Andrew Prastya Adhy

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

PREVIOUS STUDIES

This research arranged based on the several previous studies. In order to analyze using
Structuralism approach, this study took some reference from the study written by (Chinade,
2012) entitled Structuralism as a Literary Theory: An Overview. This study discussed the
form of Structuralism approach from the history, views and positions of its leading theorists
and the numerous critical perspectives, model of theory from the experts and the application
as the literary theory. This study helps this research to find the most suitable theory of
Structuralism to analyze the data dealing with the Hyper-parenting issues from the
sociological perspective.

Some previous studies that analyzes the literary works based on the similar discussion
of parenting are exsist. The most valuable example is an article written by (Cabanias, 2017)
entitled The Concept of Family in the Selected Novels from the Emerging Countries: A
Sociological Analysis. This study brief the Sociological perspective in analyze the selected
novel from different author and nationalities. This study using an Expanded Sociological
Analysis to include Marxist Literary Theories; namely: Lukacs’ The Reflection Model,
Goldmann’s The Genetic Model and San Juan’s The Society and Critical Theory. In
discussing and in presenting the analyses of the texts, the author of this study employed the
Expanded Sociological Analysis (ESA) Model. The presentation of the concept of family
focused on the cultural, economic and political aspects, after which a comparative analysis
was done to highlight the commonalities and differences of The Concept of Family in the six
selected novels.

The study written by (Rebecca, 2017) dealing with Carrie novel entitled A
Description of Theme in Stephen King’s Novel Carrie. This study analyzed the theme that
could be found in the novel. The writer of this study analyze the elements of the theme in the
novel using semiotic approach, especially main theme (the theme of major) and sub-theme
(the theme of minor). By that theme concluded a family issue consist of bad parenting
directly creates messed up children. The effect is the children didn’t know how to grow up as
teeneger and also make them didn’t know how to socialize with the environment especially
their friends.

Another study from (Hibtiyah, 2018) entitled Carrietta White’s Personality in Carrie
By Stephen King. This study focuses on the personality of the main character of the novel and
the factors that affect her personality. This uses descriptive qualitative method and the theory
of psychological approach from Carl Jung that include Persona, Shadow, Anima & Animus
and Self to be able to find Carrie's personality. The result of the research finds that Carrie's
personality is strongly influenced by her religious fanatical mother and her schoolmates who
always bully and avoid her, so that Carrie’s personality grow and generate Persona, Shadow,
Anima & Animus and Self from Carrie. This study shows the example of using Psychological
approach in analyzing the novel from the perspective of the psyche of the main character.

Another study written by (Mufidah, 2016) entitled Hyper-Parenting Effects Toward

Child’s Personality in Stephen King’s Novel “Carrie” and the study written by (Aji, 2017)
also using the same novel as the object and showed the effects in perspective of child’s
personality which is the changing of psychological condition as the effect of Hyper-Parenting
and the repression towards the main character of the novel from the other main character
which is Margaret white as the mother. Both author of this studies analyzed the novel with
psychological approach and the model of Psychoanalitic by Sigmund Freud to describe about
after effect experinced by the main character, Carrie. The analysis in both studies related to
the application of psychological approach in data analysis by describing the traumatic event
in the past that is experienced by Margaret White which happens in the story to analyze
hyper-parenting effect towards Carrie. The difference is from the Mufidah’s article is only
focuses in Hyper-Parenting and the effects, from Aji’s article is more on how repression and
anxiety repression and of Hyper-Parenting and Bullying issue that experienced and become
the traumatic causes from the main character. Both studies applied with Freudian’s model of
Psychoanalysis in analyzing the data.

