See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/305425698

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EGG PRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF

MONOSEX NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus FRY EFFECTS OF
TEMPERATURE ON THE EGG PRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF MONOSEX ....

Article · December 2003

CITATIONS READS

2 337

4 authors, including:

Md. Ali Reza Faruk Ishrat Zahan Anka

Bangladesh Agricultural University Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
72 PUBLICATIONS   233 CITATIONS    9 PUBLICATIONS   32 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

BAS-USDA Project: Study of health management strategy for commercial culturing of high value fish View project

Testing Efficacy of a Herbal Growth Promoter on Pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Md. Ali Reza Faruk on 25 October 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL
ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 7, Issue: 4, Page: 367-377, November - December, 2012

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EGG PRODUCTION AND

GROWTH OF MONOSEX NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus FRY
M.A.R. Faruk*,1M.I. Mausumi, I.Z. Anka and M. M. Hasan

M.A.R. Faruk, M.I. Mausumi, I.Z. Anka and M. M. Hasan (2012). Effects of Temperature on the Egg
Production and Growth of Monosex Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Fry. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 7(4):
367-377. Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/09354/09354.pdf

Abstract
In order to know the effect of temperature on egg production and growth
of monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry the present study was
conducted at a private fish hatchery in Trishal upazilla of Mymensingh
district for nine months from January to September 2011. Pond water
temperature during the experimental period fluctuated from 25°C to 33°C.
Eggs were collected from mouth of female tilapia and were subsequently
incubated for hatching in tray where incubation temperature was
maintained at 28±1oC. Monosex male tilapia was produced by feeding
17α–methyl testosterone hormone mixed feed. Growth of fry was observed
at 7, 14 and 21 days at different water temperature. Results of the present
study showed that water temperature had significant (P<0.01) effect on
egg production. Egg production decreased with the increase of water
temperature. Maximum number of eggs was produced at 25°C and
minimum number at 33°C. The most suitable period for egg production was
observed in March and the optimum temperature was between 25 and
28°C. Egg production was found very low at temperature ranged from 29-
33°C. Water temperature also found to have a significant (P<0.01) effect
on growth of fry. The growth of fry decreased with the increase of water
temperature. The optimum temperature for growth was 25-29°C and the
growth was found lower at 30-33°C. These results of the present study thus
indicated that temperature played an important role on promoting the
egg production and growth of Nile tilapia fry.
Key words: Temperature, egg production, growth, Nile tilapia.
Introduction
Tilapia is a worldwide fish of great commercial importance and it is
recognized as one of the most important aquaculture species of the 21st century.
Tilapia is currently ranked second only to carps in global production (Ridha, 2006).
The world’s total tilapia production in 2010 was 3.49 million tones (FAO, 2012).
Culture of this species has expanded rapidly under a wide range of farming
environments from extensive to intensive scale in both fresh and brackish water in
Asia and many other countries of the world. Tilapia has great potential in
Bangladesh and they are going to be the main culture species in near future.
Farming of tilapia is gaining popularity day by day in Bangladesh and a number
of entrepreneurs have already initiated its hatchery development for commercial
monosex seed production. According to the Fishery Statistical Yearbook of
Bangladesh, tilapia production of the country was nearly about 100,000 tones in
2010. The positive aquaculture characteristics of tilapia are their tolerance to poor

*Corresponding Author”s Email; hasin96@yahoo.com

Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensinmgh 2202,
Bangladesh
Faruk et.al. 368

