General Engineering Knowledge for Marine Engineers

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GENERAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

Class (I+II) Combined Courses
COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 1

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No. Contents Pages

Compulsory
1. Special requirement for Steering gear 7
2. Permit to work BOE.2 12
3. Flag State and Port State Control BOE.5.6 14
4. Enclosed Space Entry BOE.10.11 17
5. Machineries for PSC inspection BOE.7 20

6. OWS for PSC inspection BOE.11 22
7. IOPP Certificate BOE.9 25

8. ISM code, DOC, SMC, DPA 27
9. ISM Code, Management BOE.1.9.12 29
10. IWS 31
11. Muster List, fire control plan BOE.8 34
12. Load line Survey 36
13. Air bottle Inspection BOE.5.6.7.10 39
14. CMS BOE.4 41
15. PMS, Maintenance Type 44
16. PMS, Objectives, Critical Equipment BOE.5 46
17. Risk Assessment 49
18. Dry-Docking BOE.3MMMEA 52
19. Garbage on ship BOE.2.10 61
20. Stern tube leakage at sea 63


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No. Contents Pages

Fire Fighting
21. Fire Fighting Foam BOE.4 67
22. Fire Fighting Appliance.1 70
23. Fire Fighting Appliance.2 BOE.9 CO2 FIX 72
24. IGS.1 BOE 1.2.4.11 75
25. IGS.2 77
Measuring Devices
26. Oxygen Meter BOE.2.3.6.12 79

27. Explosimeter 81
Boiler
28. Thermal Oil System BOE.4 83
29. Automatic boiler burning BOE.1.3.7.8 85
30. Turn Down Ratio BOE.9 88
31. Boiler water tube leakage BOE.2.10 90
32. Boiler Mounting BOE.11 94
33. Spring Loaded boiler safety valve 97
34. IGEMA BOE.2 99
35. Overheating and corrosion BOE.12 101
36. Boiler water contamination BOE.4 104
Shafting System
37. Shaft Alignment BOE.1.8 106
38. Pilgrim Nut BOE.7.11 109

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No. Contents Pages
39. Muff Coupling BOE.2.4.10 112
40. CPP.1 115
41. CPP.2 117
42. Stern tube lubrication BOE.1 119
43. Pollution-free 122
Steering System
44. 4 ram type Steering gear BOE.9 10(MMEA) 125
45. Ram and Rotary vane type BOE.8 127
MARPOL Equipment
46. ODM System BOE.5 130
47. Regulation for Oil Bilge 133
48. Marinfloc System BOE.6.10 136
49. Vaccum Sewage System 139
50. Sewage Treatment Plant BOE.1.3.6.12 141
51. MARPOL Annex IV , ISPP certificate BOE.8 143
Heat Exchanger
52. Plate and shell type Heat Exchanger BOE.5.6.11.12 145
53. Plate type heat exchanger BOE.5.7 148
54. Tubular heat exchanger BOE.3.8 150


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No. Contents Pages

Evaporator
55. FEW BOE.2.3 152
56. FW Sterilization 155
Air Condition and Refrigeration
57. Air Con Plant,TEV BOE.7 158
58. Cooling Cargo Chamber.1 BOE.3 161
59. Cooling Cargo Chamber.2 164
60. TEV operation BOE.8.11 168

Air Compressor and Air Bottles
61. 2 stage Air Compressor BOE.3 170
62. Bumping Clearance 173
63. Air bottles protective devices 175
Pump
64. Axial stroke displacement Pump 178
65. Positive displacement and centrifugal Pump BOE.3 180
Purifier
66. Self Cleaning Purifier BOE.9 184
67. How to choose gravity disc 186
Fuel and LO
68. NOx, SOx 189
69. Full Film Lubrication 192
70. Control Equipment, Viscothern BOE.10 194

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No. Contents Pages
71. LO Contaminations BOE.11.12 196
72. FO handling BOE.4.10 198
73. Fuel Contents WW.MEK MMMC.GEK 201
Metallurgy
74. NDT and tests BOE.7 203
75. DT& NDT , 2 DT and 1NDT Tests BOE.2 205
76. Thermal Equilibrium Diagram BOE.8 208
77. Heat Treatment 211

Other
78. Hull protection, MGPS BOE.1.4 213
79. Central Cooling System BOE.4.8.11 215
80. Spark coming out of the funnel 217
81. Vibration BOE.7 219
82. Procedure in the event of Black-Out BOE.8 221
83. Ventilation arrangement BOE.10 223
84. Heat recovery system BOE.5 225
85. Comprehensive alarm system BOE.7 228


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1. (a) As Senior Engineer Describe the special requirements of steering gear for
tanker of 10,000 GT and upwards and in every other ship of 70,000 gross
tonnage and upwards? (4)
(b) Sketch the steering system to fulfill the above requirement. (6)
(c) Explain the operation of above steering system (6)
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(a) In every tanker, chemical tanker or gas carrier of 10,000 gross tonnage
and upwards and in every other ship of 70,000 gross tonnage and
upwards,
• the main steering gear shall comprise two or more identical power
units.
• Steering capability shall be regained in not more than 45 s after the loss
of one power actuating system, single failure.
• Loss of hydraulic fluid from one system shall be capable of being
detected
• and the defective system automatically isolated.
• other actuating system shall remain fully operational.
• To be provided failure alarm of any steering power unit.
• Steering power units shall be brought into operation automatically or
manual from navigation bridge.

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(b) Automatic Fail Safe System (Safematic System )

st nd
So Oil Level Float Switch (alarm) S1 1 Oil Level Float Switch S2 2 Oil Level
Float Switch


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(c)
Two identical power Steering hydraulic pump No.1 and 2 are bidirectional
variable delivery hydraulic pumps and are connected to two separate steering
systems. Normal steering operation is done by swash plate control from bridge
signal.
Two systems are joined by solenoid operated Safematic automatic isolating by-
pass valve.
In case of pipe burst or oil leaking defect,
• When 1st Oil Level Float Switch S1 activates, Safematic control box switch
off No.1 hydraulic pump and Switch on No.2 pump autoatically.
• Energize left side solenoid of Safematic isolating bypass valve
to isolate cylinder No.1 & 2 & its system automatically
while allowing to run cylinder 3 & 4 system.
• Detects, isolates and switches off the defective system automatically
within a few seconds.
• If switching off system is incorrect, leaking continues and float switch S2
activates.
• Safematic control box change over to start correct pump No.1 and stop
No.2 pump.
• Energize right side solenoid of Safematic isolating bypass valve
to isolate cylinder No.3 & 4 & its system automatically
while allowing to run cylinder 1 & 2 system.
• Defective system is automatically isolated and ship's steering capability is
restored within 45 seconds.
• Audible and visual alarms also are actuated at bridge and Engine Control
Room.


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MMMC 34, 6M
(c)Explain steering gear survey system. (6)

(c)Survey of steering gear system
§ Steering gear system are subjected to be annual survey, periodic survey and
special survey under machinery terms by classification society.
§ The following parts are subjected to be surveyed not exceeding 2 years
interval.
Fastening of steering gear, quadrants, tiller and rudder brake.
Any leakage of hydraulic system.
The motors with starters, control gears and electric cables.
Insulation resistance test to motor and wiring system.
Function test including emergency operation.
Alarms test of safety arrangement such as;
1. Oil level alarm
2. Control voltage failure alarm
3. Overload alarm
4. Phase failure alarm


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MMEA 6. (a) State SOLAS regulation & requirements for steering gear. (10)
1. Steering gear compartment must be separated from machinery spaces and
readily assessable.
2. Every ship shall be provided with main steering gear and auxiliary steering
gear.
3. The failure of one of them must not render another one operation.
4. Relief valves shall be fitted to any part of the hydraulic system. Setting
shall not exceed 1.25 times of working pressure.
5. Main steering gear and rudder stock shall be;
- Capable of driving the rudder from 35 ‘one side to 35 ‘another side not
more than 28 second while running with full sea speed and full loaded
draught.
- They should be done at maximum astern speed as also.
6. The auxiliary steering gear shall be
- Adequate strength and capable of steering the ship at navigational
speed and could be brought to action in an emergency.
- Capable of driving the rudder from 15’ one side to 15 ‘another side not
more than 60 second with the ship full loaded condition with speed not
less than 7 knot.
7. Rudder angle indicator shall be independent from steering gear control
system.
8. Means of quick communication to be provided between Wheel house, E.R
& Steering gear room.
9. System oil low level alarm, audible and visible to be provided in Wheel
house, E.R & steering room.
10. Fluid used must be approved type and non freezing.
11. With stock diameter 230 mm and above, an alternative power supply,
capable to provide within 15 second, automatically, must be provided. Its
capacity shall be at least 30 minutes for the ship 10000 GT and above. 10
minutes for other smallers.
12. Electrical wiring system for steering gear shall be sized to accept 100 %
load.

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2.(a) Definition of Permit to Work (4)

(b) Explain about the items consists in PTW. (4)
(c) Describe about the work of the Person In-charge. (4)
(d) Describe about the duty of Individuals at the work site. (4)

(a) Definition of Permit to Work

• A permit to work system is a format written system to control the certain
dangerous job.
• PTW determines how that job can be carried out safely.
• Beyond issuing a permit, need to make a job safe and need preparation
to carry out safely.
• Foreseeable risks have been thought to adopt the suitable precautions.

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(b) PWT consists of the following
• Permit should state clearly the location, nature and scope of the work.
• the number of workers and special tools involved.
• Results of any preliminary tests (အႀကိဳစမ္းသပ္မ,ႈမ်ား) undertaken
(လက္ခံေဆာင္ရြက္)
• During the operation, the safeguards need to be taken.
• Permit’s validity should not exceed 24 hours.
• Signatures of Authorized person and Responsible person.
• On completion of the work, filled up the time of completion.
• Authorized person signed for cancellation.

(c) About the work of the Person In-charge

• Give adequate instruction and discussion the job to the working group
members.
• Post the “permit” at the work site.

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• Precautions are maintained throughout the work activity.

• Supervise and communicate clearly to the work group members
at all time to determine the status of any hazard and to inform
the necessary extra instruction according to up to date situation
of work.

• If circumstances change, work must be stopped and inform & take advice
from authorized person
• In the event of an emergency, adopt the suitable and necessary action.
• On completion and suspension of the work, the site is left in a safe
condition and inform to permit issuer.
•

(d) Duty of Individuals at work
• They have received instruction and have a good understanding of the
permit to work system where they work.
• They do not start any work until PTW permission has been properly
issued.

• They receive a briefing from the Person in charge
• Communicate and inform at all time the situation of work to Person In-
charge.

• If circumstances change, inform immediately and consult with Person
In-charge.
• In the event of an emergency, must know emergency procedure and
how to take action safely after receiving signal from person in charge.
• On completion or suspension of the work, the site is left in a safe
condition according to individual duties.


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3. (a) Define Flag State Control and Port State Control. (6)
(b) As a Senior Engineer, how do you prepare Port State Control inspection
before entering a port of call? (10)
mmea.19
(a) Flag State Control
1. The country of ship registry is called Flag State.
2. To ensure a ship which fly its flag to be safely constructed, equipped and
subsequently properly maintained and manned as per relevant
regulations.
3. Inspection and surveys were done by Flag State surveyors to issue
various statutory certificates which are mandatory for a ship.

Port State Control
1. It is the authorized organization from the port of ship stay, to inspect
and ensure the ship
2. Inspect the ships according to:
-SOLAS Convention 1974 and as amended
-International Convention of Load Line 1996 and its Protocol
-International Convention for Prevention of Collision at Sea (COLREG 1972)
-MARPOL 73/78
-STCW 2010 and as amended
-ILO convection No.147
3.The effective use of provisions enables the authorities in identifying sub-
standard ship and remedial measures are taken for deficiencies.

(b)As a Senior Engineer of a vessel, he has to check the following items before
entering the port of call.
1. Ship’s certificates are valid and onboard comprising of
- IOPP certificate
- Class certificates (CSM)

2. The following record books must be updated properly.
- Oil Record Book attached with

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*Sludge & dirty oil tanks plan

*Copy of IOPP certificate
*Copy of oil content meter test certificate
*OWS instruction manual.
*Sludge disposal certificate
- Garbage Record Book
- Incinerator Record Book
- Chief Engineer’s Log Book

3. The following safety items must be kept in good working order.
- Life boat engine, Emergency fire pump, Emergency air compressor,
Emergency battery (24 V), Emergency generator, Emergency steering.
- Navigation lights, illumination and power sources.
- General alarm, Fire alarm, Engineer alarm, cold room alarm, all
machinery alarms
- Fire detecting and monitoring system including fixed fire-fighting
installation.
- Means of remote quick closing valves arrangement for FO & LO tanks, --
- Remote stop switches for FO & LO pumps, ventilators, fire dampers and
water tight doors.
- Tests of above items must be correctly entered to C.E log.

4. Sewage treatment plant is to be functioning properly. No sewage to be
discharge in port.

5. Engine room general cleaning must be optimum status. Safe guarded
working space must be provided.

6. Oil pollution control and preventive actions must be taken.
- Close & lock over board valves of bilge pump and OWS Warning sign to
be posted.
- OWS & Incinerator must be functioning properly.
- Alarms and automatic stopping device to be tested.

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- Operations of this equipment are correctly logged.

- Oil Record Book with minimum 3 years of record is to be kept in
easily available place for inspection.
- Sludge and dirty oil condition must be reasonable quantity.
- SOPEP requirements must be fulfilled on board with correct inventory.

7. All deck machinery must be good working order.

8. opening & closing arrangement for hatch cover must be good working
order.

9. Opening & closing arrangement for hatch cover must be good working
order.

10. Electrical wiring installation and lighting system in E/R and on deck must
be safe and water tight.


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4. As a senior engineer;
(a) How to prepare the enclosed space for entry? (5)
(b) Describe about the procedure and arrangement before entry. (5)
(c) Describe about the procedure and arrangement during entry. (5)
(d) Procedure on completion. (1)
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(a) How to prepare the enclosed space for entry
1. Appoint a competent person and responsible person to take charge of

the operation.

2. Risk assessment should be carried out and possible hazards should be
identified.

3. The space should be isolated and secured for safe condition by blanking
off pipe lines and openings and by closing valves

4. The space should be well ventilated.

5. Testing of oxygen deficiency, flammability and toxicity should be

carried out.

6. When the space is safe for entry, “Enclosed Space Entry Permit” has to
be done.
(b) Procedure and arrangement before entry
1. Enclosed space entry permit should be posted at entrance of enclosed

space.

2. Enough lighting and illumination should be present in the enclosed
space before entry. No source of ignition has to be taken inside
enclosed space.

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3. The person should carry long enough lifeline and oxygen analyzer with
him inside enclosed space.

4. One person always has to be kept standby to communicate with the

person inside the space.

5. The number of persons entering should be constrained to adequate

number of persons who are actually needed inside for work.

6. Rescue and resuscitation equipment should be put at the entrance of

this space. Means of hoisting an incapacitated person should be
available.

(c) Procedure and arrangement during entry
1. Ventilation should continue at all time. If ventilation fail, all personnel

leave immediately.

2. The atmosphere should be tested regularly. If conditions are unsuitable
for safety or If personal gas detector gives alarm, leave the space.

3. If unforeseen difficulties or hazards develop, the work in the space

should be stopped and the space evaluated.

4. Permit should be withdrawn and re-issued.


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5. If any personnel in this space feel adversely affected, they should give
the pre-arranged signal to standby person from entrance and
immediately leave the space.
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(d) Procedure on completion
1. Everyone leave this space and head count carried out. The entrance of
the space closed.
2. Fill the date and time of completion. Require to signature of person in
charge of operation, authorized person and master on checklist.
3. Keep the record for ISM purpose


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5. As a senior Engineer; Explain how will you prepare the following

machineries for PSC inspection.
(a) OWS and ODM (b) Emergency Fire Pump (c) ORB(d) Incinerator each (4)
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(a) OWS
Documentation
Oil Record Book, OWS instruction manual, 15ppm Alarm unit (ODM)
manual, 3 ways automatic stopping devices manual and relevant
certificates are kept readily available.
OWS piping diagram, OWS operation procedure and USCG notice must
display near OWS.
ORB must be updated according to the company Instructions. All tests
and operations must be recorded.
Testing
OWS must be working in order. 15ppm alarm (ODM) and automatic
stopping device must be tested before inspection.
Bilge wells high level alarm, sludge tank high level alarm also tested and
recorded.
Bilge pump must be working in order. One spare coalesce unit must kept
onboard.
All valves, sensors, Pressure gauges and filters of OWS and Bilge pump
must be working in order.
No leakage and no illegal connection for the system. Overboard valve
must be locked and key must be kept by CE. Warning sign should display
around there.
(b) Emergency Fire Pump
Documentation
Emergency fire pump operation and testing record must be readily
available.
Emergency fire pump operation procedure must be displayed near the
unit.
Testing
Emergency fire pump and its prime movers must be readily available.

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If the pump is driven by engine, the engine should be maintained properly.

If the pump is driven by motor, the motor should have emergency power
arrangement and testing should be recorded.
Pump’s pressure gauge, filter, priming arrange must be maintained
properly.
Before PSC inspection required fire nozzles, hydrants and fire main
should be checked and tested with Emergency fire pump.
Emergency fire pump room lighting and ventilation must be working in
order.

(c) ORB
ORB should be updated according to the company instructions and IMO
guide lines.
Operation records and relevant code of ORB must be checked. Every
operation should be signed by CE or operation in charge engineer. Every
page must be signed by master.
IOPP certificate (form A) copy and all sludge disposal certificates should
be attached to the ORB.
ORB for previous 3years must be kept onboard for readily available.
All bilge tanks and sludge tanks sounding book should be recorded properly.

(d) Incinerator
Incinerator instruction manual, certificates, operation record (ORB) and
garbage record book should be kept readily available.
Operation instructions and oil & waste oil diagram should be displayed
near the unit.
All engineers must understand the Incinerator operation. Incinerator
unit must be good working in order. Test the incinerator operation before
PSC inspection.
All alarm and sensors should be tested before PSC inspection. Prohibited
items should not be incinerated and notice should be displayed near.


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6 .(a) As a senior engineer of sea going vessel, explain how will you prepare
Oily water separator for Port state control inspection? (7)
(b)List the information which must be entered in the Oil record book when
pumping out bilges.(4)
(c)How oil bilges find it way into the engine room bilge? (3)
(d) How long should be kept oil record book and garbage record book
onboard? (2)
MMMC.30
(a) Oily Water Separator (OWS)
Documentation

Oil Record Book, OWS instruction manual, 15ppm Alarm unit
(ODM) manual, 3 ways automatic stopping devices manual and relevant
certificates are kept readily available.
OWS piping diagram, OWS operation procedure and USCG notices
must display near OWS.
ORB must be updated according to the company Instructions. All
tests and operations must be recorded.

Testing

OWS must be working in order. 15ppm alarm (ODM) and
automatic stopping device must be tested before inspection.
Bilge wells high level alarm, sludge tank high level alarm also
tested and recorded. Tank top and bilge well to be cleaned. E/R bilge
level alarm & lighting must be good in order.
Bilge pump must be working in order. One spare filter unit must
kept onboard.
All valves, sensors, Pressure gauges and filters of OWS and Bilge
pump must be working in order.

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No leakage and no illegal connection for the system. Overboard

valve must be locked and key must be kept by CE. Warning sign should
display around there.

Tank top and bilge well to be cleaned. E/R bilge level alarm &
lighting must be good in order.

Every operation of OWS must follow MARLPOL Regulation Annex
1 and enter to ORB, and C/E log abstract.

(b) After pumping out bilges, the following informations are recorded in
ORB

Date Code Item No. Record of operations/signature of officer in
charge
dd-month- D 13 Quantity discharged (…….m3)
yyyy
14 Time of discharge
Started time – hh:mm Stopped time -
hh:mm
15.1 through 15 ppm equipment.
Vessel position at start:
Vessel position at stop:
signature of officer/Rank/Name/dd-
month-yyyy


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(c)There are several ways oil can find in machinery space bilge.
§ From drains of Air bottles and air compressor un-loader which contain
excessive cylinder oil of compressor.
§ Over flowing of purifiers, dirty oil tank and sludge tank.
§ Leaking fuel oil, lube oil pump’s gland packing, leaking oil pipes, joints and
filters. Leaking crankcase cover joint.
§ Mishandling of trays and pans containing oil.
§ In the engine room main engine and auxiliaries are providing proper
arrangements such as trays gutter for possible leakage of oil. There would
not be any oil flowing to the machinery space bilges.

(d)
1. Oil Record book should be kept 3 years from last entry date and
2. Garbage Record Book should be kept 2 years from last entry date.


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7. (a) Who issued the IOPP certificate and describe the Validity of certificate?(2)
(b) As a senior engineer explain the procedure for checking the IOPP certificate
when sign on?(6)
(c) As a senior engineer how do you prepare for IOPP survey?(8)
ww.41 mmea.37 mmmc set3.1

(a) IOPP Certificate

IOPP certificate is issued after Survey is carried out by Administration, in
accordance with International Convention for Oil Pollution Prevention. Validity
is 5 years.

(b) Checking procedure for IOPP Certificate, When CE sign-on:
1. Check the validity of certificate.

2. Check the ORB up to date recording.

3. Visual inspection of OWS and its’ pump in good order and its capacity.

4. Check 15-ppm alarm and automatic stopping device.

5. Check spare filter element, at least one no.

6. Waste oil tanks and capacity.

7. Compare fuel consumption and sludge formation.

8. Incinerator capacity and workability.


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(c) IOPP Survey preparations:
1. Validity of the IOPP Certificate checked.

2. Proper entry of ORB and, sludge disposal receipts to shore facilities
attached to ORB.

3. ODM checked for 15-ppm alarm and automatic stopping.

4. OWS in good order, its piping free from oil leaks, overboard valve from
OWS locked in closed position. All pressure gauges and sensors are in
good order.

5. OWS, 15ppm Alarm, Automatic Stopping Device and Incinerator manuals
are kept in ready.

6. Spare filter for OWS must be onboard.

7. OWS operation procedures, piping diagram and USCG Notice should
display near plant.

8. High level alarms of sludge tank, waste oil tank and bilge holding tank
checked.

10. Calculate the sludge formation, and compared with 1% of voyage fuel
consumption.

11. Incinerating time, incinerated waste oil amount, remainder of waste oil
in waste oil tank should be reasonable.

12. Incinerator kept ready for demonstration, such as heating of waste oil
tank, alarms, control and functional test, done prior to survey.

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8. (a) What is ISM Code and describe the objectives of the code? (4)
(b) What is DOC ( Document of Compliance ) ? (4)
(c) What is SMC ( Safety management certificate )?(4)
(d) What is DPA ( Designated Person Ashore ) ? (4)
ww.42
(a) International Safety Management Code

ISM Code is the code for the Safe Operation of ships and for Pollution
Prevention.
Objectives of ISM Code are to ensure
1. Safety at sea,
2. Prevention of human injury or loss of life.
3. Avoidance of damage to the marine environment and to property.
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(b) DOC (Document of Compliance)

- Company establish SMM (Safety Management Manual) for ashore and
ship.
- After (3) months implementation of SMM
- successful completion of initial audit to Shipping Management
Company
- DOC certificate shall be issued to the Company by Classification Society
under the authorized Administration (Flag State of Government).

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(c) SMC (Safety management certificate)

- Company has DOC to manage a ship.
- after (3) months implementation of SMM (Safety management manual)
- successful completion of initial audit to the ship
- SMC (Safety Management Certificate) shall be issued to the ship by
Classification Society under the authorized Administration (Flag State of
Government).

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(d) DPA (Designated Person Ashore)

DPA is company designated shore based person

DPA’s responsibility and authority
- to ensure the safe operation of each ship

- to provide a link between the management company and those
onboard.

- direct access to highest level of management

- DPA always monitors the safety operation and pollution prevention of
each ship and manage to apply adequate resources and shore based
support.


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9.(a)How do you understand regarding ISM code and safety management

system? (b) What is the functional requirement of safety management system?
(c) As per ISM code define emergency preparedness.
(d) Write advantage of safety management system. Each-4
MMEA.40 MMMC.31
(a) International Safety Management Code
ISM Code is the code for the Safe Operation of ships and for Pollution
Prevention.

Objectives of ISM Code are to ensure
1. Safety at sea,
2. Prevention of human injury or loss of life.
3. Avoidance of damage to the marine environment and to property.

Safety management system

Safety management system means a structured and documented system.
Objectives of SMS are:
1. To provide the safe practice in ship and a safe working environment.
2. To ensure safe guards against all identified risks.
3. To improve the safety management and environmental protection
skills of personnel ashore and onboard including emergency situations

(b) Functional requirements for a safety management system

1. A safety and environmental-protection policy.
2. Instruction and procedure to ensure safe operation of ships and
protection of the environment in compliance with relevant international
and flag State legislation.
3. Defined levels of authority and lines of communication between, and
amongst, shore and shipboard personnel.
4. Procedures for reporting accident and non-conformities with the
provisions of this code.

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5. Procedure to prepare for and respond to emergency situations.

6. Procedures for internal audits and management reviews.

( c ) Emergency preparedness

1. The company should identity potential emergency shipboard situations,
and establish procedures to respond to them.
2. The company should establish programs for drills and exercises to
prepare for emergency actions.
3. The safety management system should provide for measures ensuring
that the company’s organization can respond at any time to hazards,
accidents and emergency situation involving its ships.

(d) Advantages of Safety Management System

• Reduction in accidents which may cause human injury and loss of life
• Reduction in environment pollution and damages
• Improvement of safety management skill of personnel
• Improve company’s morale
• Cost saving resulting from improved efficiency
• Favorable insurance premium relation to market.


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10. (a) What is In-water survey (3)

(b)Describe about the requirements for IWS. (6)
(c) Preparations to get in-water survey notation. (7)
ww.15,mmea11, mmmc set.4.4
(a) In-water survey is

• hull survey while ship is afloat

• done by authorized diving company

• with surveillance of Class surveyor

• as the replacement of docking survey

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(a) Requirements of IWS

● Ship’s age not greater than 15 years. Ships of age 15 years and over may
be permitted as special consideration.

● all ship’s types excluding Enhanced Survey Program (ESP) ships, such as
Bulk carrier, Oil Tankers and dangerous Chemical bulk carriers of 15
years of age and over.

● ship with the class IWS* notation

● need agreement of Flag administration

● high quality paint coating for 7.5 years extended dry docking EDD

● fitted effective anodes

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● fitted effective current corrosion protection ECCP

● access arrangements for - sea v/vs, rudder bearing & pintle clearance
- stern tube wear down measurement,
- bow & stern thruster seal checking

● documents- Survey plan- location and date of IWS, detail of hull marks
& drawings

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(b) Preparations in dry dock for IWS notation

• fitted approved cathodic protection system

• ship hull is in a satisfactory condition – shot blasted & painted with high
quality paint

• fitted means for renewal and or measuring of clearances of
- rudder bearings and bushes
- stern tube wear down

• measures for checking of sea valves and sea chests

• shell openings fitted gratings with hinged grid plates

• hull paint color - to assist divers for inspection of hull in next IWS

• mark clearly under water hull fittings

• mark transverse & longitudinal bulkheads

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• mark tanks boundaries

• mark propeller blades with numbers

• mark openings of shell plating for sea v/vs, docking plugs, thruster unit,
stabilizer fins

• mark for checking of any relative movements in next IWS – liners on
shaft
- bushes of rudder
- stern frame

• drawings and folders containing above markings

• agreed blanking methods of any shell openings

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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11. With reference to control station and fire party, as an engineer at

management level, discuss the importance of;
(a) Muster list(4)
(b) Fire control plan,(6)
(c) Essential requirement of fire parties. (6)
MMMC.37
(a) Muster list
§ Muster list consists of command team, roving team, emergency team,
back-up team and support team.
§ The list is required to clearly mention, including each person of duty and
responsibility for emergency situations.
§ Muster lists are usually placed each deck of accommodation and
common space such as engine control room, mess room, smoking room,
ship office and bridge.
§ Designated communication channel for among the teams and standard
alarm signal for different situation to be provided.
§ There is required designated place for all ship crew attendance,
alternative place in the accommodation for some cases such as bad
weather, piracy.
§ Master of ship has to prove by signature and ship seal for audit purpose.

