Par Ipek Shy A August 2010

ifjizs{;
'kSf{kd ;kstuk vkSj iz'kklu dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd lanHkZ

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ,oa iz'kklu fo'ofo|ky;

17&ch] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh&110 016
500 izfr;ka
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ,oa iz'kklu fo'ofo|ky;] 2010
¼Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vf/kfu;e 1956 dh /kkjk 3
ds varxZr ?kksf"kr½
bl if=kdk dk izdk'ku izfr o"kZ vizSy] vxLr vkSj fnlacj ekg esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh
izfr;ka pqfuank vkSj bPNqd O;fDr;ksa rFkk laLFkkuksa dks fu%'kqYd Hksth tkrh gSaA ;g U;wik dh
osclkbV% www.nuepa.org ij fu%'kqYd miyC/k gSA bls izkIr djus ds bPNqd O;fDr
vkSj laLFkku fufEufyf[kr irs ij vkosnu djsa %
vdknfed laiknd
ifjizs{;
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ,oa iz'kklu fo'ofo|ky; ¼U;wik½
17&ch] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh&110 016
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ,oa iz'kklu fo'ofo|ky; ¼U;wik½ ds fy, dqylfpo] U;wik }kjk
izdkf'kr rFkk cPpu flag] ch&275] vofUrdk] jksfg.kh lsDVj 1] ubZ fnYyh }kjk ystj
VkbilsV gksdj es- vfuy vkQlsV ,aM iSdsftax izk- fy-] fnYyh&110007 esa U;wik ds
izdk'ku foHkkx }kjk eqfnzrA
ifjizs{;
fo"k; lwph
vkys[k
vf'ouh
v/;kid f'k{kk dk lekykspukRed v/;;u 1
oh.kk Bkojs vkSj ,u-th- isUMls

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dh dky ekfydk esa nh?kZdkyhu 31
LFkkojrk dk fo'ys"k.k
dqlqe ;nqyky
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutfr dh Ldwyh Nk=kkvksa dh euksoSKkfud ,oa 63
'kSf{kd leL;k,a
'kks/k fVIi.kh @ laokn

;quql gqlSu vkSj bj'kkn gqlSu
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr f'k{kdksa dh eukso`fÙk 89
lfjrk dsljokuh vkSj mek jkuh 'kekZ

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk O;fDrRo fodkl vkSj O;kolkf;d ifjiDork 99
jktdqekjh dkyjk vkSj jsuw

'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa 111
dh vfHko`fÙk
jatuk oekZ vkSj lqcks/k dqekj

mPp izkFkfed Lrj dh fgUnh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fufgr thou dkS'ky 119
deys'k dqekj pkS/kjh
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork vkSj 127
vf/kxe {kerk
fpard vkSj fparu

nsosUnz flag
,ojsV jsej dk 'kSf{kd fpUru 135
ifjizs{;
v/;kid f'k{kk dk lekykspukRed v/;;u
v'ouh*
lkjka'k
f'k{kk ds rhu egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSa & v/;kid] Nk=k o ikB~;ØeA bl rjg
jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk Lor% gh egRoiw.kZ cu tkrh gSA vkt
f'k{kd&f'k{kk dks iztkra=k esa f'k{kk dh cnyh gqbZ Hkwfedk dks igpkuuk
vkSj fo|ky;hu vuqHkoksa ds ek/;e ls Ldwyh Nk=kksa esa u;s ewY;ksa] mHkjrh
gqbZ pqukSfr;ksa rFkk O;fDr ,oa ns'k ds mTToy Hkfo"; ds fy, vko';d
jk"Vªh; ifjorZu orZeku oSf'od lanHkZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj djuk ,d
pqukSrh cu x;k gSA cnyrs gq, jk"Vªh; ifjn`'; ds lanHkZ esa vkt f'k{kd&
f'k{kk dh eq[; fpark,a& mldh xq.koÙkk] leqfpr Kkuk/kkj dk l`tu vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro dh o`f) gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1968 us ekuk gS fd f'k{kk dh
xq.koÙkk vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl esa blds ;ksxnku dks fuèkZfjr djus okys
dkjdksa esa fu%lansg f'k{kdksa dk lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA f'k{k.k esa
lwpuk o laizs"k.k lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx] baVjusV Økafr] cPpksa ij i<+kbZ dk
ekufld ncko] v/;kid f'k{kk dk futhdj.k] 'kkafr dh f'k{kk dqN blh
rjg ds vU; lokyksa us vkt Hkkjr esa v/;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ij
/;ku nsus ds fy, ncko Mkyk gSA
jk"Vª fodkl dh izfØ;k esa f'k{kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA f'k{kk dks ge
lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk vkfFkZd :ikarj.k dk lk/ku Hkh ekurs gSaA f'k{kk dk lacaè
izR;{kr% mRiknu ls gksxk] vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls funsZf'kr gksxk vkSj pfj=k
fuekZ.k dh vksj mUeq[k gksxkA lekt cnyrk jgrk gS vkSj vkus okyk ;qx f'k{kk ds }kjk
* lgk;d izksQslj] f'k{kk foKku] ekSykuk vkt+kn jk"Vªh; mnwZ fo'ofo|ky;] gSnjkckn] vka/kzizns'k
2 v'ouh
gh cnyrk gSA ge tSlh f'k{kk nsaxs] oSlk gh euq"; cusxk vkSj euq"; ds fodkl ls jk"Vª
dk fodkl gksrk gSA blfy, vko';d gS fd f'k{kk dk laca/k jk"Vª ds thou]
vko';drkvksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa ls gks] oSf'od Lrj ij gekjs ekud gkas ,oa tu'kfDr
dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds leku volj iznku fd, tk,aA
Hkkjr esa v/;kid&f'k{kk ds dk;ZØe
• izkjafHkd v/;kid f'k{kk ftlesa fd MkbZV ds ek/;e ls nks o"khZ; fMIyksek
ikB~;Øe gSA ts-ch-Vh-] Mh-,M-] ch-Vh-lh- bR;kfn uke bl dk;ZØe ds gSaA
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ch-,y-,M- pkj o"khZ; Lukrd dk;ZØe gS] tks fd
izkjafHkd v/;kid f'k{kk dk fMxzh ikB~;Øe gSA fof'k"V f'k{kk esa fMIyksek]
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk esa fMIyksek] Mz~kb±x v/;kid f'k{kk bR;kfn dk;ZØe Hkh blh Js.kh
ds gSaA bXuw }kjk lapkfyr Mh-ih-bZ- ikB~;Øe Hkh blh Lrj ij gSA
• ek/;fed v/;kid f'k{kk ftlesa ch-,M- ikB~;Øe eq[; gS T;knkrj v/;kid
izf'k{k.k laLFkku eq[kkfHkeq[k f'k{kk }kjk ,d lky dk fu;fer dk;ZØe djokrs
gSaA nks lky dk eq[kkfHkeq[k dkslZ Hkh ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds {ks=kh; f'k{kk dsUnzksa }kjk
djok;k tkrk gSA xqtjkr fo|kihB esa Hkh nks lky dk ;g dk;ZØe gSA nwjLFk ek
/;e }kjk Hkh ch-,M- nks o"khZ; ikB~;Øe djok;k tkrk gS tks fd lsokjr
v/;kidksa ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ch-,l-lh-]ch-,M- dk pkj o"khZ; dk;ZØe Hkh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa }kjk pyk;k tk jgk gS vkSj Hkh fofHkUu
laLFkkuksa }kjk f'k{kk Lukrd ds fy, uokpkjh ikB~;Øe xqtjkr fo|kihB] ,dyO;]
ouLFkyh fo|kihB] nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky; }kjk pyk;s x;s gSaA fof'k"V
f'k{kk esa ch-,M-] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk esa (ch-ih-,M-)] f'k{kk 'kkL=kh bR;kfn dk;ZØe
Hkh blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
• f'k{kk esa LukrdksÙkj dk;ZØe ,e-,M- fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk djok;k tk jgk gSA
eq[kkfHkeq[k :i esa ;g ,d o"khZ; ikB~;Øe gSA fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ;g
la/;kdkyhu (va'kdkfyd) rkSj ij nks o"khZ; ikB~;Øe Hkh pyk;k tk jgk gSA
nwjLFk ek/;e esa Hkh fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk nks o"khZ; ,e-,M- ikB~;Øe
pyk;k tk jgk gSA izkjafHkd f'k{kk esa ,e-,M- tkfe;k fo'ofo|ky; vkSj ,u-lh-
bZ-vkj-Vh- ds {ks=kh; f'k{kk dsUnzksa }kjk pyk;s tk jgs gSaA ,e-,M- &iwoZ izkFkfed
ifjisz{;
f'k{kk] ,e-,M- izkjafHkd f'k{kk] ,e-,M- fof'k"V f'k{kk] ,e-,M-nwj f'k{kk bR;kfn
dk;ZØe Hkh LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij fo'ks"khdj.k ds lkFk py jgs gSaA 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk
esa ,e-ih-,M- vkSj fof'k"V f'k{kk esa nwjLFk ek/;e }kjk ,e-,M- dk;ZØe Hkh blh
Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ,e-,M- djus ds ckn v/;kid&f'k{kd ds fy, izkjafHkd rS;kjh
gks tkrh gSA
• f'k{kk esa fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk ,e-fQy- ikB~;Øe Hkh djk;k tkrk gSA
f'k{kk esa ,e-fQy- lkekU;r% ,d lky dk dkslZ gSA dqN fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 1½
o"kZ dh vof/k Hkh gSA ,e-fQy- nwjLFk ek/;e }kjk Hkh le;≤ ij fofHkUu
ekunaMksa ls djk;k tkrk gSA fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk esa ,e-fQy- va'kdkfyd
ikB~;Øe ds rkSj ij Hkh djk;k tkrk gSA
• f'k{kk esa fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk ih-,p-Mh- dk;ZØe fu;fer o nwjLFk
ek/;e ls pyk;k tk jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa o dk;ZØeksa ds lanHkZ esa v/;kid f'k{kk
vktknh ds ckn f'k{kk dks lkekftd iqujZpuk ds fy, ,d l'kDr cy ds :i esa ns[kk
tkus yxkA vkt f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa Hkh dkQh fodkl gks pqdk gSA f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
fo|ky;hu f'k{kdksa ds fy, ,d izklafxd izf'k{k.k ls c<+dj f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk
vko';d vax cu x;h vkSj bldk LFkku vuq'kklu ds ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k ds :i esa
LFkkfir gks x;kA Lora=krk ds iwoZ ls vizf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh Hkkjh la[;k dk gksuk cgqr
cM+h leL;k Fkh vkSj ;g leL;k vkt+knh ds ckn Hkh cuh jgh D;ksafd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dh i;kZIr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA ysfdu fQj Hkh f'k{kdksa dks Hkkjh la[;k esa fu;qDr djus
dh foo'krk Fkh rkfd Ldwyh f'k{kk dks vf/kd ls vf/kd lqyHk cuk;k tk ldsA
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx (1948&49) dh eq[; vuq'kalk,a Fkha fd ijh{kkvksa
dk Lrj rc rd ugha c<+sxk tc rd fd igys f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ugha lq/kkjh tkrh
blfy, f'k{k.k ds Lrj esa dkQh lq/kkj dh t:jr gSA ek/;fed f'k{kk ds Lrj esa
lq/kkj ds fy, gekjs Ldwyksa ds fy, mPp ;ksX;rk izkIr O;fDr;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ds
fy, mUgsa i;kZIr osru o inksUufr dh laHkkoukvksa dk izLrko nsus dh t:jr gSA gkbZ
Ldwy o baVjehfM,V dkWyst ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, NqfV~V;ksa esa fjÝs'kj ikB~;Øe 'kq:
djuk t:jh gSA eqnkfy;j deh'ku (1952) dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd f'k{kk ds

4 v'ouh
{ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lq/kkj dh dqath v/;kid gSA blfy, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk
lq/kkj cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA deh'ku us izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa lq/kkj dh laLrqfr dh gS
f'k{kd&izf'k{kqvksa dks ,dkf/kd ikB~;ØeksÙkj xfrfof/k;ksa dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dks fjÝs'kj ikB~;Øe Hkh pykus pkfg,A
f'k{kk ij iqujkoyksdu lfefr (1960) us f'k{kk foHkkxksa esa f'k{k.k o vuqla/kku
ds laca/k esa lq>ko fn;k fd f'k{kk foHkkx f'k{kk esa LukrdksÙkj v/;;u }kjk izf'k{k.k
egkfo|ky;ksa ds fy, ;ksX; f'k{kd miyC/k djok;s] 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa dks izf'kf{kr
djsa] f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ij mPprj v/;;u o 'kks/k dk izf'k{k.k nsuk] jk"Vªh;
fodkl esa vk;kstuk o f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk dh xgjh le>nkjh okys ;ksX; 'kSf{kd
dk;ZdrkZ miyC/k djok;saA HkkokRed ,dhdj.k (1961) lfefr us flQkfj'k dh Fkh
fd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds ikB~;Øe esa lq/kkj t:jh gS vkSj blds }kjk ,d Li"V
jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k] ukxfjdrk dh Hkkouk vkSj ,drk dks c<+kok feysA f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØeksa esa lewg xfr'khyrk o laLd`fr ds ikB~;Øe] Nk=k&f'k{kdksa ds ikB~;Øe esa
;k=kkvksa] varj&fo|ky;hu ikjLifjd HksaV] lkeqnkf;d dk;Z o lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa
o Hkwxksy fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A f'k{kk o f'k{k.k dkS'ky ds {ks=k dh u;h
izo`fÙk;ksa dh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, lsokjr f'k{kdksa dks ik¡p lky esa ,d ckj izf'k{k.k
fn;k tkuk t:jh gSA p;fur 'kSf{kd ;kstukvksa ds fy, v/;;u ny (1961) dk
ekuuk Fkk fd vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; laiw.kZ O;fDrRo dh f'k{kk gS] blfy, izR;sd
f'k{kd esa Kku o cPpksa ds ckjs esa le> o mlds mi;ksx dk dkS'ky gksuk pkfg,A
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe lS)kafrd Kku o O;ogkj dh Bksl cqfu;kn ij [kM+s gksus pkfg,A
izf'k{kqvksa ds p;u ds fy, vkdyu djus dh ,d mi;qDr o oLrqfu"B iz.kkyh
fodflr djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA f'k{k.k vH;kl esa v/;kiu ikBksa dk voyksdu]
lgk;d lkexzh dk fuekZ.k] lekykspukRed ikBksa dk v/;kiu vkfn dks Hkh O;kogkfjd
izf'k{k.k esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa vk/kqfud f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dks
c<+kok nsuk t:jh gSA
f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij viuh O;kid fjiksVZ
nhA dksBkjh deh'ku us ik;k fd v/;kid f'k{kk 'kSf{kd thou dh eq[; /kkjk ls
vyx gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa ;FkkFkZokn dh deh gSA izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa
n{k LVkQ ugha gS vkSj :<+ izfof/k;kWa gh f'k{k.k vH;kl esa nksgjk;h tkrh gSaA vk;ksx
ifjisz{;
us bu lanHkksZa esa flQkfj'k nh fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds vyxko dks nwj djuk pkfg,A

v/;kid&f'k{kk dks fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds vdknfed thou vkSj nwljh rjQ fo|ky;hu
thou o 'kSf{kd fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A f'k{kk dks ,d Lora=k
vdknfed fo"k; ds :i esa ekU;rk nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk f'k{kk
ds fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds fdlh Hkh dk;ZØe dk
ewy vk/kkj xq.koÙkk gksrh gS vkSj blds vHkko esa 'kSf{kd Lrj esa fxjkoV gks ldrh gSA
f'k{k.k dh mUur iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, ftlesa Lok/;k; o fopkj&foe'kZ dh
dkQh xqatkb'k gksA ewY;kadu dh mUur iz.kkyh viuk;h tk, ftlesa O;kogkfjd o
lfØ; dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk v/;kiu&vH;kl dk lrr vkarfjd ewY;kadu 'kkfey gksA
v/;kiu&vH;kl esa lq/kkj fd;k tk,A ekStnw k le; esa vf/kdka'k laLFkkuksa esa iqLrdky;ks]a
iz;ksx'kkykvksa] dk;Z'kkykvksa vkfn dh O;oLFkk vi;kZIr gSA buesa lq/kkj dh t:jr
gSA i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe miyC/k djok;s tkus pkfg,] ysfdu iw.kZdkfyd laLFkkuksa dk
Lrj fxjus u ik,A lsokjr f'k{kdksa dk lefUor dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
izR;sd f'k{kd vius ik¡p lky ds dk;Zdky esa de ls de nks ;k rhu eghus dk
lsokjr f'k{k.k izkIr dj ldsA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1968½ esa f'k{kdksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr ij /;ku nsrs gq,
dgk gS fd f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl esa fuLlansg f'k{kdksa dk lcls
vfèd egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vr,o] lekt esa f'k{kd dks lEekfur LFkku fn;k tk,
vkSj mudh ;ksX;rkvksa o ftEesnkfj;ksa ds vuqlkj mudh ifjyfC/k;k¡ o vU; lsok 'krsZa
mi;qDr o larks"ktud gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa fo'ks"kdj lsokjr f'k{kk ij
;Fkksfpr /;ku nsuk pkfg,A 'kkykiwoZ cPpksa ds fodkl ij v/;;u ny (1970) ds
vuqlkj izkFkfed fo|ky; f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ikB~;Øe esa Qsjcny fd;k tk, rkfd
izkFkfed vkSj fo|ky; iwoZ f'k{kk] ,d&nwljs ds fudV vk tk,aA 'kgjh] xzkeh.k o
tutkrh; okrkoj.k ds vuqlkj mUeq[khdj.k vkSj lHkh izf'k{k.k bdkb;ksa esa foLrkj]
izf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,dhdj.k fd;k tk,A 10$2$3 'kSf{kd
<kWaps ij jk"Vªh; lfefr (1972) us f'k{kdksa ds lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k ds laca/k esa dgk
fd Kku] i)fr vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa vk;s Økafrdkjh ifjorZuksa ds lkFk ;g t:jh
gS fd izR;sd f'k{kd dks rhu ;k ik¡p lky dh vof/k esa ,d ckj lsokjr izf'k{k.k
fn;k tk,A fjQzs'kj dkslZ esa f'k{kd dks mlds f'k{k.k fo"k;@fo"k;ksa esa v|ru tkudkjh

6 v'ouh
nsus ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkuk pkfg,A blesa lrr ewY;kadu] mipkjkRed f'k{k.k]
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk dks Hkh 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A nl o"khZ; fo|ky;
ds fy, ikB+;p;kZ % ,d izk:i (1975) esa lq>ko fn;k gS fd lsokjr f'k{kdksa ds fy,
fjQzs'kj ikB~;Øeksa esa fo|ky;hu dk;ZØeksa esa izLrkfor ifjorZuksa ls ifjfpr djk,aAA
mUgsa miyC/k lkeqnkf;d lalk/kuksa ds }kjk bu ifjorZuksa dks ykxw djus dh fofHkUu
j.kuhfr;ksa dh Hkh tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg,A lsokiwoZ f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks Hkh
la'kksf/kr djuk t:jh gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikB~;Øe esa fo|ky;ksa dks dk;ksZUeq[kh cukuk]
mfpr ewY;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dks fodflr djuk] lgk;d lkexzh dh vkiwfrZ] mi
yC/k lk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx vkSj lrr ewY;kadu gksuk t:jh gSA fo|ky;hu
ikB~;Øe esa lkeqnkf;d t:jrksa ds vuqlkj izLrkfor ifjorZu vkSj fo|ky; o dk;Z
vuqHko ds chp dh [kkbZ dks ikVuk t:jh gSA izks- Mh-ih- pV~Vksik/;k; dh v/;{krk esa
fo|ky;hu Lrj ds f'k{kdksa dk jk"Vªh; f'k{kd vk;ksx&1] (1983) esa cuk;k x;k
ftlus O;kid Lrj ij flQkfj'ksa nhaA eq[; :i ls f'k{kdksa ds f'k{k.k ij cgqr vf/kd
/;ku nsus dh t:jr gSA fdlh f'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh U;wure t:jr fHkUu&fHkUu
;ksX;rkvksa okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh d{kk dks lEHkkyus dh {kerk] Li"V o rkfdZd <ax ls
fopkjksa dk laizs"k.k] rduhd dk iz;ksx] d{kk ds ckgj 'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa dk lapkyu]
leqnk; ds lkFk dke djus dh dyk dh n{krkvksa ls izf'k{kqvksa dks rS;kj djuk pkfg,A
,dhd`r ikB~;Øe o orZeku ,do"khZ; ch-,M- ikB~;Øe dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy,
bldh vof/k vkSj blds ikB~;Øe esa lq/kkj djuk t:jh gSA izkFkfed f'k{kdksa dks
Hkkjr dh fefJr laLd`fr o jk"Vªh; mn~ns';ksa dk lgh ifjizs{; esa xgjk Kku gksuk
pkfg,A 'kSf{kd rduhd esa f'k{kd&f'k{kdksa dh ,d Js.kh cuk;h tk ldrh gSA d{kk
esa izf'k{kq f'k{kd ds izn'kZu dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, foHkkx dks lgh i)fr
fodflr djuh pkfg,A Lo ewY;kadu vkSj v/;kiu iwoZ o v/;kiu ckn dh ppkZ dks
izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks Lo;a mu dkS'kyksa esa izoh.krk gksuh pkfg,]
ftudk fodkl os vius izf'k{kqvksa esa djuk pkgrs gSaA ikB~;&lgxkeh xfrfof/k;ksa ds
;kstuk fuekZ.k o laxBukRed dkS'ky f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa esa gksus pkfg,A
f'k{kk dh pqukSrh % ,d uhfrxr ifjn`'; (1985) esa f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa
f'k{kd dk izn'kZu lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA ge u;h rduhdksa ds fodkl dh
ngyht ij [kM+s gSa] ftlls f'k{k.k ds {ks=k esa Økafrdkjh cnyko vkus dh laHkkouk gSA
ifjisz{;
f'k{kd ls cgqr vf/kd mEehnsa gSa] ysfdu bls vafre fodYi ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
f'k{kk ds egRo vkSj blesa f'k{kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dM+h
tkWap ds ckn gh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa fu;qfDr dh tk,A vkt lsokjr f'k{k.k ;k
f'k{kd leqnk; dh lrr f'k{kk dh l[r t:jr eglwl dh tk jgh gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr 1986 dh f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh vuq'kalkvksa esa gS fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk ,d lrr
izfØ;k gS vkSj bls lsokjr o lsokiwoZ ds :i esa ck¡V dj ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds u;s dk;ZØe esa lrr f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k tk,xkA blds fy, ftyk
f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xhA jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ
(1988) us f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)karksa esa tksj fn;k gS fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk
dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d rS;kjh ds fy, gksrs gSa u fd lkekU;] vdknfed
v/;;u ds fy,A ;g dk;ZØe dBksj o mins'kkRed ugha gksuk pkfg, cfYd blesa
LFkkuh; o {ks=kh; t:jrksa] O;fDrxr erHksnksa vkSj l`tukRed o u;s fopkjksa vkSj
O;ogkjksa dks lek;ksftr djus ds fy, yphykiu gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds
ikB~;Øe dks lS)kafrd le> vkSj muds O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa ,dhdj.k ij cy nsuk
pkfg,A f'k{kd ds fodkl ij izHkko vkSj fo|kFkhZ ds vf/kxe] lsokiwoZ f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k ds lkFk mldk laca/k] mldh f'k{k.k i)fr lsokjr f'k{kk esa 'kkfey dj fn,
tk,a rks ;g lkFkZd gksxkA vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ (1990) us îzcq) ,oa ekuorkoknh lekt
dh vksj* uke ls viuk izfrosnu is'k fd;kA ubZ pqukSfr;ksa ds fy, f'k{kd dh rS;kjh
esa lq>ko fn, gSa fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k esa vkewy ifjorZu ykus gksaxsA izf'k{kq fo|kfFkZ;ksa
ds p;u ds fy, vfHko`fÙk o ;ksX;rk ijh{kk ds dM+s ekunaM viuk;s tkus pkfg,A flQZ
izkIr vadksa ;k Jsf.k;ksa dks p;u dk vk/kkj ugha cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A lsokjr dk;ZØeksa
dks f'k{kd dh izxfr dh Hkkoh t:jrksa dk iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
esa lekt ds 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxks± ls vk;s gq, cPpksa dh fofHkUu t:jrksa dh
lkekftd vuqHkwfr] u, o l`tukRed dk;ksZa ds izfr #fp] 'kSf{kd izca/ku dh fodsUnzhd`r
vkSj Hkkxhnkjh iz.kkyh esa f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk dks Hkwfedk dh laosnu'khy le> gksuh
pkfg,A izkFkfed f'k{kk ls tqM+s f'k{kdksa dks& cky dsfUnzr 'kSf{kd n`f"Vdks.k viukrs
gq, mUur d{kk&d{k] O;fDrxr vkSj lrr ewY;kadu rFkk cPps ds O;ogkj dh xgjh
le> gksuh pkfg,A [ksydwn o xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.kksa dks viukuk] fo|ky;ksa
dks lkeqnkf;d f'k{kk dsUnz ds :i esa fodflr djukA ljy :i esa leqnk; ds yksxksa