water quality and feeding on a wide range of natural food organisms. However,
constraints to the development of commercial tilapia farming are their inability to
withstand sustained wide range of water temperatures and early sexual maturity
that results in spawning before reaching market size.
The use of male monosex population is pre-requisite for commercial tilapia
production. Male tilapia grows approximately 30% more than females. The main
drawback of mixed-sex populations is that the females are prolific breeder. These
lead to excessive recruitment of fingerlings, competition for food, stunting of the
original stock and low yields of harvestable size fish. Production of all male
population through administration of androgen (17α–methyl testosterone) is
considered to be the most effective and economically feasible method for
obtaining all male tilapia populations (Guerrero and Guerrero, 1988).
Generally, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) gets sexually matured at
the age of three months when it attains a body weight of around 40–60 g
(Hussain, 1989). In Bangladesh, it breeds from February to November when water
temperatures remain around 22-30oC. The Nile tilapia is maternal mouth brooder,
so the female immediately takes the eggs into her mouth for incubation. The male
ejects milt over the eggs to effect fertilization immediately after deposition of
each batch of eggs by the female (Chen, 1976).
Temperature is very essential for the egg production and growth of fry in
hatchery system. The effects of water temperature on growth and development
of fish have been well documented for many species (El-Sayed et al., 1996; Van
Ham et al., 2003; Chatterjee et al., 2004; Larsson and Berglund, 2005). Optimal
environmental conditions are needed to reach the best growth performance. But
due to excessive temperature the egg production and growth of fry hampered
and the hatchery operator can not reach in its optimal production. Thus, at higher
or lower temperatures, feeding and growth rates are reduced, and at 20°C or
less, feeding and growth are stopped (Caulton, 1982). Brummett, (1995) found
that Nile tilapia did not lay eggs when water temperatures went down below
19oC. The most productive period coincided with the rise in water temperature to
22-27°C where spawning rate averaged 40 and 73% of total female’s under dark
and natural photoperiod conditions, respectively.
It is important to know the role of temperature on egg production, growth
and survival of tilapia for successful operation of tilapia hatchery. However, very
little information is available on this issue. The main objectives of the present study
were therefore to know the effect of temperature on egg production and growth
of monosex Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fry and to find out the optimum temperature
for egg production and growth.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The study was carried out for 9 months from January to September, 2011 at
a private fish hatchery and culture farm named “Agro-3” in Trishal Upazilla of
Mymensingh district. This farm is well known for producing good quality monosex
tilapia fry with an annual production of about 1,20,00,000 fry.
Brood stock management
For the production of monosex male tilapia, mature and healthy brood
fishes (250-500 g) of both sexes were collected. Brood female were collected
from Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute and male broods were collected
from the Philippines. They were reared in brood stock pond and formulated feeds
containing least 25% protein were supplied at 3-4% of their body weight from

http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Temperature effects of egg production and growth of Oreochromis niloticus 369
November to February. During these periods male and female brood fishes were
kept in separate pond. The fish started to breed from March and continued up to
September. Polyethylene net was used for the preparation of rectangular
breeding hapa (40 ft x 20 ft x 3.5 ft). Thirty hapas were installed in pond and
breeders were kept at a stocking density of 4-6 fish/m2. Sex ratios were
maintained at 1:3 (1 male to 3 female). Formulated feeds having 30% crude
protein were fed to the brood at the rate of 3-4% per estimated weight of biomass
twice daily.
Collection, counting and incubation of fertilized eggs
The effect of temperature on egg production of tilapia was determined
through the collection and counting of eggs from 30 hapas set in one pond. Each
sexually mature female liberated ovulated egg at 2-3 week interval and
subsequently the male partner in the breeding hapa fertilized the eggs. The
female fish held the fertilized eggs in her mouth for natural incubation. Fertilized
eggs/hatched fry with yolk sac, were collected from the mouth of female
breeders. Eggs were collected from 30 hapas at different water temperature.
Total number of eggs collected from 15 hapas was termed as replication one (R1)
and others 15 hapas were considered as replication two (R2). Mean number of
eggs were determined from two replications at different water temperature. Pond
water temperature was recorded using a Celsius thermometer. A small size
beaker was used during the collection of eggs which contained 100 g of eggs. It
was calculated that 10,000 pieces of eggs were in 100 g.
Collected fertilized eggs were incubated in a series of round bottom plastic
jars and flat trays, where freshwater (28±1oC) came directly from header tank by
gravity. Immediately after hatching, larvae were deposited at the basement of
the attached tray and they were transferred to a series of separate trays and kept
until first feeding fry stage. Hatching period was found 65-72 hours. Before
transferring to the 1st feeding tank, swim-up fry were transferred to big tray with
showering for two days.
Procedure of production of all male tilapia fry
Sex reversal was done by feeding 17α–methyl testosterone hormone mixed
feed to fry. Feeding of hormone mixed feeds to the first feeding fry was started in
transitory tanks covered with fine meshed net materials. Hapas (5.8 ft x5.9 ft x2.5
ft) were set inside the tank and stocking density was 80,000 fry/hapa. Feeding of
hormone mixed feed was done in transitory tanks for 3 days at satiation level.
Then the hormone mixed feeds was fed to the early fry for 21 days in the nursery
hapa (16 ft x 6.6 ft x 3.5 ft) installed in treatment pond. Stocking density of fry was
15,000/hapa. Feeding rate was 15g, 25g and 35g in 1st, 2nd and 3rd week
respectively. Feeding intensity was 5 times daily.
Growth of hormone treated monosex tilapia fry
The effect of temperature on the growth of hormone treated monosex Nile
tilapia fry were observed for 21 days in the nursery hapas in treatment pond.
Growth of fry was determined in terms of number of fry/10 g. At first, 10 g of fry
was weighed in electronic balance and then counting the number of fry. Growth
of fry was observed in 7, 14 and 21 days at different water temperature. A total of
10 treatments (T) were considered. Treatments were based on different duration
where T1 was taken during 26.02.11-18.03.11 and T10 was in the duration of
10.09.11-30.09.11 (Table 1). Three samples were taken in every 7, 14 and 21 days
for each treatment. The samples were termed as replication (R). Growth of fry was
observed for each 10 treatments in 10 different hapas at different time. Hapas
were set in the same pond. Stocking density was maintained for each treatment
at the rate of 15,000 fry/hapa. Feeding rate and feeding intensity were also same
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Faruk et.al. 370

