Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
PREMKUMAR. G
RAHUMAN. A
IMRANALI. S
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
APRIL 2019
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
PROFESSOR PROFESSOR
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMET
I take immense pleasure in thanking our honorable Chairman and Managing Director
Sree. M.DHANASEKARAN, our honorable Vice chairman Sree.S.V.SUGUMARAN, M.L.A
and our honorable Secretary Dr.K.NARAYANASAMY for providing me with an
environment to complete my project successfully.
I wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr.S.SENTHIL for
giving us this opportunity to showcase our technical ability with this project.
I would like to express our sincere thanks to our Dean Dr.R.RAJAPPAN for this kind
patronage.
It is a great pleasure to express our gratitude and thanks towards our supervisor
Dr.G.PREM SUNDER Professor for his uninterruptable suggestions and words of
improvements regarding this project, which played a major role in guiding us in my track.
Works are in adequate in offering our thanks to all staff members of our
department for their constant encouragement and support throughout the course,
especially for the useful suggestions given during the project period.
Finally, yet importantly , I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents
for their blessings my family and friends for their help and wishes for the Successful
completion f or this Project. I also thank all the others who directly or indirectly were a
source of help to mean accomplishing this Project.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLE xi
ABBREVATIONS xii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 LITERARY REVIEW 1
1.2 WORK PROPOSED 2
2. RASPBERRY PI-3B-MODEL
iii
2.12 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN RASPBERRY 15
2.13 HARDWARE AND DESCRIPTION 16
v
ABSTRACT
vi
திட்டச்சுருக்கம்
vii
கினடக்கும் நீ ர் ீ து கலனம் தசலுத்துலதற்காக, தபரும்பாயான
தசல்படுத்தப்படுகிமது.
viii
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO
ix
5.3 IMPLEMENTAION OF RASPBERRY PI WITH CAMERA 41
x
LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 LITERARY REVIEW
India‘s major source of income is from agriculture sector and 80% of farmers
depend on the agriculture. Indian irrigation system for the farmers are chosen most of the
methods manually such as drip, terraced, ditch irrigation system are in practice. In order
to improve the crop productivity there is an urgent need to change manual method to
automation. India, it is one of the valuable resources to protect and save for future
needs. This system helps the farmer which provides the water to crop at stringent time
and quantity. Automation irrigation system along with monitoring process observes the
moisture sensors and temperature variations around the crop area that‘s gives a precise
time of operation and smart monitoring the motor turn ON and OFF. So to implement
Automation and to avoid the human errors Internet of things (IOT) is allowing control to
the systems from remote area over an internet. IOT is the emerging area that penetrates
other area and made them efficient. It develops a inclusion of new sensors, sensor
network, RF based communications. It can exhibits smart intelligence, precise sensing
along with good identification. Once added cloud computing with IOT a changes has
occurred in computer network base technologies and mobile based technology. Now days
other networks are 3G, LTE, GSM, WLAN, WPAN, wi Max, RFID, Zig bee, NFC,
Bluetooth that develops IOT so smart system and operate system at remote places.
1
1.2 PROPOSED WORK
1. The aim of this project is to introduce the latest technology into the
agriculture business and better crop production by collecting real-time
status of crop.
2. To Digitalize farming and agricultural activities so that the farmers can check
the requirements of crop developing activity and accurately predict the growth
in field.
3. In order to focus on water available to the plants at the required time, for that
purpose most of the Hydroponics systems are implemented to crop
cultivation.
2
1.3 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
3
CHAPTER 2
RASPBERRY- PI- 3B MODEL
• Single-board computer.
• Low cost.
4
Figure 2.2: Basic Block of raspberry pi-3.
Fig2.3.RASPBERRY- PI –MODULE
5
2.2 BASIC SET UP FOR RASPBERRY PI
• HDMI cable.
• Monitor.
• Key board.
• Mouse.
• 5volt power adapter for raspberry pi.
• LAN cable .
• Min- 2GB micro SD card
6
Fig.2.5 Raspberry Pi pin configuration
7
2.5 RASPBERRY PI OS SETUP WRITE RASPBIAN IN SD CARD
• Install ―Win32 Disk Imager‖ software in windows machine .