(b) Fire control plan
§ Every cargo ship of 500 GT and above, fire control plan shall be provided
on board approved by Administration.
§ The fire control plan shall be permanently exhibited for the guidance of
the ship’s officer.
§ One copy shall at all times be available on board in an accessible position.
§ This plan shall be kept up to date; any alterations shall be recorded as
soon as practicable.
§ A duplicate set of fire control plan shall be permanently store in a
prominently marked weather-tight enclosure outside the deck house.
§ The fire plan should be available in the working language of the crew on
board and also in English.

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§ Fire control plan shall be showing clearly for

- each deck the control stations
- the various fire sections enclosed by "A " class divisions, the sections
enclosed by " B " class divisions
- particulars of the fire detection and fire alarm systems,
- the sprinkler installation, the fire-extinguishing appliances,
- means of access to different compartments, decks, etc.,
- ventilating system, including particulars of the fan control positions,
- the position of dampers and identification numbers of the ventilating
fans.

(c) Essential requirement of fire parties
Command team:
- fire control plan
- Communication aids among the teams, other ships and shore.
- Content telephone list such as DPA, superintend, charter party & nearest
shore fire station.
Roving team:
- This team is responsible to the Master for the highly technical details,
- Able to control main and auxiliary machineries,
- If necessary, emergency fuel shut off, isolate ventilation, starting of fire
pumps.

Emergency Team & Back-up team:
- Second engineer and chief officer are in-charge of teams and vice visa,
- Able to control any situation physically with team members,
- Require fire man outfit, breathing apparatus, extinguishers
- Each person’s duty and responsibility to be clearly mention.
Support team:
- Second officer is in-charge and galley persons are team member,
- Prepare the ship’s hospital and render first aid,
- Stretcher party and other duties as directed.


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12. (a) What is the main objective of Load line survey? (3)
(b)State the reasons for freeboard requirement. (3)
(c) As a senior engineer how do you prepare for load line survey? (10)
mmmc.mmea.28

(a) The main objective of Load line convention are :
1. To limit the ship’s freeboard.
2. To ensure safe external weather tight and water tight integrity of ship
design.
3. To get safe reserve buoyancy and adequate stability of the vessel.
4. To avoidance of excessive stress on the ship hull and potential hazards
present in zones and seasons.
(b)
- A minimum freeboard is required to principally to ensure that the ship is
sea-worthy when loading.
- The freeboard markings are cut in the both side shell plating amidships.
- Sizes and dimensions of Load Line Markings are as per load line
convention.
- The top of the deck line is level with the top surface of the freeboard
deck.
- Freeboard deck is the uppermost continuous deck exposed to weather
and sea, which has permanent means of closing all openings.
- F is mark of Summer Freeboard in fresh water. An allowance for this is
marked on the ship (F) based on

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
4×𝑇𝑃𝐶

(c) Preparation for Load Line / Annual Survey:
The surveyors inspect ships to ensure that the load line regulations are being
obeyed and, in particular, the conditions of assignment are being maintained
onboard. They will usually survey that weathertight integrity and crew

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protection from the sea on the external decks are kept to the required
standards.
Hatches
The weathertightness of the covers must be satisfactory. Rubber seals of
steel hatches must be in good condition and closure arrangements
should be satisfactory. Hatch coamings must not suffer from excessive
corrosion.
Ship’s side doors
All closing and securing mechanisms of any openings in the ship’s side
below the freeboard
deck must be functioning correctly.
Internal Weathertight Doors
They should function properly booth by local and remote control.
Superstructure doors and side scuttles
These should have rubber seals in good order and close satisfactorily
without excessive corrosion
on the steel rims. Scuttles should be fitted with appropriate toughened
glass. Deadlights, where required, must be capable of satisfactory
closure.
Deck Penetrations such as ventilator trunks, tank air pipes, etc.
There should be no excessive corrosion around any pipe or trunk that
penetrates an exposed deck, below the required minimum height
clearance of vents and air pipes above the deck.
Non-return Valves and Extended Spindles
These should be in good working order and extended spindles must be
well lubricated.
Side railings
These should not have significantly damaged sections nor be weakened
by excessive corrosion.
Underdeck walkways
These should be adequately light, well ventilated and gas tight seals
should be effective.
The Approved Stability Booklet

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The surveyor will satisfy that it has been updated for any significant
modifications to the vessel.
mmea.28
(b) When are the Survey inspections& marking in Load Line survey carried out?
Initial survey will conduct before ship is putting in to service. Periodical survey
is conducted at specified interval by the classification society.e.g. Annual load
line survey and through survey will conduct after 5 year on renewing the
certificate. After the survey, no change shall be made to structure, equipment,
etc. without the authorization of the marine administration.


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13. When an air bottle is subjected for inspection:

(a) As a management engineer, why does internal inspection needed. (5)
(b) When opened up what are the parts to be inspected? (5)
(c) Write a procedure for preparing a starting air receiver for internal
inspection. (6)
ww.11
(a) why does internal inspection needed
• Air bottles should be maintained according to the PMS. Internal inspection
should be done once in Every (5) years.
• The corrosion and pitting are formed with vapour from the compress air
pumped into the reservoir especially on the inside cold surface of the bottles.
• corrosion or pitting can be expected on the inside cold surface of the
reservoir adjacent to the shipside.
• The moisture formed on the bottom & cold surfaces and causes the
corrosion.
• Oil particle may also be carried over with the compressed air from
compressor, and if oxidation of the oil occurs, this may also lead to corrosion
and pitting.
• Due to the above facts, internal inspection of air bottles is needed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b)
Parts to be inspected.
• Stop, safety and drain valves and a manhole door at one end.
• Internal corrosion and pitting especially at the top and bottom end.
(Bottom where condensate accumulate).
• (a) bottom of the reservoir, (b) around the valve openings and in way of (c)
any cooler areas as corrosion and pitting usually occur on that places.
• All valves for air tightness, corrosion, erosion, soundness of valve spindle
and springs (hammer test) should be inspected.
• Manhole door joint face, door studs and nuts must check for corrosion and
erosion.

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• Internal examination is to be conducted for (a) pitting corrosion, (b) fatigue

cracking, (c) laminations, (d) indentations and (e) localised bulging.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) Procedure for preparing an internal inspection
• Risk assessment should be done and permit to work, enclose space permit
to be obtained.
• Air bottle should be isolated and drain out until empty
• Lock down or blank off the cross connection pipe from remaining air bottle.
• After carried out all necessary safety precaution, air bottle manhole should
be opened up and applied air circulation by blower. Tested the atmosphere
in air bottle frequently
• Provided the second person at entrance of air bottle and ready to keep the
protective equipment and appliance
• Large pressure vessels, which can perform internal and external inspection.
If the visual condition is good and no defect, they are no need to perform
hydraulic pressure test.
• If the pressure vessel cannot be enter and cannot be performed internal
inspection, it must be hydraulic tested. The test pressure is 1.25 x working
pressure and maintains a period of 10 minutes.


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14. (a) Aa a senior Engineer Explain the term Continuous Machinery Survey (3)
(b) Explain how classification societies have reduced the need for attendance
by the surveyor. (7)
(c) Describe how a planned maintenance scheme may be used in
conjunction with CSM.(4)
(d) Name TWO programmes approved by classification societies so that
physically opening Up of the machinery is not necessary on every
occasion. (2)
ww.3 mmea.17
(a) Continuous Survey of Machinery (CSM)
• CSM is the survey of a part of machinery as per survey listing of class.
• By opening up within the range date continuously
• To complete the whole machineries on board within 5-years cycle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Following systems approved by Classification Societies have reduced the
need for attendance by Class Surveyor for some works.

1) Chief Engineer’s open-up & carry out inspection and Confirmatory
Survey system
- Most CSM items except ME coupling, reduction gear, turbine and one
set of cargo refrigerating compressor, can be opened up, inspected and
prepared survey reports by Chief Engineer
- within 3 months before due date.
- credited by attending Class Surveyor as Confirmatory survey.

2) Substitution for Open-up Inspection system

Pumps, heaters and deck machineries of CSM items:
-visually inspected under operating conditions
-reviewed the log book data
-credited by attending Class Surveyor.

3) Planned Maintenance Scheme PMS

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-Most of CSM inspections are carried out by Chief Engineer, based on
computer based regular Planned Maintenance Scheme jobs.

-Class surveyor is coming on board ship only once a year to verify the
CSM items.

4) Harmonized Survey System
Purpose;
-to harmonize intervals between surveys of main legitimate certificates.
It means;
-all main surveys can be carried out at one time
-reducing the need of Class surveyor attendance.

(b) PMS consists of Most of CMS inspections –

• Planned Maintenance Scheme for a ship is approved by Classification
Society and PMS for Machinery is as alternative to the Continuous
Machinery Survey (CMS).
• Do maintenance with Maintenance schedule including CMS items.
• All data and history entry into PMS program has been done by Chief
Engineer.
• Machinery Components have been credited after carrying out the annual
audit by Class Surveyor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d)1. Lubricant Analysis
- Condition Monitoring of machinery
- Lubricating oil Lab Results can be used as condition monitoring system.
- If the results show normal, machinery is in normal operating condition,
opening up procedure is not necessary.


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2. Vibration Monitoring Analysis

- the most common technique
- to determine the condition of rotating machinery.

All vibration measurement will be compared to alarm set points and
display in graphically changes in m/c condition over time. So opening up
of machineries is not necessary on every occasion.


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15. Describe briefly the followings.

(a) Computerized PMS ( Plan Maintenance Scheme )( 4 )
(b) Preventive maintenance.( 4 )
(c) Condition based maintenance( 4 )
(d) Corrective maintenance( 4 )
ww.40
(a) PMS consists of Most of CMS inspections –
Planned Maintenance Scheme for a ship is approved by Classification Society
and PMS for Machinery is as alternative to the Continuous Machinery Survey
(CMS).

PMS is based upon
• Preventive Maintenance, Condition Based Maintenance, Corrective
Maintenance.

PMS consists of
• Identify where condition monitoring is applied.
• Do maintenance with Maintenance schedule including CMS items..
• Maintenance history for each component including breakdown and
defect details.
• All data and history entry into PMS program has to be done by Chief
Engineer.
• Machinery Components have been credited after carrying out the annual
audit by Class Surveyor.

(b) Preventive Maintenance. (R.H. based)
• This is time based maintenance program.
• It is the inspection and overhauling of components and system
• Opening out at specified running hours,
• In order to ensure that the system or component is in a satisfactory
condition for continued operation.

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• Maintenance carried out based on R.H. will prevent the damage of

machineries.
(c) Condition Based Maintenance. (Performance based)
• Condition-based maintenance was introduced to maintain the correct
equipment at the right time.
• In this case the need for maintenance is based on the performance or
physical state of the components and system
• determined by regular checking machinery with condition monitoring
system.
• Maintenance is only undertaken when conditions have approached or
reached the lowest acceptable standard.
• Maintenance is carried out before serious deterioration, breakdown or
failure occurs.
• Vibration monitoring analysis is the most common technique to
determine the condition of machineries.
(d) Corrective Maintenance. ( Breakdown maintenance )
• This is sometimes referred to as unscheduled or breakdown maintenance.
It is only carried out to restore the components and system back to
operational condition after a failure or malfunction.


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16. Planned maintenance system (PMS) as per ISM code

(a) Objective of PMS (4)
(b) Equipment covered under PMS (4)
(c) Critical equipment (8)
mmea.12

(a) Objective of PMS
Planned Maintenance Scheme is the ship’s safety management
system (SMS) as required by SOLAS chapter IX.
The objective of the PMS is to achieve the safe operation of the
ship as per ISM Code.
PMS is to maintain equipment based on Preventive Maintenance,
Condition Based Maintenance, Corrective Maintenance. within
specifications.
The primary objective of the PMS is
- to improve the effectiveness of maintenance and
- to ensure that machinery and equipment function in a safe,
reliable and efficient manner
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Equipment covered under PMS
The PMS must covered the equipment as listed below:
1. Critical Equipment
2. Hull, Deck Machinery and Equipment
3. Cargo machinery, equipment and automation
4. Life-Saving and Fire Fighting Equipment
5. Navigation and Radio Equipment , Main Engine, Auxiliary Engine, Auxiliary
and ancillary Machinery.
6. Automation Equipment including Alarm and Cut-outs
7. Calibration Equipment and Instruments
8. Equipment such as cargo handling equipment.


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(c) Critical equipment
Critical Equipment or its Systems
1. Main Propulsion
2. Reduction gears or Thruster Systems
3. Emergency Electrical Power System
4. Steering Systems
5. Fire Pump
6. Bilge System
7. Fuel Oil Purification System
8. Fire Detection System
Critical Stand-By Equipment
If the sudden failure of equipment or its system may result in hazardous
situation, this equipment is defined as critical equipment.
So, the stand-by equipment for its critical equipment or its system is
described as Critical Stand-By Equipment
Critical Stand-By Equipment is to be used if the main system breaks
down.

Minimum Stock Level for Critical, Spare Parts, Consumables and Tools
It is the responsibility of the Chief Engineer to set the minimum level
stock listing, customized for each vessel and to formally agree with the Fleet
Superintendent the contents of the list.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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(b) Equipment covered under PMS ( bအတြက္ mmea ရဲ႕ key answer)
The following machinery may be surveyed by the Chief Engineer under PMS:
1. Main engine cylinder covers.
1. Main engine valves and valve gears.
2. Main engine cylinder liners.
3. Main engine pistons and piston rods.
4. Main engine connecting rods, crossheads, top end bearings, guides,
gudgeon pins and bushes.
5. Main engine crankshafts and bearings (multiple engine installations
only).
6. Main engine fuel injection pumps and fuel booster pumps.
7. M.E. Scavenge pumps, blowers and air coolers.
8. Main engine detuners, dampers and balancer units.
9. Main engine camshaft and camshaft drive.


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17. As a Senior Engineer,

(a) What are the principles of Risk Assessments? (2)
(b) Who has to carry out Risk Assessments? (2)
(c) What are the process of Risk Assessment Record? (4)
(d) Describe the Risk Assessment of M.E. Bearing Keep taken out
procedure? (8)
ww.18
(a) Principles of Risk Assessments

1. Risk assessment is the process of gathering information in order to
develop an understanding of the risk of a particular event.

2. The aim is to minimize accidents and ill health on board ship.

(b) Who has to carry out Risk Assessments

1. In all cases, individual employers have responsibility for assessing the risks
to their workers and other persons who may be affected by their
activities.

2. Normally company instructions appoint the risk assessment duty to the
operation in-charge officers such as 2E for engine maintenance operation.

(c) process of Risk Assessment Record
Assessment Process is as follow and consists five steps;
1. Identify the event/ hazard/ threat;
2. Frequency assessment;
3 Severity of consequence assessment;
4. Risk evaluation;
5. Assess measures to reduce or eliminate the risk.


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(d) Risk Assessment of M.E. Bearing Keep taken out procedure

A risk assessment for the opening and inspection of a crosshead engine bottom
end bearing work activity being assessed: Removing main bearing keep.
Hazard Description of Identified Existing control Measure to protect
No.
Hazards personnel from Harm
(a) Treat as enclosed space.
1 Oxygen depletion in crankcase (b) Test Atmosphere
(c) Oxygen meter carried whilst in
crankcase.
2 Combustible gases in (a) Test atmosphere

crankcase (b) No naked lights.
3 (a) Start air locked off.
(b) Turning gear engaged.
Engine Turned while
(c) All clear procedure followed before
personnel in crankcase

turnin engine.
4 Injury to personnel whilst (a) PPE to be worn.

lifting heavy loads (b) Personnel trained in heavy lifting.
(c) Appropriate Lift gear to be provided.
5 Burning of personnel from (a) Allow engine to cool before entering

hot engine crankcase.
(b) PPE to be worn.
6 Slipping/falling into (a) Area to be wiped out before

crankcase commencing work.
(b) Safety harness to be worn.
(c) Non slip shoes to be worn.
7 (a) Jacks and pump to be overhauled
Hydraulic jack seals failing regularly.
whilst pressurizing (b) Goggles to be worn.
(c) Ensure “maximum jacking pressure”
notice on pump
8 (a) All lifting gear to be within
certification.

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Lifting gear failing whilst under (b) Inspect for visible signs of damage.
load (c) Approved certificated lifting points to
be used only.
9 (a) All personnel to have read
Injure to personnel due to maintenance manual.
unfamiliarity with task (b) Non experienced personnel to assist
competent staff
10 Bearing cover or jacking bolts (a) Appropriate lifting eyes and sling to
falling whilst attempting to lift be used.
them out of the crankcase (b) Personnel trained in use of lifting
using two chain blocks. gear. (c) PPE to be worn.


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18. As a Senior Engineer how do you prepare for dry-docking?

(a) Before months ahead (6)
(b) Before just few days ahead (5)
(c) Before just few hours entering into dry dock. (5)
ww.4
(a) Before months

1. Dry docking survey is to be done 2 times in 5 years cycle, called Intermediate
docking and Special survey docking. Special survey is usually carried out every
5 years interval. As a Senior Engineer, must be prepare before dry docking
base on the PMS, Defect List, and Survey items. The repaired items should be
submitted to the head office and need approval.

2. The necessary plans, drawings, instruction manuals, and service records of
previous docking to be collected and kept ready.

3. Repair list for both ship yard and ship’s staff must be listed and grouped.

4. According to the repair list, hand tools, special tools and spares should be
checked and prepared for readily available. Needful Store and Spare parts
intend to be requested to get in time.

5. Issued needful instructions for safety, fire precaution and pollution
prevention. Issue work assignments before entering dry dock and should be
done during docking period after discussing with all senior engineers and
officers.
6. Test emergency light, Emergency generator engine, emergency air
compressor, emergency fire pump and fire extinguisher should be kept in good
working condition.

7. Engine room personnel should be trained proper using of this equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Before a few days

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1. E/R bilge well to be cleared, tank top should be hosed down and cleared
before entering the port.

2. Required trim and draughts should be corrected by ballast or by transfer F.O
and the load to be kept in minimum if possible.

3. Check and renew joints and connection for air conditioning plant and fridge
cooling line.

4. Shore Power connection box checked and made ready. Emergency generator
should be tested and made readily available.

5. International shore connection for firefighting should be made ready for
emergency use.

6. Take M.E crank shaft deflection and recorded.

7. Grouped the jobs for E/R staff and Dockyard repair and labeled the repaired
items.

8. All the engine room personnel should be instructed to use stores and spares
properly without wasting.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Before a few hours

1. Prepare ready for fridge and air conditioning plant cooling line
connection.

2. Electrician should stand by on shore connection box and main
switchboard when shore power is taken.

3. Before entering dry dock, explain procedures and assigned duties.

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4. Assign duty for Times recording such as G.E stopping, Shore power and
cooling water connection commenced time, Shore Power meter record,
etc.Topping up F.O tanks and Record all tanks’ sounding. Pressed up air
bottles and tight shut.

5. Shut down the boiler properly and release steam pressure through
easing gear.

6. . Check emergency generator and shipyard shore power supply voltage
and frequency

7. All engine room crew to be instructed to follow dockyard fire and safety
instruction and provide fire stand-by duty day and night.


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10. As a Senior Engineer, how to carry out following preparations for dry-dock.
(a) Preparing of Dry-dock repair list. (4)
(b) Preparations Prior to Dry-docking (4)
(c) Checks Before flooding (8)
mmea.10 (a.b ကို ww ကပဲယူ)
(c) Checks before Flooding

1) Check if all the plugs of double bottom tanks' are secured

2) Check if all sea inlets and sea chest gratings are fitted.

3) Check echo sounder and logs are fitted and their covers removed.

4) Check if the propeller and rudder are clear from any obstruction

5) Check inside the ship if all repaired overboard valves are in place

6) Check the area near stern tube propeller shaft for any kind of leakages

7) The cables for ICCP anode fixed in the hull are carried into the engine
room via water tight duct. Ensure no water leakage is there, and the duct
manhole opening in Engine room is shut.

8) Secure any moving item inside the engine room

9) Check soundings of all tanks and match them with the value that is
obtained prior entering the dry dock

10) Ensure emergency generator is in ready condition to start manually


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11) If there is any load shifting inside the engine room, which can lead to
change in stability, inform about it to the dock master

12) Go through the check list again and the satisfactory checklist is to be
finally signed by the master.

13) Master must sign the authority for flooding certificate.

14) Once dry dock flooding is in process, a responsible engineer should
go to the bow thruster and steering gear room to check the water
tightness.
15) When dock flooding reaches the overboard valve level, stop the
process and check valves and stern tube for leakages

16) Shore power cables will be removed once the cooling water is
available for suction in the generator system.

17) If required, use emergency generator power before starting the
main generator

18) Instructions must be given to all crew members to stay vigilant while
undocking. They must continuously keep checking the water
tightness of the engine room throughout the process

19) If crew member finds any kind of water leakage in the engine room,
same must be informed immediately to the department in-charge.


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10 .As a senior Engineer of a vessel, how will you

(a) Prepare documents and defect list for before and during docking (6)
(b) Organize your crew for job to be done by yard (5)
(c) Organize your crew for the job to be done by themselves (5)
mmmc.10
(a) Prepare documents and defect list

1.Dry docking survey is to be done 2 times in 5 years cycle, called
Intermediate docking and Special survey docking.

2.Special survey is usually carried out every 5 years interval.

3.As a Senior Engineer, must be prepare before dry docking base on the
PMS, Defect List, and Survey items.

4.The repaired items should be submitted to the head office and need
approval.

5. The necessary plans, drawings, instruction manuals, and service records of
previous docking to be collected and kept ready.

6. Repair list for both ship yard and ship’s staff must be listed and grouped.

7.According to the repair list, hand tools, special tools and spares should be
checked and prepared for readily available.

8.Needful Store and Spare parts intend to be requested to get in time.

9.Issued needful instructions for safety, fire precaution and pollution
prevention.

10.Issue work assignments before entering dry dock and should be done during
docking period after discussing with all senior engineers and officers.

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11. Test emergency light, Emergency generator engine, emergency air
compressor, emergency fire pump and fire extinguisher should be kept in good
working condition.

12. Engine room personnel should be trained proper using of this equipment.

13. All the engine room personnel should be instructed to use stores and spares
properly without wasting.

(b).
Engine room staffs to be organized and assigned for the jobs to be done by
dockyard as follows.

-To mark and labeled dock yard repair items.

-To show location of repair items to dock yard crew and check their work
assessment.

-To co-operate in some places as draining of water to correct tank, etc

-To supply special tools for concerned jobs.

-To note daily work done by dock yard and enter to C.E log.

-To check correct use of material fitting, sizes and dimension.

-To keep fire watch where the hot work take places.

-To check correct numbers and position of zinc anodes fittings. Inspect to
uncover them before undocking.


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-To record measurement taking for rudder pintle clearance and stern tube
wear down.

-Assigned an Engineer for leakage test for stern tube seal.

-During docking Chief Engineer must attend all Class Surveyor inspections.

-Discuss and arrange with Ship Repair Manager to harmonize work program
between yard and ship staff, always regarding safety of the ship and lives

-If any alternation and additional work occur, Chief Engineer should make
additional repair list. Attending Superintendent or owner will issue order to
shipyard.

(c) Organize your crew for the job to be done by themselves

Works to be done before docking procedures must be carried out as follows:

1. E/R bilge well to be cleared, tank top should be hosed down and cleared
before entering the port.

2. Required trim and draughts should be corrected by ballast or by transfer F.O
and the load to be kept in minimum if possible.

3. Shore Power connection box checked and made ready. Emergency generator
should be tested and made readily available.

4. International shore connection for firefighting should be made ready for
emergency use.

5. Take M.E crank shaft deflection and recorded.

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7. Grouped the jobs for E/R staff and Dockyard repair and labeled the repaired
items.

8.Prepare ready for fridge and air conditioning plant cooling line connection.

9.Electrician should stand by on shore connection box and main switchboard
when shore power is taken.

10. Before entering dry dock, explain procedures and assigned duties.

11.Assign duty for Times recording such as G.E stopping, Shore power and
cooling water connection commenced time, Shore Power meter record,
etc.Topping up F.O tanks and Record all tanks’ sounding. Pressed up air bottles
and tight shut.

12.Shut down the boiler properly and release steam pressure through easing
gear.

13. Check emergency generator and shipyard shore power supply voltage and
frequency

14.All engine room crew to be instructed to follow dockyard fire and safety
instruction and provide fire stand-by duty day and night.


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19. (a) What is the definition of ‘Garbage” on ship? (3)

(b) What is Garbage Management Plan, GMP? (2)
(c) What requirement to be provided onboard to solve the garbage disposal
problem? (5)
(d) How will you organize your engine crew to control the disposal of
garbage into sea? (6)
mmmc.7
(a) Definition of ‘Garbage” on ship
Garbage on ship means all kind of victual, domestic and operational waste
excluding fish and parts thereof food waste generated during the normal
operation of ship and liable to be dispose of continuously or periodically
except those substances which are listed in other Annexes of MARPOL
convention.

(b) A garbage management plan is a complete guideline which comprise of a
written procedure for collecting, storing, processing and disposing of
garbage generated onboard ship as per regulation provided in Annex V of
MARPOL.

(c). The requirement to be provided onboard to solve the garbage disposal
problem are as follow;

Every ship of 12 m or more in length overall, shall display placards for
disposal of garbage to notify the crew and passengers.

The placard must be written with both flag state language and English.

Every ship of 400 GT and above which is certified to carry (15) person or
more, the following equipment and accessories should be provided

1. Grinder.
2. A screen with openings not greater than 25mm.
3. Incinerator.

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4. Garbage collection [compactor]

5. Garbage friendly bag.
6. Collection Drum.
7. A garbage management plan, in which to state procedures for collecting,
storing, processing and disposing of garbage, including the use of
equipment on board.
8. Garbage record book

(d) To control the garbage disposal into sea, Senior Engineer should organize
the engine room crew
as follows:
- Give instructions to be followed regarding garbage disposal regulation. Let
them clearly understand the placards of the garbage, procedures of
collecting, storing, processing, disposing of garbage and using of
equipment fitted onboard.

- Instruct them to minimize garbage production, collect all forms of garbage
where ever they find on board and keep in correct way as per placards.

- Marked containers to be placed in E/R workshop and other working spaces
to keep segregated garbage.

- Do not let them dispose any type of garbage without C.E approval.

- Sludge, waste oil, oily rags and plastic etc, to be incinerated properly.
Ashes to be retained on board and transfer to shore reception facilities,
when available.

- Incineration shall be recorded in Oil Record Book stating Date, Time,
Position, estimated amount and then signed by officer in charge.