for each treatment. Feeding rate was 15g, 25g and 35g in 1st, 2nd and 3rd week
respectively. Feeding intensity was 5 times daily.
Table 1. Experimental layout of hormone treated Nile tilapia fry rearing in nursery
hapas
Treatments Duration (date)
T1 26.02.11-18.03.11
T2 14.03.11-02.04.11
T3 10.04.11-30.04.11
T4 23.04.11-13.05.11
T5 12.05.11-01.06.11
T6 29.05.11-18.06.11
T7 07.06.11-27.06.11
T8 12.07.11-01.08.11
T9 04.08.11-24.08.11
T10 10.09.11-30.09.11
Data analysis
The data obtained for the egg production and growth of hormone treated
tilapia fry were statistically analyzed to see whether the influence of different
temperatures were significant or not. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
done with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science).
Results
Egg production of Nile tilapia at different water temperatures
The effect of temperature on egg production of Nile tilapia was
determined through the collection of eggs from mouth of female tilapia and
counting them. Egg production was found higher at lower temperature and
gradually decreased with the increase of temperature (Table 2 and Fig 1). There
was significant difference among different water temperatures for egg
production. The highest mean number of eggs (1220000 ± 30000) wise observed at
25°C and the lowest number (50000 ± 1000) was found at 33°C. The mean number
of eggs at 25°C was significantly (p<0.01) higher than other temperatures.
Negative correlation was found between the mean number of eggs and
temperature (Fig 2).
Table 2. Effects of water temperature on the production of eggs of Nile tilapia
Average water temperature Mean number of eggs ± SEM
(°C)
25 1220000a 30000
26 1020000 b 20000
27 550000c 30000
28 590000 c 10000
29 370000d 10000
30 300000e 10000
31 170000 f 20000
32 65000g 5000
33 50000g 1000
LSD 40788.62
Level of significance **
Values in the column with different superscripts are significantly different
** Significant at 1% Level of Probability.

http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Temperature effects of egg production and growth of Oreochromis niloticus 371

1400000

1200000

1000000
Mean number of egg 800000

600000

400000

200000

0
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Average water temperature (°C)

Fig. 1. Mean number of eggs produceed at different temperatures.

1400000 y = -14325x + 5E+06

R² = 0.909***
Mean number of eggs

1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
24 26 28 30 32 34
Average water temperature (°C)

Fig. 2. Relationship between number of eggs and water temperature

Egg production of Nile tilapia in different months
Eggs were collected at different water temperatures from March to August
and counted the total collected eggs in every month. Water temperature was
measured daily and the monthly average water temperature was obtained. The
result indicated that egg production was highest in March and egg collection
lower in August (Table 3 and Fig 3). There was significant difference among
different months for egg production. The highest number of eggs (2040000 ±
10000) was observed in March when average water temperature was 26°C and
the lowest number of eggs (90000 ± 50000) was observed in August when
average water temperature was 29°C. The mean number of eggs produced in
March was significantly (p<0.01) higher than other month. Negative correlation
was found between the mean number of eggs and temperature from different
month (Fig. 4) which means that the mean number of eggs was decreased with
the increased temperature from March to August.

http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Faruk et.al. 372

Table 3. Effect of water temperature on egg production of Nile tilapia at different

months
Month Mean number of Average water
± SEM
eggs temperature (°C)
March 2040000a 26
10000
April 1570000b 28
30000
May 470000 c 29
20000
Jun 260000d 30
20000
July 300000 d 29
10000
August 90000e 29
50000
LSD 43828.68
Level of sig. **
Values in the column with different superscripts are significantly different
** Significant at 1% Level of Probability
2500000