• Run Win32 Disk Imager
• Plug SD card into your PC
• Select the ―Device‖
• Browse the ―Image File‖(Raspbian image)
• Write
2.6 PROGRAMMING DEFAULT INSTALLED
• Python
• C
• C++
• Java
• Scratch
• Ruby
2.7 IMPLEMETAION OF IOT WITH RASPBERRY PI
IOT
Creating an interactive environment
Network of devices connected together
SENSOR
Electronic element
ACTUATOR
Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device
8
Mainly used to provide controlled motion to other components
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Mechanical/electromechanical switch
3 output terminals (left to right)
NO (normal open):
Common
NC (normal close)
9
Set the relay pin high when the temperature is greater than 30 if temperature >30:
GPIO.output(13,0) # Relay is active low print(‗Relay is on') sleep(5)
GPIO.output(13,1) # Relay is turned off after delay of 5 second
10
2.10 RASPBERRY PI PIN DECRIPTIONS
The Raspberry Pi device looks like a motherboard, with the mounted chips and ports
exposed (something you'd expect to see only if you opened up your computer and looked
at its internal boards), but it has all the components you need to connect input, output,
and storage devices and start computing.
You'll encounter two models of the device: Model A and Model B. The only real
differences are the addition of Ethernet and an extra USB port on the more expensive
Model B.
GPIO -- These are exposed general-purpose input/output connection points that will
allow the real hardware hobbyists the opportunity to tinker.
RCA -- An RCA jack allows connection of analog TVs and other similar output
devices.
USB -- This is a common connection port for peripheral devices of all types
(including your mouse and keyboard). Model A has one, and Model B has two. You
11
can use a USB hub to expand the number of ports or plug your mouse into your
keyboard if it has its own USB port.
POWER -- This is a 5v Micro USB power connector into which you can plug your
compatible power supply.
ETHERNET -- This connector allows for wired network access and is only
available on the Model B.
Many of the features that are missing, such as WiFi and audio in, can be added
using the USB port(s) or a USB hub as needed. Next: More details on the device itself
and its compatible operating systems.
12
Like Raspberry Pi, they're both exposed boards with ARM processors and are HD video
capable. But BeagleBoards and PandaBoards have more connectors and connection
headers (bits of the board that can be used by soldering additional hardware) than the
Raspberry Pi, and both devices are a bit larger. The following aren't exhaustive lists of
components, but here are some features that differ from the Pi:
For its intended Agricultural purposes, the Raspberry Pi has two major advantages
over the others. First, it was conceived to be a complete working computer. You simply
need to insert an SD card containing the OS, connect the peripherals and power, and it's
ready to go. Beagle Boards and Panda Boards require hookup to a host computer for
initial setup, and though they have similar processing capabilities, they take a little more
know-how to get them fully functional.
Second, the other devices are much more expensive than the Raspberry Pi. For
example, in April 2012, the pricing was $125 to $149 for the two main Beagle Board
models, and $174 to $182 each for the two Panda Board models. These prices are a far
cry from the $25 and $35 base prices of the Raspberry Pi. You just have to examine the
spaces and determine which machine best suits your needs. Given its functionality and
price, the Raspberry Pi seems better poised to get computing power to the masses.
13
applications use OpenMAX, 3D applications use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use
OpenVG, which both in
ADVATANGES
1. It‘s Cheap. About £30. Some people have bought many RPi‘s to make a super
computer cluster. It‘s difficult to do, but an option if you want a more powerful
computer. You do have to buy everything else (monitor, keyboard, mouse etc.
However you can use existing TV monitor and existing IO devices)
2. It‘s SMALL. Fits in the palm of your hand. In your pocket. The Raspberry Pi
Zero is even smaller. Less than half of a playing card. Great for putting in small
spaces.
3. It has GPIO pins. So it can interface with real world devices, electronics, relay
units, water pumps, sensors etc.
4. Highly CUSTOMISABLE. You can add whatever sensors, cameras, batteries,
touch screens, fans, electronics, robotics, remote control devices to it. Thus you
can use it to solve many real problems like an automated water system to keep
your plants alive while you‘re on holidays.
5. ENERGY EFFICIENT. Uses very little electricity. (1.21W). So you can use this
to run a 24/7 home server without sucking too much electricity.
6. You can run other OS‘s like Retro-Pi which is essentially a NES, SNES and
other retro console emulators, which you can put in a case, connect a controller
and use as dedicated retro gaming console.
7. There‘s wide COMMUNITY SUPPORT for Software is a great place to see the
possibilities and potential that Raspberry Pi‘s have (amongst other devices like
Arduino). Everyone gives you instructions on how to pull off certain projects.
14
DISADVANTAGES:
Python, C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the
Raspberry Pi. The people from Raspberry Pi recommend Scratch for younger kids. Other
languages that can be used are: HTML5.