8 v'ouh
dks i<+kbZ ds urhtksa dh tkudkjh nsukA U;wure vf/kxe Lrj ds vk/kkj ij fo"k; oLrq
dk fodkl djukA fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh ,dhd`r :i esa izLrqr djus dh {kerk mRiUu
djuk bR;kfn vo/kkj.kkvksa] i)fr;ksa o dkS'kyksa esa izkFkfed f'k{kd dks izf'kf{kr
djuk gksxkA
;'kiky lfefr (1992) us mYys[k fd;k gS fd f'k{kd dh v/;kidh; vi;kZIr
rS;kjh dh otg ls f'k{k.k dk Lrj fxjk gSA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks fo|ky;hu
f'k{kk dh cnyrh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj izklafxd vkSj O;kogkfjd cukus ds fy, budh
fo"k;&oLrq dk iquxZBu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu dk;ZØeksa dk eq[; tksj izf'k{kqvksa esa
Lo&vf/kxe o Lora=k fparu dh {kerk dk fodkl djus ij gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kdksa dh
lrr f'k{kk dks laLFkkxr Lo:i fn;k tkuk pkfg,A jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~
vf/kfu;e (1993) – ifj"kn~ f'k{kd f'k{kk dk fu;ksftr o lefUor fodkl lqfuf'pr
djus] ekunaMksa dk fu/kkZj.k o j[kj[kko laca/kh dk;Z djsxhA
- f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk v/;;u o losZ{k.k lapkfyr djuk
- v/;kid&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ;kstukvksa o dk;ZØeksa dks rS;kj djus esa dsUnz]
jkT; ljdkjksa] ;w-th-lh- bR;kfn dks lq>ko nsuk
- f'k{kd&f'k{kk vkSj blds fodkl dks lefUor djuk vkSj bl ij fuxjkuh
j[kuk
- f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr ds U;wure ;ksX;rk ds fn'kk&funsZ'k cukuk vkSj ikB~;Øeksa
;k izf'k{k.kksa ds fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k cukuk
- ifj"kn~ }kjk cuk;s x;s ekunaMksa o fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ds fØ;kUo;u dh le;≤
ij leh{kk djuk
- dsUnz ljdkj }kjk lkSais x, ,sls vU; dk;ks± dks iwjk djuk
- ekU;rk izkIr laLFkkuksa ij bl vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,
ifj"kn~ ,sls laLFkkuksa dk fujh{k.k dj ldrh gSA
- f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa ikB~;Øe ;k izf'k{k.k miyC/k djkus okys laLFkkuksa dks
fu;ekuqlkj ekU;rk nsuk vkSj ekU;rk izkIr laLFkkuksa dks u;s ikB~;Øe dh
vuqefr nsukA
ifjisz{;
i=kkpkj }kjk ch-,M- ds izf'k{k.k gsrq funsZ'k] 1993 & nwj f'k{kk }kjk ch-,M- dk;ZØe
lapkfyr djus okys fo'ofo|ky; NCERT/NCTE ds lq>koksa ds vuq:i mÙke Js.kh
dk Lo&f'k{k.k îSdst* vkSj Lohdk;Z xq.koÙkk okyh rduhdh lgk;rk lsok fodflr
djuh pkfg,A U;wure 30 fnuksa dk izR;{k laidZ dk;ZØe fodflr fd;k tk,A
izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ds fy, 60 fnuksa dk baVuZf'ki dk izko/kku fd;k tk,A baVuZf'ki esa mls
voyksdu n`';–JO; ek/;eksa ds mi;ksx] ikBksa dh rduhdh rS;kjh] ewY;kadu iz.kkyh]
vfHkys[kksa dk j[k&j[kko tSls v/;kiu vH;kl ds lgk;d i{kksa esa izf'k{k.k ysuk
pkfg,A ch-,M- lqnwjorhZ f'k{kk dk;ZØe ij fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx lfefr
¼1994½ us izos'k dh ik=krk j[kh fd & Lukrd ;ksX;rk] fdlh fo|ky; esa yxkrkj nks
o"kks± dk f'k{k.k&vuqHko vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lsokjr f'k{kdksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh
pkfg,A 40 ikBksa ds v/;kiu&vH;kl dk vk;kstu o izcksèu fd;k tk,A bldh
f'k{k.k lkexzh Js"B dksfV dh gksuh pkfg, rkfd mUgsa i<+dj ;k ns[k&lqudj fo|kFkhZ
Lo;a fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk ls le> ldsA
xq.kkRed v/;kid f'k{kk dk ikB~;p;kZ izk:i (1998) gsrq lfefr jk"Vªh;
v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk izks- ts-,l- jktiwr dh v/;{krk esa LFkkfir dh xbZA bl
lfefr us ,d o"khZ; ch-,M- dk;ZØe dks nks o"kZ dh vof/k djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA
v/;kid izf'k{kdksa ds fy, fof'k"V dk;ZØeksa dh :ijs[kk Hkh izLrqr dh gSA
fo'ofo|ky; rFkk ,u-lh-Vh-bZ- tSls vU; vfHkdj.kksa }kjk v/;kid f'k{kk ds ,dkfèd
ekWMy fodflr djus gksaxs tks fd uokpkjh ekWMy vUr%'kkL=kh;rk] O;kid n`f"Vdks.k]
y{; psruk rFkk izfrc)rk ls ;qDr gksA v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh vko';drkvksa
rFkk bu laLFkkuksa esa dk;Zjr v/;kid f'k{kd dh O;kolkf;d rS;kjh ds chp csesy
fLFkfr dk fujkdj.k fd;k tk,A lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k esa ge eq[kkfHkeq[k laLFkkxr
ekWMy] lksiku ekWMy] lapkj ek/;e vk/kkfjr nwjLFk f'k{kk ekWMy dks viuk ldrs gSaA
lsokdkyhu dk;ZØeksa dh fo"k; oLrq fo|ky; fo"k;] f'k{k.k 'kkL=k rFkk dk;Ziz.kkyh]
mHkjrs gq, eqn~ns rFkk v/;kid dh ubZ Hkwfedk gh lsokdkyhu dk;ZØeksa dk
y{; gksuk pkfg,A lsokdkyhu dk;ZØe orZeku 'kSf{kd lanHkZ esa lkFkZd gksuk pkfg,A
v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh fof'k"V leL;kvksa ij /;ku nsus rFkk v/;kid f'k{kk dks
vf/kd mÙkjnk;h rFkk vuqfØ;kRed cukus dh Hkh vko';drk gSA

10 v'ouh
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ
gS vkSj fopkj fd;k gS fd f'k{kd dh f'k{kk dks Ldwyh O;oLFkk dh mHkjrh ekaxksa ds
izfr vf/kd laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,A v/;kidksa dks mRlkgo)Zd] lg;ksxh vkSj
ekuoh; gksuk pkfg,A Kku dks vuqHko ds :i esa le>s u fd ikB~;iqLrdksa dh lkexzh
ds :i esa lh[kus ds fy, vuqdwy ekgkSy cuk,A Hkk"kk dh xgjh le> vkSj n{krk
gkfly djsaA viuh vkdka{kkvksa] Lo&le>] {kerkvksa vkSj #>kuksa dks igpkusaA f'k{kd
ds :i esa is'ksoj mUeq[khdj.k dk iz;kl djsaA dk;Z dks f'k{k.k dk ek/;e cuk,aA
lekt ds izfr viuk nkf;Ro le>sa vkSj csgrj fo'o ds fy, dke djsaA ikB~;ppkZ dh
:ijs[kk] mlds uhfrxr fufgrkFkZ ,oa ikBksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA lsokdkyhu f'k{kd&f'k{kk
dk Hkh dqN [kkl izHkko utj ugha vkrk gSA izf'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk dk ,d cM+k ekud
gS f'k{kd ds fy, mldh izklafxdrkA ysfdu T;knkrj dk;ZØe okLrfod t:jr dks
/;ku esa j[kdj ugha cuk, tkrsA lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kdksa ds
d{kkuqHko ds lanHkZ esa gksuk pkfg,A ,slh {kerk dk fodkl gks fd os ikB~;p;kZ
:ijs[kk dh pqukSfr;ksa dks le>s rFkk mudk lkeuk dj ldsA
fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z cky f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj] 2009 esa Hkh f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj
ds dk;kZUo;u esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk dks lcls egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA fo|ky;
izca/k lfefr esa ,d&frgkbZ lnL; v/;kid gksaxsA fo|ky; izca/k lfefr ds lHkh
dk;Z o mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh ftEesnkjh izeq[kr;k v/;kidksa dh gh gSA fo|ky; fodkl
;kstuk rS;kj djrs le; vfrfjDr v/;kidksa dh vis{kk o fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k lqfo/kk
dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 esa fo|ky;ksa vkSj
v/;kidksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dk Li"V rkSj ij fooj.k fd;k x;k gSA blesa v/;kidksa dh
U;wure vgZrk,a ds ckjs esa Li"V fooj.k feyrk gSA vf/kfu;e esa fo'ks"k rkSj ij crk;k
x;k gS fd dsUnzh; ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj ;k la?k jkT; {ks=k ;k LFkkuh; izkfèdkjh ds
LokfeRok/khu vkSj muds izcaf/kr fo|ky;ksa esa lHkh v/;kidksa }kjk ;fn U;wure
vgZrk,a ugha gSa] vf/kfu;e ds izkjaHk ls ikap o"kZ dh vof/k ds Hkhrj ,slh U;wure
vgZrk,a vftZr djus ds fy, i;kZIr v/;kid f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k lqfo/kk,a miyC/k
djk,axsA v/;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysuk] ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k vkSj ikB~;Øe
fodkl] iz f 'k{k.k ekW M ~ ; w y rFkk ikB~ ; iq L rd fodkl es a Hkkx ys u k
ifjisz{;
v/;kidksa dk dÙkZO; gksxkA bl rjg f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj 2009 Hkh v/;kidksa dh

;ksX;rk o izf'k{k.k dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ ekurk gSA
v/;kid f'k{kk jk"V~zh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2009 (NCFTE)
v/;kid f'k{kk jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2009 esa v/;kid f'k{kk vkSj Ldwy
f'k{kk ds n`f"Vdks.k] lanHkZ o n`f"V esa vkilh laca/k gSA nksuksa dk fodkl ,d nwljs dks
iqucZfyr djrk gSA ftlls f'k{kk ds iwjs nk;js esa vko';d xq.kkRed lq/kkj gksaxsA
lelkef;d lanHkks± esa v/;kid f'k{kk esa lekosf'kr f'k{kk (buDywflo f'k{kk)] lerk
vkSj LFkkf;Ro vk/kkfjr fodkl dk n`f"Vdks.k] f'k{kk esa lkeqnkf;d Kku dh Hkwfedk]
Ldwyksa esa ICT vkSj bZ&yfuZax dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A NCFTE 2009 esa dgk x;k gS
fd gesa ,sls v/;kid pkfg, tks%
& cPpksa dh ijokg djs vkSj mUgsa I;kj ns] cPpksa dks lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj
jktuhfrd lanHkZ esa le>s] mudh leL;kvksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dh laosfnrk
fodflr djs] lHkh cPpksa ls leku O;ogkj djsA
& cPpksa dks dsoy Kku izkIr djus okyk ugha le>s cfYd LokHkkfod rkSj ij cPpksa
dks fl[kk;s] vf/kxe dks vkuannk;d] lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ vkSj vFkZiw.kZ cuk,A
& ikB~;iqLrdksa vkSj ikB~;p;kZ dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djs] LFkkuh;
vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj ikB~;p;kZ lanHkZ cuk;sA
& Kku dks dsoy iznku djus ds fy, ugha le>sA
& vf/kxedrkZ dsfUnzr] xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr] lgHkkfxrk vk/kkfjr vf/kxe vuqHko]
[ksy] izkstsDV] ifjppkZ] laokn] i;Zos{k.k] Hkze.k bR;kfn ds }kjk cPps lh[ksa bu
lHkh dks laxfBr o vk;ksftr djsA
& vf/kxedrkZ dh lkekftd vkSj O;fDrxr okLrfodrkvksa dks vdknfed vfèxe
ds lkFk varfuZfgr djsA
& 'kkafr dk ewY;] thou dk yksdrkaf=kd jkLrk] lekurk] U;k;] Lora=krk] ca/kqrk]
èeZfujis{krk ds egRo dks lkekftd iqujZpuk esa 'kkfey djsA
mijfyf[kr v/;kidksa dh varfuZfgr xq.k o t:jrsa dsoy v/;kid f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ
}kjk Nk=k&v/;kid dks fuEu igyqvksa ls fey ldrh gS–

12 v'ouh
& cPpksa dk i;Zos{k.k o mlds lkFk tqM+s jguk] cPpksa ds lkFk laizs"k.k o laca/k
tksM+ukA
& viuh o nwljksa dh le>] vius fo'okl] dYiuk,a] laosx vkSj bPNk,a] vkRefparu
dh {kerk fodflr djuk] Lohdkjuk] yphykiu] l`tukRedrk vkSj uokpkjhA
& Lo;a funsZf'kr vf/kxe dh {kerk dh vknr fodflr djuk] Lo;a lkspus dh
le>] viuh n`f"V] u;s fopkjksa dk vkRelkRdj.k fodflr djuk] Lo;a dh
vkykspuk o lewg esa dk;Z djukA
& fo"k; dh fo"k; oLrq ds lkFk tqM+s jguk] vuq'kkflr Kku vkSj lkekftd
okLrfodrkvksa dk Kku] fo"k; dh fo"k; oLrq dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd le>
ls tksM+uk vkSj vkykspukRed fparu fodflr djukA
& iSMkWxkWth esa O;kolkf;d dkS'ky fodflr djuk] i;Zos{k.k] izys[khdj.k] fo'ys"k.k
vkSj fuoZpu] Mªkek] Mªk¶V dgkuh dFku] n`f"Vdks.kkRed tkWap djukA
NCFTE- 2009 us v/;kid f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ ds rhu egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dk
vfHkfoU;kl fd;k gS%
d- f'k{kk ds vk/kkj] ftlesa rhu egRoiw.kZ mi&{ks=k gSa& vf/kxedrkZ v/;;u]
lelkef;d v/;;u] 'kSf{kd v/;;uA
[k- ikB~;p;kZ vkSj iSMkWxkWth] ftlesa nks egRoiw.kZ {ks=k gSa– ikB~;p;kZ v/;;u vkSj
iSMkWxkWftd v/;;uA
x- Ldwy var%f'k{kqrk (baVuZf'ki) esa n`f"Vdks.k] O;kolkf;d {kerk] v/;kid
laosnu'khyrk vkSj dkS'ky esa laiw.kZ fuiq.krk fodflr gksA
;s rhuksa o`gr {ks=kksa dks feykdj lkekU; dksj ikB~;p;kZ v/;kid f'k{kk ds gj
{ks=k – iwoZ Ldwy] izkFkfed] ek/;fed vkSj mPp ek/;fed Lrj ij varfuZfgr dj
ldrs gSaA
NCFTE - 2009 esa lsokjr f'k{kk ij Hkh O;kid :i ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k
x;k gSA v/;kidksa ds fujarj O;kolkf;d fodkl ds eq[; mn~ns'; ekus gSa fd&
& [kkst djuk] izfrfcafcr djuk vkSj vius vuqHkoksa ls fodkl djukA
& vius Kku esa xgjh lksp] vius vdknfed vuq'kklu vkSj Ldwy ds vU; ikB~;p;kZ
i=kksa dks v|ru djukA
ifjisz{;
& 'kks/k vkSj vf/kxedrkZvksa dh f'k{kk ij izfrfcac djukA

& 'kSf{kd vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa ds izfr le> fodflr djuk vkSj mls v|ru
cukukA
& f'k{kk dks vU; O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ls tksM+uk tSls f'k{k.k] v/;kid f'k{kk]
ikB~;p;kZ fodkl vkSj ijke'kZA
& cqf)eÙkkiw.kZ vyxko dks rksM+dj vius vuqHko o n`f"V ij nwljksa ds lkFk
fopkj&foe'kZ djukA
lsokjr dk;ZØe esa lgHkkfxrk] Li"V mn~ns';] bysDVªkfud ehfM;k dk mi;ksx
bR;kfn dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A T;knk izf'k{k.k] vfu;feÙkk] mijh vkn'kks± ij
izf'k{k.k ls cpuk pkfg,A bl rjg ds mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj lsokjr v/;kid
f'k{kk ds gj Lrj ds fy, ikB~;p;kZ cukbZ tk,A
v/;kid f'k{kk dk oSf'od lanHkZ
Hkkjr esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds fodkl dh izfØ;k ij n`f"Vikr djus ls irk pyrk gS fd
vyx&vyx :iksa vkSj lajpukvksa ds }kjk ;g u flQZ lÙk~ fodkl dh vksj vxzlj
gksrh jgh] cfYd cnyrs le; ds lkFk blus vius vkidks <kyus dh dksf'k'k Hkh dh
gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{k.k ds {ks=k dh c<+rh gqbZ vko';drk] f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe ls izkIr
vuqHko vkSj Ùklaca/kh t:jrksa dk vk/kkj] bu lHkh us feydj f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh
i)fr] Lo:i] fo"k; oLrq vkSj lajpuk dks izHkkoh <ax ls lapkfyr djus okys eqn~nksa
ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk dks vkSj iSuk dj fn;k gSA Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa ,d
,sls U;k;iw.kZ] lekurk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ls ;qDr lekt dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ
gS] ftlesa O;fDr dh xfjek rFkk jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk ds izfr vk'oLr gqvk
tk ldsA
vkt fo'o esa ?kVh fdlh Hkh ?kVuk dk gj O;fDr ij izHkko utj vkrk gSA vkt
ekuo ,d oSf'od ekuo cu x;k gSA f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; jk"Vªh; mn~ns';ksa ds lkFk
oSf'od lanHkZ dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kdj cukus pkfg,A vkt lwpuk rduhdh o laizs"k.k
lk/kuksa ls Kku dk foLrkj pkjksa vksj gks x;k gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa vktknh ds
ckn dksbZ cM+k ifjorZu utj ugha vkrk gSA vkt f'k{kd&f'k{kk vius iqjkus ifjikVh
fu;eksa ij ugha py ldrh gSA vkt fo'o esa vkradokn dh leL;k pkjksa vksj ?kj dj

14 v'ouh
xbZ gSA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] vkfFkZd vlekurk] vehjh&xjhch dk c<+rk nk;jk] vkfFkZd
vlarks"k] Xykscy okfe±x] 'kgjhdj.k dh c<+rh leL;k,a] lkaiznkf;drk ds cnyrs
Lo:i] c<+rh tula[;k bR;kfn ,slh leL;k,a gSa ftudk Lo:i oSf'od gSA v/
;kid f'k{kk dsoy jk"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks gh ugha cfYd oSf'od leL;kvksa dks Hkh /
;ku esa j[kdj vius mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr djs rks fo|kFkhZ dh ,d oSf'od lapsruk cu
ldsxhA le; ds lkFk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa gksus okys fodkl ds dkj.k vkSj fo'o lekt
esa gks jgs cnyko dk f'k{kd&f'k{kk ij Hkkjr esa xgjk izHkko iM+ jgk gSA f'k{kd dh
Hkwfedk o mldh vis{kkvksa rFkk 'kkys; f'k{kk esa vk;s cnyko ds en~nus tj f'k{kd&f'k{kk
dh izklafxdrk c<+ xbZ gSA
vkt fo'o esa f'k{kk o f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa gq, cnykoksa vkSj nwljh rjQ
lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd {ks=k ds nckoksa ls blds Lo:i esa ifjorZu t:jh gSA
baVjusV Økafr o daI;wVjhdj.k ls f'k{k.k esa rhoz ifjorZu vk jgs gSaA f'k{k.k ds rjhdksa
esa lwpuk o laizs"k.k rduhdh ls cnyko vk;k gSA vkt fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl esa
lwpuk rduhdh dk vge LFkku gS blfy, v/;kid f'k{kk dks Hkh vius vkidks
cnyrs lkaps esa <kyuk gksxkA vkt f'k{kk dks oSf'od lanHkZ esa dsoy Kku iznku djus
;k dsoy x<+h&x<+kbZ oLrq mRiUu dj nsus ls lacaf/kr ugha ekuk tkrk cfYd mls
ftKklk mRiUu djus] mfpr #fp] izo`fÙk;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus rFkk Lora=k
v/;;u ,oa fparu djus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky fufeZr djus ,oa Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus
ls lacaf/kr ekuk tkrk gSA v/;kid f'k{kk dks bl iwjs lanHkZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj f'k{k.k
izfØ;k viukuh t:jh gSA
v/;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRedrk dk iz'u
fog~;Vh (1991) us v/;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRedrk ds fy, fuEu fcanqvksa ij tksj
fn;k gS %
& ;ksX; v/;kid ds Lrj ij fofHkUu lgHkkfx;ksa (izf'k{k.k laLFkku] Ldwy) dh mPp
Lrjh; lgHkkfxrk gksuh pkfg,A
& v/;kid ds fy, Hkkoh {kerkvksa] n{krkvksa o ;ksX;rkvksa dk Li"Vhdj.k rkSj ij
ifjHkkf"kr gks tks fd vH;kl ds vk/kkj ij n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gksA
& vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh O;oLFkk ds vdknfed oS/krk dk vuqoh{k.k gksA
ifjisz{;
& O;kolkf;d izR;k;u dk iz'kklu v/;kid f'k{kk izR;k;u ifj"kn }kjk gks ftlls
lkoZtfud mÙkjnkf;Ro fuf'pr gksA
& jk"Vªh; ÝseoØ esa LFkkuh; o vuqHkkxh; vko';drkvksa dh lksp&le> ds lkFk
xaHkhjrk gksA
Hkksiky esa 1995 esa ;wusLdks–,u-lh-Vh-bZ- dh ^^v/;kidksa dk O;kolkf;d Lrj ij**
vk;ksftr dkaÝsal esa v/;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed laca/kh fuEu lq>ko fn;s x;s%
& lHkh lsok iwoZ v/;kid f'k{kk dks O;kid] xgu] Jelk/; cukuk pkfg, vkSj
mldh vof/k lgh gksuh pkfg,] ftlls okLro esa O;kolkf;d fuiq.krk Nk=k
v/;kidksa esa vk ldsA
& lsok iwoZ f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds dk;ZØeksa dks o`gr :i esa iqul±jfpr djuk
pkfg, ftlesa fd fo"k;] iSMkWxkWth] n{krk o n`f"Vdks.k dh] Hkwfedk o dk;ks± esa
izHkkoh :i ls mi;ksx fn[ksA
& le; o ØsfMV ds vuqlkj lsokiw.kZ f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa esa vH;kl dk;Z] fo'ks"kdj
f'k{k.k&vH;kl vkSj vU; nÙk dk;Z dks T;knk egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
& lsokiwoZ v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ds lS)kafrd ?kVdksa dks f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ esa
vkèqfud o izHkkoh varfuZfgr :i esa laizs"k.k dkS'ky] vk/kqfud rduhdh]
O;kolkf;d utfj;s o mÙkjnkf;Ro dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A
xq.kkRed v/;kid f'k{kk dk ikB~;p;kZ izk:i 1998 us lsokdkyhu v/;kid f'k{kk
dk;ZØe esa xq.koÙkk ds fy, fuEu fcanqvksa dh vksj bafxr fd;k gS %
& dk;ZØe fdl izdkj dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k gS\
& bldk lanHkZ D;k gS? D;k dk;ZØe orZeku 'kSf{kd lanHkZ esa lkFkZd gS\
& mn~ns';] vof/k rFkk lalk/kuksa dh n`f"V ls D;k dk;ZØe dk fu;kstu ;Fkksfpr <ax
ls fd;k x;k gS\
& D;k dk;ZØe ds }kjk lHkh ;k vf/kdrj izfrHkkfx;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
gksrh gS\
& D;k dk;ZØe esa ykxr izHkko'khyrk gS\
ikB~;p;kZ izk:i 1998 us Hkfo"; ds fy, fn'kkfunsZ'k esa dqN lq>ko fn;s gSa fd

16 v'ouh
lsokdkyhu v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh t:jr t+ehuh Lrj ls mHkjuh pkfg, vkSj
dk;ZØe fu;kstu esa lgHkkxh rFkk dk;Z laiknu j.kuhfr;kWa fØ;kRed gksuh pkfg,A
lsokdkyhu f'k{kk ds fy, vk/kkj lkexzh dk fodkl cgqr vko';d gSA eqnz.k]
ohfM;ks dSlsV rFkk dEI;wVj dk;ZØe ds :i esa vPNs fdLe dh vk/kkj lkexzh
fodflr dh tk ldrh gSA pyrh&fQjrh izf'k{k.k Vhe ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vYi;ksX;rk okys v/;kidksa dks 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz izf'k{k.k nsuk pkfg,A
Dave (1999) us izHkkoh f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ik¡p izn'kZu {ks=k ekus gSaA (1) d{kk&d{k
esa fu"iknu (2) Ldwy Lrj ij fu"iknu (3) Ldwy ls brj ckgjh xfrfof/k;ksa esa
fu"iknu (4) vfHkHkkodksa ls laca/k o lg;ksx ls laca/kh fu"iknu (5) leqnk; ls
lg;ksx laca/kh fu"iknuA
NAAC (2004) us v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh xq.koÙkk ds fuEu igyw o
ladsrd crk;s gSa %
& ikB~;p;kZ ;kstuk o fuekZ.k ftlesa mn~ns'; vk/kkfjr] ikB~;Øe fodkl] oSdfYid
dk;ZØe] vdknfed yphykiu vkSj i`"Biks"k.k ;a=k&izca/k vk/kkfjr gksA
& ikB~;p;kZ ykxw djus dh izfØ;k o ewY;kadu ftlesa nkf[kyk izfØ;k] fofHkUu
xq.kksa okyk] f'k{k.k&vf/kxe izfØ;k] v/;kid xq.koÙkk] f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu]
vf/kxe dk ewY;kadu vkSj ijh{kk lq/kkj dk;Z gSA
& 'kks/k dk;Z] fodkl vkSj foLrkj ftlesa 'kks/k dk;Z dh izxfr] 'kks/kksa dh izkfIr]
ifCyds'ku] ijke'kZ izfØ;k] foLrkj xfrfof/k;ka] foLrkj vkSj lac/a kksa esa lgHkkfxrkA
& volajpukRed vkSj vf/kxe lalk/ku ftlesa HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,a] volajpukRed
ejEer] iqLrdky; vf/kxe lzksr] dEI;wVj vf/kxe lzksr ds rkSj ij vkSj vU;
lqfo/kk,aA
& fo|kFkhZ lgk;rk vkSj izxfr ftlesa fo|kFkhZ izksQkbZy] fo|kFkhZ izxfr] fo|kFkhZ
fodkl] fo|kFkhZ xfrfof/k;ka gSaA
& laxBu vkSj izca/k ftlesa–mn~ns'; vk/kkfjr fu.kZ; fuekZ.k] laxBukRed lajpuk]
dk;Zdkfj.kh dh 'kfDr;ka o dk;Z] n`f"Vdks.kkRed ;kstuk] ekuo 'kfDr ;kstuk
vkSj HkrhZ] izxfr ewY;kadu] LVkQ fodkl dk;ZØe] lalk/ku xR;kRedrk vkSj
foÙkh; izca/kA
ifjisz{;
& LoLFk vH;kl ftlesa laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk izca/ku] uohuhdj.k] ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk]
lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ukxfjd Hkwfedk] laiw.kZ fodkl vkSj laLFkku dh
igysaA
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 (5-2-3 i`"B 122&124) esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds
dk;ZØe esa cnyko ds dqN egRoiw.kZ fcanqvksa ij /;ku fn;k x;k gSA
f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dh le> dks izkFkfedrk
nh tk, vkSj Kku dks vuqHko vk/kkfjr le>k tk,A vf/kxedrkZ dh vf/kxe esa
lgHkkfxrk gksuh pkfg,A 'kSf{kd fpardksa ds fopkjksa dks f'k{kd&izf'k{kd iz;ksx esa
yk;saA vc f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk Kku ds lzksr ds cnys ,d lgk;d dh gksxh tks lwpuk
dks Kku@cks/k esa cnyus dh izfØ;k esa fofo/k mik;ksa ls 'kS{kf.kd y{;ksa dh iwfrZ esa
enn djsA Kku dks ,d lÙk izfØ;k ekus tkus yxk gSA f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k ds vo;oksa dk
vk/kkj foLr`r gksuk pkfg, blfy, f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls ltx iz;kl fd;k tk,A
f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa Kku f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa cgq&vuq'kklfud gksrk gSA f'k{kd&izf'k{kd
dk;ZØe ls fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj dks lefUor :i esa gksuk pkfg,A fo|kFkhZ dh
lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lanHkks± dh vksj vf/kd cy nsus dh Hkh
vko';drk gSA fofo/k izdkj ds lanHkks± ds dkj.k f'k{k.k esa fofo/krk ykus dh t:jr
gSA f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt ds eqn~nksa vkSj fparkvksa]
mlds cgqyrkoknh LoHkko vkSj igpku] fyax] lerk] thfodk vkSj xjhch ds eqn~nksa ds
fy, LFkku gksuk pkfg, ftlls f'k{kk o lekt ds laca/kksa dh vf/kd xgjh le>
gksxhA f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa ewY;kadu ,d lÙk izfØ;k gksuh pkfg,A ewY;kadu
T;knkrj vad vk/kkfjr (la[;kRed) u gksdj ,d iSekus (xq.kkRed) ij fd;k
tk,xkA bl rjg f'k{kd&f'k{k.k laca/kh u;h n`f"V Ldwy O;oLFkk esa cnykoksa ds izfr
vf/kd laosnu'khy gksxhA
orZeku ifjizs{; esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;k¡ o leL;k,a
v/;kid f'k{kk dk futhdj.k – fiNys 10&15 lkyksa esa v/;kid f'k{kk dk
futhdj.k us bls fofHkUu vk;keksa esa izHkkfor fd;k gSA vkt f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa ftl
rjg LofoÙk iksf"kr laLFkkvksa dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gS] mlls f'k{kd f'k{kk iwjh rjg
O;olk; cudj jg xbZ gSA LofoÙk iksf"kr laLFkkvksa esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dks ysdj fdlh