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20. As a Senior Engineer

(a)What action would you take when stern tube seal leakage at sea, cause
and remedy? (6)
(b)How to continue the voyage and how to repair in port? (5)
(c)How to claim for insurance? (5)
mmea.1
(a) Cause of Leakage
The stern tube seal leakage can be caused by
1. Misalignment of bushes.
2. Poor material and design of liner and seals
3. Defective seals by wear, loss of spring tension, damage at high
temperature, cracking, hardening, distortion and rupture due to
excessive pressure difference.
4. Contaminated oil supply with foreign materials.
5. Fishing net, rope and similar material entering into the seal (due to
defective rope guard)
6. Electro static pitting on the shaft due to an unsatisfactory shaft earthing
device.
7. Prolong low speed operation, in which hydrodynamic oil film could not
attain.
Remedy
1. Keep good alignment for of bushes.
2. Used superior material and an improve lip profile for seal.
3. Ceramic coating applied to the stem tube liner at lip running surface.
4. Always maintain L.O level in accordance to draught condition.
5. Keep sufficient aft peak water level.
6. Use good design of rope guard
7. Keep good earthing device.
8. Avoid operating at the reduced R.P.M for prolong time.


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(b) Action to be taken at sea

To continue the voyage, if Loss of oil
The serious oil leakage from aft seal can be minimize and to continued the
voyage by
1. Tip the vessel to certain allowable trim.
2. Use more viscous oil (e.g. cylinder oil).
3. Reduced the oil pressure head by introducing a temporary header
tank, normally in the form of a 200 Lit oil drum connected to the
system by a flexible hose.
4. The drum can be arranged in such a vertical position. That only a slight
pressure head is exerted.
5. In large vessel, lower header tank can be used instead.
6. Reduced R.P.M if required.
To continue the voyage, if Ingress of sea water
It would indicated by emulsification of lubricant.
1. Use higher oil header tank.
2. Slow down the shaft revolution.
Repair in port
1. Repairs or renewal of aft seal can be done either in dock or afloat.
2. If the vessel is due for dry- docking survey or a dry dock facility is
available, arrange to enter dry dock and renew the both seals.
3. If not dry dock facility is available, renewal of shaft seal can be done by
Bonding method in port.
4. This method can renew the seals without removing propeller and shaft
in emergency repair for the aft & forward seals in a short time.
5. It is necessary to bring the vessel trim by ahead until propeller shaft
exposed about 500mm above the water level and to set up scaffolding.
6. Replacing the sealing ring is done by cutting and joins it on the shaft with
special tool and high temperature bonding method. This method is
highly granted by KOBELCO seal Co.Ltd.


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(c) Insurance Claim

• When leaking occurs, inform to head office or owner through captain.
When arrive in port invite Class Survey and Underwriter Surveyor.
• They will survey the damage and by their recommendation, repair to be
carried out as per class requirement.
• Quotation of repairs and repair coast is to be submitted to Underwriter
Surveyor to negotiate any reduction that may appear necessary.
• Both surveyors will survey the repaired work when completed.
• For insurance claim purpose, repair coast and bills must be endorsed by
the Underwriter Surveyor, but exclude transportation charges.

For insurance claim purpose the following items are necessary,
1. C/E damage report
2. Log abstracts
3. Damage report form for insurance claim
4. Class Surveyor recommendation
5. Repair bills endorsed by Underwriter Surveyor


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ww.35. (a) Sketch and describe Stern tube Bearing L.O. arrangement, couple
with high and low tanks.(8)
(b) If shaft seal leakage occurs, how will you manage to keep on steaming
the ship before repair? (4)
(c) Discuss the purpose of “Insurance Claim”(4)

(a)

Tankers and other ships with large changes in draught may be fitted with two oil
header tanks for either fully loaded or ballast conditions. The sketch also shows
a circulation and cooling system for the inboard seals, which unlike those at the
outboard end, cannot dissipate heat to the surrounding water. This circulation
may be obtained by natural convection.

b and c mmmea.1 မွျပန္ေရး


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21.(a) What is Fire fighting Foam.(3)

(b) How do Foam agents work while a fire is being extinguished?(3)
(c) Describe the SOLAS requirement for High Expansion Foam and Low
expansion foam.(4)
(d) Explain a Mechanical foam which is used for fixed firefighting
installation onboard.(6)
ww.6 mmmc.40
a) Fire Fighting Foam

1. A firefighting foam is simply a stable mass of small, air-filled bubbles
with a lower density than oil, gasoline, or water.

2. The foam is made up of three items, water, a foam concentrate and air.

3. The water is mixed with the foam concentrate to form the foam
solution. This solution is then mixed with air to produce the foam
which is very fluid and flows readily over liquid surfaces.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) How to work Foam agents while a fire is being extinguished

Firefighting foam agents suppress fire by separating the liquid fuel from
the air (oxygen).

Depending upon the type of foam agent, this is done in several ways:

1. the foam blankets the fuel surface, smothering the fire

2. the foam blanket separates the flames from the fuel surface

3. the foam cools the fuel and adjacent heat and ignition sources

4. the foam blanket suppresses the release of flammable vapors that can
mix with air.

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(c) High Expansion Foam

Expansion ratio of the foam shall not exceed 1000 to 1.

Greatest space to be protected at a rate of at least 1 metre depth / min.

The quantity of foam liquid shall be sufficient to produce a 5 times of
largest space to be protected.

Low Expansion Foam

Capable of discharge outlet is sufficient to cover depth of 150 mm within 5
min.

The expansion ratio of the foam shall not exceed 12 to 1

(d) Reason for use Mechanical Foam onboard for fixed fire-fighting
installation

1. Foam is a smothering agent. The mechanical foam is mainly a process of
agitation of a mixture of water, air and single foam compound, resulting
in a vast and continuous bubble formation.

2. The single foam compound is an aqueous solution of partially hydrolyzed
keratin, stabilize with iron salts which is stored in the large containers.

3. With modern foam making nozzle, the mechanical foam system can be
varied from sloppy to stiff.

4. Stiff foam has only blanketing quality. Sloppy foam has in speed of
smothering and additional cooling properties.

5. The expansion ratio is 30:1 water to foam compound, producing 200:1
foam to compound.

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6. The quantity of the foam is about 6 inches depth over the areas to be
protected. The duration for the whole capacity discharge should be less
than 5 minutes.

7. The foam layer should not be done too early re-ignition from the residual
heat.


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22.Enumerate the following fire fighting appliance required in the machinery

space of 5000 BHP sea going ship regarding SOLAS regulations as the following.
(a) Portable fire extinguisher (5) (b) Non portable fire extinguisher (3)
(c) Fire hydrant, hose and nozzle (3) (d) Fixed Fire Fighting installation
system (5)
ww.7
(a) PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
For machinery space containing Internal Combustion Engine and oil fire
boiler.
• Portable fire extinguisher shall be approved type and design. It capacity
shall be not more than 13.5 ltrs and not less than 9 Ltrs.
• For every 746 KW , require one portable fire extinguisher suitable for oil
fire
9::: ; :.=>?
• Therefore ( = 5 Nos. ) at least required for the 5000 BHP
=>?
machinery space .
• 1 No. to be located at every entrance and not more than 10 mtr apart
between each and every extinguisher.
• In boiler room at least 2 portable foam extinguisher or equivalent to be
located.
• Near main switch board, at least one portable extinguisher suitable for
electric fire to be located.
• One set of portable foam applicator unit with spare cartridge for each
boiler room and machinery space.

(b) NON PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• Sufficient nos. of foam fire extinguisher at least 45 ltrs capacity or
equivalent enable to deliver any point of F.O & L.O pressure system and
other fire hazards.
• A 135 ltrs capacity of foam extinguisher or equivalent, enable to any part of
the boiler room.
• A receptacle containing at least 0.3 m3 of sand or other approved materials
and hand scoop.

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(c) FIRE HYDRANT, NOZZLE AND HOSE

• At least 2 fire hydrants with complete hose and nozzle, to be located with
container at port and starboard side each.
• Hose must be non-perishable material and sufficient length to reach any
part of machinery space.
• All nozzles shall be approved dual purpose type incorporating with a shut
off. Standard size of nozzle must be 12, 16 or 19 mm.

(d). FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATION

For machinery spaces whose total power is 746 KW and above, a fixed fire
fighting installation system must be provided with any one of the following .

FIRE MAIN SYSTEM – At least 2 fire pumps and one emergency fire pump.
CO2 FLOODING SYSTEM - Most suitable being of its fire extinguishing efficiency,
cleanliness and easy for application. The CO2 bottle to be installed are
calculated depend on required CO2 free volume.

For machinery space: Free volume of CO2 is required to give 40 % gross
volume of largest machinery space excluding part of the casing and 35 % if
including. Piping system could discharge 85 % of CO2 within 2 minutes.

HIGH EXPANSION FOAM SYSTEM- Mostly used on Tanker’ cargo space.
Sufficient to fill the space with a minimum rate of 1 meter in depth per minute.
The expansion ratio of foam shall not exceed 1000 : 1. The foam layer could not
be disturbed too easily to avoid re-ignition which may occur from the residual
of heat .

HIGH PRESSURE WATER MIST (HIGH FOG)- It is provided with approved type
spray nozzle, fitted above the High potential fire hazard places such as ME, GE
and Boiler. The water tank, high pressure pump and control system are
consisting in this system.


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23. Fire fighting appliances

(a) Enumerate the fire fighting appliances (5000 BHP) vessel
1. Portable fire extinguisher (3)
2. Fire hydrant hoses and nozzles (3)
3. Fixed installation (3)
4. Breathing apparatus (3)
b).Write short notes on inert gas generator. (4)
mmea.27
1. Portable fire extinguisher
1. The capacity of extinguisher shall be not more than 13.5 Ltrs and not less
than 9 Hrs. It must be approved type and design. One number to locate
at every entrance and not more than 10m apart between each and every
extinguisher.
2. In boiler room at least 2 portable foam extinguisher or equivalent to be
located. One set of portable foam applicator unit with spare cartridge
for each boiler room and machinery space.
3. Near main switch board, at least one portable extinguisher suitable for
electrical fire to be located.

2. Fire hydrants, horses and nozzle
1. At least 2 fire hydrants with complete hose and nozzle to be located with
container at P & S sides.
2. Hose must be nonperishable material and sufficient length to reach any
part of machinery space.
3. All nozzles shall be approved dual purpose type incorporating with a
shut off. Standard size 12, 16 or 19 mm.
3. Fixed installation
For machinery space whose total power is 746 kW and above, a fixed fire
fighting installation
system must be provide with any one of the following.
1. CO2 flooding system
2. High expansion foam system
3. Pressure water spraying system.

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CO2 flooding system

1. Bottle capacity 45 kg
2. Free volume of 0.5 m3/kg CO2
3. For cargo space free volume of CO2 is required does give 30% volume of
largest cargo space.
4. For machinery space free volume of CO2 is required to give 40% gross
volume of machinery space.
5. Piping system could discharge 80% of CO2 within 2 min
High expansion foam system
1. Sufficient to fill the space with a minimum rate of 1 mtr in depth per
min.
2. Expansion ratio of foam shall not exceed 1000:1
Pressure water spraying system
1. Approved type spray nozzle above the bilge well tank top and other
areas where oil fuel is liable to spread
2. Minimum spray effect of 5 ltrs per minutes
3. Automatic pressure maintain
4. Breathing Apparatus
1. At least 2 sets of BA and 2 fireman outfits.
2. One must be near navigation house and the other outside and adjacent
to the entrance of machinery space.
3. Self contain breathing apparatus of 1200 Ltr capacity for 30 min normal
functioning time, with warning whistle spare air bottle to be provided.
4. Smoke helmet or smoke mess provided with suitable air pump and
sufficient length of exceeding 36m air hose, to reach any part of
machinery space from clear door or open deck.
5. Each with fire proof life line attached to it’s belt by snap hook.


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b).Inert gas Generator

1. It consists of horizontally arranged brick lined furnace, cylindrically
shaped and surrounded by a water jacket. This connected to a vertical
cooling chamber in which water spray units and Lessing ring are fitted. A
water cooled diesel engine drives a fuel burning pump, a constant
volume air blower and an electric generator. The electric generator
supply the current to motor which in turns, drives the cooling water
pump, motor and pump usually situated at the foreword and of the
shaft tunnel.
2. The oil burner is lit by the high tension electrodes end oil pressure is
controlled by constant pressure regulator with control valve.
3. Control panel incorporates a CO2 recorder, water and oil fuel alarms and
pressure gauge. In the gas piping system leading from the combustion
chamber, condensate tropes and drains are fitted.
4. Inert gas is a mixture of 85% Nitrogen, 0.1% O2 14-15% CO2, remainder
und=burned hydrocarbons and oxide of Nitrogen 0.015%-0.1%
5. For tanker of 20000 DWT and above should be provided with inert gas
generator.


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24(a) Sketch an inert gas system provided on a tanker. (5)

(b) Explain a pressure vacuum valve. (4)
(c) Explain why are deck seals fitted on the system and how are they
arranged.(4)
(d) What safety devices fitted in inert gas system (3)
mmmc.11
(a) Inert gas system

b) Pressure / Vacuum Breaker Valve
- Each cargo tank is provided with a pressure / vacuum valve to prevent
either over or under pressure in the tanks.
- They are usually set the pressure about 0.14 bar, will lift the main valve and
release excess pressure.
- The vapour passes to atmosphere through a gauze flame trap.
- Drop in tank pressure compared with the outside atmosphere will make the
small valve open downwards to equalize internal pressure and outside.
- Pressure / Vacuum valves also permit the safe outflow of flammable
vapour.


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c) Deck Seals
- The inert gas leaving the engine room to deck passes through the deck
water seal which purpose is to prevent gases from passing back to the
engine room from the cargo tanks.
- Inlet pipe of inert gas is submerged into the water and discharge from top
of the Deck seal.
- So, it is acting as non-return valve.
- Deck seal water is always supplied by the deck seal pump and division plate
is ensure the water level in the tank.
- A demister is fitted on the outlet side, to filter some particles and water
droplet.
- Heating steam coil is provided at the bottom of tank for cold climate to
prevent freezing the water in the deck seal.

d) Safety devices fitted in inert gas system
- Deck seal is fitted on deck and it is acting as non-return valve.
- Another non-return is fitted at main supply line.
- Pressure/ vacuum breakers are fitted for each tank.
- O2 content High and High High alarms.
- IG outlet temperature High alarm.
- Deck main line pressure High/ low and Low Low alarms
- Deck seal water level low alarm and pressure Low alarm
- Scrubber water level high alarm.
- Cooing water pressure High/ Low alarm.
- IG blower motor failure alarm
- Combustion process alarm as follows:
- Flame failure
- Fuel oil pressure low
- Combustion air pressure low
- Emergency stop


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25. (a) Sketch the Inert Gas System & Why use the Inert Gas System
onboard?(12)
(b) Define function of 1. Scrubber, 2. Deck Water Seal 3. Pressure
Vaccum Valve (4)
ww.33
(a)

Inert gas system means an inert gas plant and inert gas distribution system
together with means for preventing backflow of cargo gases to the machinery
spaces, fixed and portable measuring instruments and control devices.
Inert gas
It consists mainly of :
Oxygen 0 ~ 1 %
Carbon dioxide 14 ~ 15 %
Nitrogen 85 %
The method of production consist either burning diesel oil in a special air cooled
generator, or of washing and cooling waste boiler flue gases.

Ge

Inert gas is used only in fixed installation and needs large bore piping. It function
is essentially fire preventive by providing an inert atmosphere in the
neighborhood of cargo, that constitute a high fire risk, so that they can be
loaded, transported and unloaded under a blanket of inert gas.

During passage a slight pressure of inert gas (about 75 milli bar) is maintained
above the cargo. After the discharge of cargo and prior to tank washing, the tank
can be purged with inert gas. The oxygen content of the gas emitted is measured
during purging and it should be less than 5% by volume. Inert gas system is
mostly use in tanker.

(b)Scrubber
The purpose of scrubber is to cool the flue gas and remove most of the sulphur
dioxide and particulate soot.

Deck water seal
The deck water seal is fitted which permits inert gas to the delivered to the deck
main but prevents any back flow of cargo gas even when the inert gas plant is
shut down.

Pressure/Vacuum breaker (valve)
One or more liquid filled pressure/vacuum breakers should be fitted to prevent
excessive pressure or vacuum of the deck main and cargo tanks.


Ge
26. (a)Sketch an oxygen meter suitable for checking the atmosphere within the
enclosed space.(6)
(b)Explain the operation of the above meter. (6)
(c)Explain why indication of satisfactorily oxygen content does not
necessarily mean that it is safe to enter a space. (4)
mmmc.18 ww.21

(a) Oxygen analyzer

(b)
- Two nitrogen filled spheres are fixed at the ends of a cell forming a
dumb-bell supported on a torsion bar suspension.

- The whole cell operates inside a strong variable magnetic field.

- At first the spheres are (repelled) moved away from the strongest part
of magnetic field because the nitrogen is diamagnetic.


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- Then the spheres are balanced by the torsion of the suspension.

- The oxygen is paramagnetic and when the oxygen content changes,
magnetic field alters and the dumb-bell takes up a new position.

- The position of the dumb-bell is sensed by twin photocells receiving light
reflected from a mirror on the suspension.

- The output of the photo-cell is amplified and fed back to a coil wound on the
dumb-bell.

- So that the new position of dumb-bell due to oxygen in the sample is
balanced by a restoring torque which is generated by the feedback current.

- The restoring current is proportional to Oxygen percentage of the sample
which can be read from the meter.

(c) Safe to enter a space Oxygen content satisfactory

- Oxygen deficient atmosphere the potential hazard causing death or serious
physical harm.

- "Oxygen deficient atmosphere" means less than 19.5% and oxygen
enriched atmosphere" means 23.5% oxygen by volume.

- But oxygen enriched atmosphere still potential hazard if other gas
containing such as flammable gases, toxic gas, carbon monoxide and
hydrogen sulfide.

- "Permit-required confined space (permit space)" means a confined space
for proper checking of potential hazard gases, oxygen, well ventilation and
safety measure is required.

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27. (a) Sketch an explosimeter based on the function of Wheat stone

bridge.(6)
(b) Explain the operation of the above meter. (6)
(c) Describe about LEL and UEL. (4)
ww.43
(a)
f

(b) Explosimeter - This type of meter is based on the function of Wheat stone
bridge, calculating an unknown resistance value by using three known resistance
values.

1. The graduations on the .scale of the meter are in % of the Lower Explosive
Limit (LEL).

2. The deflection of the meter pointer between 0 and 100 shows
concentration of gas for explosion.

3. Set zero on the meter - squeezing the aspirator bulb for 5 to 6 times in
fresh air and adjust zero deflection.

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4. Then the gas sample allowed to burn in the chamber.

5. Combustion Chamber has Detector Filament.

6. Combustible gases are burnt on the resistor and increase the
temperature.

7. So increases its resistance and unbalancing the electric circuit.

8. Result deflection of meter gives % reading of combustible gas in the
sample under test.

9. If needle deflected to extreme right-hand side of the scale & remains, it
is explosive.

10.If needle swings rapidly across the scale and return below zero, it is said
to be above UEL.

(c) Lower Explosive Limit (LEL). ( Lower Flammable Limit LFL)

If too little gas concentration, it is too lean to ignite and it is defined as Lower
Explosive Limit (LEL).

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) (Upper Flammable Limit UFL)

If it is too rich gas concentration, it will be too rich to ignite and it is defined as
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

It is also defined as any amount of gas between the two limits of LEL and UEL is
explosive.


Ge
28.(a) What is Thermal Oil system, define the working temperature range of
the System and where are they used? (3)
(b) Sketch the thermal oil system with labeling major components.(8)
(c) Compare the Thermal fluid system and steam system. (5)
mmmc.43 ww.5
(a)
Thermal oil as a heat transfer medium, compared to conventional plants
using hot water or steam, offers the advantage that it can be heated nearly
without any pressure until reaching a temperature of 320 °C. With synthetic
oils, even temperatures up to 400 °C can be reached.
Thermal fluid systems on ships are used to supply heat for various kinds
of heat consumers like fuel oil tanks, separators and fuel heaters and to heat all
types of cargo such as oil products and chemicals.

(b)


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(c) CONVENTIONAL STEAM SYSTEM Vs THERMAL OIL SYSTEM
Steam Boiler Thermal Oil
1 Steam Boiler systems operate at Most thermal oil systems are
high temperature and pressure. At vented to atmosphere. More
300C for example, a saturated safer than steam boiler.
steam system needs to be at a
pressure of about 110 bar.
High pressure means costly and
requires specialist engineers.
2 Efficiency losses due to Thermal oil systems can be up to
condensation, flash loss, blowdown 30% more efficient then steam
and de aerator. systems
3 Steam systems are well known for Most synthetics oil used in
corrosion problems. thermal fluid system are non-
corrosive and provide the metal
surface protection as light
lubricating oils.
4 For environmental safety: the Thermal fluid systems require no
water in a steam system must be blowdown and are an entirely
treated with chemicals and these closed loop system.
are a considerable environmental
effects.
5 Maintenance cost of Steam Boiler Less maintenance jobs and cost
system is high.
6 Initial Cost low. Initial Cost high.

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29. (a) Explain with an aid of sketches on automatic boiler burning system.(10)
(b) Discuss any two methods of fuel oil atomizer used boiler burner .(4)
(c) What are the safety features that are incorporated within the automatic
combustion control?(2)
ww.10
(a)
When steam pressure drops to preset lower limit the automatic boiler
control system is activated.
On starting the required pre-purging is activated and the recirculation
solenoid circulates the fuel through the heater until the right temperature is
reached.
After purging is completed, the recirculation solenoid switches over to
normal operation and at the same time, the hi/lo flame solenoid switches over
to put the low flame spill line into operation and ignition is started.
Once the flame is established the hi/lo flame pressure switch operates the
hi/lo flame solenoid to change over between high and low flame spill line as
pressure varies.
When the desired steam pressure is reached, the combustion process is
terminated by shutting fuel to the burner.


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(b)
1. Steam blast jet burner
The steam flow along the central passage and expanded through a
convergent divergent nozzle.
Pressure energy is converted to high velocity jet. The oil sprayed into the
jet is atomized by this steam.
The exit ports are arranged tangentially to get swirling action. The oil
through put is controlled by oil supply pressure.
The range of oil pressure is between 1.4 bar to 20 bar. The range of steam
pressure is between 1.4 bar to 15 bar. The turn down ratio is about 20:1.

2. Rotating cup burner
The oil flows to the inner surface of the cup through the hollow end of
the spindle.
This taper cup is rotated at high speed by means of an electric motor. The
oil gets rotating energy and is atomized.
The oil throughput is controlled by regulating valve at supply line. The turn
down ratio is about 10:1

(c) Safety devices
Alarm
Low and high water level, low steam pressure
Burner stopped and give alarm
Flame failure, draught fan failure, very low water level, very high water level,
high steam pressure, low fuel pressure, Air fuel ratio, Low and high fuel
temperature, High flue gas temperature.
***Abstracted from Singapore Poly Notes & Marine Boiler (GTH Flanagan)
35. With respect to auxiliary boiler
(a)Sketch and describe the combustion control system of an auxiliary
boiler.(6)
(b)What are the safety devices provided in above system? (6)
(c)What is the meant by boiler burner turn down ratio? (4)
mmmc.35

Ge
(a) Safety Devices
Flame failure alarm: cutout fuel oil to burner.
Low and high water level alarm: to ensure correct water level at all time.
Steam pressure alarm: to maintain working steam pressure

Fuel temperature: to keep proper combustion
Fuel pressure: to ensure atomisation
Smoke density: to prevent air pollution
Air fuel ratio: to keeps the correct ratio
Force draught fan failure: to ensure air supply/ prevent back fire.
Very low water level: to prevent overheated
Very high water level: to avoid forming and carryover.
High flue gas temperature: to avoid uptake overheat.
(c) Boiler Burner Turn Down Ratio

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑇𝐷𝑅 : 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
=
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

- The turndown ratio of T.D.R of a burner indicates flexibility of the burner
to cope up with variations of boiler without losing efficiency of
atomization.
- The ratio of the maximum to minimum oil throughput of the burner is
known as the turn down ratio of the burner.
- In the case of pressure jet burners this can be stated in terms of the square
root of the ratio of the maximum to minimum oil supply pressures.


Ge
30.(a) What is boiler burners’ turn down ratio? (2)

(b) How many types of boiler burner used in marine boilers? (4)
(c) Explain about one type of boiler burner with aids of sketches. (10)
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(a) BOILER Burner Turn Down Ratio

𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
Turndown ratio (TDR): of a burner =
𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭

The turndown ratio or T.D.R of a burner indicates flexibility of the burner
to cope up with variations of boiler load without losing efficiency of atomization
efficiency.
The ratio of the maximum to minimum oil throughput of the burner is
known as the turn down ratio of the burner.
In the case of pressure jet burners this can be stated in terms of the
square root of the ratio of the maximum to minimum oil supply pressures.

(b) Types of Boiler Burners

(1) Simple Pressure Jets.
(2) Spill-type Pressure Jets.
(3) Variable-orifice-type Pressure Jets.
(4) Spinning-cup atomizers. (Rotary Cup Burner)
(5) Steam-assisted Pressure Jets. (Steam Blast Jet Burner)

(c) Steam Blast Jet Burner


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Fig. shows in diagrammatic form the general arrangement of a steam

blast jet burner of the widely used Y-jet type.
These atomize the oil by spraying it into the path of a high velocity jet
of steam. Compressed air is therefore seldom used, except when lighting up
from cold.
The steam flow along the central passage and expanded through a
convergent divergent nozzle.
Pressure energy is converted to high velocity jet. The oil sprayed into the
jet is atomized by this steam.
The exit ports are arranged tangentially to get swirling action. The oil
through put is controlled by oil supply pressure.
The range of oil pressure is between 1.4 bar to 20 bar. The range of steam
pressure is between 1.4 bar to 15 bar. The turn down ratio is about 20:1. It has
large turn-down ratio.


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31. When a steam boiler water tube is started leaking,

(a) How do you know? (3)
(b) How will you check the leaking source? (4)
(c) What are the possible leakage sources and causes? (5)
(d) How will you repair the leaked tube? (4)
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(a) How to know (ဘယ္လိုသိႏိုင္မလဲ)
1. Boiler feed pump will be continuous running. (feed pump ဆက္တိုက္လည္မယ္)

2. Excessive feed water consumption from cascade tank or feed water tank.
(cascade tank မွာ ေရေပးႏ,ႈန္း သာမန္ထက္ပိုေပးေနရမယ္)

3. If the large amount of leakage, boiler water level will be low, steam
pressure will be drop and continuous firing of boiler.
(အၾကီးစားယိုစိမ့္မ,ႈဆို boiler water level က်မယ္ steam pressure က်မယ္ boiler
မီးဆက္တိုက္ထိုးမယ္)

4. Some water comes out from furnace cover. (ေရအခ်ိဳ႕ boiler furnace cover
ကေန ထြက္မယ္)

5. White smoke escaping from boiler uptake. (boiler uptake ကေန
မီးခိုးျဖဴေရာင္ေတြထြက္မယ္)
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(b) Check procedure

Risk assessments should be done and Enclosed space entry instruction must be
followed.