The study written by (Permana, 2015) entitled The Influence of Parenting Style
Towards Josie’s Character as Seen Through Jodi Picoult’s “Nineteen Minutes” purposed to
show the changing of parenting style represented in the novel from Jodi Picoult entitled
Nineteen Minutes as the object of the study. Using the Freudian’s model of Psychoanalysis
(Id, Ego and Superego), the author of this study focuses on the relationship and highlited the
character of Josie Cormier and her mother Alex. This study presented the comparison of
parenting styles to determine the changes of Josie Cormier’s character devided into two
sequences, there are Authoriative parenting style and Authoritarian parenting style. The
study written by (Puspitasari, 2011) entitled Parent’s Roles in Children Psychology
Development as Reflected in Jodi Picoults’ My Sister’s Keeper analyzed the roles of parents
in children psychology development, the conflicts between the children and the parents in the
novel, and the psychological conditions of the children. The data was analysed by using
descriptive qualitative method and analyzed by using psychological approach. The
investigation in this study resulted several findings. First, parents had significant roles to
nurture their children. Second, the existance of conflicts in a family were caused by different
opinion and disagreement among the members of family, And the last, problems in Fitzgerald
family affected the psychology of the children because there was lack communication among
each other.

The similar discussion also revealed in the study written by (Hatmani, 2014) entitled
Parenting Style of Atticus Finch in Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird Novel (1960): A
Behaviorist Perspective. This research paper elaborates the parenting style of Atticus Finch in
Harper Lee’s ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ novel. This is analyzed through Behaviorist
perspective. The objectives of the study are to analyze the structural elements of the novel,
the characteristics, the type, and the impacts of parenting style inside the novel. The author
applied qualitative research in conducting this study. The method for analyzing data is
descriptive analysis. After analyzing novel, the researcher found a conclusion. Based on the
behavioral analysis, it is clear that in this novel, the author illustrates a psychological
phenomenon in which an individual is very much influenced by the environment, either at
home, schools, or other kinds of environment.

Parenting issue also revealed in the study written by (Setiawan, 2016) entitled
Parenting Reflected in the Annisa Novel by John Michalson’s (2015): A Psychoanalytic
Approach. The purpose of this research mainly discussed how psychic condition is the
protagonist of the story in the face of the fact that the father from the main character Annisa
herself made the decision to have a second wife or often called with polygamy, how the main
character receives her family's condition was being praised from God. This research was
qualitative. The main data in the study is novel Annisa (2015), a brief history of John
Michaelson. Secondary data from the research is the ingredients as well as selected references
related to study. Freudian model of Id, Ego and Superego applied in this study to analyze the
main character’s psychological reaction towards the parenting types and family issue that
experienced in the story.

The Freudian model of Psychoanalysis that implemented in the novel with the
parenting issue as the main discussion also revealed in the study written by (Purwaningrum,
2015) entitled Pengaruh Pola Asuh Permisif terhadap Perkembangan Kepribadian Tokoh
Utama Novel Mendung Tak Bermalam Karya Abu Umar Basyier: Kajian Psikologi Sastra
(The Effect of Permisive Parenting Patterns on Main Character’s Personal Development of
“Mendung Tak Bermalam” Novel by Abu Umar Basyier Works: Literature Psychology
Study). Approach method of this research is using psychology of literary with descriptive
qualitative method. Result suggest that parenting style which Nafiah as the main character
treated by her parents with a permissive parenting style that makes children have spoiled
personality. Result suggest that parenting style which Nafiah’s parents do is a type of
permissive parenting style that shape Nafiah’s personality to become person that abstain from
suffering, domineering, weak sense of social responsibility, fear of competing with others,
childish, selfish, unruly, hard to control herself, easily collapsed, stubborn, always blame the
circumstances, and a coward. Such personality also influence Nafiah in her conduct of
defense mechanisms such as object removal, restraint, denial, repression, aggression reaction,
intellect, fixation, and the formation of the reaction when experiencing anxiety.