Python, C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the
Raspberry Pi. The people from Raspberry Pi recommend Scratch for younger kids Other
languages that can be used are:
HTML5
Javascript and JQuery
Perl
15
2.13 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B builds upon the features of its predecessors with a
new, faster processor on board to increase its speed
Composite video port, Full size HDMI, CSI camera port for connecting a
Raspberry Pi camera, DSI display port for connecting a Raspberry Pi touch screen
display, Micro SD port for loading your operating system and storing data
Upgraded switched Micro USB power source up to 2.5A. Fig. 2 and 3 represents
the transmitter and receiver section.
16
GETTING STARTED WITH RASPBERRY PI-3
Step 1: What You'll Need. 1 Raspberry Pi (model A, A+, B, B+, Bv2). ...
Step 2: Setting Up Your SD Card. If you are going to buy (or have) an SD card
preinstalled with the OS, skip this step. ...
Step 3: Hook Up the Raspberry PI. ...
Step 4: First Boot. ...
Step 5: Find and Install Software. ...
Step 6: Python Programming
2.14 WORKING OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Unlike other languages (C, C++, etc.), Python is an interpreted language, which
means when a Python program is executed, an interpreter reads the Python
instructions and then performs the desired action. The interpreter itself is written in
CPU native instructions, but the Python program is not. This means Python programs
can, in theory, run on ANY computer, so long as that computer has a Python
interpreter. This makes Python a cross-platform language, which is one of the main
reasons why it has become so popular. A program written on Windows does not need
to be rewritten to work on a Mac or a Linux machine. It‘s also incredibly simple, easy
to read, and powerful. It can write advanced programs, including graphical interfaces,
networking, parallelism, and much more. Python is a productive language, resulting in
faster program production and requiring less code and time.
17
Since Linux has been written for the Pi (ARM core), the Python interpreter can run on
it and, therefore, so can Python programs. So, how do we start with this wonderful
programming language on the Pi?
Raspbian, the default OS choice for the Raspberry Pi, should contain both
Python 2 and 3, so loading Python should be easy to navigate through menu options.
Firstly, click the top left Pi icon on the menu bar. Then navigate to ―Programming‖
and click ―Python 3 (IDEL)‖.
When Python 3 loads, the visible window is the shell, which has two main purposes:
With the code entered and the file saved, it‘s time to run the program. Running a
Python program can be done in one of three ways: press F5 in the window with the
program to run, go to the menu bar and click Run > Python Shell, or run the file via a
terminal window as an argument for Python. For now, the easiest way is to simply
press F5 in the window with the code. Once pressed, the code should return no errors,
and the shell window should prompt for data.
18
FIRST BOOT
The processor if compared to its class , then it is very good. It is a Broadcom 900
MHz Quad core CPU. It is ARM Cortex A7 based device. RPi is known for the whole
system as a whole. There are other products like Banana pi or orange pi having equal or
better CPU capabilities but lacks somewhere in other support (like software integration
with hardware).
It is convenient to use RPi for beginning as it has very less software glitches and provides
overall performance. Other products may considered if it is known that a particular
feature of that device has to be used extensively. Now Raspberry pi 3 has arrived with
better 64 bit CPU.
19
2.16 PYTHON PROGRAM FOR SMART AGRICULTURE USING IOT
import sys
import Adafruit_DHT
import time
import os
import board
import busio
import urllib.request
myAPI = "TNTOIKX6S9BX6L52"
ads = ADS.ADS1015(i2c)
20
chan = AnalogIn(ads, ADS.P0)
print("{:>5}\t{:>5}".format('raw', 'v'))
i=0
if os.stat("/home/pi/datalog/data_log.csv").st_size == 0:
while True:
print("{:>5}\t{:>5.3f}".format(chan.value, chan.voltage))
time.sleep(0.5)
print("{:>5}\t{:>5.3f}".format(chan1.value, chan1.voltage))
time.sleep(0.5)
now = datetime.now()
file.write(str(now)+","+str(temperature)+","+str(humidity)+","+str(chan.value)+","+str(c
han1.value)+"\n")
file.flush()
21
f = urllib.request.urlopen(baseURL +"&field1=%s&field2=%s&field3=%s&field4=%s"
% (temperature, humidity,chan.value,chan1.value))
print (f.read())
f.close()
time.sleep(5)
22
Figure 2.8 Flow Chart for implementing Smart Agriculture Monitoring System
23
CHAPTER 3
24
3.2 TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Soil Parameters to Be Detected at any component of soil that affect plant growth
and development shall be tested or detected. Some of them are nutrients, moisture,
pollutants, ph, thermal conductivity, temperature, electrical conductivity, color, texture,
structure and bulk density
The Need for Soil Temperature Measurement Temperature affect s several
processes in soil and soil ecosystem. As a result of this soil temperature measurement is
required(Valente et al. 2006). Soil temperature affects: photosynthesis, respiration,
transpiration, water potential of the soil, soil translocation and microbial activity. 2.3.