18 v'ouh
Hkh rjg dk vuq'kklu utj ugha vkrk gSA bl laca/k esa Li"V ekud o ekunaM Hkh ugha
gSaA v/;kid f'k{kk ds dk;ZØeksa o dkslks± dks lkekU; ch-,-] ch-dke dh rjg djk;k
tk jgk gSA fdlh Hkh rjg dh fuf'pr ;kstuk fdlh Hkh Lrj ij ugha gSA vdknfed
l=k Hkh cgqr ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fu;fer ugha gSA fo|kFkhZ vkSj dk;Zdkjh laLFkk,a
nksuksa gh v/;kid f'k{kd dks ysdj xaHkhj ugha gSaA fo|kFkhZ dk nkf[kyk] iz;ksxkRed
ijh{kk] f'k{k.k&vH;kl] nÙk dk;Z] ijh{kk ifj.kke] ladk; lnL;ksa dk pquko bR;kfn
lHkh esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds ekud o vuq'kklu ugha gSA lHkh rjg dk lkekU; ekinaM
o ekud Hkh cjdjkj ugha jgs gSaA lekt esa Hkh v/;kid&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks ysdj
Hkzkafr o lansg gSA vc bls dsoy iSls dk Hkh [ksy le>k tkus yxk gSA ;g f'k{kk
vuq'kklu ds lkeus cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSA iwjs Hkkjro"kZ esa ch-,M- djus ds fy, LofoÙk
iksf"kr laLFkkuksa dh ck<+ lh foxr 10&15 lky ls vkbZ gqbZ gSA ;g vk'p;Ztud gS fd
D;k gtkjksa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks f'k{kd&izf'k{kd fey ik,axsA ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-
us le;≤ ij v/;kid&izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa fu;qfDr dh ;ksX;rkvksa dks de
fd;k gSA lkQ rkSj ij txtkfgj gS fd cgqr gh de ;ksX;rkvksa okys vizf'kf{kr
f'k{kd izf'k{kd bu laLFkkuksa esa fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj bl rjg D;k xq.koÙkk ds Lrj
dh ckr bu v/;kid f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa dh tk ldrh gSA ;g cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSa
v/;kid f'k{kk vkSj Ldwy ikB~;p;kZ nksuksa vyxko esa dk;Z djrs gSaA nksuksa esa
fdlh Hkh rjg dk laca/k ugha gSA lsokiwoZ v/;kid ikB+;p;kZ v/;kidksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh t:jr o ek¡xksa dks ugha n'kkZrk gSA vc bls iqul±'kksf/kr o iqujZpuk dh t:jr gSA
v/;kid f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fuekZ.k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij rhu ,tsafl;ka izeq[k rkSj ij
djrh gSa ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-] ;w-th-lh- vkSj ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-A blls bl {ks=k esa dkQh Hkze
iSnk gqvk gSA blfy, rhuksa esa izHkkoh leUo; vkSj laca/k gksuk pkfg,A
lsokjr f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk dksbZ Hkh LFkk;h izca/k ugha gSA izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe rnFkZ
vk/kkj ij vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA ;g t:jh gS fd O;ofLFkr vkSj O;kid uhfr ds
vk/kkj ij bls jk"Vªh; Lrj ij etcwr vkSj lefUor fd;k tk, ftlesa ;w-th-lh-] ,u-
lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-] U;wik] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] fo'ofo|ky; foHkkx]
v/;kid f'k{kk dkWyst dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gks ldrh gSA lsokdkyhu v/;kid
f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ o ikB~;Øe ij fdlh Hkh rjg dk fopkj&foe'kZ ugha gksrk gSA
vf/kdka'k dk;ZØeksa esa Hkk"k.k vk/kkfjr vf/kxe viuk;k tkrk gS] ftlesa izf'k{kqvksa
ifjisz{;
dks Hkkxhnkjh djus dk ekSdk ugha feyrkA blesa dsoy fo'ks"kKksa ls Kku izkIr djus ij
gh tksj fn;k tkrk gSA u;h rduhdksa ij vk/kkfjr izf'k{k.k ugha gksrk gSA izf'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa esa dEI;wVj rFkk vU; rduhdh lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk vi;kZIr gSA blh
otg ls lwpuk o rduhdh dh laHkkouk,a izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa o fo|ky;ksa dk ekgkSy
ugha cny ldhA
v/;kid f'k{kk dks vkt dh t:jrksa ds fglkc ls ugha cuk;k x;k gSA vkt
ICT dk ;qx gSA blh otg ls ySiVkWi laLd`fr Hkh tksj idM+ jgh gSA v/;kid f'k{kk
esa vHkh Hkh ijaijkxr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa] vH;kl fof/k;ksa] iz;ksxkRed dk;ks±] nÙk dk;ks±]
f'k{k.k vH;kl] dk;kZuqHko dks viuk;k tk jgk gSA v/;kid f'k{kk ds laiw.kZ dk;ZØe
esa uohuhdj.k o uokpkjh <axksa dh t:jr gSaA vHkh Hkh cgqr ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa
'kSf{kd rduhdh vko';d fo"k; ugha gSA f'k{kd&izf'k{kd Hkh vk/kqfud ICT ls
ikjaxr ugha gSaA cgqr ls f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa 'kSf{kd rduhdh midj.kksa dh
Hkkjh deh jgrh gSA izR;sd fo"k; esa varfuZfgÙkk ds lkFk lc dqN i<+uk gksxk rkfd
'kSf{kd rduhdh dk lgt :i cu ldsA
v/;kid f'k{kk dk dksj ikB~;p;kZ ugha gSA dqN fo"k; oLrq ,slh gksuh pkfg, tks
lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd igqapsA v/;kid f'k{kk esa ekuo vf/kdkj f'k{kk] 'kkafr dh f'k{kk]
vkradokn dh leL;k] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] c<+rh tula[;k] vkink izca/ku] Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku ds eq[; igyw] lelkef;d lkekftd leL;k,a bR;kfn dh cgqr deh izdV
gks jgh gSA bl ij 'kSf{kd izf'k{k.k leqnk; dks /;ku nsuk t:jh gSA
ch-,M- dk;ZØe cgqr vYi le; ds fy, gksrk gSA bldh vof/k lkekU;r;k
8&9 eghus gSA brus de le; esa D;k izf'k{kq v/;kid f'k{k.k vH;kl] lkaLd`frd
dk;ZØe] v/;kid O;fDÙko fodkl] nÙk dk;Z] lS)kafrd fo"k;ksa dh i<+kbZ] dEI;wVj
f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd Hkze.k bR;kfn esa n{k o izf'kf{kr gks ik,xkA cgqr ls vk;ksx o ;kstukvksa
us ch-,M- dh vof/k nks lky djus dh flQkfj'k dh gS ysfdu bls vHkh rd vey
esa ugha yk;k x;k gSA blfy, f'k{kk ds izfr v/;kid dk n`f"Vdks.k esa lw{e ifjorZu
ds fy, vf/kd le; pkfg,A
v/;kid f'k{kk esa izf'k{kd oxZ dh Hkh deh gSA lsok iwoZ o lsokjr dk;ZØeksa ds
fy, xq.koÙkk vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dh miyC/krk f'k{kd&izf'k{kd ij fuHkZj gSA f'k{kd
izf'k{kdksa esa fo"k; ds vuq:i Hkh fo'ks"kKrk dh deh jgrh gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk]

20 v'ouh
ek/;fed f'k{kk] fof'k"V f'k{kk] foKku f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd rduhdh] nwj f'k{kk esa
v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds fo'ks"khdj.k ds vuqlkj fo'ks"kKrk gksuh pkfg,A
orZeku le; esa v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa esa Nk=k&v/;kidksa dh p;u iz.kkyh
larks"ktud ugha gSA p;u es/kk vad] lk{kkRdkj] izos'k ijh{kk] fo"k; esa izkIr vadksa ds
vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA ch-,M-] ,e-,M-] ts-ch-Vh-] ch-,M- fof'k"V] ch-,y-,M-] ,e-
,M- esa fo'ks"khdj.k bR;kfn esa p;u ds fy, oS/k] ijh{k.k vk/kkfjr o fo'oluh;
izfØ;k dh t:jr gS ftlls f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr /kukRed n`f"Vdks.k j[kus okys
vH;fFkZ;ksa dk p;u gks tks fd fo|ky;ksa esa xq.kkRed fodkl rFkk o`f) dj ldsaA
vkt Hkkjr esa nwjLFk ek/;e o i=kkpkj }kjk O;kid Lrj ij f'k{kd&f'k{kk nh tk
jgh gS] ftlesa eqDr fo'ofo|ky; izeq[k gSA fu;fer fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk Hkh nwjLFk
ek/;e ls f'k{kd f'k{kk nh tk jgh gSA vkt i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe esa vH;kl lkexzh]
laidZ dk;ZØe rFkk v/;kiu vH;kl dh xq.kkRed dh deh gSA izos'k rFkk lapkyu
dh ifjlhek lgh ugha gSA ch-,M- i=kkpkj ikB~;Øeksa dks fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fy, /ku
laxzg dk lk/ku ek=k ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,A bXuw us Lo;a vf/kxe lkexzh cukus ds
vPNs iz;kl fd;s gSa] ysfdu T;knkrj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i=kkpkj }kjk vPNh vf/kxe
lkexzh miyC/k ugha djokbZ tk jgh gSA nwjLFk ek/;e ls f'k{k.k lkexzh] ehfM;k vkSj
rduhdh iz;ksx] vPNh xq.koÙkk vkfn dh pqukSfr;ka Hkh gSaA bZ&yfu±x ds ;qx dh
leL;k,a Hkh fo|eku gSaA v/;kid f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa ds lanHkZ esa f'k{k.k vH;kl]
ikB~;p;kZ] izk;ksfxd dk;Z] vH;klkRed dk;Z] nÙk dk;Z dh Hkh vPNh xq.koÙkk ugha
gSA nwj f'k{kk dh fof/k og leLr xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,d leqPp; gS ftlesa f'k{kd vkSj
f'k{kkFkhZ ,d&nwljs ds vkeus&lkeus u gksdj viuk&viuk dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk bUgsa
,d rhljs ek/;e dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl rhljs ek/;e esa lsVsykbZV nwjn'kZu ;k
Vsyh dkaQzsflax mYys[kuh; gSA iajrq vHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k o lqnwjorhZ bykdksa esa
lwpuk rduhdh dh Hkkjh deh gS tks fd bl iwjh O;oLFkk ij loky mBkrh gSA
ikB~;p;kZ o Ldwy vuqHkoksa dk Hkh dksbZ laca/k utj ugha vkrk gSA lS)kafrd o futh
vH;kl] d{kkxr vH;kl] Ldwy lq/kkj bR;kfn dh Hkh deh gSA blfy, nwjLFk ek/;e
esa bu lHkh dfe;ksa dks nwj djuk t:jh gSA
v/;kid f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ o ikB~;Øe esa lexz n`f"Vdks.k ugha gSA xzkeh.k
ifjisz{;
i`"BHkwfe ds fo|kFkhZ] 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds fo|kFkhZ] fodflr&vfodflr {ks=k] ifCyd

Ldwy] ljdkjh Ldwy] uoksn; Ldwy] lSfud Ldwy bR;kfn D;k lHkh lanHkks± esa ,d
gh izf'k{k.k Nk=k v/;kid dks fn;k tk, bl leL;k ij vkt fopkj&foe'kZ t:jh
gSA v/;kid f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe lkekU; izf'k{k.k ns jgk gS ysfdu vkt blesa
fo'ks"khdj.k dh ek¡x c<+rh tk jgh gSA lkekftd&jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd] iz'kklfud]
laxBukRed] ifjn`'; Hkh vyx&vyx gS rks vkt gesa ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k ds
ikB~;p;kZ dh t:jr gSA ikB~;p;kZ v/;;u vkSj ukSdjh dh vko';drkvksa ds
laca/k Hkh cgqr de gSA
orZeku izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe Nk=k v/;kid dks bruk volj iznku ugha djrk fd
og f'k{k.k Lrj dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dh le> cuk ldsA ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|ky;h
okrkoj.k ls vf/kd laidZ ugha gksrk vkSj og fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj
Hkh ugha gSA Nk=k&v/;kidksa dks vuqHko }kjk lh[kus (djds lh[kuk) dk ekSdk cgqr
de fn;k tkrk gSA u;s v/;kid fo|ky;ksa esa mu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa]
ftudk gy ek=k vuqHko }kjk gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dsoy
O;k[;kuksa ls Hkjs gksrs gSaA fo|ky;ksa ds dBksj ,oa ijaijkxr dk;ZØe ds varxZr
v/;kid izf'k{k.k ls izkIr mi;ksxksa dks Hkqyk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ckn esa iqLrdh; Kku
ij fuHkZj jgdj vf/kxe ds fl)karksa dk d{kk&d{k fLFkfr esa dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gksxkA
vfèdka'k v/;kid&f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa vadksa o le; ds lanHkZ esa lS)kafrd ikB~;Øe
ij T;knk /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA
f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ esa vH;kl rFkk l=k&iz;ksxkRed dk;Z ij cy fn;k
tkrk gSA iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± esa f'k{k.k vH;kl] izkstsDV] euksoSKkfud iz;ksx] JO;&n`';
lkexzh] lkeqnkf;d lsok,a] lgxkeh fØ;k,a vkrh gSaA bl rjg ds iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± ds
izf'k{k.k ds ckn Hkh fo|ky;h thou esa budk cgqr de izHkko ns[kk tk jgk gS]
blfy, bu dk;ks± ds lapkyu] laxBu o f'k{k.k dks izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa iqul±'kksfèr
o y{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij cukuk gksxkA f'k{k.k vH;kl Hkh d{kkvksa dh izkfIr ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA Ldwy ls lacaf/kr dqN lk/kkj.k leL;k,a gksrh gSa tks fd vH;kl&f'k{k.k esa
vkrh gSaA Nk=kksa ds i<+us esa fofHkUurk] Ldwy iz'kklu dk lg;ksx u feyuk] ;s lc ckrsa
f'k{k.k vH;kl dks izHkkojfgr cuk nsrs gSaA ;g leL;k Hkh cM+h gS fd lkeqnkf;d
thou }kjk lgh iztkrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk fufeZr djus dk iz;kl u"V gks x;k gSA

22 v'ouh
f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk lkjÙko og fof/k gS ftlds }kjk bldk dk;kZUo;u

fd;k tkrk gSA dk;kZUo;u djrs le; izf'k{k.k ds bPNqd Nk=k&f'k{kdksa ds xq.k]
fo"k;oLrq dh izd`fr] 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;kWa] miyC/k cqfu;knh izca/k rFkk lkaxBfud
vko';drkvksa dks en~nsutj ugha j[kk tkrk gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ekeys esa [kkl djds
izR;{k f'k{k.k okyh fof/k dks NksM+dj dbZ vU; fof/k viukus ds ekeys esa cM+k ladksp
jgk gSA v/;kiu&vH;kl dh tks fof/k;ka izf'k{kqvksa dks fl[kkbZ tkrh gSa] lh[kh xbZ
f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk f'k{k.k esa iz;ksx djuk mUgsa vko';d ugha yxrk gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk
esa vPNh ewY;kadu O;oLFkk dk gksuk t:jh gSA O;kogkfjd Lrj ij f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa
ewY;kadu ds ekeys esa dbZ leL;k,a mRiUu gksrh gSaA orZeku uhfr;ksa o f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
ds dk;ZØeksa esa ewY;kadu fof/k;ksa ds izfr dksbZ mRlkg o lksp utj ugha vkrh gSA
lkekU;r% o"kZ ds var esa ewY;kadu lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ekuk tkrk gSA cká ijh{kdksa
}kjk ek=k ikap ls iUnzg feuV rd Nk=k v/;kidksa ds dk;Z dk voyksdu djuk Hkh bl
izf'k{k.k dk;Z esa ewY;kadu dks lgh ugha Bgjkrk gSA
orZeku lanHkZ esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa dh leL;k
ij /;ku nsus dh t:jr gSA vkt izf'k{kdksa dh {kerk dk Lrj] mudh tkudkjh dks
v|ru cukus ds rjhds rFkk muds f'k{k.k ds rkSj&rjhdksa dh leh{kk t:jh gks x;h gSA
f'k{kd&izf'k{kd dks vkt fofHkUu 'kSf{kd rduhdh Kku vkSj f'k{k.k 'kSfy;ksa dk Kku
vkSj izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh O;fDrxr fHkUurkvksa ds en~nsutj l{ke cukuk cM+h pqukSrh gSA
vkt Nk=k v/;kid fl)kar ,oa O;ogkj dk leUo; Hkh ugha dj ikrs gSa] u gh viuh
xq.koÙkk esa o`f) djus ds fy, izsfjr dj ikrs gSaA ;s leL;k,a Hkh f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa ds
}kjk iSnk gks jgh gSaA f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dh fofo/krk ,d vU; izdkj dh
egRoiw.kZ dfBukb;k¡ izLrqr djrh gSA f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks Lo;a mu dkS'kyksa esa
izoh.krk gksuh pkfg, ftudk fodkl os vius Nk=k v/;kidksa esa djuk pkgrs gSaA
f'k{kd f'k{kk esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh lwpuk O;oLFkk o izca/k ugha gSA vizf'kf{kr
v/;kidksa ds vkadM+s] csjkstxkj izf'kf{kr v/;kid] f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dh fo'ks"kKrk
o la[;k] fofHkUu Lrj ij ikB~;p;kZ vkSj ikB~;Øe] ikB~;p;kZ ifjorZu dh fu;feÙkk]
v/;kid f'k{kk esa uokpkjh dk;ZØe bR;kfn ,d txg ij miyC/k ugha gSA fofHkUu
laLFkkuksa ds jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij v|ru tkudkjh iz;ksx djus ds fy, lwpuk o
laizs"k.k dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij cgqr lh izf'k{k.k lkexzh
ifjisz{;
miyC/k gS] ijarq f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa o Nk=k v/;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k lkexzh miyC/k
djkus dh fdlh Hkh rjg dh ;kaf=kd O;oLFkk ugha gSA ekWM~;wyj n`f"Vdks.k ls izf'k{k.k
o funsZ'ku lkexzh Hkh fodflr dh tkuh pkfg,] ftls Lo;a vf/kxe lkexzh o
izf'k{k.k lkexzh ds rkSj ij iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa o j.kuhfr;ksa ds fu;kstu esa f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks
vyx j[kk tkrk gS tcfd bUgha nksuksa dks ykxw djuk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i okafNr dk;Z
;kstuk ds Bhd foijhr dk;Z ;kstuk ykxw gks ldrh gSA blfy, 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa o
;kstukvksa dh fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa f'k{kdksa dh lgHkkfxrk t:jh gSA fo|ky; f'k{kdksa
dks leL;kvksa dh tehuh tkudkjh gksrh gS] ysfdu bl izfØ;k esa lcls T;knk misf{kr
ogh gSA
v/;;u ls izkIr lq>ko
• v/;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa vH;FkhZ ds p;u ds laca/k esa lgh ekunaM cukus
pkfg,A mUgha vH;fFkZ;ksa dk p;u gks tks okLro esa f'k{k.k&;ksX;rk j[krs gksa]
vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku ,oa f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr ldkjkRed o izHkkoh
n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gksaA p;u esa f'k{k.k vfHk{kerk] fo"k; dh le>] cPps dh le>]
leL;kvksa ij n`f"Vdks.k] cqf) ekiu ijh{kk] vfHko`fÙk] vfHk#fp] Hkk"kk laca/kh
izoh.krk] vuqfØ;kRedrk dh tkap&ijh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A p;u ds ekunaM
izkFkfed f'k{kd] ek/;fed f'k{kd] mPp ek/;fed f'k{kd] fof'k"V f'k{kd]
fo"k; ds f'k{kd bR;kfn ds vk/kkj ij gksA
• orZeku esa f'k{kk dh i)fr o mldh izfØ;k esa cgqr Rofjr ifjorZu gks jgk gSA
orZeku vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj Hkfo"; vk/kkfjr ikB~;Øe o ikB~;p;kZ gksuh
pkfg,A ubZ leL;k,a] pqukSfr;ka vkSj lgh n`f"Vdks.k dks rqjar ikB~;p;kZ esa 'kkfey
djus ds izko/kku gksus pkfg,A Ldwy ikB~;p;kZ esa ifjorZu dh vko';drkvksa dks
/;ku esa j[kdj dqN vf/kxe {ks=kksa dks v/;kid&f'k{kk esa 'kkfey djuk iM+sxk tks
fd lwpuk laizs"k.k rduhdh ds u;s fodkl] gky gh dh LokLF; leL;k,a] mtkZ
vkSj okrkoj.k] ekuo vf/kdkj f'k{kk] vkink izca/ku] 'kkafr dh f'k{kk] vkradokn
dh leL;k] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh ewyHkwr f'k{kk gks ldrs gSaA lsokiwoZ f'k{kk
dh ikB~;p;kZ esa mnh;eku Hkkjr esa f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd euksfoKku] ICT, ewY;kadu o

