Seismic Design

of Structures
RC Seismic Load
Resisting Systems
Introduction
 3

Introduction
• Objective
• Topics
• References
 4

Objectives
• Understanding properties of reinforced
concrete and basis of ductile design
• Reviewing performance of reinforced
concrete structures in past earthquakes
• Studying RC seismic load resisting systems
• Learning and practicing seismic design and
detailing of RC seismic resisting systems
 5

Topics
• Introduction
• Materials in (RC Structures)
• Basic Definitions of Ductility
• Behavior of Structural
Elements

• Moment Resisting Frame

(MRF)
• Shear Wall
 6

References
• ASCE 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures
• ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete And Commentary
• NIST 8-917-1, Seismic Design of RC
Special Moment Frame, 2008
• NIST GCR 11-917-11 V-1, Seismic Design of
Cast-in-Place Concrete Special Structural
Walls and Coupling Beams, 2012
• PCA Notes on ACI 318-08-ACI 318-11
RC Seismic Load
Resisting Systems
Design of RC
Structures
 8

Seismic Design Codes

• American Concrete Institute (ACI) Seismic Design
• National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP)
NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other
structures (2015)
• Other Seismic Design Codes in Different Countries

▫ Philosophy design of RC were developed through out the

20th century

▫ Some records of the development is

1. Working Stress Design (WSD) (1900-1999)
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) (1956-Now)
3. Unified Design Method (UDM) (2002-Now)
4. Strut and Tie Model (STM) For Shear (2002-Now)
 9

Seismic Design Codes

• American Concrete Institute (ACI) Seismic Design
▫ ACI 318-77
 Provisions for earthquake resistance were first introduced
into the 1971 edition of the ACI code in Appendix A
 The original provisions of Appendix A were intended to
apply only to reinforced concrete structures located in
regions of high seismicity
▫ ACI 318-83
 The provisions of Appendix A were extensively revised for
the 1983 code
 Appendix A for the first time included detailing for
frames in zones of moderate seismic hazard
 10

Seismic Design Codes

• American Concrete Institute (ACI) Seismic Design
▫ ACI 318-89
 The provisions for seismic design have been located in the main
body of the code
 Chapter 21 represents the latest in seismic detailing of
reinforced concrete buildings for earthquake performance
▫ ACI 318-92
 Ultimate Strength Design Based (USD)
 Working Stress Design (WSD) moved into Appendix A
▫ ACI 318-95
 Ultimate Strength Design Based (USD)
 Unified Design Method (UDM) was introduced in Appendix B
▫ ACI 318-99
 11

Seismic Design Codes

• American Concrete Institute (ACI) Seismic Design
▫ ACI 318-02
 Unified Design Method (UDM) Based
 Working Stress Design (WSD) was deleted
 Ultimate Strength Design (USD) was moved into Appendix C
 Strut and Tie Model (STM) was introduced in Appendix A
▫ ACI 318-05
▫ ACI 318-08
 Unified Design Method (UDM) Based
 Ultimate Strength Design (USD) was in Appendix C
 Strut and Tie Model (STM) was in Appendix A
▫ ACI 318-11
▫ ACI 318-14
 New arrangement of all chapters
 12

Seismic Design Codes

RC Seismic Load
Resisting Systems
Behavior of
Reinforced Concrete
 14

Concrete
• Concrete
(Cement-Aggregates-Water)

• Normal Weight Concrete

▫ Natural Sand and Gravel
▫ Unit weight is about 2300 kg/m3 (for reinforced concrete 2400 kg/m3)

• Light Weight Concrete

• Uses aggregates with lower bulk density
▫ Unit weight is about 1900 kg/m3
 15

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Compressive strength

W/C ratio effects on compressive strength Compressive strength vs. concrete Age
 16

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Compressive strength limits

• 19.2.1.1 The value of fc′ shall be specified in construction

documents and shall be in accordance with (a) through (c):
(a) Limits in Table 19.2.1.1
(b) Durability requirements in Table 19.3.2.1
(c) Structural strength requirements
 17

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Tensile strength
• Beam test or Split test can be used to determine the tensile strength

• 19.2.3.1 Modulus of rupture, fr, for concrete shall be calculated by:

Tensile strength is negligible in design

 18

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Compressive Stress-Strain Response (Uniaxial Loading)
 19

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Compressive Stress-Strain Response
• Stiffness increases with increasing compressive strength

