Republic of the Philippines

PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY

Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related foreign and local literature and also local and foreign studies.

2.1 Foreign Literature

In the technical note the term waste is use to include all non-liquid waste generated by human
activity and a range of solid waste materials resulting from the disaster, such as plastics, water bottles,
an packaging from other emergency supplies, ruble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry
deposited by the natural disaster and Allen trees and rocks districting transport and communication.
Other specialist waste such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also
need to be dealt with urgently but they are not covered by this technical notes (World health
organization, 2011)

According to Chandrappa, Ramesha, Brown, and Jeff. Waste was already a problem long
before water and air pollution issues attracted public attention. Historically the problem associated
with solid waste can be dated back to prehistoric days. Due to the invention of new products,
technologies and services the quantity and quality of the waste have changed over the years. Waste
characteristics not only depend on income, culture and geography but also on a society's economy and,
situations like disasters that affect that economy.

There was tremendous industrial activity in Europe during the industrial revolution. The
twentieth century is recognized as the American Century and the twenty-first century is recognized as
the Asian Century in which everyone wants to earn ‘as much as possible’. After Asia the currently
developing Africa could next take the center stage. With transitions in their economies many countries
have also witnessed an explosion of waste quantities.

Waste problems and approaches to tackling them vary from country to country. For example,
while efforts are made to collect and dispose hospital waste through separate mechanisms in India it is
burnt together with municipal solid waste in Sweden. While trans-boundary movement of waste has
been addressed in numerous international agreements, it still reaches developing countries in many
forms. While thousands of people depend on waste for their livelihood throughout the world, many
others face problems due to poor waste management.

In this context solid waste has not remained an issue to be tackled by the local urban bodies
alone. It has become a subject of importance for engineers as well as doctors, psychologist, economists,
and climate scientists and any others. There are huge changes in waste management in different parts
of the world at different times in history. To address these issues, an effort has been made by the
authors to combine their experience and bring together a new text book on the theory and practice of
the subject covering the important relevant literature at the same time.
 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

2.2 Local Literature

There are many stringent regulations governing the treatments and disposal of waste in the
United Kingdom both onshore and offshore and most other countries as well facilities involve in waste
transfer and treatment requires license and all personal who work at facilities require the proper kind
of training while hazardous waste or chemical will disposed in coordination with concerned
government agencies according to prescribed method. The Local government is responsible for
collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste material from the material recovery
facilities. Collecting or segregated solid waste is scheduled per barangay. (Saley, 2012).

The municipal council enacted an ordinance establishing waste management also known as
"No Segregation, No Collection Policy" The Ordinance Prohibits dumpling of garbage anywhere other
than those recognize established garbage facilities dumping of unclean and un segregate wasted at the
resumption center /facilities discharging of human feces along the creeks and river throwing of waste
in creeks river public places such as roads, sidewalks and established and burning of garbage
particularly non-biodegradable waste. It also requires residents to practices segregation of waste at
source. Readable solid waste such as bottles, plastic, cellophanes and paper shall be brought to the
Barangay materials recovery facility duty segregate or directly to the agent buyers non-recyclable
material and special solid waste will be brought to the material recovery facilities is not satisfactory
based on municipal solid waste management and handling rules 2000 (Chandra, et al, 2009).

2.3 Synthesis

This foreign and local literature of the researcher is appropriate to this study because these
literatures characterized the different waste and where these waste should be dumped, treated, recycled
or burned.

2.4 Foreign study

A detailed case about Solid Waste Management (SWM) the investigation was made regarding
the methods of practices associated with sources quantity generated collection, transportation storage
treatment and disposal of waste in Mysore city. This data concerning to Waste Management (WM) in
Mysore was obtained through questionnaire individual field visit interacting with people and athletic
record of municipal cooperation. Photographic evidence was also made about generation storage
collection transportation treatment and disposal waste. This study reveals that the present system of
that goes with the handling of waste that can often but dangerous if not handle properly. Waste
Management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency situation. By their very
nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to occur. For the reason emergency
response team need to be on standby every hour of everyday and every day of year. Waste management
disposal and treatment can originate from both domestic and industrial source. (Rose 2009)

The study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh in India.
Hospitals/nursing homes and private medical practitioners in urban as well as rural areas and those
from the private as well as the government sector were covered. Information on (a) awareness of bio-
medical waste management rules, (b) training undertaken and (c) practices with respect to segregation,
use of color coding, sharps management, access to common waste management facilities and disposal
 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

was collected. Awareness of Bio-medical Waste Management Rules was better among hospital staff
in comparison with private medical practitioners and awareness was marginally higher among those
in urban areas in comparison with those in rural areas. Training gained momentum only after the dead-
line for compliance was over. Segregation and use of colour codes revealed gaps, which need
correction. About 70% of the healthcare facilities used a needle cutter/destroyer for sharps
management. Access to Common Waste Management facilities was low at about 35%. Dumping
biomedical waste on the roads outside the hospital is still prevalent and access to Common Waste
facilities is still limited. Surveillance, monitoring and penal machinery was found to be deficient and
these require strengthening to improve compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules
and to safeguard the health of employees, patients and communities. (Hanumantha Rao, 2008)