24 v'ouh
izca/k] d{kk&izca/k] f'k{k.k izo`fÙk o fof/k bR;kfn fo"k;ksa esa Hkh bls ge 'kkfey
dj ldrs gSaA fo'ks"k {ks=kksa ds fo"k;] ijke'kZ o funsZ'ku] daI;wVj f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd
rduhdh vkSj LokLF; f'k{kk bR;kfn esa Hkh ge lelkef;d vko';drkvksa dks
'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA Ldwy dh leL;kvksa o f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ esa
lacaè gksuk t:jh gSA blfy, cM+s varjky ds ckn f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ esa
ifjorZu ugha gks] cfYd le;≤ ij bls v|ru cukuk pkfg,A
• f'k{kd f'k{kk esa iz;ksxkRed vkSj lS)kafrd fo"k;ksa dk esytksy gksuk pkfg,A
lS)kafrd fo"k; iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± ds vuqlkj gks vkSj iz;ksxkRed dk;Z lS)kafrd
fo"k;ksa ds vuqlkj gksus pkfg,A nksuksa ,d&nwljs dk vuqorZu djsaA iz;ksxkRed
dk;Z Ldwyh vuqHko] Ldwy dh iz'kklfud] lkekftd] euksoSKkfud] {ks=kh;]
vf/kxedrkZ dh fof'k"Vrk,a o leL;kvksa] fo"k; dh tfVyrk] vf/kxe fl)karksa
dk iz;ksx] JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk Ldwy esa iz;ksx] lwpuk&rduhdh dk Ldwyh
okrkoj.k esa bLrseky bR;kfn ij gksus pkfg,A iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± esa Ldwyh thou
dk okLrfod vkbZuk fn[kuk pkfg,A lS)kafrd ikB~;Øeksa dks Hkh Ldwyh thou ds
vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij cukuk pkfg,A nÙk dk;ks± dk le; ij ewY;kadu djds
lq>ko Nk=k&v/;kidksa dks nsus pkfg,A
• v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ks± esa ewY;kadu ds fy, uokpkjh <axksa dks viukuk t:jh gSA
ewY;kadu {kerk o n{krk vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A vkarfjd ewY;kadu ds fy, fo"k;d
izLrqrhdj.k] nÙk dk;Z] d{kk esa fopkj&foe'kZ esa lgHkkfxrk] lIrkg ;k ekgokj
laf{kIr ijh{kk] lkaLd`frd dk;ks± esa lgHkkfxrk] f'k{k.k Nk=kk/;kidksa }kjk uokpkjh
<axksa dk iz;ksx] 'kSf{kd Hkze.k] v/;kid O;fDÙko fodkl bR;kfn ds }kjk dj ldrs
gSAa l=kkar ijh{kk esa iz'u&i=kksa dk vk/kkj Ldwyh thou ds vk/kkj ij gksuk pkfg,]
ftlesa fo|kFkhZ viuk n`f"Vdks.k j[k ldsAa v/;kid&f'k{kk esa ewY;kadu ,d yxkrkj
izfØ;k dh rjg gks] ysfdu og fcYdqy ikjn'khZ gksuh pkfg,A
• orZeku esa v/;kid f'k{kk ds egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe ch-,M- ikB~;Øe dh vof/k
dsoy 1 lky gSA v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk eq[; mn~ns'; dkS'ky] ewY;]
O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk] O;fDrxr O;fDÙko dk fodkl gS ftls 8&9 eghus dh
vof/k esa izHkkoh :i ls fodflr djuk eqf'dy gSA blfy, bl dk;ZØe dh
ifjisz{;
vof/k 2 lky dh tkuh pkfg, ftlls v/;kid f'k{kk ds vk/kkjHkwr dk;ZØe

ch-,M- esa Nk=k&v/;kidksa dks f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k leqfpr feysA
• v/;kid f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ls bl vuq'kklu dk cgqr T;knk Lrj fxjk gSA futh
laLFkku O;kolkf;d ykHk ds fglkc ls f'k{kk miyC/k djokrs gSaA blfy, NCTE
o f'k{kk izkf/kdkj laLFkkvksa dks LofoÙk iksf"kr laLFkkvksa dh xq.koÙkk ij /;ku nsuk
pkfg,A ,slk ik;k x;k gS fd vius futh edku esa Hkh ch-,M- laLFkku py jgs gSa]
tks fd lkspuh; gSA
• LofoÙk iksf"kr laLFkkuksa esa izk;ksfxd d{k] euksoSKkfud iz;ksx'kkyk] [ksy dk
eSnku] dk;kZuqHko d{k] vH;kl f'k{k.k dh Ldwyksa esa O;oLFkk] n`';&JO; lkexzh]
vPNh iqLrdsa o lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk iqLrdky;] f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds d{k bR;kfn
miyCè gks f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ekud o ekunaMksa ij rHkh bUgsa ekU;rk nsuh pkfg,A
LofoÙk iksf"kr laLFkkuksa esa v/;kid izf'k{kdksa dks mfpr osrueku Hkh ugha feyrk
gSA v/;kid fu;qfDr ds rjg&rjg ds gFkdaMs viuk;s tkrs gSaA blfy,
v/;kid f'k{kd&f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa ges'kk ekufld ncko esa jgrk gSA ;g t:jh
gks tkrk gS fd mfpr izkf/kdkj lÙkk bu laLFkkuksa esa fu;qfDr ds ekunaMksa o
v/;kidksa dh ;ksX;rk ij iSuh ut+j j[ksA futh laLFkkuksa esa le; ij ijh{kk]
nkf[kyk] f'k{k.k vkSj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds fy, t:jh r; le; esa gksuk pkfg,A
Nk=k&v/;kidksa dh blesa mifLFkfr dks vfuok;Z cukuk t:jh gSA
• v/;kid f'k{kk ,d lÙk izfØ;k cuh jguh pkfg,A lsokiwoZ f'k{kk o lsokjr
f'k{kk nksuksa dk vkilh laca/k jguk t:jh gSA lsokjr f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe Ldwyh
vuqHko o v/;kidksa dh lqfo/kk o fopkj&foe'kZ ij cukuk pkfg,A lsokjr
f'k{kk ds fy, mPp Lrj ij dksbZ ftEesnkj laLFkku gksuk pkfg,A vHkh rd rnFkZ
vk/kkj o vfu;fer izk:i esa lsokjr f'k{kk py jgh gSA jkT;ksa dh ,l-lh-vkj-
Vh-] M~kbZV] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] U;wik] f'k{kk foKku bR;kfn ds dk;ZØeksa dk lsokjr
f'k{kk fu;fer fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A lsokjr f'k{kk ds dk;ZØeksa dk i`"Biks"k.k
(QhMcSd) ysuk pkfg,] bUgsa vkSj T;knk mRlkgo)Zd o O;kogkfjd cuk;k tk
ldsA blds izf'k{k.k esa lS)kafrdrk ds ctk; Ldwyh okrkoj.k dh O;kogkfjd
leL;kvksa ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A lsokjr f'k{kk esa 'kSf{kd rduhdh] lelkef;d

26 v'ouh
leL;k,a] ICT, 'kSf{kd 'kks/k] v/;kid fodkl bR;kfn ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
lsokjr f'k{kk ds izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ysDpj fof/k O;k[;kuksa ls Hkjs u gksdj
fopkj&foe'kZ ij vk/kkfjr gksus pkfg,A
• lwpuk ,oa laizs"k.k rduhdh dks v/;kid f'k{kk esa varfuZfgr izfØ;k ds rkSj ij
viukuk pkfg,A rduhdh iSMkxkWth esa [kklrkSj ij rhu {ks=k gks ldrs gSa &
fo"k;oLrq] iSMkWxkWth vkSj rduhdhA ICT dkS'ky fodflr djus ds fy, lkekU;
tkudkjh Nk=k v/;kidksa dks nh tk,] ftlesa izfrfnu dh ftanxh esa bls iz;ksx dj
ldsA blesa fofHkUu lkWQ~Vos;j] gkMZos;j dk f'k{kk izfØ;k esa iz;ksx fl[kkuk
pkfg,A Nk=k&v/;kidksa ds f'k{k.k fo"k; esa Hkh bls varfuZfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
ftlls og bls d{kk vk/kkfjr lzksr cukdj f'k{k.k dh fofHkUu rduhdksa esa bls
iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa iz;ksxkRed igyqvksa esa Hkh bls 'kkfey
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ikB&fodkl] nÙk dk;Z ds fuekZ.k esa budks 'kkfey djus ij
tksj fn;k tk ldrk gSA lsok iwoZ f'k{kd ,d vf/kxe drkZ] izca/kd] fMtk;uj
vkSj 'kks/kdrkZ gksrk gS blfy, ge mlls mEehn dj ldrs gSa fd og viuh
xfrfof/k;ksa esa bls 'kkfey djs vkSj izf'k{k.k izkIr djsA varfuZfgr igyqvksa ls ge
f'k{k.k esa ICT dkS'ky fodflr dj ldrs gSaA
• v/;kid f'k{kk esa lexz laca/kh varfuZfgr n`f"Vdks.k gksuk pkfg,] ftlesa Kku]
fo'okl] [kqykiu] dkS'ky] mÙkjnkf;Ro] f'kYidkjh] bZekunkjh] le>] Lo;a vf/
kxe] lewgkRed vf/kxe] uezrk] lkekftd ljksdkj] Lok;Ùkrk] 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]
vkReh; fodkl] usr`Ro] esgurh] yxu'khy] fjLd mBkus okyk lexz v/;kid
f'k{kk dh fo'ks"krk,a gSaA vf/kxedrkZ vkSj vf/kxe dsfUnzr okrkoj.k] thou dh
ifjLFkfr;ksa }kjk vf/kxe] vf/kxe dh Lora=krk] lkewfgd tqM+ko] fopkjksa o
vuqHkoksa dk vknku&iznku] vuqHkoksa ij T;knk /;ku nsuk] laokn ,d egRoiw.kZ
midj.k] f'k{k.k o vf/kxe dk varfuZfgr n`f"Vdks.k] fl)kar dh ctk; izk;ksfxd]
lok±xh.k fodkl 'kkfey gksA
• f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds ikl ,d vkn'kZ Ldwy dh Hkh deh gSA vktknh ds
igys o ckn esa Hkh f'k{kk vk;ksxksa o lfefr;ksa us lq>k;k gS fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa ds ikl fofHkUu izf'k{k.kksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ Ldwy (izk;ksfxd) gksuk
pkfg,A blfy, f'k{kd&f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds fy, vkn'kZ Ldwy dk gksuk cgqr t:jh
ifjisz{;
gSA blls v/;kid&f'k{kdksa dk Hkh Ldwyh vuqHko o okrkoj.k ls fujarj laidZ

cuk jgsxkA Nk=k&v/;kidksa ds fy, f'k{k.k&vH;kl o fofHkUu 'kSf{kd iz;ksxksa dk
izkjafHkd Kku bl rjg ds vkn'kZ Ldwyksa esa fey ldrk gSA
• v/;kid f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk Hkh v/;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
v/;kid f'k{kdksa dks fo|ky;h thou dk vuqHko lkekftd ekgkSy rFkk lkeqnkf;d
vkdka{kkvksa dh HkyhHkkafr tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A v/;kid f'k{kdksa dks f'k{kk uhfr
o dk;ZØeksa ds fu/kkZj.k dk;kZUo;u j.kuhfr;kWa rFkk vuqoh{k.k dk;ZØeksa ls Hkh
lacfa /kr gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kk ds oSf'od lanHkZ dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh
t:jh gS fd 'kSf{kd fopkjksa ds ijh{k.k] fo'ys"k.k] foospu] foLrkj rFkk lai"sz k.k dh
{kerk Hkh muesa gksuh pkfg,A bl rjg v/;kid f'k{kd jk"Vªh; vko';drkvksa ds
lkFk f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd vuql/a kku] lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh rFkk uokpkjh] ikB~;Øe fodkl
bR;kfn dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk vkt ds ;qx esa t:jh gSA v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh
fof'k"V leL;kvksa ij /;ku nsus rFkk v/;kid f'k{kk dks vf/kd mÙkjnk;h rFkk
vuqfØ;kRed cukus dh Hkh vko';drk gSA blfy, v/;kid f'k{kdksa dks lÙk
O;kolkf;d fodkl ds fy, Hkh izkRs lkfgr djuk gSA
• f'k{kd&f'k{kk ls tqM+h mPp izkf/kdkj lÙkkvksa dk vkilh leUo; gksuk t:jh gSA
,u-lh-Vh-bZ-] nwj f'k{kk ifj"kn] jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn ds {ks=kh; dsUnz]
;w-th-lh-] jkT; Lrjh; laLFkku bR;kfn ds chp leUo; gksuk t:jh gSA jk"Vªh;
Lrj ij ,d ,slh uhfr o izk:i cukuk t:jh gS] ftlls v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa
dh xq.kkRedrk o ekU;rk laca/kh lgh tkap o ij[k gks ldsA izkf/kdkj lÙkkvksa
}kjk izca/kkRed fodsUnzhdj.k Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls t+ehuh Lrj dh
f'k{kd&f'k{kk ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dk irk py lds vkSj blls f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa
ikjnf'kZrk Hkh c<+sxhA
• orZeku esa nwjLFk ek/;e }kjk v/;kid f'k{kk O;kid Lrj ij nh tk jgh gSA
f'k{kd f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa ds en~nsutj] izos'k ijh{kk] lapkyukRed O;oLFkk] Lo;a
vf/kxe lkexzh] lwpuk rduhdh }kjk miyC/k lkexzh o lqfo/kk,a] vH;klkRed
dk;Z o nÙk dk;Z cukus pkfg,A nwjLFk ek/;e }kjk vPNh f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds fy,
ikB~;p;kZ dh iqujh{kk] vPNk laxBu o iz'kklu] 'kSf{kd rduhdh dk iz;ksx vkSj

28 v'ouh
f'k{k.k 'kkL=kh; mikxeksa dk fodkl bl lanHkZ esa gksuk pkfg,A nwjLFk ek/;e ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks cqu;knh ICT lqfo/kkvksa dk Kku nsuk t:jh gS tks fd eq[kkfHkeq[k
rkSj ij gksuk pkfg,] ftlls nwj f'k{kk dh lqfo/kkvksa dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fo|kFkhZ
dj ldsA nwjLFk ek/;e esa f'k{kd dk;ZØe esa fu;fer vuq'kklu] laidZ d{kk,a]
nÙk dk;Z] vH;kl dk;Z] Ldwy ds izk;ksfxd bR;kfn esa vko';d mifLFkfr o vPNs
izn'kZu dks lQyrk dk vk/kkj cukuk pkfg,A nwjLFk ek/;e }kjk fo|kFkhZ dsoy
fMxzh ysuk gh viuk mn~ns'; u le>s cfYd bls v/;kid f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa ds
vk/kkj ij fu;fer vuq'kklu ls bls iwjk djsaA xzkeh.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ck/;rkvksa
dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
• ewY; f'k{kk dks Hkh v/;kid f'k{kk esa varfuZfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dksBkjh
deh'ku (1964&66) us lq>k;k gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkRefo'okl] l`tukRedrk
dh igyksa ds lkFk lkekftd lsok dh bPNk dks dk;Z vuqHko ds }kjk lkekU; f'k{kk
esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A 1986 dh f'k{kk uhfr us Hkh v/;kidksa dk Lrj vkSj
mudk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd lanHkZ esa lkekftd ewY;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ij
/;ku dsfUnzr fd;k gSA Nk=k v/;kidksa dks fnekx] 'kjhj] cqf) vkSj laosxksa ds lexz
fodkl dk vf/kxe vuqHko nsuk t:jh gSA blfy, Nk=k v/;kidksa dks Hkh ewY;
vk/kkfjr f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A lwpuk o laizs"k.k ds ;qx esa rst xfr ds lekt esa jgrs
gq, ewY;ksa ij vkt /;ku fofHkUu lanHkks± ls gksuk t:jh gks x;k gSA lkoZHkkSfedrk
o oSf'odrk dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kdj v/;kid f'k{kk esa ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk dks
varfuZfgr djuk pkfg,A
lanHkZ
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1948&49] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1952&53] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1964&66] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k (1983) fjiksVZ vkWQ n us'kuy deh'ku vkWu Vhpj&1] n Vhpj ,.M
lkslkbVh] fefuLVªh vkWQ ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k (1985) pSysat vkWQ ,tqds'ku % , ikWfylh ilZisfDVo] fefuLVªh vkWQ
,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
ifjisz{;
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (iqujh{kk lfefr)] 1990] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
fogVh] th- (1992)] DokfyVh daVªksy bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] fczfV'k tuZy vkWQ ,tqds'ku LVMht
(1) Qjojh
cLrs ds cks> ls eqfDr (izks- ;'kiky lfefr)] 1993] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
,u-lh-Vh-bZ- ,DV (1993), www.ncte-india.org
vxzoky] ch-ch-] (1996) vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj leL;k,a fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjkA
djhdqye QzseodZ Qkj DokfyVh Vhpj ,tqds'ku (1998)] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-] ubZ fnYyhA
vkj-,u- lDlsuk] feJk oh-ds-] eksgarh vkj-ds- (1999)] v/;kid f'k{kk lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjBA
v/;kid f'k{kk esa uhfrxr ifjn`';] (2001) jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhA
fe;kWa] eksgEen (2004) izksQs'kuykbts'ku vkWQ Vhpj ,tqds'ku] feÙky ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
ds- xQ~Qwj] vCnqy (2004)] Vhpj ,tqds'ku % uhM QkWj dkaLVhV~;w'kuy vos;jusl izksxzke] ;wfu-
U;wt] 42 (42) vDrwcj 18&24] 2004
ojuky yqbZl] iSybZ ,e-;w- (2004)] vkbZ-lh-Vh- bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku % , dsl LVMh] ;wfu- U;wt]
flracj 27] vDrwcj 03] 2004
okjkulh yyhuh] lq/kkdj oh (2004) vkbZ lh Vh ,.M Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ,tqVªSd] vizSy 2004
Hkksalys] ,- jkek (2005) yksdy fot+Me DokfyVsfVo bEizwoesaV bu Vhpj Vªsfuax izksxzke] ,tqVªSd]
twu 2005
jkW;] jkt"khZ (2005)] fjfFkafdax Vhpj ,tqds'ku % uhM vkWQ n Ms] ;wfu- U;wt] 43 (51) fnla-
19&25] 2005
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 (2006) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
HkkfV;k] jatu (2006) oSY;w ,tqds'ku bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku % b';w vkWQ dUluZ] ;wfu- U;wt] 44 (51)
fnla- 18&24] 2006
;kno] ,l-ds]] jsgku lEcqy (2006) Vhpj ,tqds'ku bu bf.M;k % bZ';wt ,.M dUluZ] ;wfu- U;wt]
44 (38)] flra- 18&24] 2006
pVthZ] lquhey dqekj (2006) U;w VªsaM bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ;wfu- U;wt] 44 (40) vDrwcj 02&08]
2006
eSF;w] tkstsu (2006) DokfyVh bEizwoesaV izksxzke bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ,tqVªSd] tuojh 2006
[ksjokndj] vatyh] ek/koh vkj-,y- (2006)] buQkWjes'ku ,.M dE;wfuds'ku VsDuksykWth bu
,tqds'ku ,u baVhxzsVsM ,izksp] ,tqVªsd&tqykbZ 2006
oekZ] jkses'k (2007)] bZ&yfu±x LVªsVth bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ;wfu- U;wt] 45 (18)] vizSy 30&ebZ
06] 2007

30 v'ouh
;kno] ,l-ds- (2008) bUuksos'ku bu ,fyesaVªh Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ;wfu0 U;wt] 46 (45) uoacj
10&16] 2008
pkSgku] lh-ih-,l- (2008)] bt Vhfpax , izksQs'ku? ;l ,.M uks] ;wfu- U;wt] 46 (04) tuojh 28]
Qjojh 03] 2008
v/;kid f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2009 &www.ncte-india.org
fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z cky f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2009 (2010) Hkkjr dk jkti=k]
ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=kky;A
ek/koh] vkj-,y- (2009) izksQs'ku vkWQ Vhpj ,tqdsVj , flukWfj;ks] ,tqVªSd] flracj 2009]
okY;we&9] uEcj&1
flag] vkj-ih- (2009) Vhpj ,tqds'ku % n vufjPM ,fj;kt] ;wfu- U;wt] 47 (29) tqykbZ 20&26]
2009
eYgks=kk] ,l-ih- (2009) jksy vkWQ ,tqds'ku bZu ,lwfjax DokfyVh bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ;wfu- U;wt]
47 (41) ] vDrwcj 12&18] 2009
flag] ,l-Mh- (2009) ofd±x QkWj ,Dlsysal bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ;wfu- U;wt] 47 (10) ekpZ 09&15]
2009
jkW;] :ek (2009)] U;w pSysat bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] ,tqVªSd] Qjojh 2009] okY;we&8] uEcj&6
feJk] lqHkk"k (2009) gkWyfLVd dUluZ vkWQ Vhpj ,tqds'ku % ,u baVhxzsVsM ,izksp] ,tqVªSd] ekpZ
2009] okY;we 8] uEcj&7
dksBkjh] vkj-th-] 'kSykWV izsj.kk (2009) Vhpj ,tqds'ku izksxzke ,V lsdsaMjh ysoy % le b';wt]
;wfu- U;wt] 47 (25) twu 22&28] 2009
egs'ojh] ve`rk (2010) Vhpj ,tqds'ku ok;k vksiu fMLVsal yfuZax % , MseksØsfVd vYVjusfVo]
;wfu- U;wt] 48 (22) ebZ 31&twu 06] 2010
uan xSjax pju] feJk izfnIrk dqekj (2010) izksQs'kuy MsoyiesaV vkWQ VhplZ] ,tqVªSd] Qjojh
2010] okY;we&9] uEcj&6
oh-iVsy] t;arhckbZ (2010) g~;weu jkbZV ,tqds'ku % buDywtu bu n djhdqye vkWQ Vhpj
,tqds'ku] ,tqVªSd] ekpZ 2010] okY;we&9] uEcj&7
flag] oSnsgh (2010)] fØfVdy b';wt dUlfu±x Vhpj ,tqds'ku bu bf.M;k] ,tqVªSd] ebZ 2010]
okY;we 9] uEcj&9
flag] lquhy dqekj (2010)] fjosfEiax Vhpj ,tqds'ku QkWj izksQs'kufyTe] ;wfu- U;wt] 48 (20) ebZ
17&23] 2010
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dh dky

efydk esa nh?kZdkyhu LFkkojrk dk fo'ys"k.k
oh.kk Bkojs* vkSj ,u- th- isM
a ls**
lef"V vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kk vkfFkZd fodkl laca/kksa gsrq ekuoh; iwath dk LdU/k
,oa izfr O;fDr vkfFkZd mRiknu ds lglaca/k ij cy nsrk gSA Je 'kfDr esa 'kS{kf.kd
o`f) nks izdkj ls mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrh gS% ¼1½ f'k{kk ds }kjk Je dh dq'kyrk
esa o`f) gksrh gS] ftlls vf/kd mRiknu djus dh Je dh {kerk c<+rh pyh tkrh gSA
¼2½ f'k{kk ls Jfed dh uo izorZu {kerk esa foLrkj gksrk gS] ftlls u dsoy Lo;a dh
mRikndrk cfYd vU; Jfed dh mRikndrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
Je 'kfDr esa f'k{kk dk Lrj bl l'kDr ,d=khdj.k dks ,d igyw ds :i esa
j[krs gq, fodkl dh O;k[;k esa f'k{kk ds egRo dks dbZ v/;;uksa }kjk Li"V fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ,d loZ lkekU; er ds :i esa f'k{kk dk izHkko ;g gS fd ,d vfrfjDr o"kZ
dk 'kkys; izf'k{k.k O;fDr ds futh izR;k; nj esa yxHkx 5 ls 15 izfr'kr o`f) djrk
gSA bl ifjis{; esa f'k{kk vkfFkZd fodkl laca/kksa dh O;k[;k ds fy, fofHkUu fl)kar
,oa izk:i vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk izLrqr fd, x,A
orZeku vkUrtZU; fodkl izk:i ;g le>us esa i;kZIr :i ls mi;ksxh gS fd
ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd iwath lap;u esa gzkleku izR;k; ds fØ;k'khy gksus ds ckotwn
fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ,oa oSf'od lUnHkZ esa nh?kZdkyhu fodkl fdl izdkj gks
jgk gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh 'kS{kf.kd iz.kkyh oSf'od vkfFkZd lajpuk dk ,d Hkkx
gksrh gS] rFkk bls vkfFkZd fodkl dk izorZd ekuk tkrk gS] vkfFkZd fodkl ds
* 'kks/kkFkhZ] vFkZ'kkL=k dk LukrdksÙkj v/;;u ,oa vuqla/kku foHkkx jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;
tcyiqj] e-iz-
** foHkkxk/;{k] vFkZ'kkL=k dk LukrdksÙkj v/;;u ,oa vuqla/kku foHkkx] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;
tcyiqj] e-iz-
32 oh.kk Bkojs vkSj ,u-th- isaMls
izksRlkgu esa f'k{kk dks /kukRed Hkwfedk iznku dh xbZ gS] rFkk 'kS{kf.kd ,oa vkfFkZd
{ks=k esa mUufr gsrq vf/kd /;ku nsuk vko';d gksrk gSA vkfFkZd fodkl esa jk"Vª ds
jk"Vªh; ekuoh; lalk/ku dk mi;ksx bl izdkj fufgr gS] ftlls vf/kdre~ izfr
O;fDr vk; laHko gks] rFkk vk; ,oa okf"kZd lao`f) nj dks cuk, j[kus gsrq {kerk dks
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
'kS{kf.kd fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd izxfr ds e/; f}ekxhZ; laca/k gksrk gS ftlesa nksuksa
,d nwljs ds fodkl esa lg;ksx ,oa lao/kZu nsrs gSA f'k{kk ds vFkZ'kkL=k ls lacaf/kr rhoz
xfr ls c<+rs gq, lkfgR; esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh Hkwfedk ds fuoZpu ls izksRlkfgr
fd;kA bl rjg dh fof/k;ksa dk ,d vkdZ"k.k ;g Fkk fd vR;ar ljyrk ds lkFk
tfVy iz'uksas ds ljy mÙkj <wa<uk laHko FkkA ;g n`f"Vdks.k gky esa gh lEiUu gq,
fofHkUu v/;;uksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS ftlesa lw{e Lrj ij miktZu {kerk ,oa o`gr
'kS{kf.kd Lrj ij f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds e/; /kukRed laca/k cukus gsrq izek.k
fd, x,A o`gr Lrj ij vkfFkZd fodkl dks ldy ?kjsyq mRikn }kjk vuqizLFk ,oa
dky ekfydk fo'ys"k.k esa iz;ksx esa yk;k x;kA
f'k{kk ,oa fodkl ds e/; nh?kZdkyhu laca/kksa dk v/;;u liUu djus gsrq
fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk LFkkojrk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr es laiUu ,d v/;;u
Self and Grabowski (2004) esa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fodkl ds f'k{kk ds rhu Lrj
izkFkfed] ek/;fed ,oa r`rh;d & laca/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA miyC/k lkfgR;
ekuoh; iwath dk vkfFkZd fodkl ij lkFkZd izHkko crkrk gSA bl v/;;u esa Hkh
Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij fodkl dk izHkko ns[kk x;k gS] mUgkasus xzsxuj
LFkkoj fof/k dk mi;ksx f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ds Hkkoh mifLFkfr dk ekiu blds
i'pkr ewY;ksa }kjk fd;kA mUgksaus ik;k fd Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, izkFkfed
f'k{kk vk/kkjHkwr dkjd gh 'ks"k 'kS{kf.kd Lrjksa ds izHkko ekiu esa mi;ksxh gSA 'kS{kf.kd
mRiknu Qyu us f'k{kk ds vFkZ'kkL=k ij 'kks/k gsrq ,d izeq[k vk/kkj j[kkA fodkl'khy
ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd mUufr rFkk O;fDrxr thou Lrj mUu;u ds ckjs esa dkS'ky Kku ,oa
{kerkvksa eas foLrkj dks eq[; vo;o Lohdkj djus gsrq ,d jk; jgh gSA
izLrkouk
'kks/k leL;k ds fodkl esa miyC/k 'kks/k lkfgR; ftlesa 'kks/k izcU/k 'kks/k if=kdk,¡]
lekpkj i=k] okf"kZd izfrosnu] lUnHkZ xzUFk vfHkys[k] bR;kfn lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
ifjisz{;
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dh dky&efydk esa nh?kZdkyhu LFkkojrk----- 33
budk mi;ksx dj egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kkREkd fodkl djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA
'kks/k dh p;fur leL;k esa fofHkUu vk;keksa dks lekfgr dj miyC/k iwoZ lkfgR; dk
vuq'khyu fd;k x;k gSA
Galper and Dunn (1969) }kjk lehdj.kksa esa i'pkr varjky dk lekoss'k dj
vkadydksa esa lq/kkj fd;k x;kA mUgksaus LorU=k pj ds :i esa mPp 'kkyk ukekadu]
ikfjokfjd vk; rFkk lsokvksa ds vkdkj dks 'kkfey fd;kA nwljh vksj Miller (1971)
us leku n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx dj fuEu ,oa mPp miyfC/k ds chp lkFkZd varj izkIr
fd;kA Morgenstern (1973) us vesfjdk ds fy, xSj izfrorhZ ,dy lehdj.k
+miktZu Qyu rFkk forj.k dh O;k[;k gsrq izfrofrZr izkn'kZ vkadfyr fd;kA Self
and Grabowski (2004) us 1967&1996 dh vof/k ds fy, Hkkjr esa vk; o`f) ij
f'k{kk ds izHkko dk ijh{k.k fd;kA f'k{kk dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa izkFkfed f}rh;d ,oa
r`rh;d Js.kh esa foHkkftr fd;kA f'k{kk ds fodkl ij izHkko dk vkdyu djus gsrq
dkyJs.kh rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
Blaug (1985) us f'k{kk ds vFkZ'kkL=k ds uohu fo/kkvksa ij ,d foLr`r foospu
izLrqr fd;kA f'k{kk ds lkekthdj.k Qyu ds izfr c<+rh tkx#drk tkap midYiuk
gSa tks fd viw.kZ jkstxkj lafonkvksa rFkk Je foHkktu dks tUe nsrh gSA 1976 esa
Bowles and Gintis }kjk iwathoknh vesfjdk esa 'kkys;rk ls lacaf/kr iqLrd dk
izdk'ku gqvkA Behrman and King (1991) us crk;k fd 'kS{kf.kd uhfr;kW ,oa ?kjsyw
O;ogkj dh var%fØ;k 'kS{kf.kd fu"iknu dks fu/kZkfjr djrh gSA Krueger and
Lindahl, (2001) esa crk;k fd O;f"B ,oa lef"B lkfgR; fodkl esa f'k{kk dh
Hkwfedk ij cy nsrs gSA Machlup, (1970) us ;g ik;k fd f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl
ij lkfgR; yxHkx 200 o"kZ iqjkuk gSA ijUrq fiNys 10 o"kks± eas blesa yxHkx ck<+&lh
vk xbZ gSA orZeku o"kks± eas f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds e/; izrhixeu fo'ys"k.k v/
;;u fd, x, gSA Lucas, (1988); Benhabib and Spiegel (1994) us fodkl
ys[kkadu dks vkUrtZU; fodkl izfrixeu esa foLr`r fd;k] mudk fo'ys"k.k dkbfLekdks
ds 'kkys;rk ds vkSlr o"kks± ij vk/kkfjr FkkA
Barrow, (1997) us
ldy ?kjsyq mRikn fu/kkZjd ds :i esa iq#"kksa dh ek/;fed
,oa mPp f'k{kk ij cy fn;k vkSj mUgksaus fo'ys"k.k eas crk;k efgyk ek/;fed
fodkl ls _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA Harbison and Myers (1964) us