▫ Stronger concrete is more brittle

▫ The unloading branch is steeper for

concrete with higher compressive strength

• Strain at peak stress is commonly

assumed to be 0.002

▫ Typical design value of maximum strain at

crushing is 0.003 (εcu)
▫ Concrete has no yield point
 20

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Modulus of Elasticity

• 19.2.2.1 Modulus of elasticity, Ec, for concrete shall be permitted to be calculated as

(a) or (b):

• (a) For values of wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3

• (b) For normalweight concrete

Ec is defined as the slope of the line drawn from a stress of zero to a

compressive stress of 0.45fc′
 21

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Biaxial Stress State

• Point a corresponds to a uniaxial

compression test along axis 1

• Point b corresponds to a uniaxial

tension test along axis 1

• Point c demonstrates how a small tensile stress in the 2 direction

causes significant reduction in the compressive stress at failure in the 1 direction
 22

Concrete
• Unconfined Concrete
• Biaxial Stress State

• At Point d, (f1=f2) the strength increase

over the uniaxial compressive strength
fc′ is about 15%

• Maximum strength increase is about

25% for f1⁄f2 ≈ 2 (point e)
 23

Confinement
• Confined Concrete
▫ Confining reinforcing can improve concrete behavior by

 Increase compressive strength by restraining lateral strains

 Increase the usable concrete compressive strain well beyond
the typical value of 0.003 (more than 10 times higher)
 Increase ductility of concrete
 24

Confinement
• Confined Concrete
▫ Behavior of confined concrete sections
 25

Confinement
• Confined Concrete
▫ Behavior of confined concrete sections
▫ Failure sequence
• The plain concrete (P) reaches peak load at longitudinal strain 0.003
followed by rapid loss of strength

• The reinforced columns all fail in a more

ductile manner

• By the time the longitudinal strains reach 0.003,

all instrumented transverse reinforcement has yields

• Cover concrete starts to spall at longitudinal strain around 0.004

• Columns A and B regain some of the lost strength as strains are further
increased, whereas column C continues to shed load with increasing strain
 26

Confinement
• Confined Concrete
▫ Behavior of confined concrete sections
▫ Failure sequence
• Failure occurs when the perimeter hoops fracture, accompanied by
longitudinal reinforcement buckling and partial straightening of the 90°
hooks on crossties of column B.

• Conclusions
• Closely spaced transverse reinforcement acts to confine the core, imparting
enhanced longitudinal strain capacity

• Columns with single perimeter hoops such as column C do not behave as

well as similar columns having crossties or overlapping hoops

• Ultimate failure typically is due to tensile failure of the hoops.

 27

Confinement
• Confined Concrete
▫ Types of Confinement

▫ Active Confinement (Not practical)

• Concrete axial strength and strain capacity can be
increased by applying compressive stresses in the
directions transverse to the axial loading direction

▫ Passive Confinement (Practical)

• Using transverse reinforcement to resist the dilation that
occurs naturally when concrete is compressed
 28

Confinement
• Confined Concrete
▫ Passive Confinement (Confinement by Transverse Reinforcement)

▫ Tests show that:

• Passive confinement is relatively ineffective in the linear range of

response because the Poisson effect results in low transverse strains

• As the axial stress approaches the plain concrete stress capacity,

more extensive micro-cracking in the matrix begins to produce
greater transverse strain
 29

Confinement
• Confinement by Spirals / Circular Hoops
 30

Confinement
• Confinement by Spirals / Circular Hoops
• Spiral Spacing
• Most building codes require that spiral reinforcement be closely
spaced
Arching Action

• The wider the longitudinal spacing s, the deeper the arch extends
into the concrete core, and the lower is the confinement
effectiveness Confinement Effectiveness Factor
 31

Confinement
• Confinement by Spirals / Hoops
▫ The hatched areas in the figures may spall
▫ Note that hoops (rectangular) are not as efficient as
spirals (circle) in confining concrete
▫ The sides of the hoop can bend outward as the confined
concrete expands outward
 32

Confinement
• Columns with Rectilinear Hoop Reinforcement
▫ The confinement for a square column, can be provided
by transverse and longitudinal bars
▫ The hatched areas may spall
 33

Confinement
• Columns with Rectilinear Hoop Reinforcement
• The mechanisms of confinement for columns with rectilinear hoop
reinforcement are the same as those for columns with spiral or
circular hoop reinforcement
• Rectilinear hoops tend to be less effective than spiral reinforcement
 34

Confinement
• Columns with Rectilinear Hoop Reinforcement
• Arching Action
• Unlike the case of spiral reinforcement, confinement
stresses are not necessarily equal nor are they uniformly
applied around the perimeter

