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Smart & Intelligent Materials: B.Senthil Kumar S.Sethupathy Kongu Engineering College
Smart & Intelligent Materials: B.Senthil Kumar S.Sethupathy Kongu Engineering College
PRESENTED BY:
B.SENTHIL KUMAR
S.SETHUPATHY
ERODE
ABS TRA C T
When dry, papercrete is lightw eight, an excellen t ins ulator, holds its s hape
w ell, and is remarkably s trong. It is res is tant to being crus hed (compres s ive
s trength) and to being pulled apart (tens ile s trength). (Regular concrete, on the
other hand, has high compres s ive s trength but no tens ile s trength to speak of, which
is w hy it us ually has to be reinforced w ith s teel bars .)
F ibrous cement is highly fire- res is tant. S ince the individual paper fibers are
s aturated w ith cement, oxygen does n' t have a chance to penetrate, and combus tion
cannot be s us tained. The ins ulating value of fibrous cement is cons iderable- its "R "
value is 2 per inch. This means that a 12" w all has an "R" value of up to 24, w hich
is impres s ive by any s tandard.
M any types of paper are tr eated w ith dyes and ble ach th at can conta minat e
s oil and plant- life. They are extre mely pers is ten t in soil and cannot be broken dow n
by bacter ia. It makes s ens e to encas e the m in P ortl and cement, keep th em out of the
landf ill, and do s ometh ing us eful w ith them.
INT RO DU C T ION
P ap e rcr e te , i s a remar k a ble b u i ldi n g mat eri al made w it h r ecy cle d p a per ,
san d , an d Po r tl an d ce men t. Pa p erc r et e ma y b e m i xed in ma n y wa y s. D if f e ren t
ty p e s o f pap e rcr e te c o nta in 5 0- 8 0 per cen t wa ste p ap e r! U p to n o w, th er e be
n o h a r d an d f a st r ul e s, b ut r eco mme n d ed stan d a r d s is 6 0 % of pa p er s lu r r y ,
3 0% sc ree ned dir t or san d , 10 % Po r tl a nd ce men t . B u t t h e b asic co ns ti tue n ts
are wa ter an d n ear ly an y k in d o f p ape r . C ar d b oa rd , g l o ssy m aga zi ne s to c k ,
ad ve r ti sin g b r o ch u re s, j u n k m ai l o r ju st ab o u t an y oth e r t y p e o f " mi xed
( lo we r ) g r a de" pap er i s acce p ta b le . S ome t y pes o f p a p er wo r k be tter th a n
o th er s, bu t all t y pes w o r k. Ne ws pr i n t i s bes t. Water p r o o fe d pa p er a n d
car d b oa r d , su c h a s bu tch e r p ap e r , b eer cart o n s, e tc . ar e h ar de r to b rea k d o wn
in wa te r . C at al o g s, m aga zi nes a n d o the r p ubl i ca ti o n s a re f ine in an d o f
th ems el ves, b ut so me h a ve a st rin g y , r u b b er y , sti ck y sp i n e, w hic h is al so
wate r re sis ta n t. B r ea k in g d o wn t h is k i n d o f m ater ial in t he mi x in g p r o ce ss
can 't be d o n e v e r y we ll . Smal l f rag men t s a n d str i n g s o f t hes e m ater ials ar e
almo s t al way s p res en t i n t h e fi na l mi x . Wh e n u si n g pa p erc r et e co n tai n in g the
u nw an ted mate r ial in a f i nis h , su ch as i n stu cc o o r p la ste r , th e u n wa nte d
f ra gm en t s s o me ti mes sh o w u p o n th e s ur f a ce , b ut thi s i s n ot a se rio u s
p ro b lem .
NE E DS TO S E L ECT PAP E RCR ET E .
Ce ll ul ose h y dro g e n bo nd s.
