INTRODUCTION

Curves are defined as arcs, with some finite radius, provided between intersecting

straights to gradually negotiate a change in direction. For example, when two straights of a

highway or railway are at some angle to each other, a curve is introduced between them to

avoid an abrupt change in direction and to make the vehicle move safely, smoothly and

comfortably. This change in direction of the straights may be in a horizontal or a vertical

plane, resulting in the provision of a horizontal or a vertical curve, respectively.

Curves are classified as horizontal curves and vertical curves. The horizontal curves

are further classified:

Simple Circular Curves

Simple Circular Curves are connecting two intersecting straights having a constant radius.

Compound Curves

Compound Curves is are when two or more simple circular curves, of different radii, turning

in the same direction join two intersecting straights.

Reverse Curves

Reverse Curves is are two simple circular curves, of equal or different radii, having opposite

direction of curvature join together.

Transition Curves

It is a curve usually introduced between a simple circular curve and a straight, or between

two simple circular curves. Transition Curves also known as easement curve.

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 Combined Curves

Combined Curves are combination of simple circular curves and transitions curve and are

preferred in railways and highway.

Broken-Back Curves

Broken-Back Curves is two circular curves having their centres on the same side and

connected with a short tangent length were used for railroad traffic.

Vertical curves are usually parabolic and are classified as summit and sag vertical

curve. When vertical and horizontal curves overlap, their study is simplified by considering

them separately.

The task is given about Simple Circular Curves. The Simple Circular Curves are

connecting two intersecting straights having a constant radius. Simple Curves is tangential to

the two straights at the joining ends.

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 I is the intersection point of the two straights TI and IU

 TPU is a circular curve which runs around the arc from T to U

 The length of the circular curve around the arc TPU = LC

 T and U are tangent points to the circular curve

 TI and IU are the tangent lengths of the circular curve

 P is the midpoint of the circular curve TPU

 Long chord = TSU

 S is the midpoint of the long chord TSU

 Radius of curvature of the curve = R

 Centre of curvature = O

 θ=Deflection angle = angle CIU

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 OBJECTIVE

We had listed three objective to complete our practical task:

i. To understand the terminology and geometry of circular curves.

ii. To become familiar with the usage of instrument.

iii. To calculate through chainage along the centre lines of circular curves.

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LOCATION

 The simple circular curve has been done at Rugby Field in UiTM Campus Arau

Perlis.

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INSTRUMENTS TO BE USED

i. Total Station

A total station is to determine angles and distances from the instrument to

points to be surveyed and to get straight of sight.

Figure 1: Total Station

ii. Tripods

Tripod used to place the total station and also the prism on top of it. The

instruments will be clamp to the tripod to avoid the instrument from fall.

Figure 2: Tripods
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iii. Ranging Poles

Pole are using to stand the mini prism.

Figure 3: Poles

iv. Mini Prism

The mini prism of function is read the mini prism by total station to determine

vertical, horizontal and distance.

Figure 4: Mini Prism

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v. Prism

A prism is essential for most EDM and Total Station. Besides that, the prism is

used to return the transmitted beam to the instrument to allow a distance to be

determined by time of flight or phase comparison.

Figure 5: Prism

vi. Tape

Measuring tape is used to measure the distance of the station manually.

Figure 6: Tape

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vii. Arrows or Nails

The making arrow is a steel wire pin, roughly 0.35m in length and used to

mark the end of a tape lengths laid down. Arrows are also used to record the

number of tape lengths laid down when measuring a line.

Figure 7: Arrows.

viii. Pegs

These are used to mark the positions. They are made of hard timber and

tapered at one end. They are usually, 2.5 cm square and 15 cm long. But in

soft ground 40 to 60 cm long and 4 to 5 cm square is suitable. They should be

driven in the ground with about 4 cm lengths, projecting above the ground.

Figure 8: Pegs (Picket)

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ix. Hammer

It used for driving nails, plant the pegs, fitting parts, and breaking up objects

Figure 9: Hammer

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METHODOLOGY

Horizontal and circular curve

In the design of roads or railways, straight sections of road or track are connected by

curves of constant or varying radius as shown below: The purpose of these curves is to

deflect a vehicle travelling along one of the straights safely and comfortably through a

deflection angle θ to enable it to continue its journey along the other straight. The two main

types shown above are:

a) Circular curves, curves of constant radius. b) Transition curves, curves of varying radius.