2000000
Mean number of egg

1500000

1000000

500000

0
March April May Jun July August
Month

Fig. 3. Mean number of eggs produced by Nile tilapia at different months.

y = -53315x + 2E+07
R² = 0.822**
2500000
Mean number of eggs

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Monthly average water temperature (°C)

Fig. 4. Relationship between number of eggs and monthly water temperature.

http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Temperature effects of egg production and growth of Oreochromis niloticus 373
Growth of monosex Nile tilapia fry in relation to different water temperatures
The growth of monosex tilapia fry under different temperatures was
observed at 7, 14 and 21 days. The growth of 7 days old hormone treated
monosex tilapia fry varied among different treatments (Table 4). The mean
numbers of fry/10g in different treatments were ranged from 454 to 603. The
highest numbers of fry (603 ± 10.23) were observed in treatment T8 when average
water temperature was 33°C while the lowest numbers of fry (454 ± 10.23) were
observed in treatment T1 when average water temperature was 25°C. The mean
number of fry at 33°C was significantly (p<0.01) higher than other temperature.
Higher number of fry indicated that the lower growth rate of fry and the lower
number of fry indicated higher growth rate of fry. Positive correlation was
observed with temperature and number of 7 days old fry i.e, growth of fry
decreased with the increase of water temperature (Fig 5).
Table 4. Growth of 7 days old hormone treated monosex tilapia fry at different
water temperatures
Treatment Average water Mean number of ±SEM
temperature (°C) fry/10g
T1 25 454i 10.23
T2 26 490h 9.52
T3 29 550cde 4.25
T4 28 510g 6.25
T5 29 530f 3.52
T6 30 580b 7.52
T7 32 591a 8.25
T8 33 603a 10.23
T9 29 545c-f 10.02
T10 30 557cd 9.52
LSD 8.323216
Level of sig. **
Values in the column with different superscripts are significantly different
** Significant at 1% Level of Probability

600 y = 18.62x - 0.8431

Mean number of fry/10g

2
R = 0.942
550

500

450

400

350
24 26 28 30 32 34

Average water temperature (°C)

Fig. 5. Relationship between 7 days old number of fry and water temperature
Among different treatments, growths of 14 days old fry were also varied
(Table 5). The mean numbers of fry/10g in different treatments were ranged from
220 to 469. The mean number of fry at 32°C was significantly (p<0.01) higher than
other temperature. Higher number of fry indicated that the lower growth rate of
fry and the lower number of fry indicated higher growth rate of fry. Again, a
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Faruk et.al. 374

