Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SOLUTIONS Formula Sheet PDF
SOLUTIONS Formula Sheet PDF
ll
I\ It T r \ 0f) \ - \- c. )_\' Rt-')'-, l_,' j ~ T1-\. L
I
- ,) ~ -\
.,
\ \, \ 1
- I
I l
(i_ 1'.J,- ~1 ~ IK 8 , l 0 I~ C ;- 1--\ ~S:• l U \ I CJ f\} _ rclo \,;\,1--sj ' ( f\ ~ , :..o\ .r" ,, '•'I- .......
I) ~
,, l
j
1J ,1
,, ~\J )
0
S,\~'0•3 \--h o.r (OV1c_l(y"'l\ru1ov-1
\h luMD o ~ ~Ok)"h..01"'1 L
M ~ Vs :.. f"\ fl l
i11
("V ..1 , (~ \J "I.. 1 \J I i.. \J 1 -\ \) l)
-:: MD-.,!,iwb .t <;o(\Jh ;" ?{" x /uuo "
\JL, lu Y'"\.:i 0 \- f:.olu~-.i" ;,,., "'{_
t' '°'r r H- > i---""' f..l\ \' _\ \.-,-\ ' r, J
.~ t ,o~ ( vr,<VIJ:
_ \ _ -:: . fo lvf-->r - ~ !;olvte.__
0 ) ?a.l) \-s. ~o 1
f""\o\,Jj ~ M:,\o)l+-;j IOO 0 I
~PM -::. MQ.t,fpf <:a lute x. \ O(., v~\·,\,L\'\ 1..___-h.~_.J v'1 a.J -1 -,,..._
/
Mrt,>;, cJ,~of <; o /0t , 011 '
fv\ -:: Xsoi..n. -,.__ \oa a x. f so,.,.:..-,,.,. \;
x~,vw M!,0\--.. + y iol ...t¼-;, - f'ri ~-;,..,_h
W scLil::,
Vsc1..,'t,"o, ,
~ - - n~ =
~
~~ x. Me 8:: S c. k_,\p
f'\A M e" l,.') (')
X" ~ : So\v.:.r.t
1 ~
M -- 1<.g,.,..\ O -- V0'.!. X, \ () (v, ,,.. 0,'6°1);Y\_~)
Xp X {V\~ fvle A L,)-1)
Solut ions (Gen 377
I
era 1and Colllgative Properties)
ill, ol l'l.pn•"i" I! lhl' co11 n •11t rutlo 11 uf H ,01 I'
.. \ Id III II IOn :
Some of tl11: mcthocb ,ire given in the tabk·
Symbol Formula
Dennltlon Effect of temperature
0
o ( JI'. 11) Ma~~L>f ,ulutc
X I()() No effect
M ,I\, ul , olu11011 Number of parls by ma,s of , olutc per hun-
died flJm o f the ,olut1on
(_jr;\11\ pl•r htrl" gL M ,i" nl ~olutc 111 gr,1111,
J\moun1 of the ~olutl· 111 gram, prc,cnl rn Chungc~ v. 1th change
Ynlumc o l \olut1on in litre,
one lure <•t ,olut1on o f temperature
ppm I\ la" ol ,nlu1c
p.,rt, per m1llwn X 10''
M,1" ol , olution Numbn 0f pJn~ by ma,~ o f ~,,lute per Io' No clkt l
pJrh of solu1111n
\,f
,. ~lt)I Jn l )'
Nur11h.:r of moll:~ ul ,olutc
Number of lu re~ o f ,ulutmn
"lumber uf mules of ,olulc per l11rc ol , o lu- Ch,lngc, \\ 1th change
lrnn of 1empcraturt
/ II Number ol mole, of ,olutc
~-MolJhty Number of k1lu!!r,11m ol thi· ,ohcnt
Number ol rnnk, of solute prr,cnt rn 1 kg
,,rthe ,,,I\ cnt
"1l> d k l 1
"here, 11 = m~s L't ~olute; 111 = molecular ma,s of solute; roperty changes accordingly. In 1886, van 't Hoff lntrod Ve
P
he tor •1 • known a~ \ an .t II oIT 1·actor to express the ex lleeda
II' = ma,~ of ~oh cn1 ' ' . ten, or
<l,~,oc iation or assoc1atJOn of the solute 111 solution.
K , 1s equal to __
RTo_
1
van· t Hoff f.ictor. 1
IOOOL Ob,crvcJ colligative propcr1y
where. T0 = l~e,.ing point of ,olvem 111 at.."1lu1e ~l·alc: = Thcun.:ucal or normal coll1gative pro~r1}
L = latent heat of lus1on No. ol par1iclc~ after dbsociat1on or a~,ociation
The units of KI arc K kg mot 1 = No. of particles when there i, no di%ociation or assoc-;;;
11 . Chmu~i, and o,mot1c 1m·,~11rc: \\'hen a solution 1s Normal molecular ma\, of the ~olute
separated from the pure solvent wnh the help of a semipermeable = Ob,cn·cd molecular ma,, of the ~olutc
membrane. the solvent molecules from the pure solvent move
towards the solution. The mo\'ement of soh ent molecules from f rom the value or ' , · 1t is pos,1ble to detennine the dcgret of
low concentration to higher concentration through dissociation or assoc1auon.
scm1penneable membrane is tenned as osmosis. In case of dissoc1at10n •i' i~ grcater than I.