A road or railway will usually comprise of a series of straights, circular curves and transition

curves, collectively known as the horizontal alignment.

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Geometry of Circular Curves

There are 3 basic types of circular curves:

- Simple curves;

-compound curves and

- reverse curves (all of which are also known as radius or degree curves)

Simple Circular Curves

A simple circular curve consists of one are of constant radius R, these are the most

commonly used type of curves (see previous fig part a).

Compound Circular Curves

These consist of two or more consecutive simple circular curves of different radii without and

intervening straight section.

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 Reverse Circular Curves

These consist of two consecutive curves of the same or different radii with any intervening

straight section and with their centers of curvature falling on opposite sides of their common

tangent point (TC)



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There are a number of different methods by which a centerline can be set out, all of which

can be summarized in two categories:

Traditional methods- which involve working along the centerline itself using the straights,

intersection points and tangent point for reference. The equipment used fir these methods

include, tapes and theodolites or total stations.

Coordinate methods- which use control networks as reference. These networks take the

form of control points located on site some distance away from the centerline. For this

method, theodolites, totals stations or GPS receivers can be used.

Traditional Method

Tangential Method

This is the most accurate method of the traditional methods for setting out curves. It can be

done using a theodolite and tape, two theodolites or a total station and pole reflector.

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The formula used to determine the tangential angles is derived as follows:

Tangent at K
α2
α1 a3 Tangent at L
K L
T α2 M
α3
U

R
2α2
2α1 2α3

Using a Theodolite and Tape

In this method a theodolite is set up at the tangent point and used to turn the tangential angles

to define the direction to each center line peg. The exact positions of these pegs are fixed by

measuring with tape from peg to peg in sequence.

Coordinate Method

Setting out using total station has therefore become standard practice on construction sites,

since these instruments enable horizontal distances to be set out without difficulty. Setting out

by EDM methods requires that the coordinates of every proposed point to be determined,

usually by calculation.

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PROCEDURE

1. Before practical at site want to carry out, we must calculate the bearing and distance

of the curve using the tangential method.

2. After done with calculation curve, we must do the curve practical based on the

calculation.

3. Using the instruments such as total station, tripod, prism, mini prism, arrow, tape,

hammer, and picket. We using only face left of total station.

4. Setting up the total station at the intersection between two line chainage (IP) and set

up prism at 100m then mark using picket from total station.

5. Make sure the total station and prism was centering and level at the point on picket

every time.

6. Set 0 degree in total station to prism and open 90 degree then pointed picket at 100m.

7. Using the tangent length 80m observe from intersection line and marking with picket

chainage (T/BC).

8. Move the total station at 80m tangent length chainage (T/BC) while prism at

intersection line chainage (IP) then using the deflection angle and distance that was

calculated before it.

9. Observe total station to the prism and set 0 degree.

10. Open the bearing of the total station follow the deflection angle. For example in our

calculation curve the first deflection angle is 0°53’42.94”and distance is 2.500m.

11. Using the mini prism and someone needs to hold the tool. Then bring the device into

the line of deflection angle and adjust the mini prism whether at front or rear.

Communication between the observer and the mini prism holder must be clear so that

can achieve more precise position in short time taken.

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12. When the mini prism in accurate position. Then using the arrow to marks the position

and marked as chainage 1.

13. After that repeat the same step of 10, 11, and 12 until finish at chainage (TEC/U).

14. Make sure the last point must locate at the line we create at start earlier. The last

distance also same with length of chord that is 113.139m. Then angle same with

deflection angle 45°00’2.89”.

15. In the site, the arrow cannot be seen clearly. So, we marks the arrow with sheets of

paper and it can be seen clearly.

16. Finally, after done marks all of the points with arrows, then we take pictures as

evidence that the curve was performed.

