Caraga State University

College of Agriculture and Agri-Indistry

Km. 7, Ampayon Butuan City

Name: Robecarl J. Garcia Date: May 16, 2019

Course and Year: BAT 3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

Pace Factor

Introduction

One of the process on getting the measuring distance is the “Pacing”, which for broader
sense, it is the process of walking the distance and counting the number of steps “paces” to cover
distance. By multiplying the number of steps taken between two points by one’s pace factors. This
is one of the most convenient way on getting the measurement of the distance using your Pace, by
this activity we will be able to know how.

Objective

1. To determine the individual pace factor on level and sloping ground.

2. To be able to determine an unknown distance by pacing.

Methodology

1. First is we find a place a plane place for factor evaluation.

2. After finding we measured the distance and it is 121.5m
3. Then we starting from the starting point A and B and record every data upon reaching in
every end.
4. Four trials are made, make sure that the number of steps has been can’t in every end of
121.5m.

Illustration
Result

Trials Direction # of Paces

1 A-B 177
2 B-A 179
3 A-B 172
4 B-A 176
TOTAL 704

704/4 = 176

121.5/176 = 0.70

My Pace Factor is = 0.70

Discussion

As we can see that in every step that I made in first is 177, second is 179, third is 172 and
the last is 176 and come up with a Pace factor of 0.70, truly making the actual facing is not so
difficult. The thing that makes the number of pace different is because of the speed of pacing,
another is when you are getting tired, further more case should be taken into consider is when you
are walking along a straight like, since a sight deviation to the left or right. Will definitely change
the accuracy of pacing.

Recommendation

It is better that we had performed living shady time, so that we can avoid stress from the
sun, but overall it is better that rainy time.
Name: Robecarl J. Garcia Date: May 16,2019
Course and Yr.: BAT 3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

Option 1

Hydro- Water Flow Rate by Current Meter

Introduction

Current meter measures the velocity of water at a point. The measurement of discharge in
open channels requires the determination of mean velocity for each sampling nautical across the
measuring section.
A current meter is oceanographic derive for the measurement by mechanical, tilt
acoustical or electrical means. It is an instrument for measuring the velocity of flow in fluid.

Objective
1. To be able to identify the current flow by using current meter.

Methodology

1. We want to the nearest canals at Caraga State University:

2. We then measured the depth and width:
3. We took the current flow using current meter; and,
4. Record the data.

Result and Discussion

Computation:

45 cm 0.01 surface flow current

Solution:

45cm
x 45cm 0.1d flow / current ( mean / velocity)
2.7 cm

4cm
X .2 0.2 d flow / current (shallow velocity / current )
Name: Robecarl J. Garcia Date: May 16,2019
Course and Yr.: BAT 3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

Farm to Market Road

Introduction

Farm to market roads can increase local trade and productivity, reduce transportation cost
of farm input and output, and minimize post-harvest losses. They connect farms and coastal areas
to main roads, and well will have promoting agro- tourism.
Agriculture road or farm track is a service road that serves predominantly agricultural or
forestry purposes and has only local significance. Agriculture roads are typically unpaired dirt
roads or covered with gravel, but in some cases asphalts wads are agricultural roads.
Farm to Market Roads play a significance role in the livelihood and food security and the
entire country rural economy. Some farmers would just let their products out than spend for
transportation. This inputs both produces and consumers.

Objectives

1. To know how farm to market roads is important in our economy.

2. To be able to became knowledgeable in creating or constructing farm to market road.

Methodology

1. We go to the nearest unfinish wads inside CSU, main campus;

2. We identify the kind of road we have in CSU;
3. We measure the shoulder, the carrier and the thickness; and,
4. We record it.

Result and Discussion

The result we get is different from the standard concrete pavement in where / which the
carrier is 2m with the shoulder of 1m only. While the results we have is 3m and 5inch as the carrier
and 1m 5inch as the shoulder, and with the thickness of 6inches.

Conclusion

I conclude that having a good type of roads readily increased the local trade and
productivity, reduce transportation cost of farm input and outputs to minimize post-harvest losses.
Having a good farm to market roads avoid and prevent delayed the deliveries of the
product, because of uneasy roads that impact the price and sales of the income of farmers, and not
just the farmers but also both of the producers and consumers.
Name: Robecarl J. Garcia Date: May 16,2019
Course and Yr.: BAT 3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

WATER MEASUREMENT USING TRAPEZOIDAL AND TRIAGLE WEIR

Introduction

Weirs consisting of a barrier are dam structures of known hydraulic specifications, placed
across the stream to constrict the flow, and allow the water to flow over a crest. It is a calibrated
instrument to measure the flow in an open channel, or the discharge of a well or a canal outlet at
the source. Weir opening may be rectangular, trapezoidal, or triangular in cross section.
Runoff information is needed for design of various soil and water conservation structures.
Runoff is estimated because it is not always possible to obtain field measured data, which is costly
and time consuming. However, there are many methods of runoff measurements. In field, it is
generally carried out using current meters and calibrated or rated channel cross sections. The
flumes or standardized weirs, together with water level readings or automatic recorders are also
used.

Objectives:

1. To be able to measure the water using the trapezoidal and triangular weir.

Methodology:

1. We go to the nearest irrigational canal at Caraga State University, which located at the
Caarabao Center.
2. We go to use our weir, which is the trapezoidal and triangular weir.
3. One of my classmates, volunteer to put the trapezoidal and triangular weir through the
irrigational canal.

Results and Discussion

To get the data needed for this activity. We go to the irrigation canal at Caraga State
University. The examples below are drawn to illustrate the different design of irrigation canals.
We solved it examples by using its formula to get the results.