As a result of osmosis. a pressure is developed which is
1+(11- l) a
termed as osmotic pressure. i.e.. the hydrostatic pressure 1 =
which de,·elops on account of osmosis is called osmouc pressure. I
It is equal to Ji · d · g. It is also found that if an equal and opposite where. 11 is the number of particles per molei:ule and a is the
force is applied on the solution, the osmm,1s stops. Thus. the degree of dissoc1at1on.
excess pn:s:.ure that must be applied on the ~olut1on as to pre,·ent I - I
osmosis 1s also the measure of osmotic pressure. or 0 . = --
(11 - I)
Osmotic pressure of a dilute solution i~ given by , an 't Hoff
equation. P =CRT. where C = concentration, R = ~olullon Similarly, in ca~c of assoc1at1011. · i · i:. les~ than I .
conc;tant and T = absolute temperature.
C=.!!_ =_11_,_ 1+ (f- 1) a
V mxV i= - - -- -
where. 11• = ma,s of ~olute m gram~
where, 11 is the number or mok cuk ~ \\'lm:h arc associated to fonn
1' = volume of solution in litre,
one giant molecule and a is the degree or a)sociat1on
m = molel.'ular mas~ of ,olute
I - I
II' or fl. = - - -
i e., P= - - · RT
Ill X V
(~- 1)
II ,
Best method ror the detennmation of osmotic pre~sure 1s
Berkeley and Hartley's method. Molecular mas,cs of elel:trolytes ob~crvcd by the m~thod1
The terms hypertonic and hypotonic are applied to compare based on colligative propertic) arc always less than normal
the osmotic pressure~ of two solutions. The solution having molecular masses.
17• T1o a\
. d tor• in rhc
379
-
01d the frci:,mg of waler ,n a car rJ IJ
f'o - p - nm a i.u~-uro 11 earbcr, ethylene glycol 1s added 10 lo wer lhl' freezing
- Pi, - --
Rdr Jl01nt of 1-1 nter
IX. Freezing point,~ same as melting poml. Hence, ,n~read of
_ vapour prc!-~urc of pure ,olvcnt
dcprc~~1on in frcc✓.ing po int , dcprcsswn rn mcl11ng point can be
~~· f11 : vap<>ur prrs,ure of :-olution dctcm11ncd. For th,~ purpose camphor I!> usc:d a~ solvent bccau~c
P - ,m,1tic pn'ssurc
It:: 0 - ' 1 h.ts high molal dcprcs~Hln con~Lalll, , t' . 40 I< m _,
- molecular ma,~ of ,oln.·nt
m;; (kn,it) of ,olu11on in gmL
1 l'I lhfJl11111 , hip ht IIHl'O diffr,rnl c 11fl l,:11IIH rru plrlll , :
(H O~moc,c prcs~urc 11 and boiling pornr d c:\'al1on oTh
R == fJ~ cons1an1 maim ml / deg / rnnl, 1 c., 82 . 1
dRT
uf \ .1~111ur prn,u n · "It h ln11pl
• (1111 1t =J.T x - - -
1'- \JrfJ' 'nin l'11u,11ion) n1 11rr(· h IOOOK ~
\ (IJPl'.
{f•P'
111
( p~ ) _ Mf I l r l (II) O~rnutu.. prc\surc n and frcczrng porn! dcprc!>SHlO ~ T f
log,o Pi /- 2.303R p:;- - r 2 j n = or
t!R f
x- - -
1 IOOOK 1
P, :: I ap<>Uf prcs~ure al r,
( tll) £:lcq1t10n 111 boilrng po101 llnd rda l1\ c lo~ cnng o f
~/l(!t- p.' == 1 apaur pressure a, ~2 vupour pre\\urc.
)II :: latent hc<1! of vaponLat,on per ~olc
lion uf u1pour prl'\\ltrl' of u liquid ,,, 11t nl a:\rh - IOOOK h )( -
.11' m 4
= molar ma.~s of solvent
I~ \ ,r11l 1'11111 1
,iul'\':
"'"
In·> Dcpre,;~1on in fre,Ling point and rclati, c lowering of
p v, (p p) vapour prc.,surc.
Jogio ( Pi - 2.303RT
1] -
2 - 1
IOOOK I uP
:: , apour pres~ure al external pressure p 1 or, = - - - - x -
Jhlft· Pi mA Po
_ rapour pres~ure at external pressure P, 211· Hygroscopic and deliquescent substanc.cs both absorb
p, - -
= molar volume of liquid. moisture from the air The fonner do not change their ~,acc. e. g ,
11
\fofecular masses of polymers are best detenmncd by glycerol, whereas the lauer d1ssoh e mco 1L, e.g .. NaOH. They
Jo..
ric pressure method because other colhgative
· properties absorb moisture because the I apour pressure of their sarurated
-~ 1011 ralue that they cannot be measured accurately. solution 1s less than lhac of v. ater, apours present m surro undings
fl'• so at that temperature.
The ~ubstances like 1\.i 2 CO 1 IOH 20 wh,cb lose their v. awr of
Cf)Stalhsattonare called efflorescent.