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DATA AND RESULT

r = 80m IP = 2550.5

𝜃 = 90

1. Calculate Def. Angle (𝜽) :

𝜽 = 𝜽⁄𝟐

𝜃 = 90⁄2

= 45

2. Calculate Tangent Length :

𝑻𝑳 = 𝑹 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽⁄𝟐

= 80 tan 45°

= 80

3. Calculate the Chainage at BC/T :

𝑪𝑯𝑻 = 𝑪𝑯𝑰𝑷 − 𝑻𝑳

= 2550.5 − 80

= 2470.5

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 4. Calculate Length of Curve :

𝝅
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 = 𝑹𝜽 ×
𝟏𝟖𝟎

π
= 80 ×
180

= 125.664

5. Calculate Length of Chord :

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒅 = 𝟐𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽⁄𝟐

= 2 (80) sin 45°

= 113.137

6. Calculate the Chainage at EC/U :

𝑪𝑯𝑼 = 𝑪𝑯𝑻 + 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆

= 2470.5 + 125.664

= 2596.164

7. Calculate Number of Chord :

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒅 =
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍

125.664
=
10

= 12.5664

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 Initial Sub. Chord = 2473 − 2470.5

= 2.5

Standard Chord = 10 × 12

= 120

Final Sub. Chord = 125.664 − 2.5 − 120

= 3.164

8. Calculate Tangential Angle :

𝑪
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 × ÷ 𝟔𝟎
𝑹

2.5
Initial = 1718.9 × ÷ 60
80

= 0°53°42.94°

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Standard = 1718.9 × ÷ 60
80

= 3° 34°51.75°

3.164
Final = 1718.9 × ÷ 60
80

= 1°07°58.95°

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 PT INTERVAL CH DEF. ANGLE TOTAL DEF. ANGLE

T 0 2470.5 0°53′42.94" 0

𝐶𝐻1 2.5 2473 3°34′51.74" 0°53′42.94"

𝐶𝐻2 10 2483 3°34′51.74" 4°28′34.69"

𝐶𝐻3 10 2493 3°34′51.74" 8°03′ 26.44"

𝐶𝐻4 10 2503 3°34′51.74" 11°38′ 18.19"

𝐶𝐻5 10 2513 3°34′51.74" 15°13′ 9.94"

𝐶𝐻6 10 2523 3°34′51.74" 18°48′ 1.69"

𝐶𝐻7 10 2533 3°34′51.74" 22°22′ 53.44"

𝐶𝐻8 10 2543 3°34′51.74" 25° 57′ 45.19"

𝐶𝐻9 10 2553 3°34′51.74" 29°32′ 36.94"

𝐶𝐻10 10 2563 3°34′51.74" 33°07′ 28.69"

𝐶𝐻11 10 2573 3°34′51.74" 36°42′ 20.44"

𝐶𝐻12 10 2583 3°34′51.74" 40°17′ 12.19"

𝐶𝐻13 10 2593 3°34′51.74" 43°52′ 3.94"

U 3.164 2596.164 1°07′58.95" 45°0′ 2.89"

9. Find Coordinate for IP to P :

IP to P BEARING DISTANCE LAT DEP Coordinate Coordinate

N/S E/W

- - - - 1000 1000

360 80 80 0 1080 1000

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 10. Direct Distance :

𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒇. 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)

𝑬𝒈 𝟏 ∶ 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐 (𝟖𝟎) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎°𝟓𝟑′ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟒"