Factors That Influence Soil Temperature These can be classified as surface soil
temperature factors and subsurface soil temperature factors. Surface soil temperature
factors include: radiation from the sun, slop of the land, water content, vegetative cover
and albedo (light reflected by the earth). Subsurface soil temperature factors include: heat
flux from the surface, water content, bulk density and heat capacity of the soil(Anon
2001). Soil Temperature And Heat Flow There are three major heat transfer processes in
soils namely conduction, convection and radiation. These processes are affected by the
soil medium(Hillel 1998).
25
3.3 CHALLENGES OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
26
3.5 WORKING OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR
When the temperature of the device exceeds a user-defined temperature HIGH then the
output TOUT is active. The output will remains active until the temperature drops
below user defined temperature LOW.
User defined temperature settings are saved in nonvolatile memory so it may be
programmed prior to insertion in a system.
The temperature reading is provided in a 9-bit, two‘s complement reading by issuing
the READ TEMPERATURE command in the programming.
A 2 wire serial interface is used for input to the DS16121 for the temperature settings
and for output of temperature reading from the DS1621
Humidity is defined as the amount of water present in the surrounding air. This
water content in the air is a key factor in the wellness of mankind. For example, we will
feel comfortable even if the temperature is 00C with less humidity i.e. the air is dry.
But if the temperature is 100C and the humidity is high i.e. the water content of air
is high, then we will feel quite uncomfortable. Humidity is also a major factor for
operating sensitive equipment like electronics, industrial equipment, electrostatic
sensitive devices and high voltage devices etc. Such sensitive equipment must be
operated in a humidity environment that is suitable for the device.
27
Hence, sensing, measuring, monitoring and controlling humidity is a very
important task. Some of the important areas of application for sensing, measuring and
controlling Humidity are mentioned below.
ELECTRONIC SENSOR: Almost all electronic devices are rated with a range of
humidity values in which they work as expected. Generally, this value will be something
like 10% – 50% Humidity. Semiconductor Fabs (Fabrication Plants) should maintain
very precise temperature and humidity values as even minute difference can show a huge
impact in the production.
MOISTURE: Generally, the term Moisture means water content of any material or
substance. But practically, the term Moisture refers to the water content in solids and
liquids. The term Humidity refers to the water content in gases (air).
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY: Absolute Humidity (AH) is the ratio of mass of the water
vapour to the volume of the air. If m is the mass of the water vapour and V is the total
volume i.e. volume of air and water vapour mixture, then Absolute Humidity AH is
given by
28
Figure 3.2 Humidity sensors
A simple Capacitive RH Sensor can be made from an air filled capacitor as the
moisture in the atmosphere changes its permittivity. But for practical applications, air as a
dielectric is not feasible.
Hence, the space between the capacitor plates is usually filled with an appropriate
dielectric material (isolator), whose dielectric constant varies when it is subjected to
change in humidity.
On top of this layer, a dielectric layer is deposited. The following image shows a
top and cross section view of the capacitive humidity sensor. Note that two temperature
29
sensitive resistors are deposited on the same substrate to provide temperature
compensation
Exposure to any gas with thermal properties different than Nitrogen might affect
reading measurement.
Drying kilns
Pharmaceutical plants
Owens
Clothes dryers and drying machines
Food dehydration
30
3.9 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION WHEN SELECTING A HUMIDITY
SENSOR
The following are some of the factor that must be taken into consideration when selecting
a Humidity Sensor.
31
CHAPTER 4
The soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil.
This makes it ideal for performing experiments in courses such as soil science,
agricultural science, environmental science, horticulture
The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure the water content of soil (by
measuring the dielectric permittivity of the soil, which is a function of the water content).
Simply insert this rugged sensor into the soil to be tested, and the volumetric water
content of the soil is reported in percent to Raspberry Pi .