positive correlation was observed with temperature and number of 14 days old fry
i.e, growth of fry decreased with the increase of water temperature.
Table 5. Growth of 14 days old hormone treated monosex Nile tilapia fry at
different water temperatures
Treatment Average water Mean number of fry/10g ±SEM
temperature (°C)
T1 26 230d 12.12
T2 25 220d 8.52
T3 29 280c 5.23
T4 30 431b 6.36
T5 28 260c 7.47
T6 31 466a 8.54
T7 32 469a 9.25
T8 31 464a 9.02
T9 28 273c 7.11
T10 30 420b 10.18
LSD 12.85057
Level of sig. **
Values in the column with different superscripts are significantly different
** Significant at 1% Level of Probability
Similar to the growth of 7 and 14 days old fry, variations were observed in
the growth performance of 21 days old fry among different treatments (Table 6).
The highest numbers of fry were observed in treatment T6 when average water
temperature was 33°C and the lowest numbers of fry were observed in treatment
T2 when average water temperature was 25°C. The mean number of fry at 33°C
was significantly (p<0.01) higher than other temperature. Positive correlation was
observed with temperature and number of 21 days old fry i.e, growth of fry
decreased with the increase of water temperature.
Table 6. Growth of 21 days old hormone treated monosex tilapia fry at different
water temperatures
Treatment Average water temperature Mean number of ±SEM
oC fry/10g
T1 25 142e 8.25
T2 26 112f 6.39
T3 28 160d 9.47
T4 30 210b 8.44
T5 29 173c 7.85
T6 33 256a 9,56
T7 31 240a 8.25
T8 32 249a 9.27
T9 28 162d 10.23
T10 30 212b 9.25
LSD 11.867
Level of sig. **
Values in the column with different superscripts are significantly different
** Significant at 1% Level of Probability
Discussion
The present study indicates that temperature had direct effect on egg
production and growth of monosex Nile tilapia fry. The ambient water
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Temperature effects of egg production and growth of Oreochromis niloticus 375
temperature for egg production and growth was in the range of 25-28°C. There
was significant difference in egg production among different water temperature.
The highest numbers of eggs were observed at 25°C and the lowest number of
eggs was observed at 33°C. The mean number of eggs at 25°C was significantly
higher than other temperature. The higher numbers of eggs were produced from
25-28°C. The number of eggs were decreased with the increased of water
temperature. El-Naggar et al. (2000) recorded that female tilapia did not lay eggs
when water temperature decreased below 19°C. They concluded that the most
productive period coincided with a rise in water temperature range from 22 to
27°C. The most productive period of egg production of Nile tilapia in the present
study was ranged from 25- 28°C.
Nile tilapia is known to tolerate high temperatures. It cannot tolerate for a
long period water temperature between 10 and 15°C (Ballarin and Hatton, 1979)
and does not survive below 10°C (Chervinski and Lahav, 1976). In the present
study, the highest number of eggs was observed at the month of March when
average water temperature was 25°C and the lowest number of eggs was
observed at the month of August when average water temperature was 29°C.
Huet (1972) recorded that temperature of 21-23°C is the minimum range required
for spawning to take place. It is coincide with that recorded by Fryer and Iles
(1972) that temperatures above 20°C trigger the development of secondary
sexual characteristics and nest building.
The production of tilapia in our country is increasing day by day and in
near future we would be able export this fish after meeting our national demand.
however, in the recent year, hatchery owner faced various problems due to high
temperature and they could not achieve their desired production. In the present
study, the most productive period for egg collection was at the range of optimum
water temperature and eggs production decreased when high temperature
exceeding the normal range. Temperature exerts a major influence on the
biological activity and growth for aquatic organisms. It has also effect on the
incubation and hatching rates of eggs. Incubation temperature rather than pond
water temperature is important in hatching success which was not considered in
this experiment. Incubation temperature has a direct effect on the timing of
embryonic development and thus determines hatching rate. Development and
hatching of fish is delayed at low temperatures and accelerated at high
temperatures. Spawning of brood stock, embryo development, survival and
growth of fish larvae occur within a narrow range of water temperatures (Peters,
1983). In the present study, incubation temperature was 28±1oC which gave good
hatching performance.
In the present study, growth performance of tilapia was temperature
dependent. Generally, growth rate decreased with increasing of water
temperature and reached its optimal at the temperature range of 25-29°C. The
higher growth rate was observed at the temperature range of 25-29°C. The lower
growth rate was observed at the temperature range of 30-33°C. Temperature
near 30°C could therefore be the optimum for growth of O. niloticus fry; lower
temperature (22°C) resulted in slow growth. Similar temperature optima have
been noted in other members of the cichlidae family. For example, O.
mossambicus has an optimum temperature of growth at 30°C and Tilapia zilli has
an optimum feeding temperature between 28.8 and 31.4°C (Stickney, 1986).
In addition to the effect of temperature on growth, its effect on the sex
ratio during the early stage of development have been studied and noticed that
ambient water temperature during the period of sex differentiation of fry strongly
influences sex ratio in Nile tilapia. More recent studies provided evidence that
water temperature also governed the phenotypic sex of genus Oreochromis. It
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Faruk et.al. 376