• To improve the confinement of rectangular cross sections,

additional hoop or crosstie legs can be added
 35

Confinement
• Columns with Rectilinear Hoop Reinforcement
• Arching Action

• In the case of rectilinear confinement

the arching action occurs in three dimensions
 36

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
▫ The confining steel is in tension
 37

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Spirals, hoops, and crossties must be adequately
developed in tension
• Spirals
• Spiral reinforcement in a column should be effectively
continuous along the length and extend a nominal distance
into supporting members

• 25.7.3.4 Spirals shall be anchored by 1-1/2 extra

turns of spiral bar or wire at each end.
 38

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Spirals
• Lap splices may be permitted, but for seismic designs it is preferable
to use a Type 2 mechanical splice along lengths where yielding is
anticipated

• 25.7.3.5 Spirals are permitted to be spliced by

(a) or (b):
(a) Mechanical or welded splices in accordance with
25.5.7
(b) Lap splices in accordance with 25.7.3.6 for fyt
not exceeding 420 MPa

• 25.7.3.6 Spiral lap splices shall be at least

the greater of 300 mm and the lap length
in Table 25.7.3.6.
 39

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• 18.2.7.1 Mechanical splices shall be classified as (a) or (b):
(a) Type 1 – Mechanical splice conforming to 25.5.7
(b) Type 2 – Mechanical splice conforming to 25.5.7 and capable of developing the
specified tensile strength of the spliced bars

• 25.5.7.1 A mechanical or welded splice shall develop in tension or compression, as

required, at least 1.25fy of the bar.

• 18.2.7.2 Type 1 mechanical splices shall not be located within a distance equal to twice
the member depth from the column or beam face for special moment frames or from
critical sections where yielding of the reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of
lateral displacements beyond the linear range of behavior. Type 2 mechanical splices
shall be permitted at any location, except as noted in 18.9.2.1(c).

• 18.2.8.1 Welded splices in reinforcement resisting earthquake-induced forces shall

conform to 25.5.7 and shall not be located within a distance equal to twice the member
depth from the column or beam face for special moment frames or from critical
sections where yielding of the reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of lateral
displacements beyond the linear range of behavior
 40

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Circular Ties
• 25.7.2.4 Circular ties shall be permitted where longitudinal bars are located around
the perimeter of a circle.

• 25.7.2.4.1 Anchorage of individual circular ties shall be in accordance with (a) through
(c):
(a) Ends shall overlap by at least 150 mm.
(b) Ends shall terminate with standard hooks
in accordance with 25.3.2 that engage a longitudinal bar
(c) Overlaps at ends of adjacent circular
ties shall be staggered around the
perimeter enclosing the longitudinal bars

• Along lengths where flexural yielding is

anticipated, Type 2 mechanical splices
should be used instead of lap splices
 41

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Rectilinear Hoops and Crossties

• The perimeter hoops should be closed with standard hooks having

135° bends anchored into the confined core
• Crossties are most effectively anchored with standard 135° or 180°
hooks
• Some codes (e.g., ACI 318) permit the use of crossties with 135° hook
on one end and 90° hook on the other end
 42

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Rectilinear Hoops and Crossties
• For columns supporting axial loads higher than the balanced axial
load, hooks having at least 135° bend should be used on both ends of
crossties
• All crossties and bends in hoops should engage longitudinal
reinforcement to improve anchorage and to restrain buckling of the
longitudinal bars
 43

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Rectilinear ties
• 25.7.2.3 Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy (a) and (b):
(a) Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the
corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135 degrees
(b) No unsupported bar shall be farther than 6 in. clear on each side along the tie from a
laterally supported bar
 44

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Rectilinear ties
• 25.7.2.3.1 Anchorage of rectilinear ties shall be provided by standard hooks that
conform to 25.3.2 and engage a longitudinal bar. A tie shall not be made up of
interlocking headed deformed bars.
 45

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Rectilinear Hoops
• 25.7.4.1 Hoops shall consist of a closed tie or continuously wound tie, which can
consist of several reinforcement elements each having seismic hooks at both ends.