For water tube boiler (Z boiler):

-Stop the firing and open up the combustion chamber (မီးထိုးတာရပ္၊comb:
chamber ဖြင)့္

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-leakage can see easily and for individually boiler water tube (fill up the boiler
water level to full). (ေရကိုအျပည့္ျဖည့္ ဘယ္ပိုက္ကေနယို လဲ လြယ္ကူစြာျမင္ႏိုင္ၿပီ)

-If necessary, pressure test should be done. (လိုအပ္ရင္ pressure test လုပ္မယ္)

For smoke tube boiler:
-By opening the smoke side drain valve, if water will come out we can know
that the boiler tube is leaking. (smoke side drain valve ကိုဖြင ့္ ေရထြက္ရင္
ပိုက္ေပါက္ေနၿပီ)
-After open up the fireside cover and fill up the boiler water level until all
smoke tubes are flooded, we can easily to check which one is leaking
ligaments. (somke tube နစ္တဲ့ထိေရျဖည့္ fire side ကိုဖြင ့္ ပိုက္ေတြစြတ္ထားတဲ့
အျပားရဲ႕ပိုက္တစ္ခုနဲ႔တစ္ခုၾကားေနရာေတြ ကြဲျ႔ပီး ယိုမယိုဲ သိႏိုင္ၿပီ)

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(c) Possible leakage Sources & Causes
The possible sources of the entry of water may be considered at
1. The leakage tubes. ပိုက္ေပါက္
2. Distorted furnace crown plate.
3. Furnace shell plate opposite of the burner opening due flame
impingement.
4. The lower section plate of furnace due damage brick-works.
The possible causes of leakage
1. External wastage due to waterside corrosion and pitting. Corroded tube
is due to always using with bad quality feed water, giving rise to heavy
scaling and corrosion.
(ေရရွိတဲ့အျခမ္းမွတိုက္စားမ,ႈ ေက်ာက္ေပါက္မာလိုအခ်ိဳင့္ေတြ ေၾကာင့္ အျပင္ဘက္ျခမ္းကို
ပ်က္စီးမ,ႈျဖစ္ေစတယ္။ ျဖည့္တဲ့ေရမေကာင္းရင္ ဂ်ိဳးကပ္တာ စားတာ ေတြပိုမ်ားေစတယ္)

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2. Unequal thermal expansion between tube and tube plate due to local
overheating problem. Overheating could be due to low water condition,
heavy scale, oily deposits or forcing of the boiler. ( ေရနဲတာ၊
အညစ္ေၾကးဂ်ိဳးေတြမ်ားတာ၊ ဆီေတြကပ္တင္ေနတာ၊ တရားလြန ္ အၾကာႀကီးမီးထိုးတာေတြကေန local
overhating ျဖစ္ျခင္းေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္တယ္)

3. Deformation or panting tube plate under pressure would have the
overheating effect that tube fail at the tube end of the tube plate.
(အပူလြန္ကဲျခင္းေၾကာင္ ့ ပိုက္အဆုံးပိုင္းေတြ ပုံစံပ်က္ၿပီး ပိုက္ေတြ၀င္ထားတဲ ့ plate ေတြပုံပ်က္)

4. Wastage of the ligaments, which is the portion of the plate between the
tube holes, may be cause by using wet steam for soot blowing. (wet
steam နဲ႔ soot blow လုပ္တာေတြက ပိုက္အေပါက္ေတြၾကားက plate အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြက ို
ပ်က္စီးမ,ႈျဖစ္ေစ)

(d).Repair leaked tube
Confirm and identify the leaking water tube. (Ref: MIURA Z Boiler)

1. When the leaking tube is confirmed, remove castable until its swaged
section is exposed so that the stopper can be welded. (tube
ေပါက္တာေသခ်ာၿပီဆ ို ပိုက္ရဲ႕ swage အ၀အက်ဥ္းကနဲၿပီး အဲ့ကန က်ယ္သြားတဲ ့
္ ပိုင္းေပၚ,လာသည္အထိ အုပ္ထားတဲ ့ ဘိလပ္ေျမေတြကဖ
ပိုကအ ို ယ္မယ္။stopper ကိ ု weld
လုပ္ႏိုင္ဖ)ို႔

2. Cut off one side of the leaking tube by gas.
(ပိုက္ရဲ႕အကာေတြဖယ္လိုက္တဲ့ဘက္ပိုက္သားျဖတ္ထုတ္ပစ္မယ္။)

3. Insert the stoppers upward and downward through the cut-off section
and seal them all around by welding. (stopper ကိ ု အေပၚ,ေအာက္ထည့္ၿပီး
ဂေဟေဆာ္မယ္။)

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4. Fit anchors on the inside face of the water tube and apply castable .
(ေက်ာက္ဆူးလို ျမႇားေခါင္းထိပ္ပုံစံလ ို ဟာေတြနဲ ႔ ပိုက္အတြင္းမ်က္ႏွာျပင္က ို တပ္မယ္..ၿပီးရင္…
ဘိလပ္ေျမအုပ္မယ္ သေဘာကေတာ့ ဘိလပ္ေျမသား တြဲေအာင္ခိုင္ေအာင္)

5. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions. (ထုတ္လုပ္သူရဲ႕ စာအၫႊန္းကိ ု
လိုက္နာျပဳလုပ္ရမယ္)

This method is only for temporary damage control and so the water tube must
be replaced as soon as possible. ( ယာယီျပဳျပင္ထိန္းသိမ္းမ,ႈပဲျဖစ္တယ္…
အျမန္ဆုံးအသစ္လဲရမယ္)
MMMC12. When a steam boiler water tube is started leaking,

(a) How do you know? (3)
(b) How will you check the leaking source? (4)
(c) Discuss the possible cause of leakage? (3)
(d) How will you repair and prepare to proceeds the rest of journey? (6)
MMMEA33. While the boiler is operating, tube is started leaking win the
furnace. (a) How do you know and discuss the possible causes of leakage (4)
(b) Possible source of water leakage and how to check the leakage (4)
(c) What are the remedies available, how will you repair to proceed the rest of
journey. (4)
(d) If the case is happening in port, how will you decide whether you can fix
with ship crew or labor only can available. (4)

d). Decision to repair in port
If the problem is happened in port and having enough time and spares, it
should be repaired permanently by renewal of leaking tube with ship crew or
available labor.
After cool down, inspection of leakage and opening up for the renewal of
tubes.


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32. (a) Enumerate the boiler mounting fitted to a low pressure boiler (4)
(b) State the purpose of each fitting. (8)
(c) State how satisfactory operation of the boiler at all time is ensured (4)
ww.31
(a) & (b)

Air vent cock

It is fitted to release air when filling water or initially rising steam and to prevent
vacuum condition when completely emptying the boiler. It is fitted at the
highest point of the boiler.

Feed check valve (Two number)

These are fitted to give final control over the entry of feed water into the boiler.
They are non-return valves. One is main valve and the other is auxiliary.

Safety valve

They are fitted to protect the boiler over pressure. They open automatically at
the preset blow off pressure. Two safety valves are fitted on the single chest.

Salinometer cock

It is fitted to take sample water from the boiler. Sample water is tested and to
determine the condition of boiler water.

Scum valve

It is fitted to remove oil or scum and impurities from the water surface of the
boiler.


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Blow down valve

It is fitted to remove the scale and other impurities from the bottom of the
boiler. Completely empty the boiler by means of this valve when necessary.

Pressure gauge

It is fitted to show the boiler steam pressure. There are two red lines on the dial.
Lower line is normal working pressure and upper line is maximum permissible
pressure.

Main steam stop vale

It is fitted to supply the steam for general use. It is fitted at the highest point of
the boiler. It is non-return valve or screw lift screw down valve.

Man hole door

They are fitted for human access into the boiler for inspection and repair.

Water level gauge

They are fitted to know the boiler water level. They are fitted at either side of
the boiler (usually port and starboard). They have steam, water and drain cock

(c)Maintenance

Gauge glass blow down (daily)

To know the correct water level in boiler and to clear steam line, water line and
drain line of gauge glass.
Function of gauge glass should be checked daily.


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Scum and bottom blow down

To remove some oil, deposits impurity in boiler water. Scum blow down carried
out to remove floating impurities from boiler. Bottom blow down carried out to
remove other impurities from boiler especially when sea water leakage in boiler
water. Function of scum and bottom blow down valves should be checked every
week to avoid jamming.

Boiler water test and treatment (daily)

To know the boiler water conditions and maintain at satisfactory condition. To
prevent scale formation, sludge formation and corrosion. It should be done daily
and treat the chemicals as necessary. Boiler Feed pumps & Circulation pumps
also maintained in good working order.

Safety Valve Easy Gear

Safety valve easy gear should be tested according to the maker instruction.

Fuel system

Burners, Filter, Air Register must be maintained in good conditions.
Maintenance Should be done according to the maker instructions.
All boiler mounting must be maintained in good working order at all time.


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33. (a) Referring to a spring loaded- boiler safety valve, explain what is meant
by accumulation pressure test?(4)
(b) State the purpose of each boiler mountings fitting (8)
(c) State how satisfactory operation of the boiler at all time is ensured(4)
MMMC.9 mounting ကို ဒီဟာကိုအဓိကထားၾကည MMEA.21 ww.ab and mmmc .c့္
(a) Accumulation pressure
- The pressure in the boiler is liable to rise, even after the safety valves
have lifted, due to the increased spring load, caused by the increased
compression.
- This rise is known as "Accumulation of pressure".
- It is the one objectionable feature of the spring-loaded type of valve, but
with the improvement in valve design, its disadvantage has been
overcome.
- It is a well known fact that the more a spring is compressed, the greater
must be the applied load.
- The maximum accumulation of pressure allowed is 10% of the working
pressure. At the time of the Safety valve test, the test for accumulation
of pressure is also generally carried out.

(b) Air vent cock
It is fitted to release air when filling water or initially rising steam and to
prevent vacuum condition when completely emptying the boiler. It is fitted
at the highest point of the boiler.
Feed check valve (Two number)
These are fitted to give final control over the entry of feed water into the
boiler. They are non-return valves. One is main valve and the other is
auxiliary.
Safety valve
They are fitted to protect the boiler over pressure. They open automatically
at the preset blow off pressure. They are fitted on the single chest.
Salinometer cock
It is fitted to take sample water from the boiler which is chemically tested and to
determine the condition of boiler water.

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Scum valve
It is fitted to remove oil or scum and impurities from the water surface of the
boiler.
Blow down valve
It is fitted to reduce the density and to remove the scale and other impurities
from the bottom of the boiler. It is fitted to make completely empty the boiler.
Pressure gauge
It is fitted to show the boiler steam pressure. There are two red lines on the dial.
Lower line is normal working pressure and upper line is maximum permissible
pressure.
Main steam stop vale
It is fitted to supply the steam for general use. It is fitted at the highest point of the
boiler. It is non-return valve or screw lift screw down valve.
Man hole door
They are fitted for human access into the boiler for inspection and repair.
Water level gauge
They are fitted to know the boiler water level. They are fitted at either side of
the boiler . They have steam, water and drain cock to get satisfactory operation
of the boiler at all time.
(c)
Gauge glass blow down (daily)
To know the correct water level in boiler and to clear steam line, water line and
drain line of gauge glass.
Scum and bottom blow down
To remove some oil, deposits impurity in boiler water to reduce density
Boiler water test and treatment (daily)
To know the residual treatment chemical and contaminants in boiler water.
To prevent scale formation, sludge formation and corrosion.
All boiler mounting must be maintained in good working order at all time.


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34. (a) Enumerate the boiler water level indicating methods (4)
(b) Sketch and describe the Igema boiler water level gauge (12)
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(a) BOILER Level Indicators

1. Sight Glass/ Gauge Glass
2. Igema Level Gauge Glass
3. Conductive Level detectors
4. Capacitive level detectors
5. Mobray Float Level

(b)Boiler Remote Water Level Indicator (Igema)


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There are various types of remote water level indications. The purpose is
to bring the water level reading to some convenient position in the engine or
boiler room where it can be distinctly seen.
These indicators when fitted are normally in addition to the normal
statutory requirements for water gauge fittings fro boilers.
The above sketch is a “Igema” remote water level indicator. It consists of
a U-tube, filled with a coloured indicating liquid, whose density is greater than
that of water and it does not mix with water, having connections to the steam
and water spaces of boiler.
The gauge will have some forms of lighting to see clearly. An illuminated
strip behind the gauge increases the brightness, and improve readability.
The upper limb is connected to the steam space through a condenser and
weir. This provides a constant head of water to one side. The other side is
subjected to a variable head of water depending on the actual water level in the
boiler.
For equilibrium, the forces acting on either side must be equal. Thus in
the left hand side, the constant head of water up to the condenser Weir, plus
the head of the in igema fluid must equal the head due to the Igema fluid and
the varying water level of the boiler in the right hand side.
H = h + ρx
ρ = density of indicating fluid
As the level of water in the boiler rises, the head of the right hand side
(h) increases and forces some of the Igema fluid, from the reservoir, into the left
hand side, (‘x’ & ‘H’ will be reduced) increasing the height of the fluid in the
gauge.
This is turn displaces some of the water from the Weir, which over-flows
back to the boiler.
When boiler water level falls, ‘h’ will reduced, ‘x’ & ‘H’ will be increased.
The level of water in the condenser reservoir being maintained by condensing
steam.

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35. Reference on boiler

(a) What are the causes of overheating and how can remedy to it. (4)
(b) Explain boiler internal corrosion (6)
(c) How to check and correction failure of furnace distortion and
buckling. (6)
MMEA.14

(a) Overheating

Causes Remedy
1. High degree of scale formation -proper boiler water treatment &
dosage
2. High degree of oil and mud formation -regular cleaning in furnace & heat
exchanger tubes
3. High degree of sludge formation -regular top & bottom blow down
of boiler water.
4. Poor water circulation -correct feed rate of circulating
5. Water shortage -maintain the suitable boiler water
level
6. Local overheating -good watch keeping
7. Faulty combustion -correct fuel air ratio, maintain proper burning
8. Incorrect raising of steam -good watch keeping
9. Direct flame impingement resulting
in deformation or a local bulging
opposite the burner opening -maintain proper operation of burner.

Over heating is always cause by the presence of some “Insulating medium”
between the furnace and the surrounding water.


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(b) Boiler internal corrosion

Corrosions are as follow:
1. Hydrogen attack: Hydrogen irons are generated by concentration of acid
under a hard dense deposit. It can penetrate the grain boundary of tube
metal.
2. Caustic cracking corrosion (Caustic embattlement): It’s a form of inter-
crystalline cracking when high concentration of caustic soda or NaOH water
come in contact with steel under stress in temperature.
3. Corrosion fatigue: It causes irregular water circulation through in high
temperature reign, induce alternating stress set up, resulting series of fine
crack.
4. Gaseous corrosion: Oxygen (React with ferrous metal surface to form red
iron oxide F2O3 result in pitting corrosion) CO2 (React with water to
form carbonic acid, which reduce the Ph of the water and accelerate
corrosion) Ammonia (Attack the copper base alloy in the present of oxygen)
5. Electro-chemical action: Due to various parts of the boiler structure being at
different electric potential, result is wastage of the metal at the anode, and
the liberation of hydrogen at the cathodic surface.
Therefore that the boiler water must be keep in high pH value, above 9.5,
denoting an alkaline condition, and that dissolved oxygen is eliminated either
by chemical treatment or by mechanical de-aeration.
6. Another type of corrosion known as Oxygen Absorption or pitting corrosion
which can take place when the metal surface is in contact with water having
pH 6~10 and containing dissolved Oxygen.
In many cases zinc slaps are employed but the cost is heavy items.


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(c) Furnace Distortion

Checks
1. To sight along the corrugations with a torch from inside the combustion
chamber.
2. To take a lath inside the boiler and lay it alone the corrugation at four points.
3. Furnace gauging.
Corrections
1. Heating can often rectify local bulging and pushing back into original
shape (jacking back) if the material is good and the internal surface are
not severely corroded. Then cracks test must be followed.
2. Defective portion could be cut out completely and a new piece (patch)
welded into place.
3. When the deformation is acute the only remedy is renewal.
4. No doubling plate for this kind of repair.
5. Temporary repair of weakens furnace being by pressing back the
deformation and by welding plate stiffeners circumferentially around the
furnace on the waterside.


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36. (a) What are the causes of boiler water contamination? (4)
(b) State the defects normally found the boiler parts due to boiler water
contamination. (4)
(c) Explain the test and action to prevent boiler water contamination. (8)
mmea.38
a). causes of boiler water contamination
Boiler water is originally contaminate with many mineral salts and gases in the
form of dissolved solid, suspended solid and dissolved gases.
It is caused by
For oil contamination – caused by
1. Leaking in fuel oil heater
2. Leaking fuel tank heating coils
3. Over lubrication of steam machinery
Leaking oil come along with condensate return to observation tank which is
provided to true the oil.
For water contamination – caused by
1. Original content of chloride in feed water
2. Condenser leakage
3. Feed water tank leakage
4. Evaporator carry over from F.W.G
5. Shore supply fresh water.

(b) The defects normally found in the boiler parts due to boiler water
contamination.
Acts of oil contamination are: Promote foaming and priming.
Foam layer acid: Caused insulating layer on heating surface.
It converts to acid and directly attack boiler metal.

Effects of S.W contamination are:
1. Corrosion and acid attack
2. Scale and sludge formation
3. Jump in chloride level
4. Drop in alkaline level

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(c). Test and prevention

Oil contamination can be checked visually in the observation tank, when oil
contamination occurs:
1. Reduce boiler load and render surface blow down.
2. Treatment by Epsom salt.
3. Filter at observation tank.
4. Shut down and boil out if heavy contamination.
5. Rectify leakage and pressure test.
Prevention to oil contamination are:
1. Always check condensate drain and observation tank.
2. Before steam usage, drain condensates.
3. Gradually heating up to F.O line and tank.
4. Avoid water hammer and tube damage.
Sea water contamination in feed water can be tested by testing and chemical
titration method. When sea water contaminated,
1. Blow down frequently
2. Reduced boiler load to minimum
3. Introduce extra anti foam chemical
4. Shut down and wash out if highly contaminated
Prevention to sea water contaminations are:
1. Fit zinc anodes in the condenser
2. Regular tests of boiler water and feed water.
3. Regular maintenance of condenser.
4. As low as possible for condenser S.W cooling.


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37. (a) State the situations when need to check shaft alignment? (4)
(b) How many methods of checking shaft alignment? (4)
(c) How to carry out optical sighting methods? (4)
(d) Explain about Jack up method? (4)
ww.20 mmmc.27

(a) Situation when need to check shaft alignment

(1) Bearings have persistently been running hot.

(2) Bearings have wiped.

(3) After bearing repair and or replacement.

(3) Major vibration problems in shafting.

(5) Damage to shafting due to collision, grounding.

(6) After replacement of stern tube.

(b) Methods of checking shaft alignment

(1) OPTICAL SIGHTING
(2) PIANO WIRE
(3) ‘GAP’ and ‘SAG’ Method
(4) JACK UP Method.


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(c) Optical Sighting Methods

A first method uses optical sighting or laser equipment to establish a reference
line for the shafting.

Very often this reference line is projected off a gear or engine flange and the
stern tube bored relative to this line.

Pin hole lamp is mounted on the forward coupling.

Sighting boards are positioned at each coupling by viewing along the line of the
shafting.

The boards are adjusted vertically and horizontally until all the holes are in line.
Measurements are taken from the holes to each coupling flange.

Laser beam of optical telescopes can be used for better accuracy.

These methods are usually used when the new ship shaft alignment is
checking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) Jack up method

This method serves to check the bearing reactions after coupling the shafting.

Hydraulic jacks are placed as close as possible to a bearing.

The load is slowly transferred from the bearing to the jack as the latter is raised.

A plot made of the jack load versus the shaft deflection permits determination
of the actual bearing load.

Ge

When the shaft is clear of the bearing, the plotted curve will show a distinct
change in slope.

A similar curve - corresponding reactions load will be lower, is plotted when
lowering the shaft.

The actual jack load taken as the average between the two curves.

The bearing reaction is taken as the point where the extrapolated line crosses
the load axis on the graph.

In theoretically, jacking at only one angular position can check bearing loads.

In generally practice, jacking four angular positions can be detected by load
variation for any bends in the shaft.

After ship grounding and suspect the shaft is bent, this method is used.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(* Fig is not essential, to get clear understand to the candidates.)

Ge
38. (a) How to fit and withdrawal of Pilgrim propeller nut with aids of
sketches? (10)
(b) What are the advantages of Pilgrim propeller compare to conventional
type? (6)
mmea.2 mmmc.14 ww.28

(a)
Fig. Pilgrim Propeller Nut
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The pilgrim nut is patented device which provides a predetermined friction

grip between the propeller and its shaft.

A typical value of coefficient of friction is 0.12 but depend on the
classification societies.


Ge
With this arrangement the engine torque may be transmitted without

loading the key, where it is fitted.

The pilgrim nut is a threaded hydraulic jack.

• The nut is screw onto the shaft.

• A steel ring receiving thrust from hydraulically pressurized nitrile rubber
tyre.

• This thrust force of the propeller is applied on to the tapered tail shaft.

When the propeller is to be removed,

• the nut is taken off the shaft end and reversed that the loading ring is facing
outwards.

• Then screw back it onto the shaft with leaving some clearances between
it and the propeller.

• Studs are screwed into the aft face of the propeller boss and withdrawal
plate is fitted over the studs.

• Nuts are fitted on the studs so that the plate contacts the propeller nut
and loading ring.

• When pressure of hydraulic is put on the loading ring, the propeller is pull
off from the taper end of the shaft.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ge

(b) Advantages of this type of propeller compare to conventional type

The stress raisers associated with the shaft key way do not exist.

1. The shaft is stronger and has greater resistance to fatigue failure than
conventional type.

2. The friction between the surfaces of the propeller and shaft is more even
and sufficient than conventional type.

3. The CI sleeve has a similar thermal expansion to the steel shaft. So it
reduces the slackness in the hot water.

4. Fitting at sub-zero temperatures also gives no problem.

5. The nut can be used to remove the propeller. No special hydraulic
special tool is required.

Ge
40. (a) Sketch and describe the coupling which is essential withdraw propeller
shaft from aft (6)
(b) Explain fitting and removal procedure. (6)
(c) What are the advantages of muff coupling? (2)
(d) Where they are used onboard? (2)
mmea.23 ww.19
(a)

a. Muff coupling (SKF Coupling)
ပုံၾကည့္ျပန္ေရး sleeves ႏွစ္ခုရွိ အတြင္းအျပင္ ၿပီးေတာ့ nut & sealing ring

-The SKF coupling consists basically of two steel sleeves.

-The thin inner sleeve has a bore slightly larger than the shaft diameter.

-Its outer surface is tapered to match the taper on the bore of the outer sleeve.

-The nut and sealing ring close the annular space at the end of the sleeves.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ge

b.
• When the coupling is in position, the outer sleeve is hydraulically driven on
to the tapered inner sleeve. (driving oil ကေန outer sleeve ကိ ု
အနားတစ္ဘက္ေစာင္းထားတဲ ့ inner sleeve ေပၚ, တြန္းတင္ေပး)

• At the same time, oil is injected two for the forced lubrication by hand pumps
between the contact surfaces to separate them for overcoming the friction
between them. (အဲလိုဆီနဲ႔တြန္းတင္ေနခ်ိန္မွာပဲ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ႏွစ္ခုပြတ္တိုက္မ,ႈကိုေလ်ာ့ခ်ဖို႔အတြက ္
force lubrication အေပါက္ကေန ဆီကိုသြင္းေပးထားမယ္) (အဲဆီက ို လက္႐ိုက္ပန္ ႔ နဲ႔ ေပးတယ္)

• Another hand or power pump for the driving oil pressure. (အျပင္အကာကိ ု
အတြင္းအကာေပၚ,တြန္းတင္မယ့္ဆီက ို လဲ လက္႐ိုက္ပန္ ႔ သိ ု႔ ပါဝါပန္႔နဲ႔သုံးမယ္)

• When the outer sleeve has been driven on to a predetermined position, the
forced lubrication pressure is released and drained and normal friction is
restored between the sleeves. (တြန္းတင္တာသတ္မွတ္တဲ့ေနရာေရာက္ၿပီဆ ို forced
lubrication ရပ္ၿပီး ဆီေတြျပန္ေဖာက္ထုတ္မယ္)

• Drive oil pressure is maintained in the hydraulic space by mean of sealing
ring between the sleeve and the nut. (တြန္းတင္ထားတဲ ့ ဆီ drive oil ကိ ု
ဖိအားတစ္ခုအေနနဲ ႔ ဆက္ထိန္းထားမယ္ )

• After disconnecting hoses, plugs are fitted and applied protection
arrangement for exposed seating. (ဆီပိုက္ေတြျဖဳတ္ၿပီးၿပီးရင္ ၄င္းအထိုင္မ်ားကိ ု
ပလပ္ပိတ္မယ္ အဖုံးအကာအကြယ္မဲ့ေသာ အထိုင္မ်ားကိ ု အကာအကြယ္အစီအမံမ်ားလုပ္ေပးရမယ္။)

• Most maker recommends by measuring the diameter of the outer sleeve
before and after tightening. Some maker recommends reaching specified
travel of outer sleeve. Check by following concerned maker instruction’s
specification. (ထုတ္လုပ္သူရဲ႕ ၫႊန္ၾကားခ်က္တိုင္းလိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္ရမယ္ အမ်ားစုက

Ge
အျပင္ကာဗာရဲ႕ အခ်င္းနဲ ႔ တိုင္းတာၿပီး တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ကေတာ့ အျပင္ကာဗာ ေရြ႕သြားတဲ့အတိုင္းအတာနဲ ႔

ဆုံးျဖတ္တိုင္းတာတယ္။)

• To disconnect the coupling, oil is forced from two point of force lubrication
between the sleeves. And then, the outer sleeve slides off the inner with a
rate controlled by releasing the drive hydraulic oil pressure. ( coupling ကိုျဖဳတ္တဲ ့
အခါ force lubrication ကေန sleeve ႏွစ္ခုၾကားကိ ု ဆီက ို အားတစ္ခုနဲ႔ ေပးမယ္..ၿပီးရင္ hydraulic driving
oil ဖိအားကိ ု လိုသလိုထိန္းေလ်ာ့ၿပီး အျပင္အကာကိ ု အတြင္းအကာမွ ေလ်ွာခ်ၿပီးထုတ္မယ္)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c. Advantages

1. enable to withdraw the propeller shaft to the outboard.
(အျပင္သို႔ဆြဲထုတ္ႏိုင္)

2. fitting of coupling is easy and time reduced. (တပ္ဆင္ရလြယ္၊
အခ်ိန္ကုန္သက္သာ)

3. capable of transmitting the full power with rigidity.( အဆက္ႏွစ္ခုက
တင္းတင္းၾကပ္ၾကပ္ရွိၿပီး စြမ္းအင္ကို အျပည့္အ၀ ဆင့္ကဲေပးႏိုင္တယ္)

4. can get more alignment. (ေျဖာင့္တန္းမ,ႈက ို ပိုရေစတယ္)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d. Onboard Uses

Muff coupling can be used onboard as following;

1. tail shaft (shaft to be withdrawn (ဆြဲထုတ္) outboard)

2. ME camshaft connections.


Ge
41. (a) Where is Controllable pitch propeller used? (3)

(b) If hydraulic pitch setting system fails, explain how emergency control
arrangement is provided. (5)
(c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of CPP? (6)
(d) What is pitch indicator? (2)
mmmc.29
(a)
- A shaft generator can be driven at constant speed, at the same time a
change of ship's speed through the propeller.

- Since it is normally possible to reverse the pitch completely, this type of
propeller is used with a uni-directional engine to give full ahead or astern
thrust, when manoeuvring.

(b)
- In the event of a failure of the servomotor, an external lever can be used to
shift the valve rod manually to control blade pitch.

- A powerful spring is fitted so that in the event of loss of hydraulic oil
pressure, the blades will be moved towards the full ahead position.

- It may be necessary to slow the engine or even stop it, to allow the spring
to act.

- Some controllable pitch propellers are arranged to remain at the current
setting/pitch if hydraulic oil loss occurs.

- Regular drill should be carried out for changing control positions from bridge
control to local control of engine revolutions and use of emergency hand
control of CPP pitch.