In the study written by (Rosyidi & Sukrisno, 2016) entitled A Challenge Towards
Tradition Relating to Children Treatment Differentiation as Reflected on Rabindranath
Tagore‘S “Home-Coming” bring the example of how parent’s in India based on the short
story treated their children and another children and the society, also become another
example of parenting model that connected with cultural rules. This study explain the idea of
a challenge towards tradition relating to differentiation of children treatment, especially in
India, reflected on Rabindranath Tagore‘s short story Home-Coming. From the analysis, this
study using binary oppositions as structure and their relation to the Tagore‘s moment of life
and historical context when he lived qualitatively become the data of this inquiry. This study
uses narrative inquiry research design. Drawing Goldmann‘s genetic structuralism theoretical
framework and reveals the challenges towards children treatment tradition relating to
differentiation in India. This study also become the example of implementing Structuralism
approach in the literary work dealing with parenting behavior and sosciological perspective.
 The study written by (Spokas & Heimberg, 2008) entitled Overprotective Parenting,
Social Anxiety, and External Locus of Control: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal
Relationships explained the relations between Overprotective parenting, Social Anxiety and
External Locus of Control. This study study supports the findings in the broader literature of a
significant relationship between social anxiety and recollections of overprotective and cold
parenting among college students. External locus of control partially mediated the
relationship between overprotective parenting and social anxiety. The finding is recollections
of maternal overprotection predicted an increase in social anxiety during the first semester of
college, suggesting their influence on current functioning. This study clearly explain not only
psychological but also the social anxiety that related to the overprotective parenting. It is also
as the prove of the bigger scale of the effect from the parenting phenomena that happened
among the society. This study also could be related to the findings realted to the anxiety of
the parents explained from the study written by (Jimenez, 2012) entitled Social Constructions
of Teen Pregnancy: Implications for Policy and Prevention Efforts. This study also discussed
the social construction as the perspective of the study, dealing with adolescence phenomena
of teenage pregnancy. The writter outline three major constructions of teen pregnancy and
how they have been employed in existing literature. This study also concerning the corelation
between parent’s type of parenting and underlined the problem of teenage pregnacy which
also became the crisis that happened in America in 1960’s – 1970’s era. Compared to the
Stephen king’s background of the theme implied in the Carrie novel is also provided the
prove of historical events influeence in 70’s era about teenage pregnancy and model pof
parenting.

Another studies related to this research in the matter of issues also applied in several
studies and using the object of real life. For example in the study written by (Nurhayanti,
2013) entitled “Tipe Pola Asuh Orang Tua yang Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Bullying di
SMA Kabupaten Semarang” (Parenting Types Related to the Bullying behavior in Senior
Highschool of Semarang Regency) analyzing the connections between pareting types and
bullying towards children in school. The objective of this research is to determine the type of
parenting pattern concerning bullying behavior at Sudirman Islamic Senior High School at
Ambarawa, Semarang Regency. The method of this research was descriptive correlation. The
data collecting technique used questionnaires about the type of parenting pattern and bullying
behavior. Data analysis used chi square analysis. The findings of this research reveal that the
type of parenting pattern felt by students is mostly democratic than authoritarian and
permissive parenting pattern.

Another scientific study has been done by (Yunia. S, 2013) entitled Over Protective
Parents and Religiosity towards Heterosexual Behavior of VIII Grade Students. This study
purposed to determine the general discription of heterosexual behavior, over protective
parents, the student’s influence of religiosity over protective parents and religiosity to
heterosexual behavior. The methods and data collections of this study used by questionaire
and psychological scales. The result of the study is proven the fact that has been discovered
as the evidence from the object of the study, most of the students recieved over protective
treatment from their parents. This treatment bring the repression to the students to limit their
behavior and give them reaction in their psychological and their social link. Therefore, over
protective behavior from the parents in this study considered as the positive thing or the
prevention and supporting answer for the object to avoid the problems of becoming
heterosexual.

Related study written by (Astarini, 2013) entitled Correlation Between Parent’s Over
Protective Behavior and Bullying of Elementary School’s Student has a purpose to test
empirically whether there is any relationship between over protective behavior from parent
with bullying at school SDN Bendan Ngisor Semarang. Subjects numbered 67 people were
determined using total sampling technique (study population). The results of this study are in
accordance with the opinion of Yusuf (2001: 49) who said that the consequences of over
protective behavior given by parents to their children are that children will experience
feelings of insecurity, aggression and envy, easy to feel nervous, run away from reality, very
depends on other people, less able to control emotions, reject responsibility, selfish,
quarrelsome and often become troublemaker, so this can be one of the causes of bullying
behavior because children often become troublemakers.