f'k{kk ds egRo dks izfrikfnr djrs gq, bls vkfFkZd fodkl dk cht ,oa Qwy crk;k
gS] mUgksaus crk;k fd /kukRed vk; eki ls f'k{kk ds izHkkoksa dks vyx djuk dfBu gSA
Barrow (2001) us 1965&95 ds nkSjku fo'o ds yxHkx 100 ns'kksa esa f'k{kk ds fodkl
izHkkoksa dk v/;;u fd;k] mUgksaus ik;k fd fodkl ek/;fed ,oa mPp Lrj ij izkS<+
yksxksa ds 'kkyk miyC/krk ds volj ds izkjafHkd Lrj ls lacaf/kr gksrk gS] 'kS{kf.kd
i`"BHkwfe ls vk;s Jfed uohu rduhd gsrq iwjd gksrs gSa ,oa mudh rduhdh fo[kaMu
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA 1990 ds e/; esa 4 egRoiw.kZ v/;;uksa esa leadksa
dk mi;ksx dj 'kS{kf.kd mRiknu Qyu dks vuqekfur fd;k x;k] buesa Harbison
and Hanushek (1992)] dk czkthy ls lacaf/kr v/;;u Glewwe and Jacoby
(1992) dk ?kkuk ls lacaf/kr v/;;u rFkk ySlks dk 1995 esa tSesdk ls lacaf/kr
v/;;u laiUu fd;k x;k] rFkk Kingdon (1996) dk Hkkjr ls lacaf/kr v/;;u
egRoiw.kZ gSA
lEiw.kZ fo'o esa uohu fopkjksa ds vuqla/kku }kjk izsfjr nh?kZdkyhu fodkl ls
lacaf/kr izkn'kZ miyC/k gSA bl lanHkZ esa iwoZorhZ 'kks/kksa ij vk/kkfjr izkn'kZ fuekZ.k ds
jpuk Romer, (1990), Grossman and Helpman, (1969); Aghion and Howitt,
(1992); Phelps, (1966); Shell, (1966); Nordhaus, (1969) ,oa Simon, (1986)
egRoiw.kZ gSaA Mcdougall, (2000) us mÙkj izns'k esa lk{kjrk esa egRoiw.kZ {ks=kh;
forj.k rFkk fyax varjky izLrqr fd;kA mUgksaus mu {ks=kksa esa tgka ij fyax varjky esa
deh rFkk efgyk lk{kjrk o`f) gks jgh gSA /kukRed lglaca/k ik;kA mUgksaus efgyk
lk{kjrk dks 'kS{kf.kd lq/kkj gsrq egRoiw.kZ lk/ku ekukA
Muthaiyan, (1996) us f'k{kk] mRikndrk ,oa miktZu dk v/;;u fd;k]
mUgksaus ik;k fd lkekU;r% f'k{kk] izR;{k ,oa lkFkZd :i ls fupys Lrj ij mRikndrk
f'k{kk miktZu gsrq lacaf/kr ugha ,oa vk;q o`f) ds lkFk vk; o`f) fxjrh nj ij gksrh
gSA Datta, (1985) us f'k{kk ,oa miktZu forj.k ds lanHkZ esa crk;k fd Je cktkj
miktZu] O;ogkj ds lanHkZ esa] f'k{kk ,d vR;ar gh lkFkZd fu/kkZj.k pj gS] fdUrq
orZeku ifjis{; esa ;g vlekurk dks ih<+h nj ih<h LFkkukUrfjr djrk pyrk gSA
f'k{kk vkfFkZd fodkl varjlaca/kksa ds vykok f'k{kk d`f"k mRiknd f'k{kk d`f"k
moZjrk rFkk tukafddh; ifjorZuksa ls lacaf/kr dk;Z egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk d`f"k
ifjisz{;
,oa m|ksxksa ds {ks=k esa Je mRikndrk foLrkj esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] (Choudhary,
1968)A fodkl v/;;uksa ,oa yksduhfr esa f'k{kk ds vFkZ'kkL=k esa egRoiw.kZ
;ksxnku esa cy feykA
dky&ekfydk fo'ys"k.k
vuqla/kku ds izR;sd {ks=k esa lkekU;r% le; vk/kkfjr leadksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS] dky ekfydk fo'ys"k.k okLro esa fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gS] tks
leadksa dh bl izdkj fo'ys"k.k dh izfØ;k ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj
ds fo'ys"k.k dh dqN ekU;rkvksa esa LFkkojrk] bdkbZ ewy ijh{k.k] =kqfV lalks/ku rU=k dk
mi;ksx fo'ys"k.k dks egRoiw.kZ cukrk gSA fo'ys"k.k esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd fu/kkZj.k
xq.kkad mPp gksrs gq, Hkh LorU=k ,oa fuHkZj pj ds e/; vFkZiw.kZ laca/k ugha gksrk] dbZ
ckj fofHkUu pjksa ds e/; laca/kksa dh izR;k'kk u gksrs gq, Hkh mUgsa e/; lkFkZd laca/k
ik;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh leL;k (Spurious or Nonsence) lglaca/k dh
mifLFkfr iznf'kZr djrk gS] vr% ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd bl izdkj ds laca/kksa dk
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;A
gkykafd dky&ekfydk fo'ys"k.k ls lacaf/kr fo"k; oLrq vR;Ur O;kid gS]
ijUrq v/;;u ds mís'; ,oa {ks=k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls izLrqr v/;;u esa fofHkUu pjksa ds e/
; LFkkojrk ftlds vraxZr bdkbZ ewy ijh{k.k v/;;u rFkk lglekdyu] =kqfV lalks/
ku rU=k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftudk Øe'k% foospu bl v/;;u ds fofHkUu
mi[k.Mksa esa fd;k x;k gSA
(i) LFkkojrk % LFkkojrk izfØ;k ds O;ogkj esa fo'ys"k.k djus gsrq fofHkUu fofè;ksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa] ftuesa js[kk fp=kh; fo'ys"k.k] dksjksyks xzke ijh{k.k rFkk bdkbZ
ewy ijh{k.k egRoiw.kZ gSaA bdkbZ ewy {k.k dks nwljs 'kCnksa esa fMdhQwyj ijh{k.k ds :i
esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
bdkbZ ewy ijh{k.k gsrq fuEu lehdj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS%&
Yt = ρYt–1 + ut – 1< ρ < 1 ...(1)
tgk¡ ij Ut - white noise error term. ;fn ρ = ,d gks rks (1) Random walk
model cu tkrk gSA ftls ge xSj LFkkoj izfØ;k ds :i esa tkurs gSa] vr% lkekU; :i

ls ge Yt dks mlds i'prk ewY; Yt–1 ij izfrxefur dj dks vkadfyr fd;k tk ldrk
gSa] tks fd lkaf[;dh; :i ls ,d ds cjkcj gksxkA ;gh LFkkojrk ds bdkbZ ewy ijh{k.k
dk lkekU; fopkj gSA
fofHkUu lS}kfUrd dkj.kksa ds pyrs gesa ¼1½ ds nksuks i{kksa esa Yt-1 dks ?kVkrs gSaA
vr%
Yt – Yt–1 = ρYt–1 – Yt–1 + ut ...(2)
Yt – (ρ–1) = Yt–1 + ut
ftls OkSdfYid :i ls bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS&

∆Yt = δYt–1 + ut ...(3)
tgk¡ ij δ = (ρ–1) rFkk ∆ lkekU;r% izFke varjfØ;k gSaA

O;ogkfjd :i esa (1) ds vkadyu ds LFkku ij ge (3) dks vkadfyr djrs gSa]
rFkk 'kwU; midYiuk δ = 0 dk ijh{k.k djrs gSaA ;fn δ = 0 gks rks ρ = 1 gksxk] vFkkZr
gesa bdkbZ ewy izkIr gksxk ftldk vFkZ mi;ksx esa yk;h xbZ dky ekfydk xSj LFkkoj
gSA lkekU; :i ls ge bldk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, 't' forj.k dk mi;ksx ugha djrs
gSaA 'kwU; midYiuk ijh{k.k ds vUrxZr vuisf{kr :i ls δ = 0 ¼vFkkZr ρ = 0]
vkadfyr fd;s x;s Yt–1 ds xq.kkad 't' forj.k dk vuqikyu ugha djrs gSaA bl fLFkfr
esa fMdh ,oa Qwyj us OkSdfYid ijh{k.k izLrqr fd;k vkSj mUgksaus crk;k fd Yt-1
xq.kkadksa dk vkadfyr 't' ewY; t (tau-statistic) dk vuqikyu djrs gaSA
fMdh Qwyj ijh{k.k dh okLrfod izfØ;k esa] fuUu lehdj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
∆Yt = β1- δYt ...(4)
mijksDr fLFkfr esa 'kwU; midYiuk ;g gS fd δ dk eku 'kwU; gS] vFkkZr~ ;gka ij
bdkbZ ewy mifLFkr gS rFkk dky ekfydk xSj LFkkoj gSa] bldh OkSdfYid midYiuk
;g gS fd δ dk eku 'kwU; ls de gSaA vFkkZr~ dky ekfydk LFkkoj gS] ;fn 'kwU;
midYiuk vLohdkj dh tkrh gS] bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dky ekfydk LFkkoj gS]
rFkk lehdj.k (2) ds vuqlkj ek/; ewY; 'kwU; gS] ,oa xSj LFkkoj n'kk esa bldk ewY;
ifjisz{;
'kwU; ls vyx gksxkA izLrkfor v/;;u esa izfr O;fDr vk; (PCI), ekuoh; fodkl
ladrs d (HDI)] izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU)] iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM),
efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] ldy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky
(GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj
ij efgykvksa esa ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy
ukeakdu vuqikr (GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgykvksa esa ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF)]
ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST), dh dky ekfydkvksa esa
fofHkUu jkT;ksa gsrq LFkkojrk dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA
bdkbZ ewy ijh{k.k ds fu"d"kZ ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS] fd mM+hlk jkT; esa lk{kjrk nj
dh rhuksa Jsf.k;ka LFkkoj ik;h xb±] blh izdkj fcgkj] e/; izns'k] jktLFkku]
vkU/kz izns'k] vle] egkjk"Vª] dukVZd] rfeyukMw] dsjy] iatkc] if'pe caxky esa
lk{kjrk nj dh rhuksa Jsf.k;ksa esa LFkkojrk ik;h xbZA
fgekpy izns'k esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj ,oa dqy lk{kjrk nj rFkk gfj;k.kk esa
efgyk lk{kjrk nj ,oa iq#"k lk{kjrk nj esa LFkkojrk dh mifLFkfr esa ik;h xbZA
xqtjkr jkT; esa iq#"k lk{kjrk esa LFkkojrk dh fLFkfr ik;h xbZA 'ks"k vU; lHkh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lk{kjrk ds Lrjksa esa LFkkojrk dh vuqifLFkfr dh iqf"V gksrh gSA lk{kjrk
esa fyax varjky] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k] efgyk ,oa dqy Js.kh esa ldy ukekadu
vuqikr] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k] efgyk ,oa dqy ldy ukeakdu vuqikr esa lk{kjrk
ijh{k.k ds fu"d"kZ vxzká jgs] izfr O;fDr vk; ds lanHkZ esa Hkh fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa dky
Js.kh esa LFkkojrk dk vHkko Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ fn;kA
(ii) lglekdyu % izkoSfxd vFkZferh ds {ks=k esa egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k lglekdyu
dh vo/kkj.kk gS] ftldk izLrqfrdj.k lkfgR; esa loZizFke Granger (1981) us fd;k
rFkk bldk vkSj vf/kd foLr`r Lo:i Gragnger, Weiss (1983) ,oa Engle rFkk
Granger (1988) }kjk fd;k x;k] lglekdyu dh vo/kkj.kk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ
oSKkfud fopkj gS] ;fn nks fofHkUu ijLij lacaf/kr dky ekfydkvksa esa /kukRed
izo`fÙk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] rks nks izdkj dh laHkkouk,¡ mifLFkr gksrh gSa] izFke nksuksa esa
o`f)xr~ gksusa ds lkFk&lkFk le; lkis{k ,d nwljs ls nwjh c<+kus dh izo`fÙk fn[kkbZ nsrh

gSa rFkk nwljh ifjfLFkfr esa o`f)xr~ gksrs gq, Hkh ,d lkFk vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gS] nwljh
laHkkouk dks lglekadyu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA v/;;u esa mi;ksx esa yk;s x;s
izrhixeu fo'ys"k.k xSj LFkkojrk dh voLFkk esa vFkZghu Hkh fl) gks ldrs gSa] bdkbZ
ewy ijh{k.k es LFkkojrk dk ijh{k.k djus ds i'pkr~ izFke varjlaca/k gksuk laHko gSaA
fo'ys"k.k esa ftu izrhixeuksa lehdj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] os fuEukuqlkj gSa&
ln (PCI)t = βo +β1 ln (LITM)t + β2ln (LITF)t+ β3ln (LITT)t + β4ln (GGL)t +β5ln
(GERPM)t + β6ln (GERPF)t + β7ln(GERPT)t + β8ln (GERSM)t + β9ln
(GERSF)t + β10ln(GERST)t + Ut ...(5)
ln (HDI)t = βo +β1 ln (LITM)t + β2ln (LITF)t+ β3ln (LITT)t + β4ln (GGL)t

+β5ln (GERPM)t + β6ln (GERPF)t + β7ln(GERPT)t + β8ln (GERSM)t
+ β9ln (GERSE)t + β10ln(GERST)t + Ut …(6)
ln (PCEXPEDU)t =βO +β1 ln (LITM)t + β2ln (LITF)t(LITT)t + β3ln (LITT)t+β3ln

(GGL)t + β5ln (GERPM)t + β6ln (GERPF)t + β7ln (GERPT)t +β8ln
(GERSM)t +β9 ln (GERSF)t + β10 ln (GERST)t + Ut …(7)
bls fuEukuqlkj fy[kus ij &

Ut = ln (PCI)t - β0 ln - β1ln (LITM)t - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln (LITT)t - β4 ln
(GGL)t β5 ln (GERPM)t - β6 ln (GERPF)t -β7 ln (GERPT)t - β8 ln
(GERSM)t - β9 ln (GERSF)t - β10 ln (GERST)t ...(8)
Ut = ln (HDI)t - β0 ln - β1 ln (LITM)t - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln (LITT)t - β4 ln

(GGL)t - β5 ln (GERPM)t - β6 ln (GERPF)t - β7 ln (GERPT)t - β8 ln
(GERSM)t - β9 ln (GERSF)t - β10 ln (GERST)t ...(9)
Ut = ln (PCE X PEDU)t - β0 ln - β1 ln (LITM)t - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3ln (LITT)t -

β4 ln (GGL)t - β5 ln (GERPM)t - β6 ln (GERPF)t - β7 ln (GERPT)t - β8
ln (GERSM)t - β9 ln (GERSF)t - β10 ln (GERST)t ...(10)
lglekadyu dk ijh{k.k djus gsrq lkfgR; esa fofHkUu fof/k;ka miyC/k gSa]
izLrqr v/;;u esa bl gsrq Engle-Granger ijh{k.k mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] bl gsrq
loZizFke lehdj.k (5) ls (7) dk vkadyu dj vof'k"V izkIr fd;s tkrs gSa] rFkk
mlds mijkar ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] izkIr fd;s x;s vof'k"V dk mi;ksx
ifjisz{;
fuEukuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS&

lehdj.k ¼5½ }kjk izkIr vof'k"V ds fu"d"kZ fofHkUu jkT; Jsf.k;ksa ds fy,
fuEukuqlkj gSa &
Js.kh Øekad 01
(PCI) gsrq ---- (11)
∆ut = – 0.44098 ut–1
*
(4.1014); R = 0.1937
2
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = 0.7267* ut–1
(8.4371); R2 = 0.5041
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = 0.2939@ ut–1
(2.2582); R2 = 0.0679
Js.kh Øekad & 02
(PCI) gsrq … (12)
∆ut = 0.26013@ ut–1
(1.7797); R2 =k 0.0657
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = 0.1329@ ut–1
(0.9011); R2 = 0.01772
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = 0.2254@ ut–1
(1.5488); R2 = 0.0506
Js.kh Øekad & 03
(PCI) gsrq …(13)
∆ut = 0.8544@ ut–1
(8.6327); R2 = 0.7720

(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.0714@ ut–1
(–0.33573); R2 = 0.00509
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = 0.2066@ ut–1
(-1.12267); R2 = 0.0541
Js.kh Øekad & 04
(PCI) gsrq …(14)
∆ut = 0.8186 ut–1
@
(14.3904); R = 0.6370
2
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = 0.8313@ ut–1
(19.1632); R2 = 0.7568
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = 0.0433@ ut–1
(19.1632); R2 = 0.7568
Js.kh Øekad & 05
(PCI) gsrq …(15)
∆ut = 0.3652 ut–1
@
(2.0765); R = 0.1638
2
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = 0.3268@ ut–1
(1.6666); R2 = 0.1121
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.5416@ ut–1
(–3.0215); R2 = 0.2932
Js.kh Øekad & 06
(PCI) gsrq …(16)
∆ut = – 0.0277 ut–1
@
ifjisz{;
(–0.1286); R2 = 0.00075
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.10038@ ut–1
(–0.4744); R2 = 0.0101
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.3909@ ut–1
(–1.9941); R2 = 0.1530
Js.kh Øekad & 07
(PCI) gsrq …(17)
∆ut = 0.2066 ut–1
@
(2.471); R = 0.1172
2
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.49809@ ut–1
(3.8099); R2 = 0.2396
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.1792@ ut–1
(1.2290); R2 = 0.0317
Js.kh Øekad & 08
(PCI) gsrq …(18)
∆ut = – 0.0169 ut–1
@
(0.0797); R = 0.00028
2
(HDI) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.0.0074@ ut–1
(0.0347); R2 = .000055
(PCEXPEDU) gsrq
∆ut = – 0.5897@ ut–1
(–3.41199); R2 = 0.3460
mijksDr foospu ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS] fd izFke Js.kh ds jkT; lewgksa esa izfr O;fDr
vk; ,oa ekuoh; fodkl ds lanHkZ es LFkkojrk dh mifLFkfr ik;h xbZA r`rh; Js.kh

ds jkT;ksa esa izfr O;fDr vk; esa LFkkojrk dh mifLFkfr ik;h xbZA blh izdkj prqFkZ
Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa izfr O;fDr vk; rFkk ekuoh; fodkl esa LFkkojrk dh mifLFkfr
ik;h xbZA 'ks"k lHkh Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa LFkkojrk dh lkFkZd mifLFkfr dk vHkko ik;k
x;kA
blls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; o`f) dkyekfydk esa LFkkojrk
mifLFkfr lkFkZd gSA ogha nwljh vksj ekuoh; fodkl ds dqN ,d Jsf.k;ksa esa LFkkojrk
dh mifLFkfr ,oa 'ks"k vU; Jsf.k;ksa esa vuqifLFkfr ;g bafxr djrh gS fd ekuoh;
fodkl dks vf/kd xfr iznku djus dh vko';drk gSA izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;;
esa LFkkojrk dh vuqifLFkfr bl rF; dk |ksrd gS fd izfr O;fDr O;; esa o`f)
vk'kkuq:i ,oa vko';drk ds vuq:i ugha gks jgh gS] vr% bl fn'kk esa f'k{kk ij
lkoZtfud O;; dks c<+kus dh rhoz vko';drk gSA
lg lekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k % mijksDr fo'ys"k.k esa ;g iznf'kZr fd;k
x;k gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; (PCI), ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI)] izfr O;fDr
'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU)] iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] efgyk lk{kjrk nj
(LITF)] ldy lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed
Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy
ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed
Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy
ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) ijLij lg lekdfyr gSaA vFkkZr nh?kZ dky esa vFkok
larqyu voLFkk esa buds e/; laca/k ik;k tk jgk gS] lkekU;r% vYidky esa buds
e/; vlarqyu gks ldrk gSA
vr% lehdj.k Øe (11) ls (18) dh «=kqfV pj dks larqyu «=kqfV ds :i esa ns[kk
tk ldrk gS] rFkk bl =kqfV in dks izfr O;fDr vk; (PCI), ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd
(HDI), izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ds vYidkfyu O;ogkj dks buds
nh/kZdkyhu ewY;ksa ls lacaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA «=kqfV la'kks/ku dks loZizFke Sargen
}kjk mi;ksx esa yk;k x;k rFkk Engle ,oa Granger us vlarqyu esa la'kks/ku gsrq
bldks yksdfiz; cuk;kA ,d egRoiw.kZ izes; Granger izfrfuf/kRo izes; dgk tkrk
gSa] us crk;k ;fn nks pj Y dks X ,d nwljs ls lglekadfyr gks rks buds e/; ds
ifjisz{;
laca/kksa dks «=kqfV lalks/ku rU=k }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA v/;k; ik¡p esa mYysf[kr
of.kZr izfrixeu izkn'kks± dks fuEukuqlkj iqu% O;Dr djus ij---
∆ ln (PCI)t = βo + β1 ∆ ln (LITM)t + β2 ∆ ln (LITF)t + β3 ∆ ln (LITT)t +
β4 ∆ ln (GGL)t + β5 ∆ ln (GERPM)t + β6 ∆ ln (GERPF)t + β7 ∆ ln
(GERPT)t + β8 ∆ ln (GERSM)t + β9 ∆ ln (GERSF)t β10 ∆ ln
(GERST)t + β11 ∆ ut-1+ et …(19)
∆ ln (HDI)t = βo + β1∆ ln (LITM)t + β2 ∆ ln (LITF)t + β3 ∆ ln (LITT)t +

β4 ∆ ln (GGL)t + β5 ∆ ln (GERPM)t + β6 ∆ ln (GERPF)t + β7 ∆ ln
(GERPT)t + β8 ∆ ln (GERSM)t + β9 ∆ ln (GERSF)t β10 ∆ ln
(GERST)t + β11 ∆ ut-1+ et …(20)
∆ ln (PCEXPEDU)t = βo + β1 ∆ ln (LITM)t + β2 ∆ ln (LITF)t + β3 ∆ ln (LITT)t

+ β4 ∆ ln (GGL)t + β5 ∆ ln (GERPM)t + β6 ∆ ln (GERPF)t + β7 ∆
ln (GERPT)t + β8 ∆ ln (GERSM)t + β9 ∆ ln (GERSF)t β10 ∆ ln
(GERST)t + β11 ∆ ut-1 + et …(21)
tgka ij fd ∆ lkekU; :i ls izFke varj rFkk et U;kn'kZ «=kqfV pj gSa] ,oa

ut-1 fofHkUu lehdj.kksa ds fy, fuEukuqlkj gSa%
ut-1= ln (PCI)t-1 - βo – β1 ∆ ln (LITM)t-1 - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln (LITT)t-1 - β4ln

(GGL)t-1 - β5 ln (GERPM)t-1 - β6 ln (GERPF)t-1 - β7 ln (GERPT)t-1 -
β8 ln (GERSM)t-1 - β9 ln (GERSF)t-1 – β10 (GERST)t-1
,oa
ut-1 = ln (HDIT)t-1 - 1- βo – β1 ln (LITM)t-1 - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln (LITT)t-
1 - β4 ln (GGL)t-1 - β5 ln (GERPM)t-1 - β6 ln (GERPF)t-1 - β7 ln

