Extended Circuit and Balanced Currents in an

Extended Circuit
EXPERIMENT 2

Jonel V. Lipata, Norlaine G. Maala, Meryll Allen L. Mantaring, Hannah M. Mijares, Leonard Amiel Nania, Haira Marie Jianne S.
Ochoa, Christian E. Perez, Jose Juan Paolo Miguel R. Ramos
Department of Electronics Enginering
University of Sto. Tomas
Manila, Philippines
jonel.lipata.eng@ust.edu.ph, norlaine.maala.eng@ust.edu.ph, meryllallen.mantaring.eng@ust.edu.ph,
hannah.mijares.eng@ust.edu.ph, leonardamiel.nania.eng@ust.edu.ph, hairamarie.ochoa.eng@ust.edu.ph,
christian.perez.eng@ust.edu.ph, josejuan.ramos.eng@ust.edu.ph
Abstract— This paper aims to explain the different observations
based on the behavior of voltage and current in free space with
the aid of antennas. Different demonstrations were done to
visualize how radiations takes place, and the cancellation of
current flow in opposite directions or balanced currents in an
extended circuit.
Fig. 1 shows a fluorescent tube placed inside a solenoid. For
the lumped circuit, a wire was coiled to produce a solenoid in
which it was plugged on the ground plane. An RF generator
was used to produce radiation. As observed in the figure, the
fluorescent tube lit up.

Keywords— antenna, electric field, magnetic field, radiation

I. THEORY
An antenna is a transducer that converts radio
frequency fields into alternating current or vice versa. There
are both receiving and transmission antennas for sending or
receiving radio transmissions. Antennas play an important role
in the operation of all radio equipment. They are used in
wireless local area networks, mobile telephony and satellite
communication.

The concept of an antenna can be explained by a Fig. 2. Fluorescent tube placed outside a solenoid
solenoid. Solenoid is a long wire wound in a form of helix. The fluorescent tube was also placed on the outside of the coil.
The electric and magnetic field is only extended in immediate It can be observed that the fluorescent tube lit up as well.
vicinity of the wire, therefore no radiation takes place. When
the wire is extended, it can be used to generate a nearly
uniform magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet with
which radiation takes place. The field can be greatly
strengthened by the addition of an iron core. Such cores are
typical in electromagnets.

An antenna's position or formation greatly affects its

effectivity. Antennas situated beside each other produces null
field with which the field quantity is zero as a result of two or
more quantities cancelling each other. On the other hand a half
wave dipole antenna is very effective and is one of the most
widely used antenna types.

II. DATA AND RESULTS

A. Demonstration 1: Lumped Circuit and Extended Circuit Fig. 3. Radiation detector placed vertically beside the vertical wire

Fig. 1. Fluorescent tube placed inside a solenoid

Fig. 3 shows that the radiation detector lit up strongly when it
is placed in parallel with the vertical wire. Radiation detector
is used to detect the presence of radiation on different areas
around the vertical wire.

Fig. 6.Behavior of the tube when placed below the rods.

Fig. 4. Radiation detector placed horizontally beside the vertical wire

Fig. 4 shows the result when the radiation detector was placed
horizontally beside the vertical wire. It can be observed that
the radiation detector produced a faint light, denoting that
there was a weak radiation on the said orientation.

B. Demonstration 2: Balanced Circuits in an Extended

Circuit
For the demonstration 2, two rods are used that are Fig. 7.Output in the Radiation Detector when placed at the middle
arranged in L position. A fluorescent tube was placed near the of the rods.
end of the rods and was observed that there were certain
places where in the fluorescent tube was lighted. Also, a
radiation detector was used to observe the null field behavior
between the rods.

Fig. 5.Behavior of the tube when placed at the end of the rods.
Fig. 8.Output of the Radiation Detector when placed at the end of the
rods. Fig. 11.Output of the Voltage and Current detector when
placed on one end of the rods.
For the second part of the demonstration 2, the two rods
were rearranged to T position. Radiation Detector was used to
observe where strong radiation and takes place. Also, voltage
and current detector was used to show the behavior for both
voltage and current along the two rods.

Fig.
12.Output of the Voltage and Current Detector when placed
near the center of the rods.

Fig.
9.Output of the Radiation Detector when placed in between of the rods.

Fig.
13.Output of the Voltage and Current Detector when placed
near the center of the rods.

III. ANALYSIS

Fig.10.Output when Radiation Detector was placed either of the

end of the rods.
A. Demonstration 1:Propagation in a Transmission line
Initially, the TLD511L generated a sine wave output
in digital format. Upon pressing 'step input to A' a pulse is
generated from left to right. And if 'step input to B' is pressed
the pulse goes from B-to-A. The amplitude and frequency of
the generated sine wave can be configured and change using
the function generator. As 'L' increases, the speed of the signal
arriving from A-to-B or B-to-A becomes faster.
B. Demonstration 2:Attenuation and Dispersion
With maximum amplitude of the digital sine wave
output, attenuation can distort its signal before arriving at the
receiver side. In Figure 2.2.2 and 2.2.3, with maximum
distortion in the transmission line, the pulse generated with
maximum amplitude, shortens and never reaches its intended
destination.
C. Demonstration 3:Terminations, Simple Cases
In Figure 2.3.1, the generated pulse is eliminated at
the reciever side because the '600R' moduke acts as a
terminator. If '600R' is removed while transmiting signals,
reflected signals can be seen, as shown in Fiigure 2.3.2 and
2.3.3. If two sides of the transmission lines send signals two
each other, the signals tend to add up upon meeting,
satisgfying the superposition theorem. This can be seen Figure
2.3.4. In Figure 2.3.5, it is seen that superposition theorem is
applied to reflected waves that are opposite in polarity. And if
the link exist as short circuit, standing waves can be seen that
varies with input frequency.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the first part of the demonstration, a fluorescent
lamp was placed inside a solenoid made from a coiled wire.
The fluorescent lamp lights up when it is inside the solenoid
because of the radiation generated by the RF generator. When
the fluorescent lamp is placed outside near the solenoid, it
produces light from the magnetic field around the solenoid.
When the solenoid is uncoiled and propped up in a vertical
manner, it produces a weaker radiation as compared with the
coiled wire. The orientation of the wire affects the distribution
of radiation. The next part of the experiment where two L-
shaped rods are arranged adjacent with each other, the
electromagnetic radiation from each rod cancels each other
despite having equal but opposite currents. This was proved
when the Radiation Detector outside the two rods emitted no
light. Furthermore, the place with the maximum voltage is at
the end of two rods. This is because when two conductors with
no loads are paired, a standing wave from the phase reversal
of the reflected and incident waves is produced. The last part
of the demonstration proves that when the conductor pair are
arranged in a T-Shaped manner, strong radiation is detected at
the middle part of the conductors while weak radiation is
detected at the ends of the conductors. This behavior is similar
with the previous part of the experiment since it produces a
radiating standing wave.
REFERENCES
1. Antenna. 2018. techopedia.com. Retrieved from
http://www.techopedia.com/definition/5041antenna
on September 10, 2018.
2. Nave, R. 2018. Solenoid. Retrieved from
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/solenoid.html on
September 10, 2018.
3. Half-wave dipole antenna. 2018. Radio-
electronics.com. Retrieved from https://www.radio-
electronics.com/info/antennas/dipole/half-wave-
dipole.php on September 10, 2018.