The another findings of similar parenting issue found in the research written by (Putri,
2017) entitled The Image of Cinderella Complex Syndrom on Minangkabau’s Women with
Authoritarian Parenting. This research aims to know the image of causative factors and the
impact of the Cinderella Complex Syndrom on Minangkabau’s woman. Cinderella complex
syndrom is an attitude or fear, experienced by the woman,which appears in the form of a deep
desire to be treated and protected by others and the belief for something or someone external
to transform their lives (Dowling, 1995). The tribe of Minangkabau adopt a Matrilineal
kinship system, a kinship system that draws lineage from the women. This position and role
that are more centered on women than men make women required to be independent and not
depending on others especially on man. Minang’s women is expected to be a good leader
both in the community and in her family. This study using qualitative approach with case
study research type. The results of the study showed that there are several factors related that
can cause a person experiencing cinderella complex syndrom including parenting, media
massa, and low self-esteem.

Most of the previous study dealing with Carrie novel using the Psychological
approach and theory of Psychoanalysis, whereas this final project is trying to apply another
approach which is more global using Structuralism approach concerning in the problems that
revealed are not only from Psychological issues but how the society delas with an example of
hyper-parenting behavior caused by trauma, anxiety, religion or faith. This final project is
trying to dig more about the elements of family, parenting behavior, and social perspective
about hyper-parenting in the novel Carrie.

REVIEW OF THEORETICAL STUDIES

The object of of the study in this analysis is a novel written by Stephen King entitled
Carrie. The novel originally was a short story and then elaborated by it’s own author to
become a novel, published in 1974 and it’s presented a combination between horror and
thriller theme to the readers. But also some major themes of this novel are western teenage
culture, bullying and parenting. Those themes are represented the condition of American
social life in the sector of family and some teenage crisis that emmerged side by side with the
raising of the pop culture as the result entering the post-modernism era.

1. Theme Analysis

Thematic analysis is the process of identifying patterns or themes within qualitative

data. (Braun & Clarke, 2006) suggest that it is the first qualitative method that should be
learned as “it provides core skills that will be useful for conducting many other kinds of
analysis” (p.78). A further advantage, particularly from the perspective of learning and
teaching, is that it is a method rather than a methodology (Braun & Clarke 2006; Clarke &
Braun, 2013). This means that, unlike many qualitative methodologies, it is not tied to a
particular epistemological or theoretical perspective. This makes it a very flexible method, a
considerable advantage given the diversity of work in learning and teaching.
 The goal of a thematic analysis is to identify themes, i.e. patterns in the data that are
important or interesting, and use these themes to address the research or say something about
an issue. This is much more than simply summarising the data; a good thematic analysis
interprets and makes sense of it. A common pitfall is to use the main interview questions as
the themes (Clarke & Braun, 2013). Typically, this reflects the fact that the data have been
summarised and organised, rather than analysed.

Braun & Clarke (2006) distinguish between two levels of themes: semantic and latent.
Semantic themes ‘…within the explicit or surface meanings of the data and the analyst is not
looking for anything beyond what a participant has said or what has been written.’ (p.84).
The analysis in this worked example identifies themes at the semantic level and is
representative of much learning and teaching work. We hope you can see that analysis moves
beyond describing what is said to focus on interpreting and explaining it. In contrast, the
latent level looks beyond what has been said and ‘…starts to identify or examine the
underlying ideas, assumptions, and conceptualisations – and ideologies - that are theorised as
shaping or informing the semantic content of the data’ (p.84).

2. Teenage Pregnancy Crisis in America

The teenage pregnancy or teenage childbearing is the social problem that emerged in
American society from social invisibility during the 1950s and early 1960s, when rates of
childbearing among teens reached historical peaks, and rose to a level of public obsession just
as rates of teenage childbearing began to plummet in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1995,
in his State of the Union address, President Bill Clinton singled out teenage childbearing as
“our most serious social problem.”. An advocacy group aimed at preventing teenage
pregnancy, reporting on the results of a poll conducted in 1995, concluded that “the number
one symptom of erosion in family cohesiveness is the spread of teenage pregnancy”

A veritable industry has grown up over the past several decades producing and
disseminating information about teenage pregnancy and childbearing (Alan Guttmacher
Institute 2006; National Campaign to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy 1997). When I began my
study on the consequences of early childbearing in 1965 in Baltimore, it was possible to read
virtually every study that had ever been done on the subject by social scientists and medical
researchers. “Teenage parenthood,” “adolescent mothers,” or similar terms to describe early
childbearing were not even mentioned in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature or in
any of the standard medical and social sciences indexes because the issue was simply absent
from public discussion.