Ge
(c)
Advantages of CPP
1. Increase the bollard pull about 30% of tugs and fishing vessels.
2. Improved manoeuvrability.
3. No reversing gear required due to unidirectional engine.
4. Reduced number of engine starts. (lesser capacity of air compressor and
bottle).
5. Less stern tube wear.
6. Improved engine efficiency by using a combinatory control which varies
pitch and engine speed.
7. Engine room personnel freed from stand-by duties.( U.M.S status and
bridge control facility).
Disadvantages of CPP
1. Heavier propeller.
2. Increase stress on tail shaft and stern tube.
3. Increase risk of break down due to oil system failure, seal leakage, control
system failure.
4. Complex propeller system hence reduced reliability compared to fixed
pitch.
5. Increased dry docking time for propeller survey.
6. Higher cost.

(d)
- Controllable pitch propeller systems are provided with an engine room
(local) indicator for showing the actual setting of the blades.
- Further pitch indicators are mounted on the bridge and in the engine room.


Ge
41. (a) Describes with aid of sketch, material selection and design features of
the controllable pitch propellers. (10)
(b) Advantage and disadvantage. (3)
(c) Sketch and material selection of the keyed propellers. (3)
mmea.24
(a) Design feature of the controllable pitch propeller

1) CPP are usually provided with hydraulically operated mechanisms to
change pitch of blades in order to attain any desired speed from full
ahead, to full astern without change in direction of rotation of prime
mover or propeller shaft.
2) Main components are a propeller body, an oil pressure pump, a
servomotor.
3) Propeller body consists of three to four independent blades, a boss
which these blades are fitted, an angle-changing crank pin for changing
angle, that is, pitch of blades.
4) Servomotor consists of an oil pressure cylinder provided on a part of
shafting and a piston.
5) This servomotor moves piston left and right by sending pressurized oil
to left or right chamber of oil pressure cylinder.

Ge
6) This piston movement moves angle-changing link in propeller boss via

angle-changing shaft provided in hollow propeller shaft.
7) Servomotor is installed by several methods. It is installed as a part of
shaft as mentioned earlier or in the propeller boss.
(b).Advantages of CPP
8. Increase the bollard pull about 30% of tugs and fishing vessels.
9. Improved manoeuvrability.
10.No reversing gear required due to unidirectional engine.
11.Reduced number of engine starts. (lesser capacity of air compressor and
bottle).
12.Less stern tube wear.
13.Improved engine efficiency by using a combinatory control which varies
pitch and engine speed.
14.Engine room personnel freed from stand-by duties.( U.M.S status and
bridge control facility).
Disadvantages of CPP
7. Heavier propeller.
8. Increase stress on tail shaft and stern tube.
9. Increase risk of break down due to oil system failure, seal leakage, control
system failure.
10.Complex propeller system hence reduced reliability compared to fixed
pitch.
11.Increased dry docking time for propeller survey.
12.Higher cost.

(c).Material selection of controllable pitch propeller
Blades = Cu3 (Ni - Al bronze) Design features of keyed propellers
Keyed propeller
Material selection;
1. Bronzes
2. Stainless steels
3. Other material


Ge
42. (a) Differentiate between water and oil lubrication of stern tube. (8)
(b) How to measure stern tube wear down for Oil lubrication type (6)
(c) What are the checking points to be done to get correct data (2)
ww.25

(a) Differentiate between water and oil lubrication of stern tube (8M)

Nature Oil Lubricated Stern tube Water Lubricated stern tube

Cast iron constructed stern tube Cast iron constructed stern
Construction is pressed into the stern frame . tube is pressed into the stern
Two white metal bearing bush frame . Forward end is
are also pressed in to stern flanged to the aft bulk head.
tube. Lead or wood liner is inserted
between them.

A continuous length of gun
Shaft Without sleeve metal liner is shrunk fitted to
tail shaft between propeller
and a point beyond stuffing
box.
Sealing Inboard & outboard seals are Allow sea water entering to
arrangement fitted. Outboard seal prevent cool and lubricate slight
sea water leaking in and amount of water is passing
inboard seal prevent L.O leaking through stuffing box gland
out. for cooling.
Bearing Aft end : ( 1.5 ~ 2 ) x Shaft Aft End : 4 x Shaft Dia
length Dia Ford End : ( Ford End : 1 x Shaft Dia.
0.6 ~ 1.25 ) x Shaft Dia.
Bearing Grey or Nodular cast iron with Lignum vitae or Tufnol
Material centrifugally lined white metal. reinforced rubber staves on
Cu 3% , Sb 7.5% & Tin liner.
Wear Limit Very less clearance 2 ~ 3 mm of 9-12mm for larger diameter
shaft diameter shaft.

Ge
Measuring By using poker gauge at aft end By inserting wedge between

seal the spaces of shaft and
bearing. (Old type)
By using poker gauge at aft
end.
Clearance 0.0015 ~ 0.002 mm of shaft 0.003 ~ 0.004 mm of shaft
diameter diameter.
Lubrication Obtain Hydrodynamic Cannot attain Hydrodynamic
lubrication lubrication due to water
viscosity is poor .
Friction Less coefficient of friction Very much coefficient of
friction
Cost High Cheap

(b) OIL Lubricated stern tube wear down measurement(6M)

Before measuring the stern tube wear down, the engineer should read
the maker instruction carefully and should collect the previous docking records
and data related to the tail end shaft and stern tube bearing.
Check and follow the aloft permit requirements. And then, remove the
rope guard to see the aft seal arrangement.
The wear down or shaft drop is measured by means of depth
micrometer or poker gauge. Aft seal housing has an arrangement to insert the
gauge. It is mostly one of the oil plugs.

(c)The following points should be considered before measuring.(2M)
(1) Measuring should be taken at the same place of the shaft, for this reason:
Method (1) Turn Engine No.1 unit at TDC.
Method (2) Turn Propeller blade No.1 at TDC.
Method (3) Turn Marking on the shaft and marking on the hull to be
coincided.
The engineer should follow according to the maker instruction or
previous record methods.

Ge
(2) Markings on the gauge and seal housing must be coincided to get correct
data.
(3) Some makers provided the measuring points at the top and bottom.
Some may have one, the engineer should take at the same radial
positions at four 90˚ intervals of the shaft.
After measuring, the data should be recorded on the table which is
placed on the poker gauge box for the next time quick reference.

*Not need to Draw.


Ge
43. (a)What is the main feature of the 'Pollution-free' sealing system (4)
(b) What are the advantages of this system? (6)
(c)What are the materials used for the seal ring assembly? (2)
(d) What are the causes of stern tube seal leakage? (4)
mmmc.2
(a) Pollution-free oil sealing system

- This has been developed, by having an air space between the oil side
and the sea water side.

- An air control unit has flow controllers, and an air regulator of
constant flow rate type.

- The air pressure, to the aft seal, is controlled, by having a constant
flow rate.

- This air blows into the sea water side, through the lip of the seal ring.

- In case, sea water or stern tube oil leaks into the air chamber, it is
collected inboard and drains, through piping, to the drain collection
unit.

(b) Advantages :

1. Anti Pollution :

- The air is ejected from air barrier into the completely separates sea
water and oil.
- The leakage oil and/or sea water to after most air chamber is discharged
automatically into the bilge without spilling of the oil into the sea.


Ge
2. Maintenance free :
- No adjustments required, once system is set up.
- Automatic pressure control of oil and air following change in draft is
achieved on every after seal ring

3. Extension of seal ring service life :
- Low and constant pressure is loaded on aft seal rings. Air film is
formed under after most seal ring
- Forced oil circulation acts on cooling the aft seal ring. The fishing
net protector, guards the aft seal.

Others:
- No additional air source is necessary for system
- Aft seal ring condition can be monitored in Engine room. Load on aft
seal rings can be adjusted from Engine room. One seal ring of aft seal is
reserved for emergency oil leakage.
- Simple piping system can be arranged, without having to fit the usual
Stern tube header tanks.

(c) Materials :

Seal Ring -Rubber Body

Garter Spring -Provides radial load, made of haste alloy (Nickel alloy)
which has the strongest corrosion resistance.


Ge
(d) The stern tube seal leakage can be caused by

1. Misalignment of bushes.
2. Poor seal material and design.
3. Liner material weakness.
4. Fishing line or similar material entering into the seal.
5. Electro static pitting due to an unsatisfactory shafting earthing device.
6. Operating at a reduced R.P.M for prolong time, at which a hydrodynamic oil
film would not be established.
7. Contaminated oil supply with grit, dirt welding slag etc:. this scores the liner
and rips the rubber seal.
8. Wear of the seals or loss of tension in greater spring.
9. Rubber seal damage at high temperature, cracking and hardening.
10.Distortion and rupture due to excessive pressure difference.


Ge
44. (a) Sketch four rams type steering gear system. (8)
(b) Describe the operation of four rams steering system. (4)
(c) Describe function of shock valve and explain the operation when one of
the cylinder failure. (4)
ww.38
(a)

(b) Variable delivery pump is connected diagonally opposite cylinders with
hydraulic pipes
• When no signal from bridge, piston pump’s swash plate is vertical and
pump stroke is neutral. No pump action.
• When Signal from bridge transmitted, swash plate is tilted and pumping
action occurs.
• Pump’s length of stroke depend upon the angle of tilt and
suction or discharge will depend upon the direction of tilt.

Ge
• H.P hydraulic oil flow into two diagonally opposite cylinders and draw back
from other side of cylinders.
• Due to movement of rams, tillers turn and rudder rotate
When desired rudder position reaches, pump action stop by means of the
rudder position feed back ( hunting gear arrangement ).
When rudder rotates by heavy sea Spring loaded shock valve release H.P
hydraulic oil from one side to other side not to damage pipes.

(c)
When rudder rotates by heavy sea, Spring loaded shock valve release H.P
hydraulic oil from one side to other side not to damage pipes.
When cylinder 1 & 2 are operational and cylinder 3 & 4 fail. Open valve B
& C and close by-pass valve A.
For failed cylinders 3 & 4, close cylinder isolate valve D & E and open by-
pass F to allow rams’ movement.
When cylinder 3 & 4 are operational and cylinder 1 & 2 fail. Open valve D
& E and close by-pass valve F.
For failed cylinder 1 & 2, close cylinder isolate valve B & C and open by-
pass A to allow rams’ movement.


Ge
45. With respect to steering gears:

(a)Compare differences between four rams type and rotary vane type. (6)
(b)Enumerate the safety protection devices being provided with their
functions and pourpose. (5)
(c)Explain steering gear survey system. (5)
mmmc.24

(a) Comparison of Rotary vane vs. Ram Type
Four rams type Rotary vane type
Wider working rudder angle.

1 Limited rudder angles up to 35o each ( about 40o each side for 3 Vane Type
side only. about 65o each side for 2 Vane Type )
Can be used for rudder stock rating Can be used for rudder stock rating
2 Torque about 10,000 KN-m in Four-ram More adaptable to increase of torque
type and 650 KN-m in Two-ram type produces about 3,000 KN-m.
Withstand maximum pressure about Limited pressure about 90 bars.
3
170 bars.
More Power required. Small power required for the same load
4 because it can transmit pure torque to
the rudderstock.
5 Having efficient sealing. Sealing difficulties.
High initial cost, more space required. Saving in cost, weight, space and
6 maintenance.
Rudder turning torque is not even Rudder turning torque is even at every
7
angle.
Small leakage can be utilized. Leakage or broken sealing rings may
8
cause system failure.

(b) Safety Devices
In the hydraulic oil and pipe system:

Ge
§ Low oil level alarm.

§ Relief valve is fitted and opening pressure set 1.25 times of max. working
pressure.
§ Double shock valves is provided to protect the sudden load on the
hydraulic system due to heavy sea.
§ Fail safe system (safematic) for tanker of 10,000 GT and upwards and in
every other ship of 70,000 GT to be provided.
In electrical system
§ Motor Overload alarm
§ Electrical Power failure
§ Signal Phase failure
§ Control system failure alarm
§ Electrical wire are 100 % load to withstand

(c) Survey of steering gear system
- Steering gear system are subjected to be annual survey, periodic survey
and special survey under machinery terms by classification society.
- The following parts are subjected to be surveyed not exceeding 2 years
interval.
§ Fastening of steering gear, quadrants, tiller and rudder brake.
§ Any leakage of hydraulic system.
§ The motors with starters, control gears and electric cables.
§ Insulation resistance test to motor and wiring system.
§ Function test including emergency operation.
§ Alarms test of safety arrangement such as;
5. Oil level alarm
6. Control voltage failure alarm
7. Overload alarm
8. Phase failure alarm

mmea41. (a) Compare difference between four rams type and rotary vane type steering
systems. (8)
(b) Define hunting arrangement used in follow up system with aids of sketches. (8)
mmea.41 ရဲ ့ key answer ကေတာ့ ပိုစုံတယ္… mmmc 24 .a ကိုပဲယူ။

Ge
(b) Hunting gear arrangement
Buffer spring Connect to rudder

stock or tiller
C C
Pump control rod

B1
B Pump
Floating lever
Telemotor control
A1 A
ww.38 old answer use instead of mmea key answer

1. The floating lever links to telemotor, pump control rod and rudder forming the
hunting gear arrangement.
2. The telemotor moves one end of the floating rod A to A1 and pump control is
moved, from B to B1.
3. Pumping of the hydraulic oil causes movement of the rams and end of rod C
moves to C1
4. Thus, causing the pump control to be pulled back to the netural position B.
5. Floating lever position is A1BC1.
6. Pump Stroke position moves back to B and pumping action stopped.
7. And rudder is in desired position.
8. Hunting action completed.

Ge
46. (a) How oil bilges find it way into the engine room bilge (3)
(b) Discuss regulation criteria for engine room bilges discharge in special
area and outside of special area. (6)
(c) Sketch and explain O.D.M system. (7)
ww.8

(c) Oil in the bilge

There are several ways (လမ္းေၾကာင္းအခ်ိဳ ့) oil can find in machinery
space bilge.
• Over flowing of purifiers, dirty oil tank and sludge tank.

• Leaking of 1.fuel oil, 2.lube oil pump's gland packing, 3.oil pipes,4. joints,
5.filters and 6.crank case cover joint.

• Mishandling of trays and pans containing oil.

In the engine room main engine and all auxiliaries are providing proper
arrangements such as trays gutters for possible leakage of oil. There
would not be any oil flowing to the machinery space bilges.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) MARPOL Annex I apply for ships of 400GT and above

1. The ship is proceeding en route;

2. The oily mixture is processed through an approved oil filtering
equipment;

3. The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15
ppm;


Ge
4. The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump-room bilges on oil
tankers;

5. The oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is not mixed with oil cargo
residues.

6. In special area, an approved oil filtering equipment plus automatic
stopping devices.

7. In Antarctic area, any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from
any ship shall be prohibited.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c)Oil discharge monitoring system (O.D.M)

Discharge from Separator
Light
emitter
Controller, Monitor,
Alarm
Photo Electric
Cell
To Bilge tank
Overboard Diverting To sludge tank

Valve Valve
Fig. Oil Discharge Monitoring System


Ge
1. Oil is more fluorescence (မီးေခ်ာင္းကဲ့သို႔အလင္းထြက္ေသာ) than the water.

2. So this fact has been used in oil in water detection system.

4. A sample is passed through a vertical cylinder and receives energy emitted
from an ultra violet lamp.

4. The energy emitted due to any fluorescence is monitored by a
photoelectric cell,
which produce a signal dependent on the amount of oil present in the
sample.

In the event of excess oil contents,
-this signal operates the alarm
-the separator discharge is diverted to the sludge tank instead of discharging
overboard.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ge
47.(a) State the regulation regarding the oily bilge disposal (6)
(b) Sketch Oily Water Separator (6)

(c) How to maintain to get optimum performance (4)
mmea.13
(a) regulation regarding the oily bilge disposal
MARPOL 73/78 Protocol, Annex I is international regulation for prevention of

pollution by oil from ship. According to the regulation it is prohibited the oil,
oily water or machinery space bilge water discharging except the following
conditions are satisfied.
For Oil Tanker For All Ship

1. Outside special area 1. Outside special area

2. More than 50 Nm from nearest land 2. More than 12 Nm
from nearest land
3. Vessel is proceeding en route
3. Vessel is proceeding
5. Instantaneous discharge rate less than 30 ltr/ Nm. en route.

6. Total quantity of discharge is less than 1/30000 of
4. Oil particles less than
total cargo. 15 ppm

7. Operation with ODME, alarm and automatic 5. Operation with ODM,
control system. alarm and automatic
control system.
8. Must has slop tank arrangement.
6. ORB to be maintained
9. ORB to be maintained with all operations. with all discharge
operation.
Special area means: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Red sea, Baltic Sea,
Antarctic area, North western Europe, south and southern Africa, Gulf of Aden,
Omen sea and gulf areas.


Ge

(b) ေမးခြန္းက sketch ပဲ ေမးထားတယ္

The sketch is general arrangement of combined oily water separator and filter.
It so consist of
- Turbulo type separator for preliminary separation ….and
- Filtering unit for stopping dirt and coalescence.
The plant enables a degree of purity less than 15 ppm of oil content at
discharge.
Relief valve, manual drain valve, test cock are fitted for the safety.
Heater is provided for good separation effect.
O.D.M unit, Control unit for alarm and automatic stopping devices are
fitted.


Ge

(c) To maintain OWS optimum performance, the followings should be done.
• Oily water separator should be flushed with clean fresh water every
after operation.

• Coalscer or filtering elements to be cleaned or renewed as per
maker’s instruction.

• ODM sensor and sample water glass tube to be cleaned regularly.

• Alarm and control system to be test as Saturday routine and every
before operation.

• Any leakage to be examined and rectified at once.

• While operation is made, temperature of oil mixture to be
maintained about 55°C for good separation.

• Avoid the operation with contents of the following agents. It may
impair the operation of equipment.
- Oil from compressor drains which contain FeSO4
- Boiler washing agents
- Organic chemicals from cooling water treatment , such as , anti
corrosive oil
- Detergents for cleaning bilge.


Ge
48. (a) Sketch a line diagram of pumping out bilges with Marinfloc system
which is used on board.(8)
(b) Describe above including dosing, flocculation, filtration and control of
discharge.(8)
ww.29 mmmc22mmea43
(a)

Ge
(b) MarinFloc Emulsion Breaker Bilge Water Cleaning System

Basic operating system
• When the feed pump is running for bilge water, bilge water pass the pre-
heaterand raise temperature about 50 ~ 60˚ C and then enters into oil
descaler tank .
• If free oil presents in descaler tank , it will be leaving from top of tank to
sludge tank.
• From the bottom of tank , water flow into circulation tank by circulation
pump.
• The pump’s pressure shall be about 3 to 4 bars.
• At the top of circulation tank , water sprays of the sprinkle by circulation
pump and feeding of compressed air effect to dissolve air into water.
• The aerated water will continuously be discharged to the flocculation tank
.
• A high amount of dissolved air will fall out as micro bubbles in the
flocculation tank due to pressure different between circulation tank and
flocculation tank .
• The flocculent chemicals are injected by dosage pumps between
circulation tank and flocculation tank .
• The flocculent chemical will break the bonding formations in the
emulsified water and collect the pollutants such as oil into flocks.
• Enrich with air, the flocks will float to the surface of the tank where they
will form the foam that is removed by the drain pump to sludge tank.
• Water inlet valve of flocculation tank and rate of chemical dosage are
controlled by PID regulator.
• The discharge pump push forward the water from flocculation tank to
the 3 filter steps in which remaining small flocks and discoloration will be
removed.
• The sample water from the outlet of filter steps will flow through PPM
monitor which is set at 15 ppm.

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• If less than 15 ppm, solenoid valve is opened and water will pass through
the three way valve to overboard.
• If not, solenoid valve is opened and water will return back to bilge water
tank.
• If the system is stopped for more than 5 hours, 3 filter steps shall be back
flush for cleaning.
• Pre-heater is maintain 65˚ C to the back flush water.


Ge
49. (a) Sketch and explain the vacuum sewage system using onboard?(10)
(b) What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D)? (3)
(c) What is Coliform Count? (3)
mmmc.39 ww.44
(a) vacuum sewage system

This system is based on a vacuum created by an Eductor, which is
used to pull in the sewage into the sewage tank. Calculations are based on a
daily flow of, say, 10 liters per person – using 1.2 liters of water per flushing
operation.
The sewage tank capacity varies from 2.5 – 10m3. The holding tank
is at atmospheric pressure.
A pressure switch maintains vacuum in the line, from the toilets by
auto start/stop of centrifugal pumps.
The water in the sewage tank is used as driving water for the
eductor. Float switches may be used to control the discharge from the
holding tank to the sewage treatment plant, while still maintaining the
vacuum in the system.


Ge
(a) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D)

It is used to give a measure of the strength of sewage, it identifies the
biological decomposable substances and is a test on the activity of bacteria,
which in the presence of oxygen feed on and consume organic matter.

Results of the test are expressed as the amount of oxygen taken by a one
litre sample (diluted with aerated water) when incubated at 20o for five days.

- B.O.D of raw sewage is 300 to 600 mg/litre.
- I.M.O recommend a B .O.D of 50 mg/litre after treatment.

It gauges the effectiveness of sewage treatment process. The amount of
oxygen taken up by the sewage sample in milligrams per liter or p.p.m. is
termed the Biochemical Oxygen Demand.

(c) Coliform Count
Coliform organisms are recognised as the indicator Organisms of sewage
pollution.

The numbers present in sewage large, each person contributing between
125 billion, in winter to 400 billion, in summer.

Coliform are present in the human intestine and their presence in water
is taken as an indication of the pathogen count. These are responsible for
Typhoid, Dysentery, Polimyelitis, Cholera disease.

I.M.O recommend a Coliform count of 250/100 ml. of effluent after
treatment.It checks the effectiveness of disinfection.


Ge
50. (a) What is sewage? (2)

(b) Describe regulations controlling sewage discharge according to MARPOL(4)
(c) Sketch biological sewage treatment plant (5)
(d) Describe above plant and explain its working principle(5)
ww.30 mmea29
(a) Sewage means:
• Drainage and wastes from toilets and urinals,
• All drainage from medical premises, including wash water from basins and
scupper,
• Drainage from spaces containing living animals.
• Other waste water mixed with above drainages.

(b) MARPOL Annex IV
This regulation shall apply to the ships engaged in international voyages of 400
GRT and above, or which are certified to carry more than 15 persons.

(1) Within 3 nautical miles from the nearest land, no discharge.

(2) At a distance of more than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land,
comminuted and disinfected sewage using an approved system can
discharge.

(3) At a distance of more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, the
sewage that has been stored in holding tanks can be discharged at a
moderate rate when the ship in en route and proceeding at not less than
4 knots. Rate of discharge should be approved by Administration.

(4) The ship has in operation an approved sewage plant

(5) The effluent shall not produce visible floating solids nor cause
discoloration of the surrounding water.


Ge

(c)

(d) The System shown has four compartments. Incoming sewage passes
through a coarse screen into the primary collection tank. Then it flows into the
aeration tank.
In the aeration tank, waste is retained for about 24 hours being
thoroughly mixed and aerated by the aerators located at the bottom of the tank.
The aerobic bacteria and micro organisms break down the organic wastes
and produce new bacteria cells and organisms. Rotary blower supplied air
(oxygen) for bacteria and micro organisms.
After that, the mixed liquor is displaced into the settling tank. The tank is
designed all solids to the bottom of the hopper. The activated sludge returned
by air lift back to the aeration tank.
Clean effluent flows in the last compartment for disinfection and

discharge overboard. Disinfection carried out with a solution of calcium or
sodium hypochlorite. In some plants this disinfection is carried out by ultra-
violet methods. The discharge of effluent is controlled by float switch connected
to the discharge pump.

Ge
51. With respect to MARPOL Annex IV, discuss the regulations referred to the
followings:
(a) Requirements of a Sewage Treatment Plant.(5)

(b) Requirements and limitations of sewage discharge to sea,(6)
(c) ISPP certificate.(5)
mmmc.3
(a) Requirements of a Sewage Treatment Plant,
- The Annex IV of the MARPOL 73/78 (IMO) regulation is effective for all
ships 400 GT and above with minimum 15 persons of crews.
- According to the regulation, the ship must have approved type sewage
treatment plant and holding tank with sufficient capacity.
- Test results should be laid down in the ship’s ISPP certificate.
- The outlet of the sewage plant must not be visible floating particle and not
to discoloration the surrounding water.
Sewage means:
- Drainage and other wastes from toilet excluding wash water from basins &
tubs
- All drainages medical premise including wash water from basins & tubs
- Drainage from spaces for living animals.
- Other waste waters when mixed with the drainages defined space.

(b) Sewage can be discharge from ship if
- Necessary for safety of the ship and lives
- Damage to the ship or its equipment with reasonable precautions
- The sewage discharging must not be instantaneously.
- It should be discharged with moderate rate while the ship is proceeding
with minimum 4 knots in her en-route.
Area for Sewage discharge is controlled as follows:
- Comminuted and disinfected sewage treated by plant could be discharge
outside 3 Nm range from nearest land.
- Not comminuted and disinfected sewage in holding tank could be
discharge outside 12 Nm range from nearest range.

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- If the sewage is mixed with waste or waste water having different

discharge requirement, it should be applied to jurisdiction of a State.

(c) ISPP certificate
- The ISPP certificate is issued by Administration,
- In some case, Recognize Organization is allowed behalf of flag state.
- Annual survey is required to carry out at every year, intermediate survey
done between 2 to 3 years, and special survey will be every 5 years in
dock.
- After the inspection of survey, the certificate is need to endorse.
- The certificate is including as follows:
- Particulars of ship,
- The ship equipment with such as sewage treatment plant, holding
tank, shore discharge facility,
- Type of the sewage treatment plant and maker,
- Capacity of holding tank,
- Certificate validity date and issued date.


