Gram Formula Mass = Sum of All the Atomic Masses

Empirical Formulas – Lowest Whole # Ratio  Formulas of Ionic Substances are Empirical Formulas.
Molecular Formula – Subscripts are a Multiple of the E.F. Subscripts.
Molecular Formula Mass = Whole # Multiple of the Empirical Formula Mass.

Types of Formulas
Empirical formulas include all types of compounds.
Molecular formulas are important when considering compounds formed from atoms sharing electrons.

Hydrates
Hydrate – the crystalline form of an ionic substance that contains a definite number of water molecules.
The anhydrous (not hydrates) compound can be obtained by heating the crystals to drive off the water.

In a chemical reaction, the water in a hydrate does not react. However, it adds mass to the compound.

% Composition – Total Mass for One Element / Gram Formula Mass

Equal Moles Contains an Equal Number of Particles; Subscripts Represent he Number of Moles of Atoms in a Compound

Law of Conservation of Matter – must have the same number of atoms on each side of the arrows & charge & energy are also conserved

Synthesis
Two or more substances combine to form a new compound
A + B  AB

Decomposition
A single compound undergoes a reaction that produces two or more simpler substances
AB  A + B

Single Replacement
An element and a compound react, and then element replaces an ion of another element in the compound
A + BC  AC + B

Double Replacement
The ions of two compounds exchange places in a aqueous solution to form two new compounds, one of which either
(a) is not soluble in water or (b) is water.
AB (aq) + CD (aq)  AD (s) + CB (aq)

Combustion
A substance reacts with oxygen gas and releases light/heat & carbon dioxide/water
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
CxHyO2  CO2 + H2O

Lewis Dot Structure – a dot represents a valence electron

Intermolecular Force = Attraction Between Molecules

Dipole-Dipole Interaction – type of IMF that happens between polar molecules

The partially positive end of one molecule attracts the partially negative end of another molecule
(Higher electronegativity = Stronger negative charge)

The strongest Dipole-Dipole force happens when HYDROGEN is bonded to F, O or N  polar molecule

Hydrogen Bonding – this is not a bond. It is an IMF between molecules with H-F, H-O, or H-N bonds.

A higher attractive (intermolecular) force means higher boiling points and less volatility.

London Dispersion Force – main IMF for nonpolar molecules

Smaller Nonpolar Molecules  Fewer Electrons to Move Around in the Molecule  Smaller Temporary Partial Charge  Weak LDF
Larger Nonpolar Molecules  More Electrons  More Temporary Charge  Stronger LDF

Van der Waals Forces – All IMFs involving attractions of polar molecules and nonpolar molecules
Molecular compounds are made of two or more nonmetals. They contain covalent bonds, which is the sharing of electrons.

When the electronegativity difference is greater than or equal to 1.7, an ionic bond is formed.
When the electronegativity difference is close to zero (<0.4), the compound contains a nonpolar bond.
When the electronegativity difference is greater than 0.3 but below 1.7, the compound contains a polar bond.

Molecules with nonpolar bonds are always nonpolar.

Nonpolar - Tetrahedral – about 110 degrees – (AX4)

Polar - Trigonal Pyramidal – about 110 degrees – (AX3)
Polar - Bent – about 110 degrees – (A2X)
Nonpolar - Linear – 180 degrees – (AX2)

A metallic bond is a sea of electrons. It bonds metals and metals. Highly mobile valence electrons explain conductivity.

Difference Between Covalent & Metallic bond:

Electrons are shared between all atoms in a metallic bond (“delocalize electrons”).
Electrons are shared between 2 atoms only (“localized electrons”) in a covalent bond
In a metallic bond, electrons are shared within the whole sample.
In a covalent bond, electrons are shared within the molecule.

Molecules of the Same Covalent Bond:

Not bonded; separate  not very attracted  low melting point

Melted/dissolved ionic compounds conduct electricity through the flow of: ions

Metals conduct electricity through the flow of: electrons

In ionic bonds, electrons are: transferred

In covalent bonds, electrons are: shared

Criss-Cross Rule: In an ionic compound, the charge of each ion is the subscript for the other ion.
If the charges are the same, then both subscripts are 1.

Polyatomic Ions: Multiple atoms bonded together to make a charged molecule. Transition metals have multiple possible charges.
Formula to Find Transition Metal Charge: (charge of 1 cation) ∗ (# of cations) = |(charge of 1 anion) ∗ (# of anions)

Naming System: The Stock System

1. State the metal name
 If the metal has multiple possible charges, include the charge of the metal (roman numeral)
2. If the non-metal is an element, change the ending to –ide
 If it’s a polyatomic ion, just write the name of the ion.

BOND MELTING POINT CONDUCTIVITY VOLATILITY SOLUBILITY HARDNESS

IONIC Highest In Aqueous Solutions No Polar Solvents/Water Hard & Brittle
COVALENT Lowest No Yes & Odorous Like Dissolves Like Soft
METALLIC High Heat & Electricity No Insoluble in Everything Hard (Malleable & Ductile)