COMES

UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES

DEHRADUN

PROJECT ON

“Automated Driverless vehicle”

SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF

DEGREE OF

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SESSION (2015-2017)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Sunil Barthwal Rajat Agarwal
Sambhik Barman
Vikhyath Kumar
Rajat Tyagi
R. Nilaveni Reddy

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Gratitude is the hardest of emotions to express and one often does not find adequate words to
convey what one feels and trying to express it”

The present project file is an amalgamated of various thoughts and experiences .The successful
completion of this project report would have not been possible without the help and guidance of
number of people and specially to our project guide . We take this opportunity to thank all those
who have directly and indirectly inspired, directed and helped us towards successful completion
of this project report.

We are also immensely indebted to our project guide, Mr. Sunil Barthwal, for his illumining
observation, encouraging suggestions and constructive criticisms, which have helped us in
completing this research project successfully.

There are several other people who also deserve much more than a mere acknowledgement at
their exemplary help. We also acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude and wholehearted help
and cooperation intended to us by them.

2
 PREFACE

Research Project is the bridge for a student that takes him from his theoretical knowledge world
to practical industry world. The main purpose of it is to expose for industrial and business
environment, which cannot be possible in the classroom.

The advantages of this sort of integration, which promotes guided to corporate culture,
functional, social and norms along with formal teaching are numerous.

1) To bridge the gap between theory and practical.

2) To install the feeling of belongingness and acceptance.
3) To help the student to develop the better understanding of the concept and questions
already raised or to be raised subsequently during their research period.

The present report gives a detailed view of the (DRIVERLESS VEHICLES) Automated
Driverless vehicle. The research is definitely going to play an important role in developing an
aptitude for hard self-confidence.

3
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that, the project entitled “Automated Driverless vehicle” (DRIVERLESS
VEHICLES) assigned to me for the partial fulfillment of MBA degree from UNIVERSITY OF
PETROLEUM & ENERGY STUDIES. The work is originally completed by us and the
information provided in the study is authentic to the best of our knowledge.

This study has not been submitted to any other institution or university for the award of any other
degree.

4
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER- 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 About the topic
CHAPTER – 2: Literature Review
2.1 Literature Review
2. 2 about the Topic
CHAPTER – 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Purpose of the study
3.2 Research Objectives of the study
3.3 Research Methodology of the study
3. 3.1 Research Design
3.3.2 Data Collection Techniques
3.3.3 Sample design
3.3.3.1 Population
3.3.3.2 Sample size
3.3.3.3 Sampling method
3.3.4 Method of data collection
3.3.4.1 Instrument for data collection
3.3.4.2 Drafting of a questionnaire
3.3.5 Limitations
CHAPTER – 4: ANALYSIS& INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER- 5: FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Findings
5.2 Suggestions
CHAPTER- 6: CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

5
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot that
follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision, magnets, or lasers for navigation. They are
most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or
warehouse

An autonomous vehicle, also known as a driverless, self-driving vehicle, auto, or robotic car is
an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the transportation capabilities of a traditional car.
As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without
human input. The AGV can tow objects behind them in trailers to which they can autonomously
attach. The trailers can be used to move raw materials or finished product. The AGV can also
store objects on a bed. The objects can be placed on a set of motorized rollers (conveyor) and
then pushed off by reversing them. AGVs are employed in nearly every industry, including, pulp,
paper, metals, newspaper, and general manufacturing. Transporting materials such as food, linen
or medicine in hospitals is also done

6
FIRST AVG

The first AGV was brought to

market in the 1950s, by
Barrett Electronics of
Northbrook, Illinois, and at the
time it was simply a tow truck
that followed a wire in the
floor instead of a rail. In 1976,
Egemin Automation (Holland,
MI) started working on the
development of an automatic
driverless control system for
use in several industrial and
commercial applications. Out
of this technology came a new type of AGV, which follows invisible UV markers on the floor
instead of being towed by a chain. The first such system was deployed at the Willis Tower
(formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago, Illinois to deliver mail throughout its offices.

AVG’s increase efficiency and reduce costs by helping to automate a manufacturing facility or
warehouse.

AGVs can carry loads or tow objects behind them in trailers. The trailers cab be used to move
raw materials or finished product. The AGV can also store objects on a bed. Some AGVs use
fork lifts to lift objects for storage. AGVs are employed in nearly every industry, including,
paper, metals, and general manufacturing.

An AGV can also be called a laser guided vehicle or self-guided vehicles. In Germany the
technology is also called fahrerlose transport system. AVGs are available in a variety of models
and can be used to move products on an assembly line, transport goods throughout a plant or
warehouse.