= 2.5

Peg Chainage Total Direct Bearing Latitude Departure Coordinate Coordinate

Pt (m) Deflection Distance N/S E/W

Angle

T 2470.5 0 0 180°00′00" - - 1080 1000

𝐶𝐻1 2473 0°53′42.94" 2.5 180°53′ 42.9" -2.450 -0.039 1077.55 999.961

𝐶𝐻2 2483 4°28′34.69" 12.487 184°28′ 34.6" -12.449 -0.975 1067.551 999.025

𝐶𝐻3 2493 8°03′ 26.44" 22.426 188°03′ 26.44" -22.205 -3.143 1057.795 996.857

𝐶𝐻4 2503 11°38′ 18.19" 32.277 191°38′ 18.1" -31.613 -6.511 1048.387 993.489

𝐶𝐻5 2513 15°13′ 9.94" 42.003 195°13′ 9.94" -40.530 -11.026 1039.470 988.974

𝐶𝐻6 2523 18°48′ 1.69" 51.564 198°48′ 1.69" -48.813 -16.618 1031.187 983.382

𝐶𝐻7 2533 22°22′ 53.44" 60.924 202°22′53.4" -56.335 -23.198 1023.665 976.802

𝐶𝐻8 2543 25° 57′ 45.19" 70.045 205°57′ 45.1" -62.976 -30.665 1017.024 969.335

𝐶𝐻9 2553 29°32′ 36.94" 78.894 209°32′ 36.9" -68.636 -38.901 1011.364 961.099

𝐶𝐻10 2563 33°07′ 28.69" 87.434 213°07′ 69" -73.225 -47.779 1006.775 952.221

𝐶𝐻11 2573 36°42′ 20.44" 95.633 216°42′ 20.4" -76.671 -57.160 1003.329 942.840

𝐶𝐻12 2583 40°17′ 12.19" 103.458 220°17′ 12.1" -78.920 -66.897 1001.080 933.103

𝐶𝐻13 2593 43°52′ 3.94" 110.879 223°52′ . 394" -79.937 -76.839 1000.063 923.161

U 2596.164 45°0′ 2.89" 113.139 225°0′ 2.89" -80.00 -80. 1000 919.998

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ANALYSIS

The circular curve has three basic types of curve such as simple curves, compound curves

and reverse curves. In this fieldwork project, we uses simple curve because it has constant

radius and easier to do it. For this type of curve, we use the coordinate method and tangential

method. Using both method, we calculate and find the deflection angle and the distance for

each chainage interval from chainage (T/BC) to chainage 1 then until final chainage (EC/U)

before start the practical.

We do this fieldwork project at football field near by college Cengal. At beginning works

we do not have problem until at middle works we have problem when the distance increasing.

The problem is the mini prism holder cannot heard clearly what the observer try to tell

because too far. Therefore, we use hand signals to communicate to solve the problem. After

that, the longer distance between the chainage and observe made it difficult to find the actual

position for each chainage. Then, we proceed the work of demarcation until finish at chainage

EC/U. Finally, we success to complete the task and we also satisfied because the curve

perfectly formed. Then, we take the picture as an evidence to show in this report.

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COMMENT

In this practical, we are able to learn how much difficulty in finishing a progress of

curve .this practical look simple but quite difficult to solve it. We also had a hard time to state

or plant the arrow at the right place based on the bearing and also the distance that has been

calculated. Besides that , the condition of area that we used in this practical are most suitable

and it can help us in finishing this practical without obstacles .This area also have a space

enough and do not give so much difficulty to our group in finishing this practical. But, we

had to spend a little time to find the exact distance each of the point to reduce the error. Even

the weather are hot and has leave a sunburn on our skin, we still enjoy doing this practical.

In this practical, we also glad to say congratulation and thank you to all of our group

members because they has given their energy and also focus in doing and finishing our

practical. All of our group members were also happy and had a fun time in doing this and a

little bit enjoy even this practical are quite tired because it was doing in afternoon. We can

finishing this practical around 2 hours. Besides, we are really want to say a lot of thanks to

our lecturer because has given a lot of guidance in helping us in finishing this practical.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there are two types of curve that is horizontal curve and vertical curve

and two main types of horizontal is circular curve and transition curve. There have three

types of circular curve such as simply, compound and reverse curve. In this report, we use

simply curve because it is basic for student and easy to do. Simply circular curve is provided

when the road changes its from right to left (vice versa) then with the speed limits that

allowed. It is very necessary that safe measures use at all horizontal and vertical curves to

make the structure of road smooth to use and decrease the risks of hazardous circumstances.

After that, the important of road curve is to change the route when the ground surface

has contour. As surveyor, we must to provide the design curve correctly and marks the point

accurately at the ground. This is important to make the movement of vehicle smooth on the

road and then if the wrong design of curve was provided it can cause accidents for road users.

Before road curve wanted to conducted, the pre-computation is obtained and the

fieldwork based on the data have been calculate correctly and perfect. Besides that, the

calculation curve was provided by the tangential and coordinate method to find the first point

until the last point. However, we finally success to finish our tasks at the time specified by

our lecturer and we can manage the fieldwork by work together as a team. We can

communicate each other in group and also communicate with other group to complete the

work together.

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REFERENCES

 S K Duggal,”Surveying Volume 1”, Tata McGraw Hill Eduction Private Limited,

New Delhi, Third Edition, 2009.

 J. Uren and W.F. Price, “Surveying for Engineers”, School of the Environment

University of Brighton, Fourth Edition, 2006.

 W.Schofield, “Engineering Surveying”, Butterworths, London, 1984.

 Uren, J. (2010). Surveying for engineers: Uren. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

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APPENDIX

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