3. Hyper-Parenting Culture

Hyper-parenting is a preventive act or behavior from the parents to limit all the
aspects of everyday life of their children. In order to make sure the children is become the
one who their parents always wanted to be and avoid what teir parent’s prohibit. Hyper
parenting is the result of an educational model that is mainly seen in affluent societies. It
emerged in the United States where competitiveness prevails and is transferred to the area of
parenting. Parents as the example in United States find themselves immersed in a race with
the goal of making sure their children are successful in life. Usually,the parents who apply
hyper-parenting have high anxiety and emotion. They do not want bad things in their past
happen to their children anymore. For them, if there is something bad happen to their children
or if their children do mistakes, it means that they fail to be a good parent.

This parent’s habits are mostly affected by their past experience. Their past
experience will haunt them, so that they do the same thing to the children. In addition,
frustrated due to failure also can make the parents use the hyperparenting to their children
(Prameswari,2016:105).

Hyper-parenting behavior consider as a Culture because of the phenomena of

parenting that never ends and hyper-parenting keeps children away from the fun things in
life.This type of parent often worries about their child’s life when there is actually nothing to
worry about.

Meanwhile, Dr. Terri Apter, a psychologist, writer and former senior tutor at
Newnham College, Cambridge, was quoted as saying that parents have to maximize the
potential of their children from an early age so that they will not become disappointed in the
future. Moreover , the children grow to be socially awkward. A number of hyper-parenting’s
negative effects. Children who have been nurtured by those parents may have low self-
confidence, become less independent, give up easily, and feel anxious and scared of their
outside world.

Another problem is the children become emotionally rigid and difficult to control.
Hyper-parenting may cause children to become emotionally rigid and difficult to control. A
child who is also burdened with many rules and tasks will have his or her energy drained,
which may affect health. Ian Janssen from the School of Kinesiology and Health Studies,
Queen’s University Canada, conducted a survey towards 724 North American parents of 7 to
12 year olds. The survey assessed the parents’ engagement in various hyper-parenting styles
(helicopter, little emperor, tiger mom and concerted cultivation) and their children’s
frequency of playing outdoors, walking or bicycling and playing organized sports.

Hyper-parenting styles, the survey found, are associated with lower physical activity
among 7 to 12 year olds, whereas according to the World Health Organization (WHO),
children and youths aged 5 to 17 should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-
vigorous daily physical activity. Parents’ habit of directing their children can create youths
that are too obedient and thus unable to develop their talents and potential. Many tasks from
parents and rules that limit their activity may potentially pressure them and lead to
depression. Stanford Dean and Julie Lythcott-Haims in the book How to Raise an Adult:
Break Free of the Overparenting Trap and Prepare Your Kid for Success wrote that children
who are not given enough freedom by their parents can become easy targets for bullying,
whether at school or in the neighborhood.

Bullying happens when a child fails to communicate well with his or her peers.
Meanwhile, rules and tasks that are given by (hyper-parenting) parents may preoccupy the
child. It slowly pulls the child away from his or her social circle, causing a negative effect on
his or her communication with peers.

From those perspective and the explanation of hyper-parenting, the term of “Hyper”
as the etimologycal definition is unusually energetic. This term is underline the scale of
parent’s treatment towards their children is above the average or might be more that “Over” .
If there is a term called Overprotective, the meaning is stil in the scale of “Over” which
means more than usual, and “Protective” is the act of protecting. But Hyper-parenting is more
than Overprotective parenting. The difference is in the treatment which overprotective still
concern about children’s safety as the main goal. Meanwhile Hyper-parenting is more into
repress no matter what is the consequences to the children.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

1. Structuralism in Literature

In order to get the analysis done, the writer of this final project is using the
Structualism Approach. Structuralism, in a broader sense, is a way of perceiving the world in
terms of structures. The shortest and simplest way of explaining structuralism is to quote
Scholes (1985:4), who claimed that structuralism is a way of looking for reality not in
individual things but in the relationships among them.

