Geodesy

Datum transformation
Map projection
Coordinate system
Datum Transformation
 Datum Transformation
– There are 4 models to perform transformation
process;
• Bursa-Wolf Model(7 parameters)
• Molodenksy (3 Parameters)
• Molodensky-Badecas (7 Parameters)
• Multiple Regression
– Calculation of transformation using cartesian
coordinate (X,Y,Z) is easier than using curvilinear
coordinate(,,h))
– In Malaysia, Bursa-Wolf model is used in
transformation process.

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 Transformation – 3 parameters
– 3 Parameter transformation; used 3 translation
parameters;
• Translation X-axis (X)
• Translation Y-axis(Y)
• Translation Z-axis(Z)

Coordinates Transformation & Map Projections 5

 Transformation – 3 parameters

Ellipsoid

2 1

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Map Projections
Transformation – 7 parameters
– 7 Parameters transformation;
- use 3 translation parameters;
• Translation X-axis (X)
• Translation Y-axis(Y)
• Translation Z-axis(Z)
- use 3 rotation parameters;
• Rotation of X-axis (Rx)
• Rotation of Y-axis(Ry)
• Rotation of Z-axis(Rz)
- use 1 scale correction
• Scale (s)

Coordinates Transformation & Map Projections 7

 Transformation – 7 parameters

Ellipsoid

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 Transformation – 7 parameters
– Model Bursa-Wolf (Bursa, 1962; Wolf, 1963)

R11 = cos(Ry)*cos(Rz)
R12 = cos(Rx)*sin(Rz)+sin(Rx)*sin(Ry)*cos(Rz)
R13 = sin(Rx)*sin(Rz)-cos(Rx)*sin(Ry)*cos(Rz)
R21 = -cos(Ry)*sin(Rz)
R22 = cos(Rx)*cos(Rz)-sin(Rx)*sin(Ry)*sin(Rz)
R23 = sin(Rx)*cos(Rz)+cos(Rx)*sin(Ry)*sin(Rz)
R31 = sin(Ry)
R32 = -sin(Rx)*cos(Ry)
R33 = cos(Rx)*cos(Ry)
Coordinates Transformation &
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Map Projections
 Transformation – 7 parameters
– If the rotation values are small, the formulae is simplified
as follow:

 X ΔX  1 + s Rz − Ry  X
Y =  ΔY  +  − Rz 1 + s Rx  x  Y 
       
 Z  NEW  ΔZ   Ry − Rx 1 + s   Z  OLD

Coordinates Transformation & Map Projections 10

 GDM2000 to WGS84
 X ΔX  1 + s Rz − Ry  X
Y = ΔY + − Rz 1 + s Rx  x Y
       
 Z WGS  ΔZ   Ry − Rx 1 + s   Z  GDM
• Translations  Translations
parameters parameters
→ X = 1.6m → Rx = 0.04”
→ Y = -1.9m
→ Ry = -0.03”
→ Z = 2.0m
→ Rz = 0.01”
 Scale correction
→ s = 0.24ppm
Coordinates Transformation & Map Projections 11
Map Projection
 Geodesy, Map Projection &
Coordinate Systems
• Geodesy - the shape of the earth and
definition of earth datums
• Map Projection - the transformation of a
curved earth to a flat map
• Coordinate systems - (x,y) coordinate systems
for map data
 Types of Coordinate System

• (1) Global Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) for

the whole earth
• (2) Geographic coordinates (f, , z)
• (3) Projected coordinates (x, y, z) on a local
area of the earth’s surface
• The z-coordinate in (1) and (3) is defined
geometrically; in (2) the z-coordinate is
defined gravitationally
Global Cartesian Coordinate (X,YZ)

Z
Greenwich
Meridian

O
• Y

X
Equator
 Geographic Coordinate
(f, , z)
• Latitude (f) and Longitude () defined
using an ellipsoid, an ellipse rotated about
an axis
• Elevation (z) defined using geoid, a surface
of constant gravitational potential
• Earth datums define standard values of the
ellipsoid and geoid
 Shape of the Earth

It is actually a spheroid,
We think of the
slightly larger in radius at
earth as a sphere
the equator than at the
poles
 Ellipsoid or Spheroid

For the earth:

Major axis, a = 6378 km
Minor axis, b = 6357 km b
a O a
Flattening ratio, f = (a-b)/a
~ 1/300 Y

Rotational axis
 Latitude and Longitude on the sphere
Greenwich Z Meridian of longitude
meridian N Parallel of latitude
=0°

P
•
 - Geographic longitude
 - Geographic latitude

W O •E Y
 R
R - Mean earth radius
•
• Equator =0°
O - Geocenter
X
 Representation of the Earth
Mean Sea Level is a surface of
constant
gravitational potential called the
Geoid
Sea surface Ellipsoid

Earth surface

Geoid
 Geoid and Ellipsoid

Earth surface

Ocean

Geoid Gravity Anomaly

Definition of Elevation
Elevation Z
P
z = zp

• z=0 Land Surface

Mean Sea level = Geoid

Elevation is measured from the Geoid

 Geodesy and Map Projections
• Geodesy - the shape of the earth and
definition of earth datums
• Map Projection - the transformation of a
curved earth to a flat map
• Coordinate systems - (x,y) coordinate systems
for map data
Earth to Globe to Map