SPECIFICATIONS
Range: 0 to 45% volumetric water content in soil (capable of 0 to 100% VWC with
alternate calibration)
Accuracy: ±4% typical
Typical Resolution: 0.1%
Power: 3 mA @ 5VDC
Operating temperature: –40°C to +60°C
Dimensions: 8.9 cm × 1.8 cm × 0.7 cm (active sensor length 5 cm)
32
TO BE USED EFFECTIVELEY, SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR MUST BE
SENSORS TYPES
The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content.
The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the
water content of the soil. The sensor averages the water content over the entire length of
the sensor. There is a 2 cm zone of influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor,
but it has little or no sensitivity at the extreme edges. The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to
measure the loss of moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake, evaluate
optimum soil moisture contents for various species of plants, monitor soil moisture
content to control irrigation in greenhouses and enhance bottle biology experiments.
33
4.4 PROGRAM FOR SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
The program will generate the sensor value as output. Take different types of
soil(eg: wet ,dry)and insert the sensor into the soil. As a result, you will obtain the
moisture value present in the soil. For the sake of demo, the user can hold the sensor in
their palm. In the serial monitor, notice that the sensor will read the moisture in your
palm and displays the output.
int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor:
delay(1000);
Serial.print("sensor = " );
Serial.println(sensorValue);
34
4.5 METHODS OF CROP MOISTURE MEASUREMENT
A rain sensor or rain switch is a switching device activated by rainfall. There are
two main applications for rain sensors. The first is a water conservation device connected
to an automatic irrigation system that causes the system to shut down in the event of
rainfall. The second is a device used to protect the interior of an automobile from rain and
35
to support the automatic mode of windscreen wipers. An additional application in
professional satellite communications antennas is to trigger a rain blower on the aperture
of the antenna feed, to remove water droplets from the molar cover that keeps pressurized
and dry air inside the wave-guides.
Rain sensors for irrigation systems are available in both wireless and hard-wired
versions, most employing hygroscopic disks that swell in the presence of rain and shrink
back down again as they dry out an electrical switch is in turn depressed or released by
the hygroscopic disk stack, and the rate of drying is typically adjusted by controlling the
ventilation reaching the stack. However, some electrical type sensors are also marketed
that use tipping bucket or conductance type probes to measure rainfall. Wireless and
wired versions both use similar mechanisms to temporarily suspend watering by the
irrigation controller specifically they are connected to the irrigation controller's sensor
terminals, or are installed in series with the solenoid valve common circuit such that they
prevent the opening of any valves when rain has been sensed.
Some irrigation rain sensors also contain a freeze sensor to keep the system from
operating in freezing temperatures, particularly where irrigation systems are still used
over the winter.
When drops hit the outside surface, it allows some of the beams to escape. The
RG-11 detects the change in beam intensity, and determines the size of the rain drop that
caused the change. The sophisticated circuitry and Digital Signal Processing detect tiny
rain drops, and reject the effects of ambient light disturbances.
The RG-11 detects the surface condition, caused by dirt, contaminants, aging, and
other factors. It properly compensates the data, making the device virtually impervious
to environmental factors.
36
Figure 4.2 Rain sensor
37
Figures 4.3 Water Flow Sensor
38
CHAPTER 5
39
Figure 5.2 Installation of circuit in crop field
The sensors has been calibrated so that the minimum wet condition in the field
2.4v is taken, The threshold voltage is varied according with different crop field in
different sons.
41
Figure 5.5 (a)Output of Motor Status from land
42
system implemented on raspberry pi as shown in fig.5.6.A python programming is
chosen to implement proposed algorithm on LINUX operating system
43
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
A smart agriculture Real time monitoring system is developed with Raspberry Pi
may be varying depends on the crop and plantation. In future by introducing the machine
learning algorithm to be used to process the data and reduce the complexity of the
hardware. Hardware resources in agricultural information network are integrated into
resource pool by using vitalization technology, achieving dynamic distribution of
resource and balance of load, significantly improve efficiency. All observations and
experimental tests proves that proposed is a complete solution to field activities,
irrigation problems, Implementation of such a system in the field can definitely help to
improve the field of the crops and overall product By the use of ―Internet of Things‖, we
monitored the soil moisture and environmental temperature. These analyzed values are
used to get the more efficiency in the agriculture field. This paper can undergo for further
research to improve the functionality of device and its applicable areas. The advantages
of the proposed work are more efficient and accurate information is fetched, reduced man
power and Electrical Energy was saved. The applications of this work are in Agricultural
fields, Land and Water Division.
44
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