Structualism is needed to point out and define the distinction between black and white
society or people. In the development of literary criticism, this study does not give the
satisfaction to some critics, and then they finally developed another theory which uses
Saussure’s theory about structure of language and applied it in literature. The focus of this
literary criticism is not on the meaning of literature is, but on how the literature give meaning
through the relation of its whole structure. Genette in Green & Lebihan (1996:75) says that
structuralism is bound up with the general movement away from positivism, “historicizing
history” and the “biographical illusion”, a movement represented in various ways by the
critical writings of Proust, an Eliot, a Valery, Russian Formalism, French “thematic criticism”
or Anglo-American “new criticism”.

Structuralism is formerly applied in language. It was developed by a Swiss

philologist, Ferdinand de Saussure. His lecture during 1906-1911 was written and published
by his students as Course in General Linguistic. It is one of the seminal works of modern
linguistics and forms the basis for structuralist literary theory and practical criticism. Bressler
(1998:94) stated in his book Literary Criticism:

The root of structuralism is derived from Saussure that

examines the structure of language. The era after him some
critics tried to apply in literary research. Structuralists say
literature is similar to the structure of language. Literature
is a self encoding system of rules that is composed
language. And also like language, literature needs no
outside referent but its own rule-governed but socially
constrained system.

Structuralism applied in literature focuses on the internal workings and structures of

texts. Structures are seen to be complete in themselves, and to a great extent evident in the
texts. Because of this criticism focuses on the intrinsic elements, it may not be intruded by
other external influences. The history, social background will have no influence in making a
meaning in any literary texts. Then to find the meaning the researcher must relate all elements
as a totality structure.
 According to Wellek and Warren, the primary elements in fiction are (1) plot, (2)
character and characterization, and (3) setting, while the other elements are as secondary
elements (1989:196-275). The primary and secondary elements of the novel have been stated
in the previous explanation in this chapter. This study will analyze the primary elements and
relate them one another to show the problematic characters as one of the point of the study.

In the further development on literary criticism, some critics said that this criticism is
less valid in achieving meaning in literary research. It is because of this research is away
from literary context which relate to society. It seems that literature does not have social
function which has ideology and moral value to educate readers. Jameson in Scholes
(1976:76) says:

Formalism thus, as we have suggested, the basic mode of

interpretation of those who refuse interpretation: at the
same time, it is important to stress the fact that this method
finds its privileged objects in the smaller forms, in short
stories or folk tales, poems, anecdotes, in the decorative
detail of larger works. For reasons to which we cannot do
justice in the present context, the formalistic model is
essentially synchronic, and cannot adequately deal with
diachrony, either in literary history or in the form of
individual work, which is to say that Formalism as a
method stops short at the point where the novel as a
problem begins.

Based on the book written by (Endraswara, 2011) entitled Metodologi Penelitian

Sastra, stated that as a research model, structuralism also have weaknesses. There are several
weaknesses that need to be contemplated for structural researchers, namely through the
structural works of literature as if they were alienated from the context of their functions so
that they could lose social relevance, be deprived of history, and separate from aspects of
humanity. The structuralism in literary research has some weaknessess in interpreting as it
takes a literary text apart from the social context. This research finally had been criticized by
Marxists that literature has relation with society. Literary text has function in society as the
ideology transferor.

Sociological literature has developed rapidly since the studies using structuralism
theory are considered to experience setbacks, stagnation, and even considered stagnation,
even considered as involution. Analysis structuralism is considered to ignore the relevance of
society which is precisely its origin. Triggered by the realization that literary works must
function in the same way as other aspects of culture, the only way is to return literature to the
midst of society, to understand it as an inseparable part of the overall communication system.

Because of some weaknesses of structuralism as stated above, critics who were not
satisfied with these theories developed another approach by synthesizing it with sociological
approach. Therefore, it raised a new theory in literary approach, which elaborates the
structuralism theory and sociology, and it is called Genetic Structuralism.