(GERPT)t-1 - β8 ln (GERSM)t-1 - β9 ln (GERSF)t-1 - β10 ln
(GERST)t-1
,oa
ut-1= ln (PCEXPEDU)t-1 – βo + β1 ln (LITM)t-1 - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln
(LITT)t-1 - β4 ln (GGL)t-1 - β5 ln (GERPM)t-1 - β6 ln (GERPF)t-1 -

β7 ln (GERPT)t-1 - β8 ln (GERSM)t-1 - β9 ln (GERSF)t-1 – β10 ln

(GERST)t-1
;g lglekadfyr izfrixefur lehdj.kksa dh «=kqfV pj dk ,d vof/k i'prk

ewY; gS&
=kqfV la'kks/ku pj lehdj.k ls ¼19½ ls ¼21½ ;g iznf'kZr djrs gSa fd ∆ ln
(PCI), ∆ ln (HDI), ∆ ln (PCEXEDU), ∆ ln (LITM), ∆ ln (LITF), ∆ ln (LITF),
∆ ln (LITT), ∆ ln (GGL), ∆ ln (GERPM), ∆ ln (GERPF), ∆ ln (GERST), ∆
ln (GERSM), ∆ ln (GERSF), ∆ ln (GERST), rFkk larqyu =kqfV pj ij fuHkZj djrk
gS] ;fn ∆ ln (PCI), ∆ ln (HDI), ∆ ln (PCEXPEDU) 'kwU; gks rFkk ut-1 /kukREkd
gks ;g izkn'kZ larqyu voLFkk ls ckgj gksaxsA vr% nh?kZdkyhu LFkkojrk dk v/;;u
«=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k }kjk djus ij fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds jkT;ksa esa fuHkZj pj ds vuqlkj
fuEu fyf[kr ifj.kke izkIr gq, gSa%
izFke Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa % lglekadyu ,oa =«kqfV lalks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk
izfrixeu lehdj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; (PCI) ij
«=kqfV pj _.kkRed gS] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSA fofHkUu pjksa ds
xq.kkad gkykafd lkFkZd ugha ik;s x;s gSaA ijUrq iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] efgyk
lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"kksa esa
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"kksa esa ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERSM), ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF)
/kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA ogha ldy lk{kjrk nj (LITT), izkFkfed Lrj ij
efgykvksa esa ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy
vuqikr (GERPT) ,oa ek/;fed Lrj dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)
_.kkRed gSaA
lg lekdyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij =kqfV pj vlkFkZd
gS] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA
lg lekadyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vk/kkj ij Kkr gksrk gS fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) dj =kqfV pj vlkFkZd
gS] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA
ifjisz{;
rkfydk&1
izFke lewg % mM+hlk] mÙkj izns'k] ,oa fcgkj ¼lglekadyu ,oa
=kqfV lalks/ku rU=k½
No. of Observation 72 Degree of Freedom 60
Dependent ∆ ln (PCI)t ∆ ln (HDI)t ∆ ln (PCEXPEDU)t
Variable
Constant Coefficient -1.3@ -0.53@ -5.13@
t-ratio 4.33 50.34 11.27
Ln LITM Coefficient 0.38@ 0.65@ -4.98@
t-ratio 0.29 2.44 0.55
Ln LITF Coefficient 0.25@ -0.07@ -0.07@
t-ratio 0.28 -0.40 0.01
Ln LITT Coefficient -0.51@ -0.41@ 5.29@
t-ratio -0.34 -1.38 0.51
Ln GGL Coefficient 0.28@ -0.05@ 2.16@
t-ratio 0.87 0.79 0.95
Ln GERPM Coefficient 0.18@ 0.01@ 1.65@
t-ratio 0.55 0.20 0.70
Ln GERPF Coefficient -0.14@ -0.00@ -1.13@
t-ratio 1.06 0.18 1.18
Ln GERPT Coefficient -0.13@ -0.05@ -0.56@
t-ratio 0.55 1.19 0.33
Ln GERSM Coefficient 0.33@ 0.05@ 0.33@
t-ratio 0.68 0.57 0.10
Ln GERSF Coefficient 0.11@ 0.01@ 0.99@
t-ratio 0.35 0.19 0.42
Ln GERST Coefficient -0.39@ -0.03@ -1.77@
t-ratio -0.46 0.19 0.30
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.41* -0.08@ -0.63*
t-ratio -4.20 1.45 5.11
R- Square 0.31 0.54 0.34
* SIGNIFICANT AT 5% LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
@ INSIGNIFICANT
lg lekadyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrxeu ds vk/kkj ij Kkr gksrk
gS fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij =kqfV pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr~

;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gS] fdUrq fofHkUu pjksa ds xq.kkad Hkh lkFkZd ugha ik;s
x;s] dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij
iq#"k ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ukaekdu vuqikr (GERSF) /kukRed :i ls
lacaf/kr gSaA ogha iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] izkFkfed
Lrj ij efgyk ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) _.kkRed :i ls
lacaf/kr gSaA
f}rh; Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa % lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k mi;ksx }kjk
izfrixeu lehdj.k ds vk/kkj ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; (PCI) ij =kqfV
pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA lkFk gh fofHkUu pjkas
ds xq.kkad lkFkZd ugha ik;s x;sA fdUrq dqy lk{kjrk dh nj (LITT)] lk{kjrk fyax
varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ukekadu dk vuqikr (GERPT)] ek/;fed
Lrj ij iq#"k ukekadu dk vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ukekadu
dk vuqikr (GERSF)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA ogha iqq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)]
efgyk lk{kjrk dh nj (LITF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] ek/;fed Lrj
ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA
ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij «=kqfV pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZRk~ ;g izkn'kZ
larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA ijUrq fofHkUu pjksa ds xq.kkad lkFkZd ugha ik;s x;sA dqy
lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)]
izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij
iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERST) /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] og iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)]
efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF), izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF) _.kkRed
:i ls lacaf/kr gSaA
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij «=kqfV pj
_.kkRed gSaA vFkkZr~ ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA fdUrq 'ks"k lHkh xq.kkad
ifjisz{;
rkfydk&2
f}rh; lewg% e/; izns'k ,oa jktLFkku ¼lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k½
Variable
Constant Coefficient 0.08@ 0.12@ 0.41@
t-ratio 0.021 3.80 9.52
Ln LITM Coefficient -1.30@ -0.36@ -5.30@
t-ratio 0.45 0.26 0.37
Ln LITF Coefficient -0.00@ -0.41@ 1.85@
t-ratio 0.00 0.81 0.34
Ln LITT Coefficient 0.94@ 0.78@ 1.73@
t-ratio 0.31 0.54 0.11
Ln GGL Coefficient 0.15@ -0.04@ 1.80@
t-ratio 0.28 0.16 0.66
Ln GERPM Coefficient -0.02@ 0.17@ -0.88@
t-ratio 0.04 0.78 0.38
Ln GERPF Coefficient -0.30@ 0.35@ -2.19@
t-ratio -0.35 0.80 0.49
Ln GERPT Coefficient 0.15@ -0.55@ 2.83@
t-ratio 0.10 0.75 0.37
Ln GERSM Coefficient 1.54@ 0.01@ -0.68@
t-ratio 1.17 0.01 0.10
Ln GERSF Coefficient 0.66@ -0.04@ 0.28@
t-ratio 0.89 0.12 0.07
Ln GERST Coefficient -1.86@ 0.06@ 0.40@
t-ratio 0.92 0.06 0.03
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.56* -0.70* -0.75*
t-ratio 3.39 3.50 4.72
R- Square 0.38 0.35 0.41
@ INSIGNIFICANT
vlkFkZd ik;s x;s gSaA efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] lk{kjrk
esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT)]

ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy

ukekadu vuqikr] (GERST)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] iq#"k lk{kjrk nj]
rkfydk&3
r`rh; lewg % vkU/kz izns'k ¼lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k½
Variable
Constant Coefficient -132.2@ -19.54@ 258.89@
t-ratio 1504.33 1959.62 578.14
Ln LITM Coefficient -1.77@ 7.87@ -25.87@
t-ratio 0.03 1.15 0.08
t-ratio 2.49 1.53 0.51
Ln LITT Coefficient 150.97@ 6.12@ -194.58@
t-ratio 2.15 0.70 0.43
Ln GGL Coefficient -10.16* -1.19* -1.05@
t-ratio 3.16 3.02 0.05
Ln GERPM Coefficient 14.23@ 0.31@ -4.43@
t-ratio 1.12 0.18 0.06
Ln GERPF Coefficient 10.79@ 0.07@ 21.75@
t-ratio 0.96 0.05 0.29
t-ratio 1.12 0.16 0.05
t-ratio 1.49 2.29 0.36
t-ratio 1.50 2.28 0.36
t-ratio 1.49 2.28 0.37
∆ ut-1 Coefficient 0.03@ -1.15* -1.28*
t-ratio 0.52 2.78 3.44
R- Square 0.74 0.74 0.54
@ INSIGNIFICANT
ifjisz{;
(LITM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq:"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj
ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k lady
ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA
r`rh; Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa %& lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV lalks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk
=kqfV pj vlkFkZd gSa] 'ks"k lHkh xq.kkad Hkh vlkFkZd ik;s x, gSaA
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij =kqfV pj
_.kkRed gSaA vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky
xq.kkad (GGL) dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA dqy lk{kjrk
nj (LITT), iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERPM) izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu nj (GERPF)
ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM) /kukRed :i ls lacafèr
gSaA efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF) izkFkfed Lrj dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) _.kkRed :i
ls lacafèr gSaA
lglekadyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij «=kqfV
pj _.kkRed gSa] ,oa 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA efgyk lk{kjrk nj
(LITF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF) ek/;fed Lrj
ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF) /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] ogha dqy
lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk
ldy ukekdu vuqikr (GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy lady ukekdu vuqikr
(GERST) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA
prqFkZ Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa lglekdyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk
«=kqfV pj vlkFkZd gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSA
lglekdyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vkèkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gSa fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij =kqfV pj

rkfydk&4
prqFkZ lewg % vle] egkjk"Vª] rfeyukMq] dukZVd ,oa fgekpy izns'k
¼lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k½
Variable
t-ratio 0.01 441.25 5.14
Ln LITM Coefficient -1.28@ -0.18* -3.80@
t-ratio 1.98 1.84 0.57
Ln LITF Coefficient 1.75* 0.21* 4.16@
t-ratio 3.50 2.76 0.81
Ln LITT Coefficient -0.75* -0.10* -1.00@
t-ratio 3.56 3.20 0.45
Ln GGL Coefficient 0.67* 0.09@ 1.10@
t-ratio 3.67 3.20 0.58
Ln GERPM Coefficient 0.06@ -0.00@ -1.85@
t-ratio 0.18 0.10 0.52
Ln GERPF Coefficient 0.10@ 0.01@ -0.68@
t-ratio 0.92 0.86 0.58
Ln GERPT Coefficient -0.32@ -0.04@ 2.21@
t-ratio 0.75 0.67 0.49
Ln GERSM Coefficient 0.37@ 0.00@ -2.61@
t-ratio 1.17 0.06 0.79
Ln GERSF Coefficient 0.26@ 0.00@ -3.44@
t-ratio 0.70 0.00 0.90
Ln GERST Coefficient -0.79@ -0.01@ 5.88@
t-ratio 1.15 0.13 0.82
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.02@ -0.04* -0.69*
t-ratio 1.27 3.09 7.40
R- Square 0.35 0.48 0.34
@ INSIGNIFICANT
ifjisz{;
_.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSA ,oa 'ks"k xq.kkad esa dqN pj
xq.kkad lkFkZd ik;s x;s ,oa xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;s] ,oa dqN vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA
efgyk lk{kjrk dh nj (LITT) lk{kjrk fyax varjky (GGL) lkFkZd o /kukRed
ik;s x;sA dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT) _.kkRed o lkFkZd ik;s x;sA ogha izkFkfed Lrj
ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF) ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy
ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM) ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSF) vlkFkZd o /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)
izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA
lglekadyu ,oa =kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij =kqfV
pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] fdUrq 'ks"k lHkh pj
xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky
(GGL) izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj
ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA iq#"k
lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT) izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy
ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF) ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSF) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA
iape Js.kh jkT;ksa esa % lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk
«=kqfV pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA fdUrq 'ks"k lHkh
pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM) dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)
izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k
ldy ukekadu vuqikr] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSF) /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] ogha efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] lk{kjrk
esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)
ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu (GERST)] vuqikr _.kkRed :i ls
lacaf/kr gaSA
lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) izfr «=kqfV pj

rkfydk&5
iape lewg % dsjy ¼lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k½
Variable
Constant Coefficient -210.8@ -32.47@ 7085.48@
t-ratio 0.05 48.13 2021.42
Ln LITM Coefficient 5.76@ -1.18@ 17.58@
t-ratio 0.08 0.15 0.03
t-ratio 0.73 0.96 2.17
Ln LITT Coefficient 199.98@ 32.23@ -6122.42@
t-ratio 0.68 0.96 2.16
Ln GGL Coefficient -1.92@ -0.15@ 6.94@
t-ratio 1.72 1.21 0.73
Ln GERPM Coefficient -70.91@ -7.50@ -33.61@
t-ratio 0.39 0.36 0.02
Ln GERPF Coefficient -78.65@ -8.00@ 38.20@
t-ratio 0.45 0.40 0.02
Ln GERPT Coefficient 149.38@ 15.50@ 3.69@
t-ratio 0.42 0.38 0.00
t-ratio 1.27 0.93 0.25
t-ratio 1.30 0.95 0.24
t-ratio 1.28 0.94 0.25
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.79* -0.92* -1.76*
t-ratio 3.83 3.27 5.57
R- Square 0.80 0.81 0.78
@ INSIGNIFICANT
_.kkRed gS] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] fdUrq 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad
vlkFkZd ik;s x;s] dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu
ifjisz{;
vuqikr (GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)

/kukRed ls lacaf/kr gSa] iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)
izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM) izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERST) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA

vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS] fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij «=kqfV
pj _.kkRed gS] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] fdUrq 'ks"k lHkh pj
xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq:"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)
lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL) izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPF) izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj
ij ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF)
/kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA ogha efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITE) dqy lk{kjrk nj
(LITT) izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT) _.kkRed :i
ls lacaf/krA
"k"Ve Js.kh jkT;ksa esa % lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk
=kqfV pj vlkFkZd gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA
lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV lalks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij «=kqfV pj
_.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA ,oa 'ks"k lHkh xq.kkad
vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA fdUrq efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF) dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)
izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM ) ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM) ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERSF) /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM) lk{kjrk
fyax varjky (GGL) izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)
ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA

rkfydk&6
"k"Ve lewg% gfj;k.kk ¼lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV lalks/ku rU=k½
Variable
t-ratio 0.02 103.42 234.59
Ln LITM Coefficient 3.22@ -0.23@ 45.53@
t-ratio 0.38 0.26 1.08
Ln LITF Coefficient 16.58@ 0.03@ 327.45*
t-ratio 0.94 0.01 3.05
Ln LITT Coefficient -29.88@ 0.15@ -582.87*
t-ratio 0.94 0.04 3.01
Ln GGL Coefficient -0.30@ -0.01@ -0.62@
t-ratio 0.27 0.16 0.11
Ln GERPM Coefficient 9.67@ 0.07@ -1.73@
t-ratio 0.88 0.06 0.03
Ln GERPF Coefficient 6.50@ -0.04@ 8.45@
t-ratio 0.87 0.05 0.22
t-ratio 0.87 0.01 0.14
Ln GERSM Coefficient -3.91@ 0.52@ -41.32@
t-ratio 0.79 0.98 1.51
Ln GERSF Coefficient 1.75@ 0.37@ -31.05@
t-ratio 0.59 1.17 1.85
Ln GERST Coefficient 5.25@ -1.02@ 79.10@
t-ratio 0.63 1.13 1.69
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.02@ -1.03* -1.69*
t-ratio 0.07 2.64 0.58
R- Square 0.38 0.79 0.70
@ INSIGNIFICANT
lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds

vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gSa] fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij «=kqfV
pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] efgyk lk{kjrk nj
ifjisz{;
(LITF)] /kukRed o lkFkZd gSa] dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT) _.kkRed o lkFkZd gSa]
fdUrq 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] izkFkfed
Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy
ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] /kukREkd :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA ogha lk{kjrk esa fyax
varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM),
ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy lady ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA
lIre Js.kh jkT;ksa esa % lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk
«=kqfV pj vlkFkZd gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSaA 'ks"k lHkh pj
xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;s gSaA dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky
(GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj
ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF), ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy
ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF), /kukREkd :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)]
efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] ek/;fed
Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij «=kqfV pj
_.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] ,oa 'ks"k lHkh xq.kkad
vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM), efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF),
lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPM), izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu nj (GERPF)] ek/;fed Lrj
ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA ogha dqy
lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT)]
ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij
efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF), _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA
vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij «=kqfV
pj _.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] ,oa fofHkUu pjksa ds

rkfydk&7
lIre lewg % iatkc ,oa if'pe caxky ¼lglekadyu ,oa
«=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k½
Variable
t-ratio 0.06 332.15 11.19
Ln LITM Coefficient -5.12@ 0.75@ 53.00@
t-ratio 0.63 0.43 0.57
Ln LITF Coefficient -1.42@ 0.50@ 33.34@
t-ratio 0.30 0.48 0.61
Ln LITT Coefficient 6.41@ -1.28@ -87.52@
t-ratio 0.50 0.46 0.60
Ln GGL Coefficient 0.41@ 0.04@ -0.93@
t-ratio 1.64 0.78 0.32
Ln GERPM Coefficient -1.68@ 2.26@ -6.14@
t-ratio 1.10 1.76 0.09
Ln GERPF Coefficient -5.82@ 1.86@ -6.94@
t-ratio 1.13 1.72 0.12
Ln GERPT Coefficient 12.04@ -4.19@ 13.59@
t-ratio 1.08 1.78 0.11
Ln GERSM Coefficient 4.63@ -0.52@ -30.73@
t-ratio 0.89 0.46 0.52
Ln GERSF Coefficient 2.35@ -0.34@ -20.36@
t-ratio 0.68 0.45 0.51
Ln GERST Coefficient -6.55@ 0.87@ 50.82@
t-ratio 0.77 0.46 0.52
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.38* -0.38* -0.75*
t-ratio 3.57 3.55 4.24
R- Square 0.57 0.66 0.36
@ INSIGNIFICANT
xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)]
izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy
ifjisz{;
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] dqy lk{kjrk nj

(LITT)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)]
ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij
efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF), _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSA
v"Ve Js.kh jkT;ksa esa % lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu
lehdj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; ¼PCI½ ij «=kqfV pj
_.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gS ,oa dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)]
_.kkRed :i ls lkFkZd ik;h xbZA 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq#"k
lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] lk{kjrk eas fyax varjky (GGL)]
izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] ogha efgyk lk{kjrk
nj (LITF)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] izkFkfed
Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy
ukeakdu vuqikr (GERPM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSF), _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gaSA
vkèkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS] fd ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ij «=kqfV pj _.kkRed
gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] fdUrq dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT) _.kkRed
o lkFkZd gSa] ,oa 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s x;sA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)]
efgyk lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERPT)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] ogha izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERPM)] izkFkfed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPF)]
ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERST)] ek/;fed Lrj ij iq#"k
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSF) _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gaSA
vkèkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;; (PCEXPEDU) ij «=kqfV pj
_.kkRed gSa] vFkkZr ;g izkn'kZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSa] fdUrq ek/;fed Lrj ij iq:"k

rkfydk&8
v"Ve lewg % xqtjkr ¼lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k½
Variable
Constant Coefficient -115.4@ -12.05@ -585.71@
t-ratio 119.34 100.14 334.26
Ln LITM Coefficient 114.16@ 17.69@ 290.77@
t-ratio 0.76 0.78 0.89
Ln LITF Coefficient 63.79@ 8.28@ -36.74@
t-ratio 0.61 0.67 0.20
Ln LITT Coefficient -187.63* -23.87* -131.54@
t-ratio 3.04 3.23 1.29
Ln GGL Coefficient 9.64@ 1.05@ 18.05@
t-ratio 1.47 1.37 1.63
Ln GERPM Coefficient -99.13@ -11.45@ -133.67@
t-ratio 2.30 2.29 1.83
Ln GERPF Coefficient -89.74@ -10.43@ -129.85@
t-ratio 2.26 2.26 1.93
Ln GERPT Coefficient 185.77@ 21.49@ 259.02@
t-ratio 2.27 2.26 1.87
Ln GERSM Coefficient -25.98@ -3.58@ 93.91*
t-ratio 1.70 1.95 3.33
Ln GERSF Coefficient -21.05@ -2.97@ 73.90*
t-ratio 1.78 2.04 3.39
Ln GERST Coefficient 48.19@ 6.65@ -171.72*
t-ratio 1.74 2.00 3.36
∆ ut-1 Coefficient -0.98* -1.06* -1.59*
t-ratio 4.52 4.94 10.40
R- Square 0.74 0.78 0.93
@ INSIGNIFICANT
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)] ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ldy ukekadu vuqikr
(GERSM)] /kukRed o lkFkZd ik;s x;sA ogha ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu
ifjisz{;
vuqikr (GERST)] _.kkRed o lkFkZd ik;s x;sA 'ks"k lHkh pj xq.kkad vlkFkZd ik;s
x;sA iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (LITM)] lk{kjrk esa fyax varjky (GGL)] izkFkfed Lrj ij
dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERPT)] /kukRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSa] ogha efgyk
lk{kjrk nj (LITF)] dqy lk{kjrk nj (LITT)] izkFkfed Lrj ij iq#"k ldy ukekadu
vuqikr (GERPM)] _.kkRed :i ls lacaf/kr gSaA
mijksDr foospu ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd izFke] f}rh;] iape] lIre] v"Ve
Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa larqyu «=kqfV pj _.kkRed gSa] tks ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd izfr O;fDr
vk; (PCI) esa ifjorZu nh?kZdkyhu gSa] ogha nwljh vksj r`rh; Js.kh] prqFkZ Js.kh vkSj
"k"Ve Js.kh ds larqyu «=kqfV pj dk lkaf[;dh; n`f"V ls 'kwU; gksuk izfr O;fDr vk;
esa ifjorZu O;k[;ktU; pjksa ds vuq:i mlh vof/k esa lek;ksftr gksrk gSA blls ;g
Hkh irk pyrk gS fd O;k[;ktU; pjksa esa vYidkyhu pjksa dk izfr O;fDr vk; ij
vYidky esa izHkko iM+rk gS] O;k[;ktU; pjksa esa xq.kkad vYidkyhu lhekar izo`fÙk
dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA tcfd nh?kZdkyhu lhekar izo`fÙk dh O;k[;k lglekadyu
ijh{k.k esa mi;ksx gsrq yk;s x;s ,afty xzsxuj ijh{k.k ds O;k[;ktU; pj ds xq.kkad
}kjk dh tk ldrh gSA
ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) ds lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k esa
lfEefyr pjksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd f}rh; Js.kh] r`rh; Js.kh] prqFkZ Js.kh] iape
Js.kh] "k"Ve Js.kh] lIre Js.kh ,oa v"Ve Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa O;k[;ktU; pj ds
rkjrE; esa ekuoh; fodkl ladsrd (HDI) pj esa lek;kstu dh izo`fÙk gSA bu leLr
Jsf.k;ksa ds O;k[;ktU; pj ds xaq.kkd vYidkyhu lhekUr izo`fÙk dh vksj ladsr djrs
gSa] nh/kZdkyhu lhekUr izo`fÙk gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;s x;s ,afty xzsxuj esa iz;qDr
lehdj.kksa esa lfEefyr O;k[;ktU; pj }kjk iznf'kZr gksrh gSA
lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k dk mi;ksx izfr O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;;
(PCEXPEDU) ds lanHkZ esa ;g crkrk gS fd izFke Js.kh] f}rh; Js.kh] r`rh; Js.kh]
prqFkZ Js.kh] iape Js.kh] "k"Ve Js.kh] lIre Js.kh] ,oa v"Ve Js.kh ds jkT;ksa esa
larqyu «=kqfV pj dk 'kwU; ls fHkUu gksdj lkFkZd gksuk bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd izfr
O;fDr 'kS{kf.kd O;;] nh?kZdky esa O;k[;ktU; pjksa esa gq, ifjorZu ls lek;ksftr
gksrk gS] bu lehdj.kksa esa O;k[;ktU; pjksa ds xq.kkad vYidkyhu lhekUr izo`fÙk dks