• 25.7.4.2 The ends of the reinforcement elements in hoops shall be anchored using
seismic hooks that conform to 25.3.4 and engage a longitudinal bar. A hoop shall not be
made up of interlocking headed deformed bars.
 46

Confinement
• Reinforcement Details
• Crossties
• 25.3.5 Crossties shall be in accordance with (a) through (e):
(a) Crosstie shall be continuous between ends
(b) There shall be a seismic hook at one end
(c) There shall be a standard hook at other end with minimum bend of 90 degrees
(d) Hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars
(e) 90-degree hooks of two successive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars shall
be alternated end for end, unless crossties satisfy 18.6.4.3 or 25.7.1.6.1
 47

Confinement
• Seismic Hooks

• 25.3.4 Seismic hooks used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and crossties shall be in
accordance with (a) and (b):
(a) Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135 degrees for all other hoops
(b) Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement and the extension shall project into the
interior of the stirrup or hoop
 48

Confinement
• Seismic Hooks
 49

Stress-Strain
• Confined Concrete
• Maximum Strain Capacity for Confined Concrete

• The maximum strain capacity for confined concrete can be limited by

tensile fracture of hoops or buckling of longitudinal reinforcement

• Most of models have shown that ultimate strain capacity increases

with increasing confining pressure
 50

Stress-Strain
• Confined Concrete

▫ Presented are stress-strain diagrams for confined

concrete in compression
 the specimens were 150 mm by 300 mm cylinders
 confinement was provided by spiral reinforcement
▫ Reducing spiral pitch
or hoop spacing
 increases maximum
concrete stress
 increase strain
capacity (ductility)
 51

Stress-Strain
• Stress-Strain of Confined Concrete in Compression

• A class of models that have an ascending branch followed by a linear

descending branch with or without a residual plateau

• A model with a plastic plateau at the peak stress

• A single equation that gives a continuous stress–strain curve

 52

Stress-Strain
• Stress-Strain of Confined Concrete in Compression
(Mander et al Model-1988)
 53

Stress-Strain
• Stress-Strain of Confined Concrete in Compression
(Kent & Park Model-1971)
 Note that the model reflects the additional strain, but not the
additional strength, provided by the confinement
Ascending Branch

Post-Peak Branch
 54

Steel Reinforcement
• Standard Steel Reinforcement Size
• ASTM A615
 55

Steel Reinforcement
• Steel Reinforcement under Monotonic Loading
• Stress-Strain Relations
• The steel responds linearly at first, yields at an upper yield point, then responds at a
lower yield stress along a yield plateau. In some steels there is no yield plateau

• Yielding is followed by a strain-hardening region. Strain-hardening is an important

characteristic to induce yielding to spread along the length of the bar and produce
ductile response

• At the peak of the stress–strain

relation, necking occurs

• εcu is a useful property for

Design of earthquake-resistant
Buildings because it is the maximum
Strain that should be relied on in
a location of yielding
 56

Steel Reinforcement
• Standard Steel Reinforcement
 57

Steel Reinforcement
• Standard Steel Stress-Strain Curves
 58

Steel Reinforcement
• Standard Steel Stress-Strain Curves
• The initial modulus Es is approximately 200,000 MPa
• The grade number refers to the minimum yield strength in ksi (MPa).
ASTM also specifies minimum tensile strengths.
• For A706 bars, the actual yield strength must not exceed the
minimum value by more than 124 MPa, and the actual tensile strength
must be at least 1.25 times the actual yield strength.
• The general trend is that bars with lower strength have longer yield
plateaus, and bars with higher strengths may or may not have yield
plateaus. A706 Grade 60 (420) bars tend to have longer yield
plateaus than A615 Grade 60 (420) bars
• Initial strain-hardening modulus tends to be around 7000 MPa,
although the value is not specified in the ASTM specifications and is
variable.
• ASTM specifies minimum required percentage elongations in an 8-in
(200-mm) gauge length including the fractured section
 59

Steel Reinforcement
• Permitted Reinforcements
 60

Steel Reinforcement
• Permitted Reinforcements

• 20.2.2.5 Deformed nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement resisting earthquake-

induced moment, axial force, or both, in special moment frames, special structural walls,
and all components of special structural walls including coupling beams and wall piers
shall be in accordance with (a) or (b):
(a) ASTM A706, Grade 60
(b) ASTM A615 Grade 40 reinforcement if (i) and (ii) are satisfied and ASTM A615 Grade
60 reinforcement if (i) through (iii) are satisfied.
(i) Actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed fy by more than 125 MPa
(ii) Ratio of the actual tensile strength to the actual yield strength is at least 1.25
(iii) Minimum elongation in 200 mm. shall be at least 14 percent for bar sizes No. 3 through
No. 6, at least 12 percent for bar sizes No. 7 through No. 11, and at least 10 percent
for bar sizes No. 14 and No. 18.
 61

Steel Reinforcement
• Design Properties
▫ 20.2.2 Design properties

• 20.2.2.1 For nonprestressed bars and wires, the stress below fy shall be Es times
steel strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress shall be
considered independent of strain and equal to fy

• 20.2.2.2 Modulus of elasticity, Es, for nonprestressed bars and wires shall be
permitted to be taken as 200,000 Mpa