T h e li n k s i n t he cell ulo s e cha in are a typ e o f s u g ar: ß - D- glu c o se . The
cell ulo s e ch a in br i stle s wit h p o lar -O H g r o u p s. Th e se g r o u ps f o rm ma n y
h yd r o g e n b o n d s w it h OH g r o u ps o n ad jac ent ch ai n s, b u n dli n g t h e cha in s
to g eth e r . T he cha ins als o pa ck r eg u lar l y i n p l ac es to f o rm ha r d , sta bl e
cr y stal lin e r eg i on s th at g i ve th e b u n d le d cha in s ev e n mo r e sta bil ity an d
str e n gth . T h is h y d r og en b o n din g f o r ms the ba si s o f p ape r cre te' s st ren g t h.
Micr o sc o pic vi ew of
Fi bril s
Micr os co pi c v ie w of Fibr ils
co a t ed w it h Po rtl a nd c em e nt
N o matte r w h at mi x y ou se tt le o n , th e g r ea t th in g a b o u t g e ner i c
p ape r cre te i s h o w it t r ap s ai r . W hen the wa te r dr a in s o u t an d e vap o r a te s, it
leav e s t h ou s an d s o f tin y a ir p o c ket s. Th i s i s wh a t mak e s t he m at e ria l lig h t
an d a g o o d i n su l at or . A dd i n g s o li d ma te r ial t o t he m ix ( sa n d , e tc . ) a f fect s
wei g h t a nd i ns u la ti ng q u ali ty . Th e be st m ix i s th e o n e w hi c h b e st f it s th e
ap p licat io n .
Pap e rcr e te is mix ed with Po r tla n d ceme n t
to o b t ai n a v er y g o o d R - v a lue ( 2 - 3 p er i nch ) , an
exc e ll en t so u n d a b so r pti o n q u ali ty , to be
f la m e/ f u ng u s r eta r dan t , an d b u g/r o d e nt res ist a nt.
Si n ce it is rel ati v el y l ig ht an d mo r e f lex i ble t han
ear t h, ro ck or co nc ret e, it is p ot en tia ll y an id e al
mat eri al f or ea rth q u a ke- p r o n e ar ea s. It ca n be
S am p le s m a de in a co f fee u se d i n ma n y wa ys - - a s b l ock s, pa ne l s, p ou re d in
can sho w ing shri nka g e . p lac e, a u g u red , p um pe d , sp ra y ed , h u r l ed,
A s ta r ti n g f or m u la is j u st tha t, a p l ac e to b eg i n ex p eri me nt in g . So me
p eo p le p re fe r " lig ht er " f or m u la s wi th o u t sa n d . I f yo u pla n to c u t o ut
win d o ws , d o o r s o r ot h er o p en i n g s in th e w al ls a f te r th e y a re er ecte d , y o u will
wan t to av o id u si n g san d . It w il l d ul l y o u r ch a in sa w b lad e s v er y q ui ck l y .
H al f a b ag o f Po r t la n d ceme nt wi ll w o rk to o, b u t t he sl ur r y wi ll dr y
mo re slo w ly a n d will sh r in k mo r e. T h e b l ock s w o n' t be a s h a r d o r fl ame
r et ar d a nt wh e n d r y . So me peo p l e u s e t wo b ag s o f Po r tl an d ceme n t i n are as
wh er e stre n g th is mo st im p ort a nt - f or b lo c k s at th e b ot to m of w al ls, r o o f
p ane ls, a n d fo r fl o o rs.
W he n us in g o f Po r t la n d ce men t is op p o se d , so me e x per i me n ts wi th
p ape r a n d cl ay an d w it h o t her b i nde r s sh o u ld tr y W ha t i s the n ee d fo r f i do b e
( an y f ib r o u s mate rial a n d ea rth with cla y ) o r pad o b e ( p a per an d ea r th wi th
clay ) i s a fi br o u s mate ria l o r pap e r , an d ear th wi th hi g h c la y co n ten t . Th e
clay co n ten t o f the ear t h s ho u l d be at lea st 3 0 p e rce n t. Wit h r eg u lar ad o b e , i f
th e cl ay co n ten t is t o o hi g h t he a d ob e ma y cr a ck whe n d r y i ng , b u t ad d in g
p ape r fi b er to the ad o b e m ix st ren g t h en s t h e d r y in g b lo c k a n d g i ves i t so m e
f le x ib ili ty , wh ic h h elp s p rev e n t cr ac ki n g . T he ear th ( wi th cl ay ) to p a per r at io
can be v ari ed f o r dif f e ren t ap p lic atio n s. Si nce ea r th i s dif f e ren t in ev e r y
lo catio n , d o so m e ba se li n e e x p eri men t s wi th 4 - t o- 1 r at io - ear t h to p a per , b y
wei g h t. Th i s i s a go o d pl a ce t o star t i n o r der to fi n d a mix f or a str o n g ,
li g htwe i gh t blo c k .