iznf'kZr djrs gSa] rFkk fuHkZj pjksa esa O;k[;ktU; pjksa esa lkis{k lhekUr izo`fÙk dks
lglek;kstu ijh{k.k gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;s x;s laof/kZr ,afty xzsxuj ijh{k.k ds
O;k[;ktU; pjksa ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mijksDr lexz fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl] ekuoh;
fodkl ,oa 'kS{kf.kd O;;] dk f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ls izR;{k ,oa nh?kZdkyhu
laca/k gS] dqN xq.kkadksa dk _.kkRed gksuk bl ckr dk |ksrd gS] fd vYidky esa
bu pjksa esa lek;kstu dh izo`fÙk ik;h tkrh gS rFkk pj nh?kZdky esa larqyu izkfIr
esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
vr% efgyk lk{kjrk nj fo'ks"k :i ls rFkk vU; lk{kjrk nj lkekU; :i ls
rFkk o`f)xr izo`fÙk fy;s gq, gksuk vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa ekuoh; fodkl gsrq
vko';d gSA lk{kjrk ds fyax varjky esa deh] rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa rhoz
ekuoh; fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA blh izdkj vf/kdka'k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g
ns[kk x;k fd izkFkfed Lrj ij ldy ukekadu vuqikr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa
o`f) visf{kr gSA
vr% fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lHkh Jsf.k;ksa esa lk{kjrk esa o`f)
lk{kjrk ds fyax varjky esa deh] izkFkfed Lrj ij lHkh Js.kh;ksa esa ukekadu vuqikr
esa o`f)] rFkk ek/;fed Lrj ij ukekadu vuqikr esa lHkh Jsf.k;ksa esa dh xbZ o`f)]
rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa ekuoh; fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gksxhA bl fn'kk es
vis{kkd`r 'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+s jkT;ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr 'kS{kf.kd lajpuk dk fodkl
djuk vko';d gksxk] ftlls fd bu jkT;ksa esa rhoz xfr ls vkfFkZd ,oa ekuoh;
fodkl izkIr fd;k tk ldsaA
bl izfjis{; esa f'k{kk ij lkoZtfud fuos'k ds lkFk&lkFk futh fuos'k c<+kus
dh vko';drk gS] ftlls fu/kZurk ds nq"pØ dks rksM+us esa lgk;rk feysxhA vr%
lok±xh.k larqfyr fodkl gsrq f'k{kk ds lok±xh.k fodkl ij cy nsuk furkar vko';d
gksxkA ftlls laiUurk dks izkIr dj jk"Vª dks fodkl dh vfxze iafDr esa yk;k tk
ldsA bl gsrq laLFkkxr lq/kkjksa dh Hkh vko';drk gksxhA uhfrxr ifjorZu bl izdkj
ls yk;k tk;s] ftlls jk"Vª dk 'kS{kf.kd ifjn`'; mTToy gksdj ns'k] vkfFkZd izxfr
ds iFk ij vxzlj gks ldsA
ifjisz{;
lanHkZ
vgk;u] fQfyi ,aM gohV] ihVj ¼1992½% ^^v ekWMy vkQ xzkWFk Fkzw fØ,fVo MSLVªD'ku**
bdksuksesfVªdk] ekpZ 1992] 60¼2½] ihih- 323&351
czks] jkWcVZ ts- ¼1997½ ^^fMVjfeuSaV~l vkWQ bdksuksfed xzkWFk % v ØkWl dUVªh bEizhdy LVMh**ySusy
jkWfcUl ySDplZ] dSfEczt ,e,% ,evkbZVh izSl 1997
czks jkWcVZ ts- ¼2001½% ^^gweSu dSfiVy % xzkWFk] fgLVªh ,aM ikWfylh&v lS'ku Vw vkWuj LVsuys
baxjeSu** vesfjdu bdksuksfed ,'kksfl,'ku isij ,aM izkslhfMaXl] ebZ 2001] 91¼2½] ihih
12&17
csgjeSu] tsjs vkj- ,aM ,fytkcsFk ,e- fdax ¼2001½ % ^^gkmlgksYM Ldwfyax fcgsfo;j ,aM
fMlSaVªykbts'ku** bdksuksfeDl vkQ ,tqds'ku fjO;w] 20 ¼2001½] 321&341
CykWx ,e- ¼1985½ % Ogs;j vkj oh uks bu bdksuksfeDl vkWQ ,tqds'ku**] bdksuksfeDl vkQ
,tqds'ku fjO;w 4¼1½] ihih 17&28
cksoYl ,l- ,aM fxfUV'k] ,p- ¼1976½% ^^Ldwfyax bu dSfiVfyLV vesfjdk** U;w% csfld cqDl]
1976
pkS/kjh] Mh-ih- ¼1968½ ^^,tqds'ku ,aM ,xzhdYpjy izksMfDVfoVh bu bafM;k** fnYyh% ;wfuoflZVh
vkQ fnYyh] vuifCyLM~ ih&,p-Mh- fFklsl
nÙkk vkj-lh- ¼1985½ % ^^,tqds'ku ,aM n fMLVªC;w'ku vkQ vfu±Xl % n eSUVsusUl vkQ n LVsV~l
D;w** vFkZ fotukuk] okWY;we 27] ua- 1] 1985] ih-1
xyij] gkosZ ,aM M~;wu jkWcVZ ,e- twfu;j ¼1969½ % ^^v 'kkVZ&ju fMekaM QaD'ku QkWj gk;j
,tqds'ku bu n ;qukbVsM LVsV~l** tuZy vkQ ikfyfVdy bdksukWekh] flrEcj&vDVwcj
1969] 77¼5½] ihih- 765&777
Xysos] ikWy ,aM guu tdksch ¼1992½ % ^^bfLVesfVax n fMVjfeusaV vkQ dkWfXufVo vphoesaV bu
yks&bude dUVªht % n dsl vkQ ?kkuk** ykbfoax LVSaMM~Zl estjesaV LVMh odZ] isij 91]
oYMZ cSad
xzksleSu] tsus ,e- ,aM gSYieSu] bYgkuu ¼1991½ % ^^buksos'ku ,aM xzhOFk bu n Xykscy bdksukseh**]
dSfEczt] ,e-,- % ,evkbZVh izSl
gkchZlu ÝsMfjd] ek;jlZ pkYlZ ,] ¼1964½ % ,tqds'ku bEIyk;esaV bu n U;wyh Moyfiax
bdksuksfeDl**] bafM;u tuZy vkQ yscj bdksuksfeDl okY;we 7] ua- 1&2] 1964] ih-1
gfcZ'ku] jkWYQ ,aM ,fjd guqlsd ¼1992½ % ,tqds'ku ijQkjesal vkQ n iqvj % ys'ku Ýke :jy
ukFkZ bLV czkthy** vkWDlQksMZ ;qfuoflZVh izSl Qkj oYMZ cSad
fdaxMu] xhrk ¼1996½ % ^^LVwMsaV~l vphoesaV ,aM Vhpj is % , dsl LVMh vkQ bafM;k**
,lVhvkbZlhbZvkjMh odZ isij 74] yanu Ldwy vkQ bdksuksfeDl ,aM ikWfyfVdy lkbal

Øwtj] ,ysu ch-,e- fyaMy] ¼2001½ ^^,tqds'ku Qkj xzkWFk % OgkbZ ,aM Qkj gwe\** tuZy vkQ
bdksuksfed fyVªspj] 39 ,tqds'ku ,aM bdkuksfed xzkWFk flLdks ifCyd 19% ihih- 1101&1136
yqdkl] jkcVZ bZ- twfu;j ¼1988½ ^^vku n eSdsfuDl vkQ bdksuksfed MoyiesaV** tuZy vkQ
ekWuVsjh bdksuksfeDl 22] ua- 1 ¼1988½ % 3&42
eSpyi] ÝhV~t ¼1970½ % ^^,tqds'ku ,aM bdksuksfed xzksFk** fyUdksyu% ;qfuoflZVh vkQ usczkLdk
izSl
eSDMkWxy yksjh] ¼2000½ % ts.Mj xSi bu fyVªslh bu mÙkj izns'k&Dos'pu Qkj fMlSaVªykbTM~
,tqds'kuy Iykfuax** bdksuksfed ,aM ikfyfVdy ohdyh] okY;we 35] ua- 19] 2000 ih-
1649
feyj] ySukMZ ,l- ¼1971½ % ^^fMekaM QaD'ku Qkj gk;j ,tqds'ku bu n ;wukbVsM LVsV**] LVksuh
czqd- U;w;kdZ % us'kuy C;wjks vkQ bdksuksfed fjlpZ LVsV ;qfuoflZVh vkQ U;w;kdZ] 1971
ekWxZuLVªsu jkWcVZ Mh- ¼1971½ % ^^Mk;jSDV buMk;jSDV bQSDV~l vku vfu±x vkQ Ldwfyax ,aM
lksf'k;ks&bdksuksfed cSdxzkm.M ^^fjO;w vkQ bdksuksfed ,aM LVsfVDl] ebZ 1973] 55¼2½]
ihih 225&233
eqFkS;ku ih] ¼1996½ % ^^,tqds'ku izksMfDVfoVh ,aM vfu±Xl % , ekbØks LVMh** bafM;u tuZy vkQ
yscj bdksuksfeDl] okY;we- 39] ua- 2] 1996] ih-417
ukWj/kkSl] fofy;e Mh- ¼1969½% ^^,u bdksuksfed fFk;ksjh vkQ VSDuksyksftdy psat** n vesfjdu
bdksuksfed fjO;w] ebZ 1969 ¼isij ,aM izkslhfMax½ 59¼2½] ihih- 18&28
QSYi~l ,MeksaM ,l- ¼1966½ % ^êwM~l vkQ VSDuhdy izksxszl ,aM xksYMu :y vkQ fjlpZ**fjO;w
vkQ bdksuksfed LVMh] vizSy 1966] 33¼2½] ihih- 133&145
jksej] ikWy ,e] ¼1990½ % ^^baMkstsul VSDuksykWftdy psat** tuZy vkQ ikWfyfVdy bdksukWeh]
vDVwcj 1990 ihVh 2] 98¼5½] ihih ,l71&,l102
lSYQ] ljfeLFkk ,aM fjpMZ xzScksLdh ¼2004½ % Mt ,tqds'ku ,V vkWy ysoy dkWt xkWFk % bafM;k]
, dsl LVMh**] bdksuksfeDl vkQ ,tqds'ku fjO;w 23 % ihih- 47&55
lsy] dkyZ ¼1966½% ^^VwokMZl v fFk;ksjh vkQ bUosafVo ,DVhfoVh ,aM dSfiVy vD;wewys'ku** n
vesfjdu bdksuksfed fjO;w] ebZ 1966 ¼isij ,aM izkslhfMaXl½] 56¼2½] ihih- 62&68
fleksu] twfy;u ,y- ¼1986½ % ^^fFk;ksjh vkQ ikWiqys'ku ,aM bdksuksfed xzkWFk** U;w;kdZ CySdoSy]
1986
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
vuqlfw pr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh Ldwyh

Nk=kkvksa dh euksoK
S kfud ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;k,a
dqleq ;nqyky*
bl èjk èke ij fLFkr laiw.kZ fo'o ds lHkh lektksa esa Kku vkSj f'k{kk ds egRo dks
Lohdkjk tkrk gS vkSj ;g rF; vuqHkofl) Hkh gSA f'k{kk ls O;fDr dk O;fDrRo
fu[kjrk gS] lH;rk dk fodkl gksrk gS] laLd`fr vkSj vfèd laLdkj&laiUu gksrh gS]
foKku izxfr djrk gS vkSj ykSfdd Kku pgqaeq[kh gksdj ekuo tkfr dk ekxZ mÙkjksÙkj
mRFkku gsrq iz'kLr djrk gSA lkFk gh ;g okLrfodrk Hkh vikD; :i ls lR; gS fd
fo'o esa lHkh lH; lekt iq#"k izèku jgs gSa vkSj ;g iq#"k izèkurk vkèqfud ;qx Hkh
iw.kZ:is.k frjksfgr ugha gqvk gSA iq#"k izèkurk us f'k{kk ds {ks=k dks Hkh vNwrk ugha NksM+k
gSA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd f'k{kk Ikj Hkh iq#"kksa dk vkfèiR; gks x;k vkSj efgyk txr
bl {ks=k esa Hkh ihNs jg x;kA tcfd l`f"V :ih jFk uj&ukjh :ih nks ifg;ksa ds fcuk
xfreku gh ugha jg ldrkA
blh lanHkZ esa ;g Hk;kog lR; Hkh gekjs lEeq[k mifLFkr gksrk gS fd fo'oHkj esa
yxHkx lHkh lektksa esa miyCè èu&laink] voljksa ,oa vU; lalkèuksa ds vlekU;
forj.k dh leL;k U;wukfèd :i ls fo|eku gSA blh fodV ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k
lekt esa dqN ekuo&lewg lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd n`f"V ls vkxs c<+ x;s vkSj dqN
vis{kkd`r ihNs NwV x;s rFkk dkykUrj esa ;s ekuo&lewg gh vxM+s vkSj fiNM+s vFkok
lqfoèk&laiUu vkSj lqfoèk&oafpr vFkok Lokeh vkSj lsod cu x;sA buesa ls izFke
Js.kh esa vkus okys O;fDr nwljs Js.kh esa vkus okys fujhg yksxksa ij HksnHkkotU; 'kklu
,oa vU;k;] vR;kpkj vkSj mRihM+u djus yxs] ftldk lgt ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd
mRihfM+r oxZ esa ghu&Hkkouk] lEekughu ekufldrk] fiNM+siu dk Hkko vkSj
* ofj"B O;k[;k=kh] f'k{kk 'kkL=k foHkkx] vkèqfud Kku foKku ladk;] Jh ykycgknqj 'kkL=kh
laLd`r fo|kihB] ubZ fnYyh&110016
64 dqlqe ;nqyky
vkRe&fo'okl dk Hkko iSnk gks x;kA LoHkkoxr ,oa laLdkjtU; ;g fLFkfr

ih<+h&nj&ih<+h vkxs c<+rh xbZ vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i fuèZurk] vlqfoèkiw.kZ rFkk izfrdwy
okrkoj.k esa tUes&iys&c<+s&i<+s cPps lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+rs
pys x;s vkSj jk"Vª dh eq[; èkjk ls nwj gksrs x;sA
nqHkkZX; ls Hkkjr esa ;s nksuksa gh okLrfodrk,a vius pje ij igqap xbZA Hkkjr esa
izkphudky esa o.kZ O;oLFkk deZ ,oa xq.kkèkfjr Fkh tks dkykUrj esa tUekèkfjr cu
xbZA dekZèkfjr O;oLFkk esa O;fDr vius Kku] xq.kksa ,oa deks± ds vkèkj ij mÙke]
eè;e] vèe vkSj fud`"V Js.kh ikrs Fks] fdUrq tUekèkfjr O;oLFkk esa Kku&xq.k&deZ
xkS.k gks x;k vkSj tUe dks izèkurk fey xbZA bldk nq[kn ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd vèe
oxZ esa tUek cPpk f'kf{kr] xq.koku vkSj deZ&dq'ky gksus ij Hkh vèe gh cuk jgk
vkSj mls rFkkdfFkr mPp oxZ us lEekuiw.kZ Lohd`fr iznku ugha dhA Jh jkeeuksgj
yksfg;k dgk djrs Fks fd ^^tkfr&izFkk ;FkkfLFkfr lelFkZd ,oa ifjorZu fojksèh ,d
nqtsZ; 'kfDr gS tks lekt esa u dsoy lHkh izpfyr jhfr&fjoktksa dh j{kk djrh gS
cfYd vieku ,oa vlR; dks Hkh iq"V djrh gSA** ,UVªs csfVys us Hkh tkfr&izFkk ds
nks"kksa dks crkrs gq, dgk gS fd ^^tkfr&izFkk esa ;g nqxZq.k gS fd mlesa vlekurk,a
feVus dh ctk; bdV~Bk gksrh pyh tkrh gSa vkSj ifj.kker% lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd
lÙkk ,d gh tkfr ds dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr gksrh pyh tkrh gSA**
Hkkjr esa tkfr&izFkk ds dkj.k gh ,d cM+k tu&leqnk; vNwr ,oa nfyr curk
pyk x;kA bl oxZ dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij n`f"Vikr djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd
vNwr vkSj nfyr dgs tkus okys yksx vk;Z&iwoZ Hkkjrh;ksa ds oa'kt Fks] ftUgsa vk;ksZÙkj
o.kZ&O;oLFkk esa lEekuiw.kZ LFkku ugha fn;k x;kA izkphu o.kZ&O;oLFkk esa lEekuiw.kZ
LFkku u ikus okys oxZ dks ^vo.kZ*] ^vNwr*] ^vaR;t* vFkok îape ¼o.kZ½* dgk
tkus yxkA fczfV'k dky esa bls nfyr oxZ dgk x;kA 1931 dh tux.kuk esa bUgsa
^cfg"d`r oxZ* uke fn;k x;kA lkbeu deh'ku us bl oxZ dks ^vuqlwfpr tkfr dh
laKk nhA blh vkèkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj dh vfèfu;e 1935 dh èkjk 279 eas ns'k dh
22 izfr'kr turk ¼7 izfr'kr vkfnoklh vkSj 15 izfr'kr fuEu Js.kh dh tkfr;ksa½ dks
'kSf{kd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vkèkj ij mRFkku fd;s tkus ;ksX; vuqlwfpr fd;k
x;kA o"kZ 1933 esa ,d êafnj&izos'k vkanksyu* ds nkSjku egkRek xkaèh us bUgsa ^gfjtu*
uke fn;kA 1970 esa ^nfyr isaFkj vkanksyu* esa bUgsa ^nfyr* dh laKk nh xbZA ;gh
ifjisz{;
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh Ldwyh Nk=kkvksa dh euksoSKkfud ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;k,a 65
vNwr] vaR;t vkSj nfyr oxZ gh Lora=k Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds uke ls tkuk
tkus yxkA uxjksa vkSj xkaoksa dh lH;rk ls nwj ou izns'kksa vFkok ioZrh; ?kkfV;ksa esa jgus
okys fodkl dh n`f"V ls vfr fiNM+s dchyksa dks vkfnoklh dgk x;kA
Hkkjr esa ukjh ds lEekuiw.kZ LFkku dk fxjrk xzkQ
tgka rd Hkkjr esa ukjh dks izkIr ntZs dk lacaè gS ;g dguk lehphu gksxk fd ;gka
le;≤ ij fL=k;ksa dk ntkZ U;wukfèd :i ls ifjofrZr gksrk jgk gSA izfl)
Qzkalhlh lekt'kkL=kh pkYlZ QkSfj;j us Bhd gh dgk gS fd ^^fdlh jk"Vª dh lkekftd
O;oLFkk vkSj jktuhfr esa fL=k;ksa dks tSlk LFkku IzkIr gks] mlls ;g vuqeku lgt gh
yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd og jk"Vª fdruk lH; vkSj lqlaLd`r gSA** Hkkjr esa izkphudky
esa efgykvksa dks lekt esa vis{kkd`r mPp ,oa lEekuiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gksrk FkkA oSfnd
dky esa vkSj ckS)dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=k;ksa dks fu'p; gh lekt vkSj ifjokj
esa lEekuiw.kZ mPp LFkku izkIr FksA tud vkSj lqyHkk] ;kKoYD; vkSj xkxhZ] eS=ks;h
rFkk 'kadjkpk;Z vkSj fo|kèjh ds chp laokn ,oa 'kkL=kkFkZ ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh;
lekt esa ukfj;ka f'k{kk vkSj Kku ds mPp f'k[kj ij fo|eku FkhaaA ckS)dky esa Hkh
ukjh&lkfèdk f'k{kk xzg.k djds mPp f'k[kj rd igqap tkrh FkhA ^Fksjh* dgh tkus
okyh ckS) fHk{kqf.k;ka viuh laiw.kZ ;ksX;rk ,oa izcy 'kfDr&lkeF;Z ls lkekftd
mRFkku vkSj èkfeZd dk;ks± ds izpkj&izlkj esa yxh jgrh FkhaA muesa ls dqN lqizfl)
v/;kfidk,a vkSj 'kksèdfeZ;ksa ds :i esa fo[;kr gqb±A ^dYi&lw=k* uked xzaFk esa ,d
lglz tSu fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds izFke Js.kh ds izopudkj gksus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
dkykUrj esa xq#dqy esa v/;;ujr cky&ckfydk dh izfrHkk ds vkèkj ij
o.kZ&fuèkZj.k dh izfØ;k esa fodkj vk;k rFkk nqHkkZX; ls ;g xq.k&dekZuqlkj u gksdj
tUekuqlkj gks x;kA lqfo[;kr lekt'kkL=kh ,e-,u-Jhfuoklu ds vuqlkj oa'kkxr
tkfr o.kZ&O;oLFkk dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, fL=k;ksa dks dBksj vuq'kklu esa j[kk tkus
yxkA mUgsa viuh gh tkfr esa fookg djus] fookg cpiu esa gh djus] foèok thou
O;rhr djus vFkok lrh gksus ds fy, ck/; fd;k tkus yxkA eqxy 'kklu dky esa Hkh
tkfrxr vFok o.kkZèkfjr O;oLFkk iwoZor~ pyrh jghA vkSj lekt esa ukfj;ksa dk Lrj
fuEu ls fuEurj gksrk x;kA ifj.kker% iq#"k izèku lekt esa ukjh dh varfuZfgr
'kfDr;ksa ,oa laHkkoukvksa dks udkj fn;k x;k] mUgsa iq#"kksa dh lsod ek=k le>k tkus
yxk] x`gLFk dk;ks± vkSj mRloksa esa Hkh mudh Hkkxhnkjh de dj nh xbZA la{ksi esa dgsa
rks mUgsa iq#"kksa ds iw.kZr% vèhu cuk fn;k x;k vkSj mUgsa iq#"kksa dk lq[k&vkjke nsus rFkk

66 dqlqe ;nqyky
cPps iSnk djus dk ;a=k ek=k eku fy;k x;kA foMEcuk ;g jgh fd ,d vksj rks mUgsa
^lqdksey* dgk x;k vkSj nwljh vksj muds lkFk ^dBksjre* O;ogkj fd;k x;kA
mudk f'k{kk dk vfèdkj rd Nhu fy;k x;kA f'k{kk ls oafpr gksdj mUgsa dwi&eaMwi
dh Hkkafr ?kj dh pkjnhokjh rd lhfer jgus ds fy, foo'k gksuk iM+kA fu"d"kZr% dgk
tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ukfj;ksa dks tks lEekuiw.kZ ntkZ lekt vkSj ifjokj esa izkIr
Fkk] og lHkh ;qxksa esa fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls uhps fxjrk x;k vkSj os f'k{kk] jktuhfr vkSj
O;kolkf;d {ks=kksa esa yxkrkj fiNM+rh xb± rFkk os orZeku ;qx ds efgyk&fiNM+siu ds
vfHk'kki ls xzLFk gks xb±A
Hkkjr ds lafoèku eas lerkewyd vkSj f'k{kk lacaèh izkoèku
lafoèku esa bl oxZ ds yksxksa esa f'k{kk ds fodkl ls lacafèr vuqPNsn gS– 15¼4½] 29]
30] 45&46 vkSj 350&dA f'k{kk fodkl ls lac) izkoèkuksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke Js.kh esa vuqPNsn 45 ds izkoèkuksa dks j[kk tk ldrk gS tks
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa lfgr ns'k ds lHkh ukxfjdksa ij leku :i ls ykxw
gksrs gSa vkSj f}rh; Js.kh esa vuqPNsn 15¼4½ vkSj 46 tSls izkoèkuksa dks j[kk tk ldrk
gS] ftudk mís'; vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuk gSA ;gka
bl ckr dk mYys[k djuk Hkh vfuok;Z gS fd vuqPNsn 15¼4½ dks lafoèku ds ewy
vfèdkj 'kh"kZd v/;k; esa j[kk x;k gS tcfd vuqPNsn 45&46 dks ^jkT; dh uhfr
ds funsZ'kd rRo* 'kh"kZd esa j[k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 15¼4½ esa mYys[k gS fd ukxfjdksa ds
lkekftd vFkok 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s gq, oxks± ds mRFkku gsrq fo'ks"k foèku vkfn
cukus ds ljdkj ds vfèdkj dks 'ks"k vuqPNsn 15 vkSj vuqPNsn 29 dh èkjk ¼2½ ds
izkoèku fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ckfèr ugha djsaxs vFkkZr~ vuqPNsn 15¼4½ ds ek/;e ls
ljdkj dks ;g laoSèkfud vfèdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og ljdkjh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa
fiNM+s ukxfjdksa ds fy,] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k
dj ldrh gS vkSj lkFk gh muds mRFkku ds fy, ;Fkk vko';d vU; fo'ks"k dkuwu
vkfn cuk ldrh gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ljdkj ,slh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa Nk=kksa ds izos'k
ls lacafèr fu.kZ;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa vFkok fiNM+s oxks± ds Nk=kksa ds
ekeys esa fuèkZfjr U;wure vgZd vadksa esa vFkok vU; 'krksZa esa <hy ns ldrh gSA
vuqPNsn 29¼1½ ds micaèksa }kjk vYila[;d oxks± ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k lqfuf'pr fd;k
x;k gSA vuqPNsn 30 ds }kjk vYila[;dksa dks ;g vfèdkj fn;k x;k gS fd os viuh
f'k{kk laLFkk,a vyx ls LFkkfir dj ldrs gSa vkSj mUgsa pyk ldrs gSaA vuqPNsn 45 eas
ifjisz{;
izkoèku gS fd 'kklu lafoèku ds ykxw gksus dh rkjh[k ls vxys nl o"kks± rd pkSng

o"kZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vfuok;Z :i ls nsus dh O;oLFkk djus dk iz;kl
djsxkA vuqPNsn 46 esa 'kklu ij ;g nkf;Ro Mkyk x;k gS fd og ns'k esa nqcZy oxZ
ds yksxksa] fo'ks"kr% vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd fgrksa dks
fo'ks"k :i ls c<+kok nsxh rFkk lkekftd vU;k; vkSj lHkh izdkj ds 'kks"k.kksa ls mudh
j{kk djsxhA vuqPNsn 350&d esa izkoèku gS fd izkFkfed f'k{kk ds Lrj ij f'k{kk dk
ek/;e ekr`Hkk"kk esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA bUgha izkoèkuksa vkSj vU; jk"Vªh; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh;
iz;klksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr ljdkj us 1986 eas ,d larqfyr vkSj O;kid jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr cukbZ gSA
ekè;fed f'k{kk
izk;% izkFkfed f'k{kk dks f'k{kk :ih HkO; Hkou dh uhao dgk tkrk gSA ewy vkèkj
gksus ls izkFkfed f'k{kk dh egÙkk Lor% gh Li"V gks tkrh gSA fu%lansg izkFkfed f'k{kk
laiw.kZ f'k{kk dk vkèkj gS D;ksafd izkFkfed f'k{kk iwjh dj ysus ds ckn gh O;fDr f'k{kk
ds {ks=k esa vkxs c<+ ikrk gSA rFkkfi lHkh Lrj dh f'k{kkvksa dk viuk&viuk egRo gS
ftls udkjk ugha tk ldrkA ekè;fed vkSj mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk dk Hkh viuk
fof'k"V egRo gSA bl Lrj ij igqap dj cPpk fd'kksj gks tkrk gS vkSj mlesa ekSfydrk
dk fodkl gks tkrk gS] mleas vis{kkd`r vkSj vfèd ifjiDork vk tkrh gS] og
viuh #fp vkSj ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj ikB~;Øe dk p;u djus esa leFkZ gks tkrk gS tks
mlds Hkkoh thou esa thfodksiktZu vFkok èuksiktZu dk vkèkj curk gSA bl n`f"V ls
d{kk 9 ls 12 rd dh f'k{kk O;fDr dks O;fDrRo ds lok±xh.k fodkl gsrq egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk rS;kj djrh gSA vr% ;g visf{kr gS fd ek/;fed f'k{kk ij Nk=k] f'k{kd]
vfHkHkkod rFkk f'k{kk&;kstukdkj vkfn lHkh fo'ks"k /;ku nsaA
ek/;fed Lrj ij ckfydk f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj vkSj xq.kkRedrk dks c<+kus ij
Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk jgk gS rkfd ns'k esa ekuo lalkèu fodkl esa mfpr larqyu
vk lds vkSj ekuo lalkèu {kerk esa o`f) gks ldsA efgyk f'k{kk vkSj fodkl ds
mik;ksa ds lacaè esa 6 lIrkg dh vofè dk nloka izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe gky gh esa laiUu
fd;k tk pqdk gSA mPprj vkSj ek/;fed mPprj Lrj dh Nk=kkvksa ds fy, gksLVy
,oa cksfM±x dh lqfoèk,a iznku djus dh ;kstuk dk ewY;kadu djds mls dsUnzh; ekuo
lalkèu fodkl ea=kky; ds ikl Hkstk tk pqdk gSA
tgka rd fnYyh esa ek/;fed Lrj ds Ldwyksa dk lacaè gS 1999&2000 ds

