, 2015 http://cmfr-
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http://cleanairasia.org/node12802/ Retrieve: December 3, 2016

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