Map Scale: Map Projection:

Representative Fraction Scale Factor

Globe distance Map distance
= =
Earth distance Globe distance

(e.g. 1:24,000) (e.g. 0.9996)

 Geographic and
Projected Coordinates

(f, ) (x, y)
Map Projection
 Projections Preserve Some
Earth Properties
• Area - correct earth surface area (Albers Equal
Area) important for mass balances
• Shape - local angles are shown correctly (Lambert
Conformal Conic)
• Direction - all directions are shown correctly
relative to the center (Lambert Azimuthal Equal
Area)
• Distance - preserved along particular lines
• Some projections preserve two properties
Coordinates System
in
Malaysia
 World Geodetic System 1984
(WGS84)
• A global geodetic datum
• Reference datum for GPS
• Ellipsoid WGS84
Semi-major axis, a = 6378137m
Ellipsoid flattening, f =1/298.257223563

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Map Projections
 IGS stations

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Map Projections
 Malaysian Revised
Triangulation (MRT)
• Computed using data collected in the period
1948 to 1966 → MRT 48
• Modified Everest ellipsoid
• Origin – Kertau, Pahang
• The network consists of 77 geodetic, 240
primary, 837 secondary and 51 tertiary
stations
• Recompute on 1994 → MRT 94
Coordinates Transformation &
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Map Projections
 Malaysian Revised
Triangulation (MRT 48)

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68)
• Resulted from the re-adjustment of the
primary control of East Malaysia
• Modified Everest ellipsoid
• Origin – Timbalai, Labuan
• The network consists Borneo West Coast
Triangulation of Brunei and Sabah (1930-
1942), Borneo East Coast Triangulation(1955-
1960) and some new points surveyed
between 1961-1968
Coordinates Transformation &
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Map Projections
 Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68)

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Map Projections
Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO)
• The RSO is an oblique Mercator projection
developed by Hotine in 1947. Hotine called
the projection as "rectified skew
orthomorphic“ (Northing,Easting).
• This projection is orthomorphic (conformal)
and cylindrical.
• A suitable projection for an area like
Switzerland, Italy, New Zealand, Madagascar,
and Malaysia as well.
• The RSO provide an optimum solution in the
sense of minimizing distortion whilst
remaining conformal for Malaysia.
• Its scale factor varies from 0.99984 to 1.0016
leading to a maximum scale distortion of
1:6250.
• Used for topography mapping

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 State Cassini System
• The Cassini projection is classified as
cylindrical, tangent, transverse,
equidistant and semi geometric
• Cassini Soldner is used for cadastral
surveys and is the basis for the Standard
Cadastral Sheets in each States
(Northing, Easting).
• There are nine (9) state Cassini-
coordinate systems in Peninsular
Malaysia with their respective origins.

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 State Cassini System Origin
States Station Name
Johor G. Blumut
N. Sembilan & GunHill
Malacca
Pahang G. Senyum
Selangor Bt. Asa
Terengganu G. Gajah
P.Pinang & S. Fort
Perai Cornwills
Kedah & Perlis G. Perak
Perak G. Hijau
Larut
Kelantan Bt. Panau
Coordinates Transformation & Map Projections 38
 Universal Tranverse Mercator
(UTM)
• 6o zone
• Zone 1 ( longitude 180o west – 174o west )
• Zone 60 ( longitude 174o east – 180o east )
• 0.9996 scale factor of central meridian
• Origin at intersection of central meridian and
equator
• False coordinates
(500 000 m E, 10 000 000 m N)
• Peninsular Malaysia – Zone 47 & 48
• East Malaysia – Zone 49 & 50
Coordinates Transformation &
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Map Projections
 UTM Projection

N cilinder

Scale factor = 1

equator

S Central meridian
Coordinates Transformation &
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Map Projections
 UTM Zone

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Map Projections
 Coordinate Systems in Peninsular
Malaysia
Datum Datum
Transformation Transformation
(7 parameter) (7 parameter)

3D 3D 3D
GDM2000 WGS84 MRT

f,,h X,Y,Z f,,h X,Y,Z f,,h X,Y,Z

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 Coordinate Systems in Peninsular
Malaysia
Map Map
Projection Transformation

3D 2D 2D
MRT MRSO Cassini

f,,h N,E N,E

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Map Projections
 Coordinate Systems in
East Malaysia
Datum
Transformation Map
(7 parameter) Projection

3D 3D 2D
WGS84 BT68 Borneo RSO

f,,h X,Y,Z f,,h X,Y,Z N,E

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
 Geocentric Datum of Malaysia
GDM2000
• New coordinate system, adoption of geocentric
datum and ITRF2000
• Datum unification between East and West
• Closely coincident with WGS84 system
• Implementation of geocentric datum for
mapping and cadastral surveying
• Ellipsoid = Geodetic Reference System 80
(GRS80)
Coordinates Transformation &
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Map Projections
 Geocentric Datum of Malaysia
GDM2000
GDM2000
3D
(f,,h)
Map Map
Projection Projection

Geocentric Geocentric
RSO Cassini
2D 2D
(N,E) (N,E)

Coordinates Transformation &

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Map Projections
Conclusion…