2. Genetic Structuralism

Genetic Structuralism is a branch of structuralism in a literary research. It is a combination of

structuralism approach which focuses the analysis on intrinsic side of literary structure and
sociology of literature that concern with the social background and the ideology or vision du
monde (world view of the author). This approach combines the intrinsic analysis and extrinsic
analysis to achieve the meaning of the literature itself. This research is one of approach in
sociological literature. Therefore it will be begun with short explanation of sociological
literature.

The most popular Genetic Structuralism theory is from Lucien Goldmann. He

developed the study about genetic structuralism for the first time in France. He argues that
literary works not only have the intrinsic element, but also the ekstrinsic elements. The
literary text is the represented of history fact which is be the trigger of creation for the literary
work itself.

Goldmann`s (in Laurenson & Swinge wood, 1972, p.68) main theory which he calls
“generalized genetic structuralism” seeks firstly to identify certain structures within particular
text and secondly to relate them to concrete historical and social conditions to a social group
and social class associated with the writer and the world vision of the class. This study not
only concern to the intrinsic aspect, but also concern to ekstrinsic elements. Genetic
structuralism is the analysis, which reflects the social condition inside the literary work. He
always emphasize to the background of history. Literary work represented the reality of
history based on the social condition at that time. He also claims that genetic structuralism
has two big frameworks. First, the relationship between one meaning to another, the second
one that relationship will be a unity chain. The important point of this study is literary work
comes from the literary worker who get sensations in their social life. Thus, it means that
literature constructed by the people.

According to Mayrl (1978, p:19) the concept of the totality involves the dimensions of
structure and history. Translated into a methodological prescription, the former states that a
crucial step in the scientific analysis of any social phenomenon is its insertion into a
structured whole of which it is a part and where it has a function. The idea of function plays a
central role in genetic structuralism. In the first place it provides an important point of
departure for an explanatory understanding osocial phenomena. Secondly, it introduces tile
acting subject - which, for Goldmann, is a collective or transindividual subject - into the
social system. In this respect, the function of a social event or process is defined in terms of
the comportment of social subjects who are attempting to adapt to, or transcend, their natural
and social environments.

According to Goldmann (1981, p:11) there are three trends in sociological

environment, the first is the trend of human to adapt in their environment, thus it will be
rasional and relevant with the environment. The term “sociology of literature” used to
mention the critic and the expert of history who concern about the relation between the
literary worker with their social class, social status, ideology, economic condition and the
kind of reader that they want. They thought that literary work formed conditionally as the
environment easily and social power in particular period (Abrams, 1981, p.178).

Methodologycally, the genetic structuralism by Goldmann persuade us to analyse the

big literature. He argues that only a big literature that is able to evocate the worldview. In
other words, the coherent of particular worldview is able to see only in a big literature.
William (2013) explains that Goldmann provides the concept of totality, which is involve the
dimension of structure and history, it is also concern to the social phenomenon, and the idea
has a function as a central role.

The aim of genetic structuralism is worldview, Ratna (2010, p. 126) states that
worldview is showing the particular collectivity. She further explains that worldview shows
the values, thus the people are able to get the values.

According to Goldmann (in Endraswara, 2011, p.57) literary work is a meaningful

structure that will be the represented of worldview, therefore we can say that genetic
structuralism is the literary study which is connecting literary structure and social structure
through the worldview or the ideology that he expressed. Thus, we will never understand the
literary work if we ignoring the totality of social life.

In another part, Goldmann (in Endraswara, 2011, p.58) elaborates that worldview is a
coherent perspective and integrated related with human and the nature. This point also shows
us that worldview is a real awareness in facing the world. The worldview also could the
reflection of authentic value in life, this value is conceptually and abstract, and has the
implication to the positive and negative values.

This research used the theory of Goldmann, because he elaborates the genetic
structuralism comprehensively compared with the social issue of Hyper-parenting that
emerged in the novel carrie as the object of study. Based on the explanation above,
formulation of Goldmann’s theory consist of two main domains, the structure of literary work
and how is the relationship with the social condition.