7
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Abstract
Mobile robots are devices that can move autonomously to accomplish their goals. This paper
provides a review of such robots oriented towards manufacturing applications. It describes the
kinds of mobile robots that are used and what criteria are appropriate when deciding to make use
of mobile robots. It also covers ways of localizing the robots, controlling them, and addresses
their safe use in collaborative applications with humans. The standards covering mobile robots
are described and the paper ends with a brief survey of more advanced vehicles and applications.
Disclaimer: Commercial equipment and materials are identified in order to adequately specify
certain procedures. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or
equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

Introduction
While there is no generally-accepted definition for the term “mobile robot,” it is often taken to
mean a device that can move autonomously from place to place to achieve a set of goals (see,
e.g., Tzafestas. Mobile robots are used in a wide range of applications including in factories (e.g.,
automated guided vehicles or AGVs), for military operations (e.g., unmanned ground
reconnaissance vehicles), in healthcare (e.g., pharmaceutical delivery), for search and rescue, as
security guards, and in homes (e.g., floor cleaning and lawn mowing). Automated guided
vehicles or automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) were invented in 1953. AGVs are most often used
in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or a warehouse.
Typical AGV types are, tuggers (AGVs that pull carts), unit loaders (AGVs with onboard roller
tables for parts-tray transfers), and fork trucks (robots similar to manual fork trucks). Use of
mobile robots, and AGVs in particular, is growing as the range of robot applications in factories,
hospitals, office buildings, etc. increases. While mobile robots can use a range of locomotion
techniques such as flying, swimming, crawling, walking, or rolling, this paper focuses mainly on
rolling or wheeled mobile robots. More advanced mobile robots are briefly discussed and
referenced in the sections on Localizing the Mobile Robot and Advanced Applications.
tugger unit load fork lift This paper reviews research and applications on a range of topics of
importance for implementing mobile robots and AGVs in manufacturing. These include
planning, navigation, vehicle localization, and interactions between mobile robots and humans

8
and between groups of mobile robots. It also covers a sampling of applications in real-world
factories and provides a brief discussion of some advanced mobile robot concepts.
Mobile robots address the demand for flexible material handling, the desire for robots to be able
to operate on large structures, and the need for rapid reconfiguration of work areas. Much of the
earlier work on outdoor vehicles for defense, search and rescue, and bomb disposal is relevant to
the manufacturing domain, as is work that has been done on personal care robots and robots for
household and hospital applications. When a robot arm is added to the mobile robot, we term this
a “mobile manipulator,” discussed briefly in the Advanced Applications section.
Two roadmaps provide predictions for future mobile robot systems. For material handling, the
Material Handling Institute expects new capabilities in autonomous control, artificial
intelligence, and robotics, along with motion- and gesture-sensitive technologies that could lead
to systems in which humans, machines, and computers interact freely and effectively in
completely new ways. By 2025, it is expected that economical, high-speed automation for
loading and unloading trucks should be available, both at the carton and pallet level. For mobile
robots used in manufacturing, a recent roadmap for India robotics predicts that by 2030,
autonomous vehicles will be capable of driving in any environment in which humans can drive,
and furthermore be safer and more predictable than a human driver. Vehicles will be able to
learn on their own how to drive in previously unseen scenarios.

CONCLUSIONS
The field of mobile robotics is much larger than what has been described in this document. It
covers autonomous driving on roads and across country, flying and water-based mobile robots,
and a range of indoor applications that are not related to manufacturing. Historically, research in
the United States has focused largely on areas of interest to the military and emergency services
because that is where funding for research has been available. More recently, interest has been
growing in mobile robots to assist people or provide services because there is a perception that
robotic solutions might be commercially viable. Research in Europe has been more varied and
has addressed more of the manufacturing needs, while Japan has focused, until recently, on
humanoid robots and Australia has conducted substantial work in mining and agriculture. All of
these strands of research are starting to be combined into systems with greater capabilities both
for movement and autonomous action. As a result, it can be expected that the number of mobile
robots in manufacturing will increase and the tasks that they will be expected to accomplish will
become more complex. With a parallel increase in sensor processing capabilities and hardware
robustness, it will become more common for people and robots to interact in a common
workspace.