Ge
52.(a) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of Plate type heat exchangers
to Shell and tube type. (8)
(b)Identify with reasons, factors which contribute to failure of multi-tubular
heat exchangers. (5)
(c) For what reasons plate patterns of the Plate type heat exchangers are
corrugated. (3)
ww.24 mmea.39

(a) Advantages and disadvantages of Shell and tube Type.
(Shell & Tube Type)

Advantages

(a) extended heat transfer using fins or baffles
(fins သို႔မဟုတ္ baffles ေတြနဲ ႔ heat transfer ကိ ု ရရွိေစတယ္)

(b) defective tubes can easily be plugged
(defective tubes ေတြက ို လြယ္ကူစြာ plug ပိတ္ႏိုင္တယ္)

(c) less expensive than a plate type
(plate type ထက္ ေစ်းသက္သာ တယ္)

Disadvantages

(a) fixed size (only 30% excess capacity)
(capacity ထက္ ၃၀ % ပိုထားၿပီး အဲဒါ ပမာဏအေသ fix လုပ္ထားတယ္)

(b) spare tube stack may be required
(spare tube အေခ်ာင္းေတြ လိုအပ္တယ္ ပ်က္စီးရင္လဲဖ)ို႔

(c) any leakage may cause contamination
(ယိုစိမ့္မ,ႈတိုင္း..cooling medium ကိ ု ညစ္ညမ္းမ,ႈျဖစ္ေစတယ္)

(d) difficult to clean (Inside – mechanical cleaning, Outside – chemical
cleaning)(ထိန္းသိမ္းမ,ႈအတြက ္ သန္႔ရွင္းေရးလုပ္ရခက္ခဲတယ္… အတြင္းဘက္က ို mechanical
အျပင္ဘက္က ို chemical နဲ ႔ သန္႔ရွင္းေရးလုပ္တယ္)


Ge
(Plate Type)

Advantages

(a) Titanium plate is ‘Self -Healing’, so corrosion and erosion has no chance
to start and there is no velocity limit.
(titanium ကိုသုံးလိ ု႔ corrosion and erosion မျဖစ္ေအာင္ သူဘာသူ ျပဳလုပ္တယ္)

(b) Due to the corrugated pattern, turbulence flows increase heat transfer
and reduce the risk of fouling on the plate.
(အေျမာင္းပုံစံျပဳလုပ္ထားလိ ု႔ ျဖတ္စီးတဲ ့ အရာကိ ု ေ၀့၀ိုက္ေမႊ႕ၿပီး ျဖတ္စီးေစတဲ ့ turbulence flow
ကိုရရွိေစၿပီး အပူကူးေျပာင္းမ,ႈကိုေကာင္းေစၿပီး plate ျပားေတြ ပ်က္စီးညစ္ပတ္မက ,ႈ ို
ေလ်ာ့ခ်ေပးတယ္)

(c) Lighter in weight and no extra service space required.
အေလးခ်ိန္အားျဖင့္လဲေပါ့ပါးမယ္၊ လိုအပ္တဲ ့ ေနရာလဲ နဲမယ္။

(d) It is easy inspection and complete mechanical cleaning. And then,
damage plates can be renewed easily and risk of leakage between
liquid is eliminated by means of gasket.
စစ္ေဆးရလြယ္၊ သန္႔ရွင္းရလြယ္၊ ပ်က္စီးတဲ ့ အခ်ပ္ အသစ္လဲရလြယ္၊ ယိုစိမ့္မ,ႈက ို gasket
ဖယ္ထုတ္ၿပီး မျဖစ္ေအာင္လုပ္ရ.။

(e) Easy choice of flow pattern. (Gasket Design) (စီးဆင္းမ,ႈပုံစံက ို gasket ဒီဇိုင္းနဲ ႔
ေရြးလို႔ရ)

(f) Size and Capacity can be altered by adding or removing plates.
အခ်ပ္ေတြကိုတိုးျခင္းေလ်ာ့ျခင္းျဖင္ ့ အရြယ္အစားနဲ ႔ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ကိုေျပာင္းလို႔ရတယ္။

(g) Single frame can be used for cooling several different liquids
အထိုင္တစ္ခုထဲကေနၿပီး အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ အရည္ေတြက ို အေအးေပးလို႔ရတယ္။

Disadvantages

(a) Defect gaskets are difficult to remove.
(Gasket ပ်က္စီးရင္ေတာ့ ဖယ္ထုတ္ဖ ို႔ ခက္ခဲတယ္ အကုန ္ ျပန္ျဖဳတ္ရမယ္ ပ်က္တဲ ့ ထိေရာက္ေအာင္)


Ge
(b) Scratches or careless markings can encourage erosion which leads to

perforation of the plate and contamination.
(ကုတ္ရာျခစ္ရာ ၊ ဂ႐ုမစိုက္မိေသာ အစင္းရာမ်ားက… erosion ျဖစ္ဖို႔အားေပးတယ္.. plate ေတြက ို
စားၿပီးေပါက္ေစတယ္ ညစ္ပတ္ေစတယ္)

(c) Temperature and pressure limitation. Max: Pr: 14 bar, 110’C for coolers,
220’C for
heaters.
(အပူခ်ိန ္ နဲ ႔ ဖိအား ကေတာ့ သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္ရွိတယ္)

(b) Multi tubular heat exchanger failures are:

(1) Tube failure: Reasons are- material defects, excessive flow speed, long
age, careless tube cleaning, Not done regular maintenance.

(2) Baffle plate: Reasons are- material defects, excessive flow speed, long
age, Not done regular maintenance

(3) Division plate: Reasons are- material defects, excessive flow speed, long
age, not done regular maintenance, Zinc anodes are wasted, Protective
paints are wasted.

(4) Sealing: Reasons are- Careless maintenance, long age, temperature
control excess than limit.

(c) Patten of Pate type heat exchanger’s plates is corrugated.

(1) Pate are corrugated and it causes plate strength increased.

(2) Due to the corrugated pattern, the liquid flowing between the plates are
turbulence. Turbulence flows increases heat transfer.

(3) Turbulence flows prevent deposit and fouling on the plates.


Ge
53. Plate Type Heat Exchanger

(a) State causes of leakage. (3)
(b) State likely results of excessive tightening of plates (3)
(c) Explain why, heat exchange properties are good relative to tubular
type. (3)
(d) Describe maintenance work required to obtain effective heat
transfer.(3)
(e) Arrangement for High temperature and pressure (4)
Mmea.16
a). Causes of Leakages

1. Improper position of gaskets when reassembling.
2. Uneven tightening (or) Over tightening
3. Wrong assembling sequence
4. Foreign particles enter between plate gaskets
5. Crack of gasket due to high temperature condition

b). Result of over tightening

1. Corrugated plates can be damaged
2. Narrowing of cooling passages on both side of fluid may cause
overheating and small foreign particles and marine growth will block
between the plates and disturb the cooling water flow.
3. Back pressure will be high on both fluid sides
4. Lateral bolts (holding bolts) and nuts thread can be damage
5. End plate (Pressure plate) can be bent.
6. Elasticity of nitrite rubber gaskets will be reduce

c). Better heat exchange properties than tubular type

1. Principe to promote turbulence flow in both sides imorve heat transfer
2. Increased heat exchange area gives better heat transfer

Ge
3. Due to contraflow best efficiency is obtained by liquid moving in

opposite direction.
4. Compact designed less space required
5. Easy and efficient cleaning can be achieved
6. Heat transfer capacity can be increased by adding more plates in pairs.

d). Maintenance

1. Back flushing by reverse flow of S.W against service flow
2. Cleaning of strainer provide at S.W inlet side
3. Dismantling and cleaning of the plates with brush soft brush and F.W (
hard steel brushes and hard pained object must never be used)
4. Lateral bolts must be cleaned and greased the threads, put on protective
sleeves ( plastic tubes)
5. Tightening must be done according to maker instruction
6. If time allows, dismantle all plates and soaking them in descaling liquid
for few hours.

e). Arrangement for High temperature and pressure

1. Nitrite rubber gasket is fitted around the each plate and the distribution
holes. They keep the liquid separated and confined in the plates stack.
Clamp with end frame and closing mild steel pressure plate.
2. Corrugated plates give more strength and achieved turbulence flow,
reduce pressure drop and no velocity limit. It causes maximum heat
transfer property and easy choice to flow pattern.
3. Working pressure limit is 14 bars and temperature is 110’C for coolers
and 220’C for heaters.
4. Titanium plates are used in S.W cooling media, which has the best
corrosion resistance properties. For oil, stainless steel plate is used.
5. The choice of heat exchanger consists of a titanium plate and nitrite
gasket stands against High temperature and pressure.


Ge
54. (a) sketch a longitudinal cross section of a tubular heat exchanger. (6)
(b) what materials are being used in construction expain reason of choosing
these materials? (5)
(c) Explain methods of used for tube protection in heat exchangers. (5)
mmmc.32
a. Shell and tube type heat exchanger

(b) Materials
• Tubes = aluminium brass, cupro nickel, stainless steel,
Tubes are often expanded in to the tube plate, but can be
brazed or welded.
Easy to flare at the tube end
Heat transfer coefficient is higher than cast iron.
• Tube-plates = cast naval brass( 60% copper,39% zinc,1 % tin)
Suitable with sea water,
Match with tubes material to repair tube leaking.
• Shell and Water boxes = cast iron or gun metal, easy to fabricate any
shape.
Design to keep turbulence and coated for corrosion
protection
• Baffles = copper or rolled naval brass
Heat transfer coefficient is higher than cast iron.

Ge
(c) Methods of used for tube protection

§ Baffles plates are provided between shell and tubes, resulting increase the
tubes strength.

§ Also, increase the heat transfer area, tend to reduce thermal stress on the
tubes.

§ Due to baffles, counter flow pattern is achieved and less temperature
different between two media inlet and outlet, reducing in thermal stress.

§ One end of tube plate is fixed and other end is permitted to free
expandable with O’ring, avoiding tubes distortion.

§ Most heat exchangers are sized to provide about 30 % more surface area
for heat transfer than that required, to withstand overload.

§ Relief valve is fitted on the shell to protect the over pressure outside the
tubes.

§ Regular manual cleaning and chemical cleaning is removing scale, tend to
increase tube life.

§ Maintain temperature within limit, resulting long life of tubes will
increase.

§ Clearance is required at the cooler fixed end for removal of the tube stack.
§ To protect corrosion by sea water, the various methods are used as
follow:
- Sacrificial zinc anode is fitted in water box.
- Chemical dosing in the sea water system. (Tolidine Hydrochloride
Solution)
- Using of Cathodic protection system.( Copper, Aluminum & Ferrous)

Ge
55. (a) Sketch a single flash type fresh water generator (6)
(b) Describe the above (6)
(c) State methods of post distillation treatment for drinking purpose (4)
ww.27mmea.34
(a)

(b)Fresh Water Generator

The above sketch is a system of Atlas submerged tube type flesh water
generator.
Three main parts are heat exchanger, separator and condenser.

For heating to evaporate sea water, the waste heat from jacket cooling fresh
water is used.

For condensation of the vapour, the sea water from main sea water pump
passes through condenser.

The equipment is required to be vacuumed about 93%.


Ge
Supply sea water to vacuum ejector, brine ejector and feed sea water line is
done by centrifugal ejector pump. The feed regulator controls the correct
amount of feed sea water.

The feed sea water is evaporated by means of the jacket cooling water
temperature about 70 °C.

The residual brine is removed to the outside of equipment by means of brine
ejector.

The droplet sea water in the vapour is deflected by separator.

This vapour is passed to the condenser tubes and is condensed by means of sea
water cooling.

The salinity of fresh water produced is automatically checked by a salinometer
system. When salinity is higher than set value (usually 5 ppm), the solenoid
valve operates and the produced water drained into the bilge.

(c) Sterilization of distillate or Post distillate for drinking water.

If an evaporator runs remote from coastal water and at a minimum distillation
temperature of 72°C produced water is free from micro-organisms.

If this condition cannot be met, sterilization must be done.

Methods of Sterilization are chlorination or Ultra Violet light or ionizing silver in
the water.

Ultra Violet Light

• Most common method is Ultra Violet light unit, fitted at discharge side of
portable water storage tank or hydrophore.

Ge

• The light kills micro-organism in water so that the water is sterilized without
any change in physical and chemical and just before use.

Chlorination

• Chlorination is injected a solution of Sodium Hypochlorite for destroying any
contaminant which can be present in water.

• After that the water is being passed through the sand bed to remove residual
chlorine.

• Chlorinated water is unpleasant to drink.

Ionization

• Ironing silver is also an effective means of sterilizing water even in
concentrations as low as 0.005 ppm.


Ge
56. (a)State why fresh water produced by using a low grade heat source can be
unfit for human consumption. (4)
(b) Explain how system should be operated this problem. (5)
(c) Explain how distillate must be treated to render it fit for drinking. (7)
mmmc.36
(a) Unfit for human consumption.

- Fresh water trends to be acidic, due to its ready absorption of carbon
dioxide.

- It can therefore be damaging to the human digestive tract.

- For this reason, un-treated fresh water is not fit for human consumption.

- Overall design of the fresh hot and cold water distribution system, should
be designed to provid maximum circulation of the systems and to avoid
dead-legs,

- Due to flash type of Fresh water generator is used onboard, sea water
boiling temperature is low, causing some of the bacterial cannot be killed
which containing in sea water.

- F.W storage tanks temperature is being 40oC to 50oC, which might
provide the optimum conditions for bacterial growth.

(b) System should operate as follow:

- Using the biocide chemical with limestone filter to kill the bacterial, as
well as ultra violet sterilizer can be utilized.

- Regular cleaning of F.W store tanks and inside the hydrophore tank.

Ge
- The freshwater tanks arrangement in every ship should enable tanks to

be used in regular rotation, in order to avoid the problems associated
with stagnation. .

- Calorifiers or pressure tanks should be designed where possible, to avoid
stagnant zones forming and should be fitted with efficient connections at
the lowest point of the unit, to ensure that all loose scale or sludge can
be completely drained off, after cleaning and maintenance.

- Calorifiers should be provided with adequate access, to enable scale
deposits or products of corrosion to be removed and cleaning to be
facilitated.

- The various elements of the freshwater production, treatment and
delivery system, filters, evaporators, reverse osmosis plant, auto-
chlorinater, neutraliser / mineraliser, softeners, pumps, pressure tanks,
calorifier, carbon filter, ultra- violet sterilizer (where fitted) should be
inspected, cleaned,

- Also to do as flushed out, back washed, re-charged or items replaced
where appropriate, in accordance with the makers’ instructions.

(c) Sterilization of distillate or Post distillate for drinking water.

If an evaporator runs remote from coastal water and at a minimum distillation
temperature of 72°C produced water is free from micro-organisms.

If this condition cannot be met, sterilization must be done.

Methods of Sterilization are chlorination or Ultra Violet light or ionizing silver in
the water.


Ge
Ultra Violet Light

• Most common method is Ultra Violet light unit, fitted at discharge side of
portable water storage tank or hydrophore.

• The light kills micro-organism in water so that the water is sterilized without
any change in physical and chemical and just before use.

Chlorination

• Chlorination is injected a solution of Sodium Hypochlorite for destroying any
contaminant which can be present in water.

• After that the water is being passed through the sand bed to remove residual
chlorine.

• Chlorinated water is unpleasant to drink.

Ionization

• Ironing silver is also an effective means of sterilizing water even in
concentrations as low as 0.005 ppm.


Ge
58. (a) Sketch & Describe an air condition plant and system for cooling
accommodation.(8)
(b)How to regulate in individual room control. (4)
(c) Explain the function of Thermostatic expansion valve. (4)
ww.32
(a)
Condenser
in
Cabins
Cooling water
out
Compressor
Steam
Humidifier
Flat valve
Fresh
Air
Blower fan
Recirculation
Air
Air Filt er Cooli ng Heater
coil coil

The human body's sensation of comfort influenced by: -
(a) Surrounding air temperature.
(b) Surrounding air humidity.
(c) Surrounding air velocity.
(d) Heat gain or loss from the boundries.

The sketch shown is a single air duct system. The cooling coil is direct
expansion and a separate steam heating coil is fitted in the unit for winter
heating. About 25% of outside air is drawn in so as to balance the air
freshness.

Ge
The function of an air conditioning system is reducing both temperature

and humidity of hot and humid air. So, extra moisture need to add to the air
by Humidifier reduces its drying effect.
Humidifier must be installed after the steam heaters. It prevents dryness
of nasal passage, mouth and throat causing discomfort.

Comfort zone is between 40% to 70% relative humidity at 20 to 29°C dry bulb
temperature.

(b) TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL ROOMS

• The all zones' temperature is controlled by the use of compressor suction
pressure, as step controlling and unloading of compressor units as
required. The workload of the compressor is controlled by means of
thermostat placed at some accommodation spaces. It actuates the
Master solenoid valve of the plant and will stop the compressor when the
pre-set temperature has been reached.

• The particular Zone's temperature can be controlled by the flap valve
provided at each loop of the Zone ducts.

• Local cabin temperature can be adjusted by volume controlled at the
delivery point of air duct.

(c) FUNCTION OF THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE

The thermostatic expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant to the
evaporator.
It controls the refrigerant amount as required and maintains a constant super

heat of refrigerant at the evaporator outlet.

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The opening of valve is control by pressure variation on the top of the

diaphragm.
The sensing bulb is fastened at the evaporator outlet. It connects to the

diaphragm by means of capillary tube.
If the outlet temperature is decreases, the pressure on diaphragm also

decreases and needle valve will close more and will reduce the refrigerant flow
to evaporator and vice visa.
The diaphragm is spring loaded to obtain refrigerant super heat temperature

of about 6.6˚ C.
mmea22. (a) Sketch and describe air condition system (10)

(b) How to regulate individual room temperature control (4)
(c) Define air condition and refrigeration (2)

(c ). Air conditioning

Control of temperature and humidity in a space together, with circulation and
refreshing of air.

Refrigeration
The process in which temperature of a space or contents is reduced to below
that of their surrounding

Ventilation
Circulation and refreshing of air in a space.


Ge
58. Based on the cooling of the cargo chambers in connection with

refrigeration, explain the following systems with the aid of sketches.
(a)Direct expansion grid cooling(6)
(b) Direct expansion battery cooling (4)
(c) Brine grid cooling(6)
ww.36mmmc.38
(a) Direct Expansion grid system

The refrigerant gas is compressed and liquefied in the condenser. This
H.P. liquid refrigerant passed through the expansion valve and enter into grids
of piping fixed in the bulkheads, sides & ceilings of the chamber.
Liquid refrigerant evaporates and extracts heat from the chamber to
produce the cooling required.
In practice, there should be several circuits in parallel each with its own
expansion valve to regulate this flow of liquid refrigerant into the grid.

• The cheapest method of cooling.
• The cooling grids being secured to the sides and roofs of the chamber,
which are situated at the source of heat ingress.
• Cooling of the chamber can be maintained while the cargo is being
loaded.


Ge
(b) Direct Expansion Battery cooling

The cooling pipes are formed into a compact battery. An electrically
driven fan circulates air over this battery and enters through deliver ducts into
the chamber.
Then air pass through the suction ducts and flow back to fan.
While passing through the ducting and the chamber air pick up the heat.
Same as direct expansion grid cooling, more than one circuit is provided
in the battery to reduce the risk of breakdown.

• It is cheaper than brine cooling.
• Due to forced air circulation, the variation in temperature through the
space is less compare with direct expansion grid cooling.
• As the air passing over the battery piping is at high velocity, temperature
control is simple.


Ge
(c) Brine Grid Cooling

With this system, the refrigerant, after the expansion valve, passes into a
brine circuit or evaporator and extracts heat and cools the brine.
This brine is then circulated through grids of the chamber. The heat
extracted from the chamber raises temperature of brine, which is then returned
to the evaporator and cool again.
In practice a number of circuits in parallel are fitted with its own control
valve for regulating the brine flow.
Brine used in marine practice is made with calcium chloride and F.W. to
get specific gravity of about 1.25.

• The primary refrigerant is confined to the refrigerating machinery space.
• It save the expensive refrigerant and reduce leakage problem.


Ge
59. Method of cooling cargo chamber advantage and disadvantage of the

system
(a) Direct expansion grid cooling (3)
(b) Sketch direct expansion battery cooling (5)
(c) Sketch Brine grid cooling (4)
(d) Sketch Brine battery cooling (4)
Mmea.20
(a).Direct expansion grid cooling
The refrigerant gas is compressed and liquefied in the condenser. This
H.P. liquid refrigerant passed through the expansion valve and enter into grids
of piping fixed in the bulkheads, sides & ceilings of the chamber.
Liquid refrigerant evaporates and extracts heat from the chamber to
produce the cooling required.
In practice, there should be several circuits in parallel each with its own
expansion valve to regulate this flow of liquid refrigerant into the grid.

Advantages
1. The cheapest method of cooling
2. Cooling grids situated at source of heat ingress
3. Cooling of chamber can be maintained during cargo loading
Disadvantage
1. Difficult to control the slightly superheated gas return from the all
chamber.
2. Difficult to maintain the flow of correct amount of refrigerant to each
circuit.
3. Defrosting can be done after cargo discharging
4. The rolling and pitching of ship agitates the liquid in grid.


Ge
(b).Direct expansion battery cooling

Advantages

1. Cheaper than brine cooling system

2. High rate of heat transfer due to high velocity of air

3. Less piping and flow circuits.

4. Reduce machinery damage and refrigerant leakage

5. Can be defrosted periodically

Disadvantages

1. Possibility of liquid flow back to suction

2. While cargo loading, stopped the plant for labor working

3. Still difficult to maintain the correct flow of refrigerant through the
individual circuit.


Ge
(c ).Brine grid cooling

Advantages

1. Easy to handle

2. Cooling grids located at the source of ingress

3. Cooling can be obtained during cargo operation

Disadvantages

1. Difficult to maintain even temperature

2. Defrosting can be done after discharging

3. Possibility of brine leakage may contact cargo


Ge

(d).Brine battery cooling

Advantages

1. Compact piping as brine cooling

2. Safe cost

3. Simple pipe lines

4. Easy to handle

5. Less leakage of brine agent contact to cargo

Disadvantages

1. Most expansive method

2. More space required

3. Stop the plant while cargo loading


Ge
60. (a) Sketch a thermostatically controlled expansion valve as fitted to a ship’s

refrigeration system. (5)
(b) Describe the above and state the principle on which it operates. (6)
(c) Show clearly all connection and state their purpose. (5)
mmmc.13
(a) Thermostatic Expansion Valve

(a)Principle operation of TEV
- The thermostatic expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant to
the evaporator.

- It controls the refrigerant amount as required and maintains a constant
super heat of refrigerant at the evaporator outlet.

- As the liquid refrigerant from condenser pass through TEV, pressure
suddenly drop and partially evaporated.

- The opening of valve is control by pressure variation on the top of the
diaphragm.

- The sensing bulb is fastened at the evaporator outlet. It connects to the
diaphragm by means of capillary tube.

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- The sensing fluid (same refrigerant used in system), inside the bulb will
expand or contract with change of cold room temperature and control the
flow of liquid refrigerant to evaporator.

- If the outlet temperature is decreases, the pressure on diaphragm also
decreases and needle valve will close more and will reduce the refrigerant
flow to evaporator and vice visa.

- The diaphragm is spring loaded to obtain refrigerant super heat
temperature of about 6.6°C.

(b)Function of all connections:

Spring: its force is balanced the refrigerant liquid pressure, resulting
expansion valve to open or close.

Adjusting screw: to adjust spring force, ensure that the superheat
temperature at the evaporator outlet

Diaphragm: made of reinforce rubber to withstand gas pressure and spring
force, As per differential these forces diaphragm will move up and down,
resulting valve spindle to operate.

Orifice and valve: to open the valve partially, so that, pressure suddenly drop
and evaporated the gas.

Capillary tube and bulb: filled with same refrigerant used in system, liquid
pressure is acting on top of the diaphragm according to evaporator outlet
temperature.

Equalizing line: it is connected between evaporator outlet to space of under
the diaphragm, causing sensing fluid pressure is balanced with equalizing
pressure plus spring pressure, to achieve superheated outlet.

Ge
61. (a) Sketch & describe Two stage air compressor (8)
(b) What are the safety devices fitted on the compressor unit (4)
(c) Why is the compressor valves designed as plate type. (4)
ww.16

(a) Two stage air compressor
The sketch is Two Stage Air Compressor with inter cooler and after
cooler. It is constructed by special cast iron casing.
Aluminium alloy piston is fitted together with forged steel
connecting rod. Steel gudgeon pin fitted with phosphor bronze bush. The
bearings are made of white metal thin shell bearings.

Ge
It is used for production of compressed air up to 40bar. Each stage

outlet air temperature is 130- 145’C.
Inter cooler and after cooler cool down the compressed air to about
35’C. They have ample cooling surfaces.
Busting discs are fitted on the cooler shell to relief the pressure when
tubes burst.
Relief valve is fitted at each stage outlet and set to open at 10% excess
working pressure.
A drain valve is fitted at each stage. Compressor must be started in
unloaded condition.
Valves are low lift light plate type to get large area of opening with small
valve life. It increases volumetric efficiency. Because, the valves open and
close in minimum of time.
Valve plates are made of heat resisting, special hardened steel. Valve
seat is made of 0.4% Carbon steel.

(b) Compressor Safety Devices

• Relief Valve fitted for each L.P & H.P discharge side to lift 10 % above
working pressure.
• Low L.O pressure alarm and trip.
• Final stage outlet high air temperature alarm.
• Cooling water failure alarm and trip.
• Crankcase relief door for 0.6 m3 or more of crankcase volume
• L.O line relief valve to prevent 25 % excess above the working pressure.


Ge
Air Cooler Safety Devices

• Bursting disc mad of brass or lead fitted at water side
• A spring loaded relief valve fitted on cylinder jacket
• Drain valves at each cooler
• Solenoid operated unloading valve on 1st and 2nd stage cooler drain for
automatic and timely drain , as well as unloading when starting and
stopping.

(c) Why plate type is used

• They have large area of opening with small lift. So, high volumetric
efficiency will obtain.
• They can open and close sharply and low inertia and low impact load on
valve seat.
• More length service life to be overhauled.
• Very easy to overhaul.


Ge
62. Regarding an air compressor

(a) What is bumping clearance and how it is checked?(4)
(b) State the reasons for an increase in clearances.(4)
(c) What are the causes leading to reduced volumetric efficiency.(4)
(d) What could be the effect of leaky valves in each stage of multi stage air
compressor and how you detect it?(4)
ww.23
(a) Bumping Clearance and how to measure

• To provide for thermal expansion and prevent from the piston striking
cylinder cover, a small clearance, is called bumping clearance.

• It is measured between cylinder cover & piston top. Bumping clearance
must be checked after overhauling. It should be kept as small as possible.

• After removing the cylinder head, the lead ball place on top of the piston
and, turn the piston to TDC slowly. After that the ball is taken out and
measured with micrometer to get bumping clearance. Clearance volume
is about 6% of swept volume or checked with maker instruction data.

(b) Reasons for increase in bumping clearance

• Piston crown wear

• Use incorrect thickness of cylinder head gasket. ( thicker gasket )

• Gudgeon pin bush wear.

• Big end bearing wear

• Main Bearing wear


Ge
(c) Factors affecting volumetric efficiency

• Clearance volume - gaskets , bearing wear down
• Valves – dirty, leaky, spring tension
• Leakage past piston rings or Liner wear
• Insufficient cooling water due to dirty coolers
• High cooling water temp. High Air inlet Temperature
• Throttling of air intake due to dirty intake filter
• Insufficient suction v/v lift or Strong suction v/v spring

(d) Effect of valve leakage

The compressor pressure gauge jerking is the early sign of the valve leaking.

Leaking at first stage suction
(1) Reduce air delivery to second stage, So insufficient suction pressure for
second stage
(2) Increase running time

Leaking at first stage delivery
(1) Reduce compressed air amount deliver to second stage suction
(2) Leaking back to the cylinder
(3) Increase discharge temperature (4) Loss air drawn by stage due to large
volume

Leaking at 2nd stage suction
(1) High pressure and temperature in 2nd stage suction
(2) Reduce delivery (3) Increase running time

Leaking at 2nd stage discharge
(1) Increase 2nd stage suction pressure (2) Counter act to 1st stage delivery
(3) Incapable to charge the air bottle to required pressure.


Ge
63. Air bottles:

a) What protective devices are fitted? (4)
b) Why protective coating required and what are basic properties of
coating? (4)
c) What is precaution taken before examination of internal inspection? (4)
d) Why is it required to fit drain valve? Why should that valve be
overhauled whenever the opportunity occurs? (4)
Mmea.45

(a).Protective Devices

Safety Valve
It must be open full flow of air with not more than 10% rise in accumulation
pressure.

Fusible Plug
It will melt about 150℃ and prevent serious pressure rise in case of fire near
air bottle, its
discharge is led to outside of E/R. the material composes of Bismuth 50%, Tin
30%, and Lead 20% .

Atmospheric Relief Valve
It is provided for backing up fusible plug. In case of E/R fire and when CO2
flooding is required,
opened this valve before evacuating E/R.

Drain Valve
Fitted at the bottom of reservoir to drain out oil, moisture and condensate.

Pressure switch
To control compressors and maintain air pressure of air bottle within safe
limit.


Ge
Pressure gauge
Fitted to indicate the compressed air pressure in the recervior.