was found that high-temperature treatments during early developmental stage

(labile period) cause a significant deviation of sex ratio in favor of males in O.
niloticus (Baroiller et al., 1996; Baras et al., 2001). The optimum temperature for
feeding, growth and reproduction is between 22 and 30°C (Caulton, 1982), while
good growth was recorded in the upper portion of this range (Hauser, 1977). Thus,
at higher or lower temperatures, feeding and growth rates are reduced, and at
20°C or less, feeding and growth are stopped (Caulton, 1982).
With respect to the aquaculture of tilapia, this study provided clear
evidence that temperatures had significant effect on their egg production and
growth of fry. For better tilapia hatchery management water temperature should
be carefully maintained. The present study was conducted in outdoor pond and
it was not possible to see the effect of temperature on incubation and hatching
rates in indoor condition. Further studies could carried out to observe the effect of
temperature on incubation and hatching rate of eggs of Nile tilapia.
References
Ballarin, J.D. & Hatton, J.D. (1979). Tilapia: A Guide to their Biology and Culture in
Africa. Stirling University, UK. pp. 174.
Baras, E., Jacobs, B., & Mazid. C. (2001). Effect of water temperature on survival,
growth and phenotypic sex of mixed (XX–XY) progenies of Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 192: 187-199.
Baroiller, J.F., Fostier, A., Cauty, C., Rognon, X., & Jalabert, B. (1996). Effect of high
rearing temperature on the sex ratio of progeny from sex-reversed males of
Oreochromis niloticus. In: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium
on Tilapia in Aquaculture. (ed. by R.S.V. Pullin, J. Lazard, M. Legendre, J.B.
Amon kothias and D. Pauly), ICLARM Conference Proceedings. vol. 41, pp.
246-256.
Brummett, R.E. (1995). Environmental Regulation of Sexual Maturation and
Reproduction in Tilapia. Rev. Fish. Sci., 3(3): 231-248.
FAO, (2012). FAO Year Book of Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2010, FAO, rome
Itely. Pp 239.
Caulton, M.S. (1982). Feeding, metabolism and growth of tilapias: some
quantitative considerations. In: The Biology and Culture of tilapias (ed. by
R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell), ICLARM, Manila, Philippines. pp.
157-180.
Chatterjee, N., Pal,A.K., Manush, S.M. Das, T.,& Mukherjee, S.G. (2004). Thermal
tolerance and oxygen consumption of Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio
early fingerlings acclimated to three different temperatures. J. Therm. Biol.,
29: 265-270.
Chen, T.P. (1976). Aquaculture practices in Taiwan. Fishing New books. Farnham,
Surrey, England.
Chervinski, J., & Lahav. M. (1976). The effects of exposure to low temperature on
fingerlings of local tilapia (Tilapia aurea) (Steindachner) and imported
tilapia (Tilapia vulcani) (Trewavas) and Tilapia nilotica (Linne) in Israel.
Bamidgeh, 28: 25–29.
El-Naggar, G.O., El-Nady, M.A., Kamar, M.G., & Al-Kholy, A. (2000). Effect of
photoperiod, dietary protein and temperature on reproduction in Nile
tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 5th International Symposium for Tilapia
Aquaculture (ISTA) September 3-7, Brazil.

http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
 Temperature effects of egg production and growth of Oreochromis niloticus 377
El-Sayed, A.F.M., El-Ghobashy, A., & Al-Amoudi, M. (1996). Effects of pond depth
and water temperature on the growth, mortality and body composition of
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquacult. Res., 27: 681-687.
Fryer, G., & Iles, T.D. (1972). The cichlid fishes of the great lakes of Africa. Oliver
and Boyd, London. pp. 641.
Guerrero, R.D., & Guerrero, L.A. (1988). Feasibility of commercial production of sex
reversed Nile Tilapia fingerlings in the Philippines. In: Proceedings of the
second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ed. by R.S.V.
Pullin, T. Bhukasawan, K. Tonguthai and J.K. Maclean), Department of
Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 183-186.
Hauser, W.J. 1977. Temperature requirement of tilapia. Calif. Fish Game, 63 (4):
228-233.
Huet, M. (1972). Textbook of fish culture: Breeding and cultivation of Fish. Fishing
News Ltd., Farnham. Surry, England, UK.
Hussain, M.G. (1989). A manual on improved technique of nilotica culture in
ponds. FRI Extension Material Series No. 2. Bangladesh Fisheries Research
Institute, Mymensingh.
Larsson, S., & Berglund, I. (2005). The effect of temperature on the growth
energetic, growth efficiency of Aractic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) from
four Swedish populations. J. Therm. Biol., 3: 29-36.
Peters, B.A. (1983). Fecundity, egg weight and oocyte development in tilapias.
ICLARM Manila, Philippines. Rev. Hydro., 48: 547-576.
Ridha, M.T. (2006). Comparative study of growth performance of three strains of
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, L. at two stocking densities. Aquacult.
Res., 37: 172-179.
Stickney, R.R. (1986). Culture of Nonsalmonoid Freshwater Fishes. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL.
Van Ham, E.H., Berntssen, H.G., Imsland, A. K., Parpouna, A.C., Bonga, E.W., &
Stefansson, S.O. (2003). The influence of temperature and ration on
growth, feed conversion, body composition and nutrient retention of
juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 217: 547-558.

http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

View publication stats