REFERENCES
[1] S. G. Tzafestas, Introduction to Mobile Robot Control: Elsevier, 2014.
[2] Material Handling Institute, "Material Handling and Logistics U. S. Roadmap," Material
Handling Institute http://www.mhlroadmap.org/downloads/mhl_roadmap.zip 2014.
[5] Robotics VO. (2013). A Roadmap for U.S. Robotics: From Internet to Robotics. Available:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCkQF
jAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Frobotics-

9
vo.us%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2013%2520Robotics%2520Roadmap-
rs.pdf&ei=J77vUvaVB4vNsQSmg4CIBg&usg=AFQjCNFzYOed3AlQ-OHUJmXBYwT6HiC-
lw&sig2=H01HBneMjB9POdS2Ixvdog&bvm=bv.60444564,d.cWc

Chapter 3

RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

10
 Purpose of the Study

The project was carried out in with an objective of knowing the usage of driverless vehicles
in warehousing (automated guided vehicle). The research shows that the usage of driverless
vehicle i.e.AVGs vehicle is very good but so many potential customers are not aware of the
company and its product. The researcher used the method of questionnaire to know all
feedback which is listed above.

Objectives

 To find out the usage of automated guided vehicle’s

 To study the factors determining the choice of branding strategy in market.

Research Methodology
11
2.3.1
Research Design
The second step of the marketing research process calls for determining the information needed
and developing a plan for gathering it efficiently. A research design can be defined as “The plan,
structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions
and to control variance.” Designing a research plan calls for decisions on the data sources,
research approaches, research instrument, sampling plan and contact methods.
Once it is realized that the secondary data are insufficient, the researcher needs to decide upon
one alternative design to collect the primary data. The three basic methods which can be used
are:

1. The Observational Method:

This method involves direct observation of people and situation. Direct observation involves
watching actual behavior; indirect observation involves inferring behavior by looking at the
result of that behavior.

2. The Experimental Method:

The most scientifically valid research is experimental research. The purpose of experimental
research is to capture cause-and-effect relationship by eliminating competing explanations of the
observed findings. To the extent that the design and execution of the experiment eliminate
alternatives hypothesis that might explain the result, research and marketing managers can have
confidence in the conclusion. This method however, involves more time and is costly.

Method of Collection

A) Primary Data

12
 1. Interaction with warehouse managers working in warehouse.

2. Data collected on the basis of questionnaire.

B) Secondary data

1. Business Magazines
2. Newspapers
3. Relevant information from various scholars’ reference’s.

SAMPLE DESIGN:

1. SAMPLING PLAN

The target population of the study included the warehouse managers of different warehouses in
Dehradun.

2. SAMPLE SIZE:

5 respondents

3. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Since the study is restricted to Marketing sector, so according to the required type of

occupation the respondent is interviewed for some purpose. Therefore, the method used is

Purposive Sampling.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The final draft of the questionnaire (see Appendix) was prepared on the basis of the observations
from the pilot study. These were then finally filled by the 5 respondents for the conclusive study.
We used open-ended questions in the questionnaire. Finally the data collected was analyzed
using statistical techniques.

13
Types of Primary Data collected:

• Socio economic Characteristics:

Socioeconomic characteristics are sometimes called “states of being” in that they represent the
type of people. The factors on which we are working are occupation. Monthly transaction is also
an important parameter but it is difficult to verify. Although the amount of money that business
unit earns in a month is an absolute, not a relative quantity but it is a sensitive topic in our
society and it is difficult to determine.

• Attitudes/Opinions:
Through the questionnaire we have tried to get hold of customer’s preference, inclination and
requirement. Attitude is an important notion in the marketing literature, since it is generally
thought that the attitudes are related to the behavior of customer.

•Behavior:
Behavior concerns what subjects have done or are doing. Through the questionnaire we have
tried to find out the behavior of the individuals regarding the product and their responses. If the
responses are favorable then the person can be said to be our potential customer. The primary
data serves as an important tool to measure the behavioral trend of the customer. It helps in
answering some of the vital Questions.

Obtaining the Primary Data:

The data collection was primarily done through communication. Communication involves
questioning respondents to secure the desired information, using a data collection instrument
called questionnaire. The questions were asked to the respondents through personal and
telephonic interviews and the responses were collected similarly.

SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION

Both Primary and Secondary data are required Primary data is the first hand information
collected directly from the respondents. The tool used here is questionnaire. Primary Data is
collected through survey among existing clients Secondary data is collected through internet,
books
14
SAMPLE SIZE

The sample chosen is through purposive sampling. The questionnaire has presented to the
respondent in the city of Dehradun who is a warehouse incharge or manager. The overall sample
size is 5.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The data is collected with the help of questionnaire designed. Respondents were given adequate
time to answer. The data is collected from 5 respondents.