(b).Protective Coating

It is required to prevent internal corrosion of air bottle. Condensation of
moisture held in air as suspension and decomposition cause acid formation.
Therefore internal surface should be coated with anti corrosive coating.
Basic properties are anticorrosive, anti oxidation and no reaction to L.O.
Mostly used are
1. linseed oil
2. Epoxy coating
3. Copal vanish
4. Graphite suspension in water

(c)Prevention Before Examination

1. All mounted v/vs closed tightly
2. Well ventilate inside the air bottle
3. Any liquid in the bottom of air bottle should drained out and cleaned
4. Isolate the air bottle from any pressurized pipe
5. Use gas tight and safe portable light
6. Attend 2nd person at entrance (competent)
7. Secure Manhole at open position
8. Supply ventilation all the time
9. Breathing appropriate, portable fire extinguisher to be kept standby.


Ge
(d).Drain Valve

Oil and moisture carried along with compressed air and accumulated in
reservoir. They can cause
(1) Starting airline explosion
(2) Corrosion at
i. Inner surface of reservoir
ii. Air starting line system
iii. Pneumatic control valves

So drain v/v is provided at the lowest point of air reservoir to drain off oil and
moisture from reservoir to prevent above defects.

The valve should be overhauled at survey and any opportunity occurs to
maintain the optimum condition.

It must be prefect air tight when shut to prevent the air pressure drop at
reservoir and excess running of air compressor.


Ge
64.(a) Sketch a constant speed unidirection rotary variable axial stroke positive
displacement pump, used for hydraulic steering gear system. (8)
(b) Explain how pumping rate is determined do match with the appropriate
demand and how reversal of the pumping action is achieved. (4)
(c) Suggest with reason why most hydraulic power application is preferably
used with axial stroke pump than that of radial stroke pump. (4)
mmea.9
(a)

b).
The sketch is a constant speed, unidirectional rotary, variable, axial stroke
positive displacement pump used for hydraulic gear system.

1. Drive shaft rotates the cylinder block and the pistons mounted on it.

2. Piston is attached to the swash plate.

3. Angle of swash plate causes the piston to reciprocate.

4. When swash plate is vertical, there is no reciprocal motion for pumping
cylinder.

Ge
5. If swash plate is tilted to position A, reciprocal pumping action take

place and liquid entered to the cylinder is forced out as the piston, being
to move inwards when rotating.

6. More tilting angle of swash plate, more pressure pumping is obtained.

7. During this, ports on one side of horizontal centerline become suction as
the other discharge suction ports become discharge and vise-visa.

8. Direction of liquid will be reversed.

Reversible action of pumping

1. Direction of the flow is depending upon the direction of tilt.
2. Length of stroke (pump press) is depending upon the angle of tilt.
3. Pumping rate can be matched to the demand by varying angle amount
of swash plate from its mid position.
4. By alter of tilt direction; reversal of pumping action can be achieved.

c). Advantages of axial stroke pump

Most hydraulic power application is preferably used with axial stroke pump
than radial stroke pump due to the following reasons.

1. Less cause of vibration due to shorter radial movement
2. Can control by hand wheel, pneumatic and electrical
3. Hydraulic action is better, as steering control effort is very much
reduced.
4. More simple and compact design.
5. Suitable for high pressure demand case
6. Any direction of flow and delivery available.


Ge
65. (a) Differentiate between positive displacement type and centrifugal type
pumps. (6)
(b) Sketch and describe a centrifugal pump for pumping bilge. (6)
(c) Explain about centrifugal pump cavitations. (4)
mmea.44
(a) Differentiate between positive displacement type and centrifugal type pumps.
Positive displacement Centrifugal pump

1. Self priming 1. Priming required if fluid level is
below the pump

2. Liquid is displaced by changing of 2. Liquid is displaced by centrifugal
volume of chamber force and tangential acceleration

3. Pump discharge is non steady 3. Pump discharge is steady flow
flow

4. Air vessel is needed to reduce 4. Air vessel is not needed
pulsating effect

5. Relief valve is required as 5. Relief valve is not required
discharge side

6. Discharge pressure head is high 6. Discharge pressure head is low

7. Discharge rate is low 7. Discharge rate is high

8. It can use fluid which has various 8. It can use only fluid which has
viscosity medium to low viscosity

9. Lower cavitations problem 9. Higher cavitations problem


Ge
(b)
Centrifugal pump suitable for pumping bilge

§ The centrifugal pumps are most suitable and efficient for handling large
volumes with medium to low head and low viscosity.

§ The simple centrifugal pump is used for seawater circulation and other
duties, where self priming is not a requirement.

§ When installed for bilge and ballast these pumps require with primers.

§ A pump which is required to initiate suction from a liquid level below itself,
must be fitted with an air pump (vane pump).

§ In the event of engine room flooding, require to pump out water in short
period of time.

§ Is that so, emergency bilge suction is connected to main cooling water
pump or largest capacity of S.W pump, which is centrifugal pump.

Ge
(c)Centrifugal pump cavitations

§ It can be occurred low pressure side of the pump of impeller and blades
when the pump suction contains air or when the pump is running
faster than the designed speed.

§ When the pressure reduced dissolved air comes out of liquid and
forms cavities or bubbles.

§ These bubbles follow with liquid when they reach the high-pressure region
very rapidly and bursting each other results in shock waves

§ which attack metal causing cavitation pitting on the least resistance
region.

mmmc44.(a) Describe the inspection procedure for centrifugal Pump and
drive Motor(7)
(b) Explain a centrifugal pump suitable for pumping bilge. (6)
(c) Explain about Centrifugal pump cavitation (3)

(a) Inspection Procedure for Pump

1) Impeller, pump shaft and internal volute/casing can now be inspected for
erosion, pitting and wear.

2) If required rectify pitting or erosion in the impeller and casing with two –
part alloy epoxy putty. (See my article in the Reference section)

3) Check main drive shaft bearings and thrust bearings for wear and replace
if required.

4) Check wear ring clearance using feeler gauges; in my day at sea it was
general practice is to replace with new rings at major overhaul.

Ge

5) Check impeller / shaft key and keyways for damage and undue wear,
Unscrew impeller shaft securing nut and check threads are in satisfactory
condition; retighten to manufacturers torque settings.

6) Give all parts a good clean removing any dirt/ medium residue before re-
assembly using new parts as required.

7) Enter date of overhaul and parts renewed in the pump maintenance
record card.

Drive Motor

1) Grip motor drive shaft /coupling firmly and check for excess axial and
longitudinal movement. Rotate shaft at speed by hand, allowing it to run
to a stop whilst listening for excess noise from bearings. Any doubt on
either counts, the bearings should be replaced.

2) Megger check motor windings to ensure no dampness is present and
windings are in good condition. Any suspect readings indicate a full motor
strip to check condition of rotor and stator.

3) If these checks are satisfactory, grease bearings as required. Some
bearings are now sealed for life and will not require greasing.
(b) (c) mmea.44 အပုဒ္တိုင္း


Ge
66. (a) Sketch and describe about the Self Cleaning Purifier. (10)
(b) Explain about the Total discharge and Partial discharge. (6)
ww.39 mmmc.6
(b) Self Cleaning Purifier

Figure shows diagrammatically the method of sealing and sludge ejection for a
self-cleaning purifier.

(b).Total discharge is carried out every 2 hours or according to the timer.

§ Oil supply is shut off and operating water.

§ Open sealing water valve for displace remaining oil.

§ Open desludging water valve for bowl opening.

§ Is doing so, hydraulic pressure is force against spring force and opened the
spring loaded valve.

Ge
§ Operating water is discharged through together with desludging water.

§ Sliding bowl will fall and sludge outlet ports opened.

§ Sludge is ejected outside through sludge outlet ports by centrifugal force.

Partial discharge is done by means of sensors and auto system.

• No need to close feed valve.

• Desludging water is supplied for 0.6 sec.

• Bowl open and sludge will discharge partially through sludge outlet ports by
centrifugal force.

• The bowl closed again by operating water.

• It is carried out every 20 minutes to prevent hard sludge formation inside the
bowl.


Ge
67. (b) Differentiate between self cleaning purifier and ordinary purifier (7)
(c) Explain how to choose gravity disc (3)
mmea.15
(a)
ww.39 ပုံေဘးက စာျပန္ေရး အတူတူပဲ..ပုံရွင္းေအာင္ပုံႀကီးထား


Ge
(b) Ordinary Purifiers Vs Self-Cleaning Purifiers

ORDINARY PURIFIER
SELF-CLEANING PURIFIER

01 Simple Design Complicated Design
Easier maintenance and cleaning Time consuming and cleaning of the
02
when dismantling parts required great care
Complete removal and cleaning time-
But complete removal and
interval much longer due to
03 cleaning
automatic desludging has been
time-interval very short
carried out frequently
Not required due to frequent
Strict routine maintenance
04 desludging and
required
cleaning on the bowl itself.
Solid-dependent cleaning Combined Solid-dependent and
05 manually if Time-dependent automatic cleaning
oils flow out from water outlet system.
Overflow of oil has been controlled
Overflow of oils cannot be
automatically and if happens,
06 detected instantly thus loss of oil
Automatic detection' method comes
occurs
to action and loss of oil is prevented
Cleaning of the bowl and discs is
Cleaning of the bowl and discs are
07 time
automatic self-cleaning
consuming and dirty job.
Many supporting ancillary equipment
required such as, Alarm system,
No ancillary equipments
08 Timer control system, Many solenoid
required
valves, Detectors and complex
electrical circuits
09 More work load on the operator Reduce work load on the operator
Suitable for UMS operation because
Thus not suitable for UMS
10 all theoperation will be carried out
operation
automatically.

Ge
If oil density change, the latest design

not required to change gravity disc
If purifying oil density change, because its
11 the gravity disc has also to be discs are re-designed featuring a
changed series of peripheral slots. The
Interface is free to manoeuvre
through a wide range.
Water gravity tank is required Water gravity tank is used for all
12 only for purpose of Sealing water, Replacing
sealing water purpose manually water and operating water
Stopping of the unit is required
Stopping of the unit is not required
13 in order to remove and clean
over a prolong period
sludge
Operator needs simple technical Operator needs higher technical
14
know-ledge knowledge

(c) Gravity disc

The correct size of the gravity disc should be chosen according to the
feed oil density.
If it is too large in diameter, the water discharging through the water
outlet will contain oil and
if it is too small, the oil discharging through the clean oil outlet will
contain water.
The gravity disc sets the location of the oil and water interface line,
which is variable according to the makers design.

Gravity disc choose depend on:
1. Separation temperature
2. Specific gravity of oil at that temperature
3. Flow rate or through put (10% more than fuel consumption)


Ge
68.(a) Explain the causes and effects of Oxides of Nitrogen ( NOx ) (4)
(b) Explain the causes and effects of Oxides of Sulphur ( SOx ) (4)
(c) Describe ONE method by which the level of NOx emission may be reduced.(4)
(d) Explain how the effects on engine components of Sulphur in the fuel may be
minimized?(4)
ww.34
(a) Causes and effect of Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx)

-Nitrogen Oxides are a group of gases that are composed of nitrogen and
oxygen.

-When fuels are burned in engines, high temperatures are reached. At the high
temperature, nitrogen and oxygen from air combine to produce nitrogen
monoxide (NO).

-When this nitrogen monoxide is released from engine exhaust system, it
combines with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen dioxide.

-Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide are referred to as NOx. NOx is a
greenhouse gas that contribute to climate change.

-The rate of NOx formation is a function of temperature. This rate is
significantly above 1200’C and rapid above 1500’C. Especially, strong sunlight
to form ozone and smog

-The nitrogen dioxide causes acid rain. It also caused the breathing and lung
problems (above 100ppb) and can worsen the effects of asthma. Above 150
ppm, it causes death.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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(b) Causes and effect of oxide of Sulphur (SOx)

Sulphur oxides (SO x) are compound of Sulphur and Oxygen molecules. Most
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is produced by burning fuels containing Sulphur. About
5% is further oxidized to form Sulphur trioxide (SO3).

Sulphur oxides (SO x) are the primary causes of acid rain. Acid rain occurs when
these gases react with water, oxygen and other chemical in the atmosphere.

Mostly, sunlight increases the rate of these reactions. The result is a mild
solution of Sulphuric acid.

SOx can be controlled by removing the Sulphur from the fuel. Another method
is removing the SOx from the exhaust gas by scrubbing. This is a chemical
reaction with sea water to converts the SOx into Sulphates.

The sea water must go through a separation system to remove the Unburnt
Hydrocarbons and Particulates Matter.

And the, the scrubbing water has removed from the exhaust gas before the sea
water is pumped overboard.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Method of NOx emission reducing

Remove the oxides of nitrogen from the exhaust gas with Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR) NOx removal equipment. 98% reduction claimed.

The catalyst material is titanium dioxide doped with vanadium pentoxide.

Urea or Ammonia is injected into the exhaust stream.

The NOx reacts with the urea and ammonia to form nitrogen and water.

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(d) how the effects on engine components of Sulphur in the fuel may be
minimized

The SOx is produced by combustion of the Sulphur. If SOx can combine with the
water, Sulphuric and Sulphurous acid will form when the temperature falls
below the dew-point.

Due to this causes, cylinder liners and exhaust gas economizers will cause
corrosion. To minimize these effects,

Keep cylinder liner temperatures as high as possible without effect
cylinder lubrication.

Use the correct grade of cylinder oil with high TBN for neutralizing acids
High alkalinity cylinder oil will only be able to neutralize about 1% of the
acids produced by a 3% Sulphur fuel, so maintaining liner temperatures is
very important.

The calcium ash in the burnt cylinder oil can react with the Sulphur Oxides to
form Calcium sulphate which can deposit on turbocharger nozzles and blades
causing a drop in efficiency.

To minimize these effects,

- Do not increase lubrication above recommended guidelines.

- Maintain proper exhaust gas temperature to avoid dew point
corrosion
- Bypass the economizer at low load running and during manoeuvring to

avoid this happening.

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69. LO property of the followings;

(a) Explain full film lubrication (4)
(b) What factors required to form full film lubrication. (4)
(c) What are made on bearings, to get full film lubrication (4)
(d) State difference between boundary and full film lubrication (4)
Mmea.4
(a) Full film lubrication (Hydro dynamic Lubrication)

If the two sliding surfaces are completely separated by the pressure of a
continuous unbroken oil film while carrying a load, it is called Full film.
By the action of moving parts, which are slightly tilted to each other, the
lubricant is drawn in between the surfaces, called Viscous Drag and built up a
film.
Thickness of this film is 0.025 mm – 0.10 mm. When it is drag in, the
shearing action to the lubricant film is opposed by its viscous property and
create internal resisting force.
This force helps to drag and draw more lubricant between the surfaces
with factor rate and built up a pressure to sustain a load.
When full film lubricating is existing, friction is very least being almost
entirely viscous. Coefficient of friction very low and about 0.002 -0.012.

b). Required Factor
The factors govern to the full film lubrication are
1. Viscosity of oil (higher – better, reduce effect of oil film braking)
2. Speed of moving parts (higher – better)
3. Load on moving parts. (Excessive can brake oil film)
4. Clearance of moving parts
5. Continuous ample oil supply
6. Fineness of surface finishing
7. Convergence between two moving parts.


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c). Made on Bearing

In the case of journal bearings tilting pad bearings, the oil is tapered for
the pressure build up within the oil film.
Therefore, bearing metals are furnished with oil grooves and oil wages
to increase oil distribution over the load carrying surfaces and to get the
formation of film.

(d)Difference between boundary and full film lubrication,

Full film lubrication Boundary lubrication

1. Two working surfaces are 1. Two working surfaces are metal
entirely separated to metal contact

2. Full film of oil between 2. Oil film between the surfaces
two surfaces decrease until the asperities of
mating surfaces touch.

3. Frictionless between 3. High degree of friction between
surfaces surfaces.

4. Lubrication existing itself 4. Require priming arrangement.
by moving parts.


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70. (a) Give six examples of physical properties that can be governed by control
equipment. (6)
(c)Sketch and describe the one type of control device. (10)
mmea.18
(a) 1. Temperature (Accurate control diesel engine cooling water temperature
or L.O temperature)
1. The master control obtains an outlet temperature reading from
sensing element attached to engine.
2. Control action take place after comparing with desired value.

2. Pressure (Steam pressure control)
Steam pressure in auxiliary range is measured by a pressure
transmitter.

3. Viscosity of Oil
1. The pressure drop across the capillary is measured by differential
pressure transmitter.
2. The signal obtained is directly proportional to viscosity.

4. Fluid level -(Boiler water level control)
1. A level sensor and transmitter is used for control of boiler water
level.
2. A signal is sent to a two term P & I controller, which trims the feed
water control valve to restore the level.

5. Speed of rotation
1. Engine speed control by governor automatically.
2. The fuel pump index and output of engine is altered by rod and shaft
connection.
6. Flow rate
1. Boiler steam flow is measured by an orifice plate.
2. Steam flow control is used to control the feed water control v/v
position while the feed pump run continuously.

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(b) Viscosity controller

1. Viscothern unit is consisting a gear pump (40RPM) driven by electric
motor with reduction gear.

2. The pump is taking fuel oil from supply line and discharge with
constant amount into capillary tube.

3. The oil viscosity is measured the pressure difference before and after
of capillary tube by differential pressure transmitter.

4. Measured value will get from electrical input signal of viscosity
controller.

5. Presetting of viscosity value can done by selector (0~20Cst). If
measured value is lower or higher than limit, alarm will come.

6. The output signal from viscosity controller command electrically the
frequency converter, and then control the steam inlet to end heater.


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71. (a) Describe how Lube Oil contamination may arise in an engine. (8)
(b) Describe the test for contamination Lube Oil onboard. (8)
mmea.32
(a) Water dilution
Water may dilute in L.0 from condensation from vapour in the crankcase.
Leakage from cooling water system for cylinder or piston. Leakage from steam
heating of sump tank. Leakage from defective sea water cooler tube.

Fuel oil dilution
Fuel oil contamination with L.0 may caused by dribbling fuel valve and
leaking fuel pump due to excess wear of its components.

Oxidation Products
Mineral oils react with oxygen in the air. The higher the temperature and
the greater the contact with air, the more contaminants are formed. This
procedure is accelerated by contact with copper and iron which act as catalysts.

Product of Fuel combustion
Acid and incomplete burnt fuel, which form sludge and deposits and
which may seriously effect engine performance.
Inorganic acid from the combustion of high sulphur residual fuels is
particularly existed in trunk type engine.
Solid impurities from wear and tear. Particles of rust and scales from
Storage tank & pipes etc, Dust from surrounding atmosphere.

Biological Contamination
It seemed to associate with wet oil cause by leakage from cooling system
and is less likely occur with basic oil than with other.


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(b)Testing Lube oil on board (ACDV Kit)

Acidity determination
Acidity is tested by extraction acid from the sample by means of shaking
with a known amount of distilled water.
The acidic extract is then placed on a watch glass with an indicator
solution of known strength.
The mixture is then drawn up into glass tube and its color compared with
a series of color standards, each representing a known pH value of sample can
be determined quite accurately.

Water and other contaminants
Crackle test consists of pouring a known amount of sample oil into a test
tube and holding it over a small spirit lamp, shaking the tube while so doing.
If there is no crackling the oil is dry, a slight crackle indicates a trace of
water.

Insoluble content
The simplest test is blotter test. A single drop of sample oil is released
from a given height on to a sheet filter paper. Result compares with similar oil
with known varying insoluble content.
The test oil should be below the upper limit. 1 to 1.5% for straight mineral
oils and 5% for detergent/Dispersant oils are the upper limits.

Viscosity determination
Simplest method is 3-tube rolling ball viscometer. Assuming the oil in
the engine to be an SAE 30 grade, one tube is filled with minimum safe viscosity
(about SAE 20) and other tube with oil of optimum viscosity (About SAE 40), and
the last tube to be filled with test sample. All tubes are placed in a bucket of hot
water until the oils are at the same temperature. The three tubes, mounted
on a tilted board, are the inverted. An internal hollow ball in each tube then
rises to the surface. If the time taken in the test sample is between that of the
lower and upper limit oils, then the oil is fit for further use.

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72. (a)Discuss the problem that may result from the used, storage and
handling of modern residual fuel of poor quality. (7)
(b) State how a valid fuel sample is obtained while bunkering. (3)
(c) Describe briefly the on board tests available for assessment of fuel
quality. (6)
mmea.25
(a) Problem of used of residual fuel
1. Mineral acid from combustion product produced serious corrosion
hazard if they find their way into crankcase.
2. High wear rate of piston ring cylinder liner owing to high sulfur content
3. Ash increase abrasive wear of piston ring and liner
4. Incompletely burn heavy ends cause excessive ring zone deposits
5. Shorter exhaust valve life due to low temperature corrosion and hot end
corrosion
6. Trumpet or Petal formation at nozzle sprayer, spray holes blockage,
leakage and corrosion of injector
7. High wear rate of fuel pump component due to ashes and cat fine
8. Heavy deposition of solid deposit and corrosion on turbocharger nozzle
ring and turbine blade
9. Up take and economizer corrosion and fouling
10.Up setting of purifier operation

Handling
Bunkers of different origins are kept in separate double bottom storage
tank. At D.B tank heating temperature must be slightly above at least 5’C of
poor point. Therefore more fuel consumption for the heating purpose.
When bunkering coast filtering applied at the bunker line.
To prevent too mush sludge formation detergent type chemical additive are
dosed into storage tank.
More filtering sequence is necessary step by step. In settling tank
gravitational separation of oil from water or other impurities can be drained
out from the tank. Storage temperature must be at least 14’C lower than its
flash point.

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Double stage purification method employs (purifier and clarifier in series).

Into the daily service tank, some chemicals are dosed to promote
combustion efficiency.

(b) Sample obtained while bunkering and valid

When bunkering sample can taken as follow,
1. Continuous drip sampling probe fitted with a needle valve to
control the rate at which the sample is withdrawn.
2. Spot-check at radon time from bunker line during bunkering.
3. Spot-check at radon tank from bunker barge.
One sample for laboratory analysis (DNP or MOL or others), one sample for
vessel and one sample for supplier. The optional one bottle for charter if
requested.
All sample are shall be kept of a period of not less than 1 year from the date
of bunkering or until the time all fuel consume whenever is later.

(c) On board test available for assessment of fuel quality

A full analysis can be done by shore laboratory. On board test are limited to
those which give reliable result and kits for specific gravity, viscosity, pour
point water content and compatibility are on the market.

1. Flash point: It is found with a Penksy Martin closed cup apparatus as
carried by passenger vessel.

2. Density or specific gravity: Can be tested at a particular temperature
with a test kit Hydrometer. Required for bunker calculation and purifier
gravity disc selection.

3. Viscosity: Used the principle of a metal ball being allow to fall through a
tube of fuel sample at 80’C and being time over a set distance after it
reaches its terminal velocity. Calculation gives the kinematics viscosity.

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Viscosity is reduced by heating, to made it usable in engine to improve

separation and to ensure each of pumping

4. Pour point: It checked on the ship by cooling a preheated oil in a test
tube while tilting the tube at every 3’C drop in temperature to see
whether it is still free flowing or not.

5. Water content: The oil sample is mixed with a reagent in closed
container and any water in the oil reacts with the chemical reagent to
produce a vapor. Pressurize vapor calibrated to show water percentage.

6. Compatibility: A sample mixes with a residual fuel and another fuel in
equal amounts and depositing a drop on Photochromatic paper. After an
hour the pattern left by dried drop is compared with spots on a
reference sheet. An unsatisfactory blend is typified by a dark central
deposit with an outer less dark ring.


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73. Write brief notes on the adverse effects that a fuel high contents of the
following may cause.
(a) Conradson Carbon Residue (4)
(b) Vanadium and sodium (4)
(c) Sulphur (4)
(d) Water (4)
ww.mek.8 mmmc.16

(a) Conradson Carbon Residue

May cause unburnt carbon deposits and smoky emission has been
increased with high CCR values.
The use of Combustion Improver will considerably increase combustion
performance ensuring unburnt carbon particles are substantially reduced.
The use of Asphaltene Dispersant can also be improved the combustion
of high CCR.
The values of CCR can be obtained by weighing the carbonaceous residues
left after burning a sample of fuel under vacuum condition. CCR values over 20%
by weight are commonplace with modern fuels.
High CCR values over 10% will cause fouling of combustion chamber and
scavenge space. Further more, resulting smoke emission and trumpet formation
at nozzles.

(b) Vanadium and Sodium

May cause hot corrosion during combustion. They are formed corrosive
products as SODIUM VANADATE COMPOUND when combustion temperature
530‘C, stick to the metal and attack the protective coating of the surface, cause
hot corrosion especially to Exhaust valve, Turbocharger turbine blades and
nozzle ring. Being this attack, a by-pass passage is produced on the seat surface
and blown through by combustion gas, tend to leak and burn.


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(c) Sulphur

Produce combustion products containing SO2 & SO3 to cause cold
corrosion wear of Piston rings, Liners, Turbocharger water cooled casing,
Exhaust valve cage….. ect.
• High temperature corrosion to exhaust valve.
• Adhesion of black lacquer on the liner inner surface

Form a L.O acidity condition.
Sulphur attack is greater than vanadium attack. Being high Sulphur
content in residual fuel, combustion products of Sulphur reduce to oxide as SO2
& SO3 , react with moisture to become Sulphuric vapors.
When the metal temperature is lower to 120 ~ 160 ‘C acid due point ,
that acid vapor become Sulphuric Acid and result corrosion attack to the gas
duct of exhaust valve housing and spindle guide boss , called cold corrosion.

(d) Water

More than 1 % of water content may cause
• Corrosion on fuel pump and injector component tend to seizure.
• Misfiring of engine and stop in extreme case
• Poor combustion , reduce out put and T.C surging
• Emulsification of fuel leading to sludge formation
• Fuel foaming in mixing column
• Promote microbial degradation
• Loss of energy content and quantity of fuel
Water will damage fuel injection equipment, cause corrosion and failure to
exhaust valves and turbochargers.


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74. (a) What is Non Destructive Test and where it is used?(2)

(b) Explain how to use liquid penetrate inspection(4)
(c) Explain about radiography test and where and when it is used (5)
(d) Explain about ultrasonic test and where and when it is used (5)
ww.9
(a) Non Destructive Test (NDT)

The test is carried out on the components only but not on the test piece.
It used to detect flaws during manufacture or service.
The test gives no indication of mechanical properties. It only gives
indication of cracks, porosity, inclusions and fatigue cracks in their size and
position.

(b) Liquid penetrate inspection

(Figure is not essential)
• The surface is first cleaned using an volatile cleaner and degreaser.
• A fluorescent dye is then applied and a certain time allowed for it to enter
any flaws under capillary action.
• Using the cleaning spray, the surface is then wiped clean.
• An ultra violet light is shone on the surface, any flaws showing up as the dye
fluorescent.
• The more commonly used Dye penetrant method is similar in application.
• The surface is cleaned and the low viscosity penetrant sprayed on.
• After a set time the surface is again cleaned.
• A developer is then used which coats the surface in a fine white chalky dust
the dye seeps out and stains the developer typically a red colour.


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(c) Radiographic Test

• The radiography test implies a process in which an image is produced on
film.
• X rays and gamma rays are used for inspection of welds, castings, forging
and pressure vessels etc.
• Faults in the metal effect the intensity of rays which passes through the
material and the film exposed by the rays gives the shadow photograph
when developed.
• Exposure time for x-rays and gamma rays vary with the type of material, its
thickness and the intensity of the rays.
• The main type of defect, which can be used on both metallic and non-
metallic material, both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

(d) Ultrasonic Test

• The probe of the test equipment transmits high frequency sound wave
about 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz, which are reflected by any flaws in the object,
and these reflected sound wave are then displayed on the monitor screen
of the cathode ray oscilloscope.
• Ultrasonic tests are suitable for the detection, identification and size
assessment of a wide variety of both surface and sub-surface defects in
materials.
• Ultrasonic method can be used to measured the thickness of material or to
detect internal or surface defects in welds, casting or forging either during
manufacture or when in service.