I n th e a b o v e r at io s, it s ho u ld be mi n d t hat t h e p ape r sh o u l d b e p u lp e d
wit h wa te r b ef or e t he o t h er i n g re di en t s ar e ad de d .
In fidobe and padobe there may have chance of termites around it. But it is protected by
adding little amount of Portland cement.
Co m pr ess iv e st re ngt h
R -valu e .
"R -value" is a meas ure of a materi al' s res is tance to heat flow . The R -value of
papercrete is reported to be betw een 2.0 and 3.0 per inch - the higher the number,
the better. Tw o s amples us es a 1:1 mix of P ortland cement w ith F ly as h to paper,
w ith about 12 s hallow s hovelfuls of s and added. The obtained R-values are of 2.24
and 2.16. From the percentage of P ortland cement and fly as h w as 65% P ortland
cement and 35% fly as h, makes blocks 12 inches (30 centim eters ) thick and adds an
average of about an inch (2.5 centimet ers ) of papercrete exterior s tucco and about
the s ame amount for interior finis h. That means that his total R-value w ill be at
betw een 30.24 (14 x 2.16) and 31.36 (14 x 2.24).That' s quite good compared to an
older s tandard w ood frame w all of R- value 19. The R-value of hollow mas onry
block is only 1.75.
Fire
O ur block and roof panel mixes cure into a materia l which w ill not burn w ith
an open flame. If an accelerant like gas oline is applied to it or it' s held over an
open fire for a prolonged period ( 30 seconds or more) it w ill begin to burn s low ly
like charcoal rather than rapidly like wood. It w ill eventually be reduced to as hes ,
but a s ingle block w ill take s everal hours to be cons umed.
M any fire retardants are expens ive and give off toxic fumes , but a mixture of
boric acid and borax is environmental ly friendly and w ill protect the block from
fire. 1 cup of Borax and 1 cup of Boric acid in a gallon of w ater. It' s not too
expens ive and the great thing is that it s eems to w ork. This is not to s ay that
papercrete w ill never burn. A ny material w ill burn or melt if enough heat is applied
- even rock. But for all practical purpos es , papercrete is relatively s afe (s afe as or
s afer than w ood) w ithout being treated. It's even more s afe w ith the boric acid
s olution above.
MI X E RS
ELECTRIC MO TO R M IX ERS
T Y PI CA L 5 GA LLON MI X ER WI TH X S HA PE MI X IN G BLA D E
K eeps paper process ing & printing chemica ls out of the w ater table.
CON CL US I ON
Even though about a percen tage of dis carded paper is recy cled annua lly, tons
of paper is throw n aw ay or goes in to the landfil ls . F iguring cons erva tivel y, it
tak es about fif teen trees to mak e a ton of paper. papercre te is the bes t me thod to
mak e us e of the paper w hich is rej ect ed as a w as te.
P apercrete hous es make s ens e. O ur landfills are clogged w ith "w as te" paper
and cardboard. M illions of people live in subs tandard hous ing, or have no hous ing
at all. With papercrete /paper adobe, w e can solve both of thes e problems at once.
R ather than throw ing "w as te" paper and cardboard into landfills , w e can turn it into
a valuable building materia l. This is a golden opportunity for us to s tart managing
our s olid w as te "problem" w ith a littl e common s ens e.