Analysis

Is carried out by means of various processing operations.

Editing-

The collected data is examined to detect errors and omissions. It involved a careful scrutiny of
completed questionnaire. It is done to ensure that the data was consistent, accurate and uniformly
entered.

Coding -

Coding is necessary for efficient analysis which contained the critical information required for
analysis.

Tabulation-

The process of summarizing the raw data and displaying.

LIMITATIONS

Each & every research is subject to some limitations due to difficulties encountered in sincere
efforts & this one is also not an exception to limitations.

15
The purpose of mentioning these limitations is not to dilute the quality of the research rather to
enable the reader to judge the validity of the study. Some of the limitations of the research have
been listed below.

1. The first and foremost limitation was time constrain.

2. Some people were not willing to disclose the challenges faced by the warehouse.
3. The biasness was being taken care of.
4. The sample size being small, it is difficult to generalize the result.
5. The area of sample was decided after taking into consideration the major factors like
 Availability of warehouse managers.
 Approachability.

16
 Chapter 4

ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION

The warehouses that we are:

 Drive India Enterprise Solutions Limited (warehouse 1)

 Godrej (warehouse 2)
 Suvidha (warehouse 3)
 OM Logistics (warehouse 4)
 K (warehouse 5)

1. Area of warehouse

Warehouse Warehouse Warehouse Warehouse 4 Warehouse

1 2 3 5
600000sq. 400 sq. 230 sq. 1900 sq. feet 1670 sq.
feet feet feet feet

Sales
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000 Sales
200000
100000
0
1 2 3 4 5

Interpretation: The warehouses are different in sizes. The bigger warehouses need more usage
of AGV technology than the smaller ones. However, both are willing to implement it.

17
 2. Products they deal in

Warehouse 2 Warehouse 3 Warehouse 4 Warehouse 5

White goods Electronic FMCG goods Inbound cargo Electronic
appliances for OEMs appliances

Interpretation: the warehouses are dealing in different product types like white goods, fmcg
products, electronic appliances, etc.

3. Challenges faced (major)

Warehouse 1 Warehouse 2 Warehouse 3 Warehouse 4 Warehouse 5

Inventory Space Automation Inventory Space
management utilisation management utilisation

Interpretation: Every warehouse has some or theother challeneges in their processes like
automation, material handling problems, inventory management issues, space utilisation, etc.

4. Awareness of AGV technology

Warehouse 1 Warehouse 2 Warehouse 3 Warehouse 4 Warehouse 5

yes Yes No No Yes

18
 YES
NO

Interpretation : Some respondents are aware of the AGV technology while some are not
aware. The respondents who are not aware of these machines belong to Dehradun and
possess small warehouses than compared.

5. Willingness to implement AGV technology

Warehouse 1 Warehouse 2 Warehouse 3 Warehouse 4 Warehouse 5

implemented Yes Yes yes Not yet

Interpretation: The respondents are willing to implement this technology in the warehouses soon.
Warehouse 1 i.e. DIESL is already using the AGV machines for the efficient working.

6. Strength of workforce
Warehouse 1 Warehouse 2 Warehouse 3 Warehouse 4 Warehouse 5
500 10 5 7 10

19
 Sales

1
2
3
4
5

Interpretation: The warehouses however has different number of workers depending upon the
size of the warehouse.

FINDINGS

The warehouse managers that we interviewed are:

 Drive India Enterprise Solutions Limited (warehouse 1)

 Godrej (warehouse 2)
 Suvidha (warehouse 3)
 OM Logistics (warehouse 4)
 Agarwal Logistics (warehouse 5)

The concept of AGV machines are not used in Dehradun as yet but however the bigger
warehouses in the Haridwar road are using this technology for their material handling process.

The major challenge faced by the warehouses are inventory management and space utilization
due to which they incur costs. Other challenges faced by them are

The managers are wanting to implement the AGV technology in their warehouse so that they are
able to work effectively and efficiently. All respondents are not aware of the AGV technology,

20
however when we made them aware of it, they wanted to implement the same in their
warehouses for better and fast work. Goods-to-person fulfillment strategies minimizes the
"Labrador retriever syndrome," which requires an order picker to walk lengthy distances to
retrieve orders in a distribution facility. Instead of a continuous stream of dispatched employees
scattering to storage racks and bins throughout the DC to locate and pick orders, inventory in a
goods-to-person platform is delivered to the picker/packer workstation via conveyor systems or
robotic delivery modules. The driverless vehicles can be of great help to the workers in the
warehouses increasing their efficiency. The managers finds usage of driverless vehicles for
unloading, bin retrieval, and pallet stacking. Their flexible arm implements are capable of
performing a multitude of tasks, including unloading a trailerload of cartons, stacking pallets,
and picking orders. These functions are designed to take the place of warehouse tasks that
laborers detest—jobs that fall under the 3 D's category: dirty, dangerous, and difficult. The goal
of this implementation is not to curtail job opportunities but to create a smart warehouse
with advanced productivity and increased throughput. In fact, robots are designed to work
in conjunction with the labor force. Repetitious warehouse tasks, such as unloading a floor-
loaded trailer or container, are being assigned to robots and automated processes.