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75. (a) What are Destructive test and Non-destructive tests . (8)
(b) Describe two methods of destructive test and one method of non-
destructive test. (8)
mmea.30
(a) Destructive and Non- destructive Tests
Destructive Test Non-Destructive Test

1. Test is carried out on the 1. Test is carried out on the
specimen pieces components
2. The test pieces are damaged 2. The component are not damage at
after test the test
3. The test is used to determine 3. The test is used to detect flows or
the mechanical properties of imperfection during manufacture
the specimen under test (or) service

D.T Test N.D.T Test
a. Bend test a. Liquid penetrating
b. Creep test b. Ultrasonic method
c. Fatigue test c. Magnetic crack detection
d. Hardness test d. Electrical test method
e. Impact test e. Radiographic inspection
f. Tensile test

Creep test

Creep is permanent deformation resulting from loading over a long period of
time.

Creep test are used to find safe working stresses for material working at high
temperature.

The test piece is mounted vertically and the constant axial tensile load is
applied to the specimen under constant temperature.

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The temperature range vary between 600’ C to 1000' C. Generally the duration
of test period is 1000, 10000 and 100000 hours, each test employing the
necessary load to produce 1 % elongation.

This load is said to be the creep strength of material.

Fatigue test

Fatigue means the failure of a material under a repeatedly applied stress.

A whole machine is used for fatigue test. The cantilever shaft form of specimen
is chucked on the machine and rotate.

Deed loading is applied to the specimen through a ball bearing.

As the specimen rotates there is a sinusoidal variation of stress occurs, which is
greater at surface and zero at centre.

The dimension of specimen very according to the make of machine.


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Liquid Penetration Test (NPT)

• The surface is first cleaned using an volatile cleaner and degreaser.
• A fluorescent dye is then applied and a certain time allowed for it to enter
any flaws under capillary action.
• Using the cleaning spray, the surface is then wiped clean.
• An ultra violet light is shone on the surface, any flaws showing up as the dye
fluorescent.
• The more commonly used Dye penetrant method is similar in application.
• The surface is cleaned and the low viscosity penetrant sprayed on.
• After a set time the surface is again cleaned.
• A developer is then used which coats the surface in a fine white chalky dust
the dye seeps out and stains the developer typically a red colour.


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76. Sketch thermal equilibrium diagram

Write short notes
a) Annealing (3marks) (d) Stress relieving (2marks)
b) Normalizing (2marks) (e) Hardening (3marks)
c) Tempering (3marks) (f) Nitriding (3marks)
Mmea.26

Upper critical temperature
900
800
Lower critical temperature

700
600
.2 .4 .6 .8 .89 1.0
% Carbon

The temperature at which steel structure changes begin is lower critical

temperature of steel.
§ The temperature at which complete changes of steel structure is upper

critical temperature.
§ To ensure the desired changes, the component must be heated to 20-50
‘C above critical temperature, before cooling.
§ It is possible to determine the correct temperature, for treatment of plain
carbon steel.
§ The lower critical temperature of steel is constant but the upper critical
temperature varies with the carbon content as shown in figure.
Annealing

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Steel is heated up slightly above upper critical temperature then allowing it to

cool slowly, either in furnace or insulated space. The process is called
annealing and its purpose are
1. To reduce hardness
2. To improve machine ability
3. To facilitate cold working
4. To obtain desired mechanical properties
5. To remove internal stress
6. To soften the steel
7. To alter ductility and toughness
After annealing the steel is softest and most ductile state, suitable all kind of
work, either cold or hot.
Stress Relieving
• It is also called sub-critical annealing.
• If a piece of steel has internal stresses due to cold work or, strains of
welding or, other local heating.
• Stresses can be relieved by heating up to 650’C , to lower the elastic
limit of steel.
• It is low enough for the stresses to pull the softened metal into the
shape, which release them.
Normalizing
The steel is heated about 30-66’C above the critical temperature range and
cooled freely in still air at room temperature. It is cheaper and quicker than
annealing.
It produces stronger and harder than annealed steel. It is suitable for large
sections and structures, and less suitable for cold work. It improves technical
properties.
Hardening
Steel is heated up to its upper critical range about 850-950’C .then rapidly
cooled by quenching in oil or water. During quenching, the work piece should
be moved in a liquid quenching medium to shake off any gas film, which may

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form and tend to envelope the work piece. If not, soft spot may result the
work piece.
Hardening produces hardest condition of steel and increase tensile strength. A
gain in hardness is accompanied by a loss of ductility and having internal
stresses, steel become brittle. In order to relieve stresses and restore the
ductility without loss of toughness and hardness, the material must be
tempered.

Tempering
In this process, the materials is heated within 200-700’C, followed by
quenching. The higher the tempering temperature, the lower the tensile
properties.
Tempering process is carried out after the hardening process, to relive the
internal stresses and stabilize the structure of the metal. It converts the hard
and brittle steel to applicable metal condition.
Nit Riding
Special alloy steels are immersed in ammonia, NH3 gas at 500’ C for 88 hours.
Iron nitride, an extremely hard substance is formed in the case and no
quenching is necessary.
Since the treatment is carried out below the lower critical temperature and no
quenching is required, the steel structure has no distortion, cracking or scaling.
Parts may be finished ground before nit riding. Gauges and brushes for drill jigs
are often nitrided.


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77. With respect to heat treatment of the steel, write short notes on the
following subjects:
(a) Case hardening, (4)
(b) Flame hardening, (4)
(c) Induction hardening, (4)
(d) Nitriding. (4)
mmmc.17
(a) Case hardening:
§ Gudgeon pin, ball and roller in their bearing casings are manufactured with
case hardened nature to improve good wear resistance.
§ To made the case hardening, components are placed in the fire clay, cast
iron, or heat resisting nickel-iron alloy.
§ After packing with carbon rich material such as charcoal or crushed bone
and horn to very fine powder.
§ Then metal box is heated in the furnace steadily to reach above 900ºc.
§ After the period of time, the individual grains are started to loose among
themselves.
§ And then the fine carbon powders are allowed to combine together in the
form of hard case.
§ The thickness layer of the hard case can be achieved by the time factor.
§ To gain the thickness layer between 0.8 mm to 3 mm requires between two
to twelve hours.

(b) Flame hardening:
§ This is another method of increasing the surface hardness of the machine
component, especially gear teeth, so that the wear resistance can be
improved during service.
§ An oxy-acetylene torch is used to supply preheating to the surface of the
metal steadily to a temperature between 800 – 850ºC.
§ And water sprays are followed closely to the torch over the metal surfaces
to become hardness.
§ Care is taken not to overheating to the metal during heat treatment.


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(c) Induction Hardening:

§ This method is used by the electrical energy.
§ The metal component is placed within the electric windings.
§ When an A.C. current is allowed to flow the winding with a high rate of
frequency.
§ The induction currents can be produced in the form of hysteresis current
and eddy current.
§ When the hysteresis current is produced, resulting the molecules are upset
from their stationary position and start friction then heat is generated.
§ Due to the eddy current, molecules are shaking according to the direction
of flowing alternately then heat is generated also.
§ The generated amount of heat is depended upon the time of supply electric
power.
§ Then follow by quenching by rapid cooling to obtain surface.

(d) Nitriding:
§ Special alloy steels are immersed in ammonia, NH3 gas at 500’ C for 88
hours.

§ Iron nitride, an extremely hard substance is formed in the case and no
quenching is necessary.

§ Since the treatment is carried out below the lower critical temperature
and no quenching is required, the steel structure has no distortion,
cracking or scaling.

§ Parts may be finished ground before nit riding. Gauges and brushes for
drill jigs are often nitrided.


Ge
78.(a) In these days how many types of Hull protection systems are using on
ships (2)
(b) Explain detailed principle of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
System with aid of sketch. (10)
(c)What is MGPS system and explain briefly. (4)
ww.37
(a) Types of hull protection systems using on ships are as follows;

1. Paint: Paint is covered layer of the hull metal. So the metal will not contact
with sea water and air (oxygen) to oxidation.

2. zinc anodes: sacrificial anode are fitted on the ship hull as per required to
protect the hull metal wastage.

3. ICCP: Impressed current cathodic prevention system

(b) Impressed current system

- The impress current system consist of a (1) source of direct current, (2) anodes,
apparatus for (3) measuring and controlling the current and a (4) high quality
inert protective coating around the area of the hull nearest to the anode.

- Continuous control of the impress current required for adequate protection
varies with the (1) immersed area, the (2) ship speed, the (3) salinity of the
water and (4) condition of the hull paint work.

- This control is usually obtained by the used of reference anode positioned
some distance from the operating anode.

- If too great a current well to flow it could destroy paint coatings on the ship
hull.


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- Around the anode a protective coating is epoxy resin is applied directly to

hull for a radius of one meter or more, since highly alkaline condition arise
near the anode.

- A propeller bonding arrangement must be fitted with impress current
system to ensure propeller protection.

(c) Marine growth preventing system

- Anti fouling paint are used for this purpose. They consist of a vehicle with
pigments which give body and color together with materials poisonous to
marine vegetable and animal growth.

- Mercury and copper are the best-known poisons used in anti fouling paint.

- To prolong the useful life of the paint the poisonous compound dissolve
slowly in seawater. Once the release rate falls below a level necessary to
prevent settlement of marine organism the anti fouling composition is no
longer effective.

- A recently developed anti fouling paint is non-toxic in operation it is based
on a metallized acrylic polymer and psychically influences the film which
form on immersed hull.

- Adherence by marine organism is made almost impossible by the paint
altering the critical surface of the film.

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79. (a) Draw one of central cooling systems and explain briefly? (8)
(b) Discuss the advantages of Central Cooling system ? (4)
(c) Discuss the disadvantages of Central Cooling system? (4)
ww.45 mmmc.33
(a) CENTRAL COOLING SYSTEM

The central cooling system uses a ‘closed circuit’ of fresh ‘chemically
treated’ water for the coolant side of all the primary heat exchangers.
This fresh water is itself cooled by in one or more large Central coolers,
which are sea water cooled.
The salt water is thus limited to one set of pumps, coolers, valves, and
filters, which considerably reduces the salt water corrosion problem, which is
inherent in marine systems.
Since sea water is limited to a small section of pipes and coolers, special
materials may be used to limit corrosion problem there at a comparatively
reduced cost.
Thus the few salt water pipes may be protected by rubber-lining, and the
cooler plates made of special corrosion resistant metals like Titanium.

Central cooling system

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(b) Advantages
1) Less corrosion and hence less maintenance, with increased reliability as
systems are not subjected to unscheduled maintenance, due to leaking
tubes, or chockage, silting or marine growth on cooling surfaces.

2) Reduced initial cost of equipment (as compared to using the same
materials for a conventional system) as the quantity of items having sea
water is less.

3) Constant temperature of coolant to various systems, since no change in
the coolant temperature, as would be the case with sea water, whose
temperature varies with the geographical location of the vessel. This gives
a better and easier control and thus improves the operating condition for
the running machinery.

4) The number of sea water inlet valves is reduced together with the filters
that require cleaning.

(c) Disadvantages

1) Two separate heat exchanger systems mean a greater overall
temperature difference, which reduces the thermal efficiency and thus
increase the operating costs.

2) Greater initial first cost, as the design cost would add to the cost of extra
equipment for the Central coolers, pumps, valves and associated piping.

3) Plant is more complex and vulnerable to problems, such as break-down
of the Central cooling circuit, which would hamper operation of all other
services.


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80. If your vessel causing at sea speed suddenly found to have spark coming
out of the funnel, discuss
(a) The danger of prolonged sparking and the immediately action you would
take. (6) (4)
(b) The process you would take to verify the fault and if you cannot restore
the engine to normal operation. (6) (6)
(c) How will you continue the voyage to the next port? (4) (6)
mmmc.8, mmea.3
a). The danger of prolong sparking

The danger of prolonged sparking may cause soot fire or uptake fire. It is
very important because of soot fire may become violent fire and lead to
Hydrogen fire if proper care is not taken.

Following action should be taken immediately.
1. Soot blow many time if and only if soot deposits are burning and
temperatures are not too high.
2. Check the temperature after exhaust gas boiler, maintained at below
200oC.
3. Indicator cocks open for 3, 4 firing stroke to observe good combustion.
4. Check scavenge temperature and pressure, turbine inlet and outlet
temperature.
5. Slow down the engine to seasonable speed, after inform bridge.
6. Raise water level full and blow-down continuously, to maintain good
flow of water, additional boiler water circulation pump to be run.
7. Reduce boiler pressure using by easing gear of safety valve.
8. Boundary cooling of casing should be carried out.
9. A few times starting and stopping of main engine should be done to
blow out collecting soot of the update.


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b). If the engine cannot restore the normal operation.

Firstly, check and verify the fuel oil tank for the formation of sludge and
water which can lead to incomplete combustion and spark can be occurred.
After risk assessment is carried out and permit to work obtained,
scavenge trunk and Exhaust trunk should be inspected if required, cleaning
should be carried.
Check the piston rings conditions through the scavenge ports.Exhaust
gas boiler tubes to be examined and water washing to be done.
Test all fuel valves opening pressure and check fuel temperature and
quality, ensure fuel injection timing and VIT system operation in good order.
Reduce the boiler pressure and run additional boiler water circulating
pump for better water circulation and good heat transfer to water.
Restart main engine and speed up gradually and monitor the sparks
coming out from funnel or not.

c). To be continued the voyage to the next part,
After the fuel oil from service and setting tanks are totally drained out to
the bunker D.B tank, transfer the another grade of oil which having on board
to the settling tank.
Then settle down the fuel oil and drain the water and impurity
frequently, purified the such oil with minimum through put, maximum heating
temperature by using purifier and clarifier in series.
All filters from fuel oil system taken out and cleaned.Reduce and auto
back washing interval timing and decrease the purifier and clarifier de-sludging
timing .
Chemical dosing to the service and settling tanks such as combustion
improver. After sufficient fuel oil in the service tank, maintain system oil
temperature accordingly Bunker Analysis Report.
If Engine running with no sparks coming out, the remaining voyage can
be continued, if not, it should be try to use the blending with diesel. So inform
to head office about present condition and procedure of continued to try.


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81. What is vibration? What is meant by the terms amplitude, node, mode,
period, frequency, Natural frequency and resonance, with respect to
vibration? (Each 2)
mmmc.26 mmea.36

Vibration
- It is the oscillation of object or system due to a disturbing force.
- Mechanical vibrations can occur in three forms:
1. Longitudinal vibration,
2. Transverse vibration and
3. Torsional vibration.

Amplitude
- It is maximum displacement of vibration from the point of equilibrium.
- It shows transverse movement of equilibrium line of object and too big
amplitude means high density of vibration.

Node
- It is the point in the vibrating system at which the amplitude of vibration is
zero.
- Unbalanced forces of an engine are less likely to excite hull vibration if the
engine is located at a Node.
- If there are 3 nodes, one frequency is created.

Mode
- It is designated by the number of nodes in a system.
- Mode is indicating the pattern of nodes and antinodes assumed by the
system in which the motion of every particle, for a particular frequency.
Period
- It is the time taken to make one oscillation or cycle.
- It is denoted by ‘T’. The unit is Seconds.


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Frequency
- It is the number of circles or oscillations made in one second.
- This is denoted by ‘f’. Thus the unit becomes “cycle/sec”. But the
frequency is generally denoted by Hertz (Hz).
Natural frequency
- A natural frequency is a characteristic frequency at which a solid object will
vibrate freely, if subjected to an impact.
- Any system of solid elements, a violin string, a beam, a crankshaft or a
ship, has several own natural frequencies.

Resonance
- It is the coincidence of the frequency of the natural vibration and the
frequency of the force vibration.
- This results in a build-up of amplitude which may be dangerously high to
produce great fatigue stress and finally failure of the material.


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82. (a) Explain how the emergency diesel generator is prepared and selected
for automatic Operation so that it will start and connect to the switchboard in
the event of a blackout.(3)
(b) Write a procedure for manual starting and running of the emergency
generator (2)
(c) State procedure for testing the emergency generator automatic start.(6)
mmmc.42
(a)
SOLAS Regulation 43 states that for automatic operation, the generator
must be capable of being automatically started and supplying the required
load within 45 seconds, otherwise a transitional source of power must be
provided.
To ensure that it is ready for automatic operation the following should be
carried out on a regular basis (eg weekly)
- Check the LO level and check for water.
- Check the fuel supply and tank and check for water.
- Check cooling water level in radiator.
- Check heaters to ensure engine is warm enough to enable easy starting.
- Check fan dampers in generator space.
- Check batteries for charge in battery room.
- Ensure starting switch is in auto position.

(b)
The following test should be carried out weekly.
- Check the oil in the sump is at the correct level
- Check water in radiator
- Check fuel level in tank
- Ensure fan dampers are open
- Change selector switch from auto to manual operation
- Start using battery start.
- When engine warms up check LO pressure, cooling water outlet
temperature, RPM, frequency and voltage.
- Do not attempt to connect generator to switchboard

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- Stop engine and restart using secondary starting system.

- Note; The engine may to be barred to a starting position for this.
- After stopping engine ensure that selector switch is put back in the auto
position.

(c)
- SOLAS Regulation 43 states that provision shall be made for the periodic
testing of the complete emergency system and shall include the testing of
automatic starting arrangements, the generator loaded to near capacity as
is practical and the test run be for at least 30 minutes.
- It is usual to carry out this test on a monthly basis
- Ideally this should be carried out in port, although on long voyages it may
be necessary to carry out the tests while in clear open waters.
- To do this first ensure that any pumps and machinery which are fed from
the emergency switchboard, such as one of the steering motors are
doubled up so that one will be supplied from the main board.
- The computers and Gyro compasses should have UPS systems fitted.
Ensure that the bridge is informed that the test is about to be carried out.
- Take out the emergency switchboard tie breaker.
- The emergency generator should start and connect to the emergency
switchboard within 45 seconds. During the test run monitor engine
parameters.
- To stop the test, switch to manual, take out the emergency generator
breaker to the emergency switchboard, and remake the tie breaker.
- After finally stopping the machine, switch the generator start switch back
to the auto position.


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83. Describe the ventilation arrangement for

(a) CO2 storage comportment (4)
(b) Battery room (4)
(c) Purifier flat. (4)
(d) Refrigerating Machinery Space (2)
(e) Shaft tunnel (2)
mmea.31

a). CO2 storage comportment

1. It is situated on open deck, well ventilated and easily accessible.
2. Boundaries between CO2 rooms should be water tight and access door is
open outward.
3. Ventilation louver is fitted at the bottom near floor.
4. The suction of exhaust fans are arranged at near bottom of room,
because CO2 is heavier than air.
5. The leakage of CO2 in the compartment cause lack of oxygen and
dangerous for human.
6. The exhaust fan switch is always located at the entrance of CO2 room.
7. Before entering the room start exhaust fan first and wait until clean ATM
in CO2 room.

b). Battery Room

1. Batteries are maintained onboard for instantly supply electric power
required.
2. During battery charging the battery generates hydrogen gas; it can be
explosive and flammable.
3. By regulation, good ventilation system and exhaust fan required.
Ventilation outlets are arranged the top of the compartment.
4. The exhaust fan must be independent of other ventilation system and all
outlet vent ducts are of corrosion resistance material.
5. Ventilation inlet should be below battery level.

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c). Purifier Flat

1. Temperature is higher in purifier room than other place in E/R, due to
the L.O and F.O are usually heated about 80’C for separation.
2. The slow and gradual evaporation of the leakages of oil and steam can
accumulate inflammable gases within the space.
3. By this reason purifier flat required mechanical ventilation system. Also
exhaust fan are fitted to draw oil vapours, sufficient amount of air is
delivered to replace the hot and densed impure air.
4. Outlets of purifier room blower leads to open deck.
5. The exhaust blower fan can be stopped from emergency remote station,
outside the engine room.

(d) Refrigerating machinery space

1. It depends on the type of refrigerant used.
2. In Freon refrigeration system, normal ventilation system is provided, by
mean of E/R ventilation, vent pipe lead to deck with gauze.
3. In Ammonia and CO2 refrigeration system, exhaust fan must be used to
repel the leakage and NH3 gas to outside atmosphere. This reduces risk
of danger for explosion or suffocation.

e).Shaft tunnel

1. In shaft tunnel, natural draught ventilation is used. The force ventilation
for engine room is supplied air, to shaft tunnel passes through the water
tight door.
2. The hot air escape through to emergency exist thus circulation of air is
provided.
3. In some ship separate ventilation system is provided.


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84. (a) Explain why waste heat recovery systems are used on board. (4)
(b) Describe five waste heat energy recovery systems used on ships. (12)
mmea.7

(a) Waste heat recovery system

These systems have many benefits which could be direct or indirect. Many
years ago waste heat recovery systems are installed as standard on all its new
ships
• Improving the shipping CO2 emissions reductions.
• The recovery process will add to the efficiency of the process and thus
decrease the costs of fuel and energy consumption needed for that
process.
• Reduction in Pollution: Thermal and air pollution will dramatically
decrease since less flue gases of high temperature are emitted from the
plant since most of the energy is recycled.
• Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption.
• Reduces operational costs.
(b)
1) Turbocharger

Turbocharger is a type of super charging equipment which gives excess
fresh air to the engine cylinder during combustion.
Turbocharger consists of a blower and a turbine assembly mounted on
two ends of a shaft.
The hot waste exhaust gases from the engine cylinder are directed on
the turbine, which rotates the latter.
The rotation enables the mounted blower to suck excess air from the
atmosphere and supply it to combustion chamber via cooler.
As the quantity of air is increased, the amount of fuel injection can be
increased, which in turn will increase the power.


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2) Economiser

Economiser is a type of boiler which is installed in the exhaust passage of
the main engine and where the exhaust heat energy is utilised to generate
steam from fresh water.
The exhaust of all cylinders is sent to the turbocharger, where some heat
enthalpy is utilized to supply fresh air as discussed above.
After passing through turbocharger, the hot exhaust gas with
temperature above 300 deg C is passed over stacks of tubes wherein heated
water is passed through a forced pump.

3) Steam Turbine Generator

Steam generation on ships is done using boilers and economisers which
are provided in all ships.
Generally, the excess steam is dumped in to a dumping condenser,
which is technically a waste storage for steam and energy.
This excess steam can be utilised to generate energy when supplied to a
turbine generator.
The steam is supplied at a pressure to a high speed turbine which is
connected to an alternator shaft.
The shaft thus rotates and after achieving a rated rpm, electrical power
is generated.

4) Fresh Water Generator

The fresh water generator works on the principle that the boiling point
of water can be brought down to reduce the pressure of the atmosphere
surrounding it.
Maintaining a low pressure, water can be boiled at low temperatures
say 50 degree Celsius.

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This low temperature is provided by the jacket cooling water of the main
engine in which a portion of Jacket Cooling Water (JCW) is diverted to Fresh
Water Generator (FWG) to produce fresh water.

5) Shaft Generator

Shaft generator is yet another machinery system where an alternator is
connected over the shaft of the main engine.
When the main engine is brought to its sea going speed, the shaft
generator connected to the main bus bars of the switch board, supplies power
to the ship.
This reduces the use of extra fuel in auxiliary generators as they are
turned off when the shaft generator is working.


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85. (a) Describe a comprehensive alarm system suitable for a periodically

unattended machinery space. (7)
(b) Give comments on its effectiveness. (6)
(c) What are the actions to be taken at serious alarm condition? (3)
mmea.8
(a).Comprehensive alarm system

Comprehensive alarm system is suitable for periodically unattended
machinery space.
It is consist of sophisticated data logging system and alarm annunciation
system which are incorporating with some facilities, such as… alarm point
scanning, memory banking and automatic shut down operations.

For an alarm system , it is basically consists of one or more actuating
devices or transducers, which can provide a signal related to the process variable
state, with a monitoring device.
If the variable state being measured is exceeding preset limits, an alarm
is initiated with both visual flashing light and audible klaxon or bell sound.
The sensing devices using are…. 1. Resistance thermometers
2. Thermo-couple
3. Thermistors
4. Strain gauges
5. Differential transformer with Bourdon tubes
6. Capacitance effect DP cells….. etc.,

They produce an electric signal, current or voltage, which is proportional
to the measured value of the condition being monitored.
The signal is fed into a scanner as analog input where each point is
automatically selected in a predetermined sequence and the value of the signal
passed onto the measuring circuits.
The signal is then passed to an amplifier and digital converter where the
signal is converted & represented by a series of electrical pulses.

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Upon the scope of the equipment, the signal is divided into two paths, one for
alarm comparison, and the other for data logging.
In the alarm comparison circuit, the signal is compared with predetermined
values, set up in a comparator. Any deviation in value, audible and visual alarms
will operate.

(b).Effectiveness

In a comprehensive alarm system, machinery operation conditions are
monitored by solid state alarm scanning system, at the rate of 400 channels
per second, giving a very high degree of surveillance. It is very wonderful and
could not be possible by human observation.
The accuracy of alarm comparison is generally within one percent of
measurement range. It is very precious matter.
Malfunctioning of very complicated machinery arrangement can be
checked twice per every second and alarm thresholds can be set very close to
normal operating conditions.
Therefore, it can give practically instantaneous response to avoid
potentially dangerous situations.
Alarm system can be extended to the needful area, such as … Bridge,
Mess room, Recreation room, All Engineers’ cabins …ect. So, the safety for the
machinery is ensured at all times.

(c).Action to be taken

At serious alarm condition, duty Engineer must attend to machinery
control room by any way.
Observe the alarm display panels; the corresponding lamp is making
flashing light.
Push down to mute switch to acknowledge the alarm. The audible alarm
will cease and the lamp will give steady light.
Then fault finding and correction of fault to be done. When the fault is
cleared, the lamp is extinguished.

Ge

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Ge

GENERAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

GENERAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 1

No. Contents Pages

5. Machineries for PSC inspection BOE.7 20

7. IOPP Certificate BOE.9 25

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 2

No. Contents Pages

26. Oxygen Meter BOE.2.3.6.12 79

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 3

45. Ram and Rotary vane type BOE.8 127

No. Contents Pages

60. TEV operation BOE.8.11 168

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 5

77. Heat Treatment 211

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 7

(b) Automatic Fail Safe System (Safematic System )

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 8

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 9

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 10

2.(a) Definition of Permit to Work (4)

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 12

• Precautions are maintained throughout the work activity.

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 13

*Sludge & dirty oil tanks plan

- Operations of this equipment are correctly logged.

(a) How to prepare the enclosed space for entry

1. Appoint a competent person and responsible person to take charge of

4. The space should be well ventilated.

5. Testing of oxygen deficiency, flammability and toxicity should be

1. Enclosed space entry permit should be posted at entrance of enclosed

4. One person always has to be kept standby to communicate with the

5. The number of persons entering should be constrained to adequate

6. Rescue and resuscitation equipment should be put at the entrance of

(c) Procedure and arrangement during entry

1. Ventilation should continue at all time. If ventilation fail, all personnel

3. If unforeseen difficulties or hazards develop, the work in the space

4. Permit should be withdrawn and re-issued.

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 18

(d) Procedure on completion

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 19

5. As a senior Engineer; Explain how will you prepare the following

If the pump is driven by engine, the engine should be maintained properly.

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 22

No leakage and no illegal connection for the system. Overboard

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 23

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 28

9.(a)How do you understand regarding ISM code and safety management

5. Procedure to prepare for and respond to emergency situations.

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 30

10. (a) What is In-water survey (3)

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 31

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 32

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 33

11. With reference to control station and fire party, as an engineer at

§ Fire control plan shall be showing clearly for

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 36

13. When an air bottle is subjected for inspection:

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 39

• Internal examination is to be conducted for (a) pitting corrosion, (b) fatigue

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 40

COLLECTED BY MYO THURA TUN 42