Conclusion

Sharp-crested and broad-crested weirs are common overflow structures used to alter the
flow characteristics of a channel in order to more easily determine the volumetric flow rate or
regulate flows. The altered flow characteristics enable rating curves to be established for depth-
discharge relationships at the weir.
 This allows discharge to be quickly determined by use of equations, charts, and tables with
relative accuracy (±2%). Weirs also aid in making rivers more navigable and controlling flooding.
Some drawbacks of using weirs as diversion structures are that they interrupt the natural channel
processes such as sediment flow potentially disturbing the equilibrium of a river system.

Head loss also inevitably occurs over these flow diversion structures, lowering the total
energy of the flow. Benefits and costs associated with weir placement as well as the necessity of
flow control should be evaluated before implementation.

The many types of sharp- and broad crested weir designs possible offer a spread of tools
capable of measuring and adjusting flow in a variety of situations.
 Caraga State University
College of Agriculture and Agri-Industry
Ampayon, Butuan City

Name: Date: April 22,2019

Course and Year: BAT-3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

Laboratory Exercise #4

OPTION 1
Determination of Pacing Factor

Introduction

Pacing furnish us a rapid means of relatively checking more close measurements of

distance. This principle involves the determination of individuals pace factor by dividing one can
attain a good estimate of an unknown distance by using one face factor. When doing a
reconnaissance survey of an area where certain need to be authenticate. The use of one pace factor
in check these distances without the need of any distance measuring instrument can provide
satisfactory estimates.

Objectives

1. To be able to determine the individual pace on level ground at 121.5m.

2. To measure the line or course using my pacing or steps without any distance measuring
instruments.

Methodology

Determining Pace Factor: First we select a straight and level course and or both ends
established markers or rock as label at least 121.5m apart. Designate these points as A and B.
Second walk over the course at a natural pace or gait starting with either heel or toe over point A
and counts the number of paces to reach point B. Third, for succeeding trials, walk from B to A,
then A to B until 4 trials are completed and the number of paces recorded according. Fourth, refer
to the accompanying sample formal for the recording of observed field data.

Result and Discussion

Table 1. Determination of the individual pace factor on a level ground.

Trial Line Length of # of paces Mean # of Pace Factor
line paces
1 AB 171
2 BA 121.5m 170 170 0.17m/pace
3 AB 169
4 BA 170
 Base on the table above, the data or the number of paces was determined on level ground.
As the number of trials keep on increasing there are some of possibilities that the length of a pace
will change as a result of getting tired walking along straight line since slight donation in the left
or right of the line will definitely affect the accuracy of pacing.
The distance was also estimated by using the individual pace factor simply adding 4 trials,
and getting the mean number of paces by dividing it to the number of trials. Then the pace factor
of the researcher was determined it were equivalent 0.71 by using the formula (measured distance
by tape/ average number of paces). Hence, it was observed that the data above is very near to its
accurate measured distance which is 121.5m.

Solution:
a. Total number of paces = 171+170+169+170= 680
b. Average number of paces = total number of paces
No. of trials

= 680
4

= 170

c. Pace factor (P.F) = measured distance by tape

average no. of paces

= 121.5m
170

= 0.71 m/paces
Name: Robecarl J. Garcia Date: May 16,2019
Course and Year: BAT 3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

BOUYANCY
INTRODUCTION
Bouyancy or up thrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an
immerse object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the
overlying fluid. Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of
the column. Similarly, the pressure difference results in a net upward force on the object. The
magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes’
principle) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the volume of the
object, i.e. the displaced fluid.

For this reason, an object whose average density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is
submerged tends to sink. If the object is less dense than the liquid, the force can keep the object
afloat. This can occur only in a non-inertial reference frame, which either has a gravitational field
or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a “downward” direction.

OBJECTIVES
• To be able to understand why the specific object sink or float.

METHODOLOGY
• We went to the wood carpentry shop and we choose 3 types of wood (Atipuno, Jimelina
and Mangium).
• After that, we went to Swine Building.
• We use the fishpond and start to measure the woods.

RESULT
• Atipuno- 800g.
• Jimelina- 1,850g.
• Mangium- 1,000g.
Name: Robecarl J. Garcia Date: May 16, 2019
Course and Yr.: BAT 3 Instructor: Mr. David Dumaluan

SIPHON METHOD
INTRODUCTION
The siphon is used to refer to a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of liquids
through tubes. In a narrower sense, the word refers particularly to a tube in an inverted ‘U’ shape,
which causes a liquid to flow upward, above the surface of a reservoir, with no pump, but powered
by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity, then discharging oat a
level lower than the surface of the reservoir from which it came.

There are two leading theories about how siphons cause liquid to flow uphill, against gravity,
without being pumped, and powered only by gravity. The traditional theory for centuries was that
gravity pulling the liquid down on the exit side of the siphon resulted in reduced pressure at the
top of the siphon. Then atmospheric pressure was able to push the liquid from the upper reservoir,
up into the reduced pressure at the top of the siphon, like in a barometer or drinking straw, and
them over.

OBJECTIVES
• To be able to measure the water flow using this type of method.

METHODOLOGY
• We went to swine building
• We used the fishpond for the said experimentation
• We used our three classmates to do the said method.
• When the water starts to flow to the gallon, we start the time trials.
• We do this method for 3 consecutive time.

RESULT

Average Time; Trials 1-4

• 3:22
• 2:55
• 3:07
• 21:32
Q= .65√2qh
• 21 in small h
• 20 lit/ unit

A= 0
B= 21
C= 0