The managers have problems in being responsive to the customers because their inventory is not
handled properly and poor space utilization. According to the respondents, this innovative
technology would help them in the following ways:

(i) Seasonal Production

(ii) Seasonal Demand
(iii) Quick Supply
(iv) Continuous Production
(v) Dangerous activities that may harm the workers

The respondents want to use AGV for both management and navigation purpose. Some of the
types of AGV are :

 Forklift AGVs

 Load Transfer AGVs

 Clamp AGVs

 VNA AGVs

 Tugger AGVs

The respondents in Dehradun wants to use forklifts first as it will be of great use to them. However the
warehouses in the Haridwar Road are already using such technology for their warehousing of
goods and material handling.

21
The respondents wants to AGV technology but, however, are not able to use it because they say
that the decisions are to be taken by the top management level. So the various constraints for
implementation can be:
 Company-wide strategic marketing or employment policies
 Financial considerations
 Ability to achieve specified degree of throughput
 Required customer service level
Other factors can include the need for flexible operation to meet important demand fluctuations
such as seasonal variations, and the perceived future stability and growth of the market and
product range. The level of technology adopted in any particular application should be chosen
because it almost nearly matches the given requirements and objectives. It is not true that
automation or similar technologies are accurate in every case. It is true that good, probably
computer-based, communication and information systems are vital in every application,
irrespective of the technology level.
The respondents also mention another reason for not implementing this technology in Dehradun
that the workers are not familiar with the technology and therefore training is to be provided to
them in order to make efficient use of the technology which will consume lot of time.
However, after the discussion with the respondents, they changed their view in favour of the
Automated guided vehicles (driverless vehicles) so that they do their work efficiently and
effectively.

22
 Chapter 5

Limitations

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is based on primary data as well as secondary data collected through
questionnaire, annual reports of the company and internet. Researcher have tried his level best to
make the results realistic and worth to the user. There are certain limitations of the study, which
we should keep in mind before using these results for business purpose. The limitations of the
study are as follows:

1) Time: Research work requires a lot of time to collect the data. Editing of raw data and
analyzing the refined data. But due to shortage of time I have also utilized edited data
from secondary source.

2) Cost: Cost is an important factor to any researcher hence cost constraint applies to us
also because researcher have to complete his study with limited resources.

3) Lack of qualitative analysis: Research is based on consumer perception. Qualitative

aspects of companies are omitted from books at all as these cannot be expressed in
realistic terms.

23
24
25
 Chapter 6

CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSION

The market is growing & different target markets are emerging. According to a survey,
demand for AGV technology will grow in Dehradun soon. There is still tremendous untapped
potential in providing value to customers through operational excellence.

26
 It has been concluded that on the one hand the customers are somewhat satisfied but on
the other hand, still some improvements are required. So, the REAL ESTATE companies
segment is flooded with the new schemes from new & existing players and moreover, lot many
schemes are waiting to hit the ramp in the coming years.

Another conclusion of the study is that change in price has a substantial effect on the
buying behavior of consumers. Different factors like Price, , Brand Name, influencing offers
have an influencing effect on the buying behavior of consumers.

Questionnaire

1. What is the total area of your warehouse?

2. What type of products you deal with?

3. What are the challenges you facing in your warehouse?

4. What would make you more likely to implement new technology in your warehouse?

5. Are you aware of AVG technology?

6. Are you willing to implement AGV technology?

7. Which type of AVGs will you implement in your warehouse?

27
  Forklift AGVs

 Load Transfer AGVs

 Clamp AGVs

 VNA AGVs

 Tugger AGVs

8. Will you implement both Management and Navigation AGV Software?

9. What is your strength of your workforce? What are the average qualification of your workforce?

10. How important is price to you when adopting new technology in your warehouse?

11. If you are not willing to implement new technology of AGV then why not?

28
 CHAPTER 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLOGRAPHY

29