2.5 Local Study

The study aimed to assess the waste management practices of LPU-B. Specifically, it
determined the level of effectiveness of Waste Management Practices of LPU-B in terms of: collection
strategies, disposal and recovery and processing of waste materials; determined the problems
encountered on waste disposal practices tested the significant difference on Waste Management
Practices in LPU-B and finally, proposed an action plan that will improve the Waste Management
Practices of LPU-B. This research utilized descriptive method of research. The descriptive research is
also known as statistical research that describes data and characteristic about what practices, level of
effectiveness and recovery and processing. The respondents of the study were the staff and heads of
different offices/department. One hundred and one (101) respondents were chosen randomly and
purposively. The researchers used a questionnaire as the main gathering instrument. The researchers
concluded that waste management practices of LPU-Bwas effective in terms of collection, disposable,
recovery and processing as perceived by the respondents. Problems occurred specifically that disposal
areas of waste materials were not strategically located. Moreover, means of recovering and reusing
such waste were not strictly implemented.

(Carlo M. Punongbayan, Sheena P. Abu, MarrielDanise P. Arago, Michelle G. Caponpon, Alyssa

Marie C. Geron, Maela P. Leyesa, Jennie Margaret Apritado, Abigail Manzano, 2014)

This is other study that highlights the result of the study that conducted to analyze the waste
management practices of the waste generator and extent of their compliance with the Republic Act
9003, otherwise known as the ecological solid waste management Act of 200 the study was conducted
in Bacolod City Philippines in 2007. The finding of the study serves as faces in developing a hand
book on solid waste management (Bacollados 2010).

The experience and practices of house hold waste management of people in the Barangay
(village) in Manila PH are documented. The data were gathered through as interview with household’s
members using open-ended the respondents segregate their waste into PET bottles, glass bottles &
other waste (mixed waste). Some household respondents said that possible that the dumpling in certain
areas caused the degree fever suffered by some of their family member. Most of the respondents do to
collect of disposal is the responsibility of government. The result of the study showed that R.A 9003
also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management act 2000 is not fully implemented in Metro Manila
(Bernardo 2008).
 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

2.6 Synthesis
The foreign and local studies provide as they proposed questionnaire administration, open-
ended evidence and photographic evidences. These are the research instruments investigators will
employ on.
 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, research instruments and the
participants of the study.

3.1 Research Design

Qualitative descriptive research method is a research type that puts premium or high value of
peoples thinking or point of view condition by their personal traits and has no number; this method is
more on verbal data and bounds of words and visuals. And also this method was the most appropriate
in this study in describing the Awareness on Solid Waste Management Program of Barangay Balaybay,
Castillejos, Zambales.

3.2 Participants of the Study

The participants of the researcher in this study are the citizens of Barangay Balaybay,
Castillejos, Zambales.

3.3 Research Locale

This study is located only in Barangay Balaybay, Castillejos, Zambales.

3.4 Research Instrument

The researcher employed and used the Questionnaire and Interview. The writer will use
questionnaire as the main source to gather the data. In the order will use the inquiry to gathering
information in the right or in the possible time.

The researcher believed that these two kinds of instruments appropriate in this study can be
convent combined it cause of the nature of the problem. The researcher also used interview to
determine the Awareness on Waste Management Program of the citizens of Barangay Balaybay,
Castillejos, Zambales.

3.5 Time Frame

Activities Date/Time

Distribution of Questionnaire May 27, 2019

Retrieval of Questionnaire May 29, 2019

 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

Collision of Data May 30, 2019

Tabulation of Data May 31, 2019

3.6 Data Analysis

 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales

STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

(How to capitalize?) (How to overcome (How to grab?) (How to
and address?) minimize?)
1. Differentiated 1. Internal 1. Availability of 1. Security of
Source of conflict on Vacant lot for land and
Income. land size new business farm land
2. Good quality acquisition expansion tenures
of land for 2. Accessibility such as 2. Risk
agricultural 3. Safety and factory, management
business Security poultry, 3. Additional
3. Huge land 4. Insufficient warehouses waste from
area/location Local 2. Establishment PRMSU and
for business Government of PRMSU expanded
4. Smooth Unit (LGU) will provide businesses
communication support in opportunities
of community terms of like
members Infrastructure Dormitory,
5. No proper eatery,
Waste commercial
Disposal stalls, house
rentals
3. Develop
Tourist
attractions
4. Available
alternative
source of
income in the
vicinity
5. Taps other
agri- investors
 Republic of the Philippines
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate School
Iba, Zambales