68 dqlqe ;nqyky
varfje vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj ;gka 322 gkbZ Ldwy vkSj 1009 mPprj ek/;fed Ldwy
gSaA bu Ldwyksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 78955 yM+dksa vkSj 97662 yM+fd;ksa vFkkZr dqy
1]76]617 cPpksa us izos'k fy;kA blh le; vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds 345 yM+dksa vkSj
368 yM+fd;ksa vFkkZr dqy 713 cPpksa esa ek/;fed Ldwyksa esa nkf[kyk fy;kA
leL;k dk mn~xe
tkfr&izFkk fo'o dh izkphure oxkZèkfjr O;oLFkkvksa eas ls ,d gS tks vkt Hkh vfLrRo
esa gSA tkfr&izFkk dk mn~xe fgUnqvksa ds ifo=k xzFa k euqLe`fr esa [kkstk tk ldrk gS]
ftldk jpuk dky 200 bZlk&iwoZ ls 100 bZlk&iwoZ ds chp esa dgha iM+rk gSA
vNwrksa vFkok nfyrksa ds vfLrRo esa vkus vkSj muds fofHkUu ;qxksa eas thou&;kiu
ds ckjs esa ;|fi vusd fl)kUr lkeus vkrs gSa] fdUrq rdZlEer fl)kUr ;g izrhr
gksrk gS fd nfyr vk;ksZÙkj Hkkjrh;ksa ds oa'kt gSaA 'kk;n blhfy, vk;ksZÙkj o.kZ&
O;oLFkk esa mudks dksbZ LFkku gh ugha fn;k x;kA vr% ;g fufoZokn :i ls dgk tk
ldrk gS fd vk;Z&iwoZ Hkkjrh;ksa dh ,d ewyr% Lora=k rFkk lerk&vkèkfjr laLd`fr
FkhA flUèq ?kkVh lH;rk ls izkIr gq, vo'ks"kksa ls bl er dh iqf"V Hkh gksrh gSA vk;ksZÙkj
dky esa Hkkjrh; lekt pkj o.kks±– czkg~e.k] {kf=k;] oS'; ,oa 'kwnz esa caV x;k] ftlesa
'kwnz fuEu Lrj ij FksA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ;s pkj o.kZ Lo;a Hkxoku us cuk;s vFkkZr
mUgksaus vius eLrd ls czkg~e.k] vius cktqvksa ls {kf=k;] viuh ta?kkvksa ls oS';
¼cf.kd rFkk dq'ky dkjhxj vkfn½ vkSj vius pj.kksa ls 'kwnz cuk;sA tks yksx bu pkj
Jsf.k;ksa esa ugha vk ik,] os ^vNwr*] ^vo.kZ*] ^vaR;t*] îape*] ^ge&'kwnz* dgs
tkus yxsA
;|fi nfyr ukjh 'krkfCn;ksa ls fucZy] vfèdkjjfgr] viuh ckr dgus ds
vfèdkj ls oafpr] xfjekghu] O;fDrRo&'kwU; jgrh vkbZ gS] fdUrq vc muesa Hkh
tkx`fr vkus yxh gS vkSj os fuf'pr :i ls ugha pkgrha fd Hkfo"; esa mudks lrk;k
tk;s] nck;k tk;s ;k fQj mudk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls 'kks"k.k fd;k tk;s] vFkok mUgsa
muds x`gLFk] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd vfèdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk tk;sA
'kksè dk vkSfpR;
fo'oHkj esa yxHkx lHkh lektksa esa miyCè voljksa] èu&lEink vkSj vU; lalkèuksa
ds vleku forj.k dh leL;k U;wukfèd :i ls ikbZ tkrh gSA blds nq"ifj.kkeLo:i
dkykUrj eas ns'k ds dqN oxZ HksnHkkotU; vU;k;] vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k rFkk mRihM+u dk
ifjisz{;
f'kdkj gks tkrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s ewyHkwr lqfoèkvksa ls Hkh oafpr gksrs pys tkrs gSaA ,sls
mRihfM+r oxZ esa ghu Hkkouk] vkRelEeku&jfgr ekufldrk] fiNM+siu dk Hkko vkSj
vkRefo'okl dk vHkko vkfn iSnk gks tkrk gSA ifj.kker% vlqfoèk] vykHk ,oa
izfrdwy okrkoj.k eas tUes&iys&c<+s&i<+s ckyd@ckfydk,a lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa
'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s gh jg tkrs gSa vkSj os jk"Vª dh eq[; èkjk esa lfEefyr ugha gks
ikrsA bldk igyk dkj.k] leqnk;ksa dk xjhch ds dkj.k vlaxfBr gksuk vkSj fofHkUu
vHkkoksa ds chp thuk gS rFkk nwljk dkj.k] lekt ds e/;e oxZ }kjk buds lkFk
HksnHkko fd;k tkuk gSA cPpksa esa Hkh yM+fd;ka vis{kkd`r vfèd lekt vkSj ifjokj
dh mis{kk dh f'kdkj curh gSa vkSj vf'kf{kr jg tkrh gSaA vHkkoxzLr ckfydkvksa }kjk
f'k{kk xzg.k u fd;s tkus ds vusd dkj.k gSa ;Fkk lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls fiNM+kiu] ?kjsyw
dke&èaès] HkkbZ&cfguksa dh ns[kHkky] cky&fookg] ekrk&firk dk vf'kf{kr vFkok
fuj{kj gksuk vkSj i<+kbZ esa ekxZ&n'kZu u feyuk] ?kjsyw dke&èaès esa gkFk caVkuk]
lkekftd :f<+okfnrk] eka&cki dh f'k{kk&O;; ogu u djus dh fLFkfr] nwljs cPpksa
ds lkFk lkeatL; u dj ikus dh izo`fÙk] ekrk&firk ds lkFk cPps dk mi;qDr laokn
u gksuk] ?kj vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk okrkoj.k vuqdwy u gksuk] cPps ij ekrk&firk
dk vuq'kklu <hyk gksuk vkfn&vkfnA
vc rd ds 'kksè&dk;ks± ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk gS fd lkekftd fiNM+siu ds
dkj.k ckfydkvksa dk ckSf)d vkSj Hkk"kk;h fodkl vo#) gksrk gS rFkk mudh
f'k{kk&xzg.k {kerk izHkkfor gksrh gS( vHkkoxzLr ckfydkvksa dk ckSf)d fodkl vkSj
v/;;u lacaèh miyfCè visf{kr Lrj dh ugha gks ikrhA ;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd
lkekftd n`f"V ls ghu Hkkouk dh f'kdkj gqbZ ckfydk,a i<+us&fy[kus esa #fp ugha
ysrh gSa vkSj Ldwyksa vkfn esa rRle; miyCè lqfoèkvksa d iwjk ykHk ugha mBk ikrhaA
mudh cqf) dk Lrj] vkdka{kk] Hkk"kk&vfHkO;fDr] lkekU; Kku] fo'ys"k.k&{kerk]
le>us] lkj&xzg.k djus vkSj Lej.k djus dh 'kfDr Hkh izk;% fuEu Lrj dh gksrh gSA
'kksè&dk;ks± ds ek/;e ls lq>k;s x;s funkukRed mik;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa ls cPpksa esa
ftKklk] i<+us dh bPNk] lh[kus dh rRijrk] Bhd Hkk"kk cksyus vkSj fy[kus dh
vfuok;Zrk lacaèh Hkkouk iSnk dh tk ldrh gSA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd lkekftd
esy feyki djus] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj vkRe&lEeku dh Hkkouk] ckfydkvksa esa Ldwy
izos'k ds fy, visf{kr O;ogkj fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA vc rd ds
'kksè&dk;ks± ,oa 'kkldh; iz;klksa ds ckotwn ge vuqlfw pr tkfr@tutkfr dh ckfydkvksa

70 dqlqe ;nqyky
esa visf{kr f'k{kk&Lrj dh ckr rks nwj jgh] muesa visf{kr lk{kjrk ds fe'ku dks iwjk
ugha dj lds gSaA lekt esa :f<+okfnrkvksa ds lk;s eas vlekurk,a] ckfydk 'kks"k.k ,oa
mRihM+u vkt Hkh viuk vfLrRo cuk, gq, gSaA
,sls 'kksè&dk;ks± ds Øe esa bl 'kksè&izcaè dk rsth ls ifjofrZr gks jgs
lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] jktuhfrd ifjos'k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa
dh ijaijkxr euksoSKkfud ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djuk gS] ftlls
;kstukdkjksa }kjk ikB~;Øe fuèkZfjr djrs le;] vuqlfw pr tkfr@tutkfr dh ckfydkvksa
ds HkkoukRed ,oa lkekftd ckèkvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tk ldsA lkFk gh] blls
izzFke ,oa f}rh; f'kf{kr ih<+h dh Nk=kkvksa esa lek;kstu lacaèh leL;kvksa dk xgurk
ls v/;;u djus esa enn fey ldsxhA bl 'kksè izcaè esa ukSoha] nloha] X;kjgoha ,oa
ckjgoha ¼ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed dFkk½ vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa
dks leL;k v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSA vHkh rd bl f'k{kk&Lrj dh fd'kksfj;ksa dh
lkekftd] euksoSKkfud ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u O;kid Lrj dk ugha gks
Ikk;k gSA ;g v/;;u muds }kjk fo|ky; chp esa gh NksM+ tkus dh leL;k dks lekIr
djus rFkk muesa f'k{kk dk izlkj djus esa lgk;d fl) gksxkA bldk ;g ykHk gksxk fd
os viuh izfrHkk] ;ksX;rk ,oa dk;Z{kerk ds vuqlkj vius fo"k;ksa dk p;u dj ldsaxh(
mPp f'k{kk izkIr dj ldsaxh èuksiktZu dh dyk&dkS'ky eas fuiq.krk gkfly dj
cjkcjh dk ,oa lEekuiw.kZ thou&;kiu djus esa liQy gks ldsaxhA lekt dh
izfrHkk&laiUu ckfydkvksa esa fojkteku izfrHkk ds fodkl ,oa laj{k.k esa rFkk fofHkUu
:f<+oknh ijaijkvksa] fo"kerkvksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa dks nwj djus esa ;g vè;;u lgk;d
fl) gksxkA
tc lekt esa ukfj;ksa dks mfpr ntkZ izkIr ugha gksrk] iq#"kksa }kjk mudk lEeku
ugha fd;k tkrk] mudks viuk fodkl djus ds leku volj iznku ugha fd;s tkrs]
mu ij :f<+okfnrk ij vkèkfjr fofHkUu izfrcaè yxk fn;s tkrs gSa] mudks iq#"kksa ls gj
izdkj ls ghu le>k tkrk gS] mudks cPps iSnk djus dk ;a=k ek=k eku fy;k tkrk gS]
vkSj f'k{kk ikus dh viuh #fp ds vuqlkj dyk] vkfn fo"k;ksa dk p;u djus ds]
x`gLFk&dk;ks± esa Hkh Lora=krkiwoZd fu.kZ; ysus ds] ?kj ls ckgj dksbZ O;olk; djus ds]
ewy vfèdkjksa ls Hkh oafpr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rc bl fLFkfr ls lcls vfèd nq"izHkko
mu ckfydkvksa ij iM+rk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa ukjh vkSj tuuh cuus okyh gSa vkSj ftu ij
izxfr'khy Hkkoh ih<+h vkSj LoLFk lekt ds fuekZ.k dk nkf;Ro lokZfèd gSA ;g
ifjisz{;
'kr&izfr'kr Bhd dgk x;k gS fd– ^^;fn vki ,d iq#"k dks f'kf{kr djrs gSa rks vki
dsoy ,d O;fDr dks f'kf{kr djrs gSa] fdUrq ;fn vki ,d ukjh dks f'kf{kr djrs gSa
rks vki ,d iwjs ifjokj dks f'kf{kr dj nsrs gSaA**
ftl lekt@ns'k esa nfyr vFkkZr vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr oxZ dh tula[;k
22-5 izfr'kr gks] ogka lekt rHkh fodflr dgk tk ldrk gS] tc bl oxZ ds lHkh
iq#"k vkSj ukjh Hkh lqf'kf{kr gksAa bl ifjiz{s ; esa vuqlfw pr tkfr@tutkfr dh ckfydkvksa
dh f'k{kk dk iz ' u cgq r gh egRoiw . kZ gks tkrk gS A ckfydkvks a es a Hkh
ek/;fed vkSj mPprj ek/;fed Lrj dh ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk] bl izdkj ls eq[;
iz'u fopkj.kh; fo"k; cu tkrk gS fd bl Lrj ij igqapdj ckfydkvksa dh izfrHkk
izLQqfVr gksus yxrh gS] muesa Lora=k fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk vk tkrh gS] os xaHkhj fo"k;ksa
ij fpUru djds fuf'pr fu"d"kZ fudkyus yxrh gSa] viuh #fp dk O;olk; pquus
dh buesa ;ksX;rk vk tkrh gSA
vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh vFkkZr 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls
fiNM+h ckfydkvksa dks ns'k dh eq[; èkjk esa ykus ds fy, mUgsa u dsoy f'kf{kr cfYd
lqf'kf{kr djuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj muesa f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj djus ds fy, muds ckjs
esa fd;s x;s 'kksèiw.kZ v/;;uksa ds fu"d"kks± dks gh vkèkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ek/
;fed Lrj dh ckfydkvksa ds ckjs esa ,sls v/;;uksa dh furkUr vko';drk gS ftuls
mudh fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa vkSj rRlacaèh fujkdj.kksa dk Kku gks vkSj ns'k ds
d.kZèkj jktusrk] f'k{kk uhfr fuèkZjd rFkk f'k{kd oxZ muls voxr gks tk;sa vkSj os
bl Lrj dh ckfydkvksa dh lHkh izdkj dh vko';drkvksa dks ns[krs gq, muds fy,
mfpr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dj ldsaA
blh lanHkZ esa eSaus izLrqr 'kksè v/;;u djus dk fu'p; fd;k gS] ftlesa eq[;
:i ls bu oxks± dh ekè;fed vkSj mPprj ekè;fed Lrj dh ckfydkvksa dh 'kSf{kd
vkSj euksoSKkfud leL;kvksa vkSj muds funkuksa ij v/;;u /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tk;sxkA
leL;k dFku
^^fnYyh fLFkr ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk laLFkkvksa eas
v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dh euksoSKkfud ,oa
'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u**
mijksDr 'kh"kZd ls Li"V gS fd bl 'kksè v/;;u dk mís'; fnYyh fLFkr ek/;fed

72 dqlqe ;nqyky
,oa mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh
Nk=kkvksa dh euksoSKkfud ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dh izd`fr ,oa Lo:i dks Kkr dj
muds laHkkfor fujkdj.k izLrqr djuk gSA
'kksè v/;;u essa iz;qDr dfri; IkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa ls vfHkizk; gS
leL;k esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k %
1- ^fnYyh fLFkr f'k{kk laLFkkvksa* ls vfHkizk; gS fnYyh jktèkuh {ks=k esa dk;Zjr
f'k{kk laLFkk,aA
2- êk/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed* ¼lSdsaMjh ,oa lhfu;j lSdsaMjh½ ls rkRi;Z gS–
d{kk ukSoha] nloha rFkk X;kjgoha&ckjgoha dk f'k{kk&LrjA
3- ^tkfr ,oa o.kZ* ls rkRi;Z gS og ekuo&lewg tks Hkkjrh; fgUnw lekt dh ijaijk
ds vuqlkj czkg~e.k] {kf=k;] oS'; vFkok 'kwnz oxZ ds varxZr vkrk gSA
4- ^lo.kZ tkfr;ksa* ls vfHkizk; gS ^Hkkjrh; fgUnw lekt dk ijaijkxr vkèkj pkj
o.kZ@tkfr;ka gSaA ftuds uke Øe'k% czkg~e.k] {kf=k;] oS'; vkSj 'kwnz gSaA izLrqr v/
;;u esa czkg~e.k] {kf=k; vkSj oS'; dks gh lo.kZ tkfr ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA
5- ^vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa* ls vfHkizk; gS ^Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk
le;≤ ij izdkf'kr dh xbZ vfèlwpukvksa esa lfEefyr dh xbZ tkfr;kaA
6- ^vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa* ls vfHkizk; gS ^Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj }kjk
le;≤ ij izdkf'kr dh xbZ vfèlwpukvksa esa mfYyf[kr tutkfr;kaA
7- ^Nk=kk vFkok Nk=kkvksa* ls rkRi;Z gS d{kk 9 vkSj 10 rFkk d{kk 11 vkSj 12 esa
v/;;ujr Nk=kk,aA
8- ^vfHkHkkod* ls rkRi;Z d{kk 9 vkSj 10 rFkk d{kk 11 vkSj 12 esa v/;;ujr
Nk=kkvksa ds ekrk&firk vkfn ls gSA
9- ^f'k{kd@v/;kid* ls rkRi;Z d{kk 9 vkSj 10 rFkk d{kk 11 vkSj 12 dks f'k{k.k
nsus okys f'k{kd vkSj v/;kid ls gSA
10- êuksoSKkfud leL;kvksa* ls rkRi;Z Nk=kkvksa dh ,slh ekufld leL;kvksa ls gS
tks f'k{kk xzg.k izfØ;k esa ckèd fl) gksrh gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa %
¼d½ Nk=kkvksa dh laosnukRed] HkkoukRed] lkekftd ,oa O;fDrxr leL;k,aA
¼[k½ Nk=kkvksa ds ?kj vkSj fo|ky; esa izfrdwy okrkoj.k gksus dh leL;kA
ifjisz{;
¼x½ lgikfB;ksa ds lkFk lek;kstu dh leL;kA

¼?k½ v/;kid ,oa lgikfB;ksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk vlg;ksxiw.kZ vkSj mis{kkiw.kZ
gksus dh leL;kA
¼M-½ fyaxHksntU; Hkkouk dh leL;kA
¼p½ ifjokj esa f'k{kk ds izfr udkjkRed joS;s dh leL;kA
¼N½ ladksph LoHkko gksus dh leL;kA
¼t½ vk;q ds vuq:i ekufld ifjiDork u gksus dh leL;kA
11- ^'kSf{kd leL;kvksa ls rkRi;Z* f'k{kk lacaèh O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa ls gS] tks
fuEufyf[kr gSa %
¼d½ dfri; fo"k;ksa dks Bhd izdkj ls le>us esa dfBukbZ dh leL;kA
¼[k½ Hkk"kk&ek/;e dh leL;kA
¼x½ okafNr v/;;u lkexzh ds vHkko dh leL;kA
¼?k½ f'k{k.k fofè ds vuqdwy u gksus dh leL;kA
¼M-½ mfpr ekxZ&n'kZu ds vHkko dh leL;kA
¼p½ viuh #fp ds fo"k; dk p;u dj ikus dh leL;kA
12- îzFke ih<+h* ls rkRi;Z Nk=kkvksa ds ml lewg ls gS ftuds ekrk&firk vf'kf{kr gSa
vFkok ftUgksaus dsoy d{kk ikap rd gh f'k{kk xzg.k dj j[kh gS vFkok os Nk=kk,a]
ftUgksaus izFke ckj gh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk xzg.k djus gsrq fo|ky; esa izos'k fd;k
gSA
13- ^f}rh; ih<+h* ls vfHkizk; mu Nk=kkvksa ls gS ftuds ekrk&firk vkfn us d{kk ikap
ls vfèd vkSipkfjd f'k{kk izkIr dj j[kh gSA
mís'; dFku
izLrqr 'kksè v/;;u ds fuEufyf[kr eq[; mís'; gSa %
1- fnYyh fLFkr ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa v/;;ujr
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dh 'kSf{kd ,oa euksoSKkfud leL;kvksa
dh izd`fr ,oa Lo:i dks Kkr djukA
2- bu Nk=kkvksa ds ?kj ds okrkoj.k ,oa fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k rFkk lgikfB;ksa vkSj
leo;Ldksa ds lkFk lek;kstu dh leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k djukA

74 dqlqe ;nqyky
3- izFke ih<+h dh ,oa f}rh; ih<+h dh Nk=kkvksa dh leL;kvksa dk rqyukRed

v/;;u djukA
4- Nk=kkvksa }kjk mtkxj dh xbZ leL;kvksa ds mi;qDr lekèku gsrq f'k{kk ;kstukdkjksa
vkfn dks lq>ko nsukA
xkS.k mís'; %
izLrqr 'kksè v/;;u ds xkS.k mís'; fuEufyf[kr gSa %
1- fnYyh fLFkr ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa v/;;ujr
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa ds fo|ky; NksM+us ,oa chp l=k esa gh
fo|ky; R;kxus ds dkj.kksa dk v/;;u djukA
2- bu Nk=kkvksa esa izFke Ih<+h ,oa f}rh; ih<+h dh Nk=kkvksa dh f'k{kk miyfCè esa
varj irk djukA
3- bu Nk=kkvksa ds izfr lgikfB;ksa dh vfHko`fr dk v/;;u djukA
4- bu Nk=kkvksa ds ekrk&firk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk f'k{kk ij iM+ jgs nq"izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA
5- bu Nk=kkvksa ds vf'kf{kr ekrk&firkvksa dk f'k{kk ij iM+ jgs izfrdwy izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA
6- bu Nk=kkvksa ds izfr f'k{kdksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u djukA
7- bu Nk=kkvksa }kjk izfrdwy Ikkfjokfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa fo|ky; ifjlj ds izfrdwy
okrkoj.k ds lkFk lkeatL; cSB ikus dh leL;k dk v/;;u djukA
v/;;u dk ifjlhekadu
izLrqr 'kksè&v/;;u dks le;&lhek vkSj lhfer miyCè lkèuksa ds ifjizs{; esa
v/;;ukèhu leL;kvksa ds Lo:i dks j[krs gq, fuEukafdr :i ls lhekafdr fd;k
x;k %
1- bl v/;;u dks ek=k fnYyh fLFkr ekè;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa
rd gh lhfer j[kk x;kA
2- bl v/;;u esa fnYyh ds dqN pqfuUnk ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa
esa v/;;ujr Nk=kkvksa] muds vfHkHkkodksa ,oa bu fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kdksa
dks gh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
ifjisz{;
3- Nk=kkvksa dh euksoSKkfud ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, eq[; :i

ls Mk- ds-ih-flUgk ,oa vkj-ih-flag }kjk rFkk KkusUnz ih-JhokLro }kjk rS;kj dh
xbZ ekudhd`r iz'ukofy;ksa dk mi;skx fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr rhu LofufeZr
lk{kkRdkj&iz'ukofy;ksa dk mi;ksx Øe'k% Nk=kkvksa] muds vfHkHkkodksa vkSj
muds f'k{kdksa ls rRlacaèh foLr`r tkudkjh ,d=k djus gsrq mi;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ
gSA
4- bl iz;kstukFkZ dsoy ,sls fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gS tks vuqlwfpr
tkfr&cgqy cfLr;ksa esa fLFkr gSaA
5- izLrqr 'kksè v/;;u eas vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% bu Ldwyksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dh la[;k
vfèd gS vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh ckfydkvksa dh la[;k ux.; gSA fnYyh
jktèkuh {ks=k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds tks ifjokj ;gka jg jgs gSa] os Hkkjr ds
tutkfr&cgqy izns'kksa ls vk, gSaA bl n`f"V ls izLrqr 'kksè vè;;u ds U;kn'kZ esa
vfèdka ' kr% vuq l w f pr tkfr dh ckfydk,a gh vk ikbZ gS a rFkkfi
v/;;ukèhu fo|ky;ksa esa tks vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kk,a v/;;ujr
gSa] mudks U;kn'kZ esa fcuk i`Fkd oxhZdj.k ds lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k gSA
lacafèr lkfgR;
bl fo"k; ls lacafèr lkfgR; dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS %
1- ek/;fed ,pa mPprj ek/;fed Lrj Ikj Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa ds f'kf{kr ih<+h
Øe ds lanHkZ esa gq, vuqHkfod 'kksè&v/;;u %
f'kf{kr ih<+hØe esa gq, vkuqHkkfod 'kksè&vè;;u %
Hkkjr ,oa fons'kksa esa f'kf{kr ih<+hØe vFkkZr izFke ,oa izFkeksÙkj f'kf{kr ih<+h ds
lanHkZ esa cgqr gh de v/;;u gq, gSa vkSj tks Hkh 'kksè v/;;u fd, x, gSa lhfer
izfrn'kZ rFkk lhfer pjksa rd gh lhfer j[ks x, gSaA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk f'kf{kr ih<+h ds lanHkZ esa ,d vU; v/;;u fd;k x;k tks fd
5 o"kZ ds d{kk 1 ls 5 esa v/;;ujr 60 cPpksa ¼30 cPps vf'kf{kr ekrk&firk ds rFkk
30 cPps f'kf{kr ekrk&firk½ ds izfrn'kZ ij vkèkfjr FkkA ;g v/;;u bl ifjdYiuk
ij vkèkfjr Fkk fd tks ekrk&firk f'k{kk ls oafpr gSa muds cPpksa dh miyfCè] uSfrd

76 dqlqe ;nqyky
leL;kvksa vkSj lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro ij foijhr izHkko Mkyrh gSA v/;;u ls izkIr
ifj.kkeksa ls mDr ifjdYiuk dh iqf"V gqbZA
efyd ¼1984½ us izFke ih<+h fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj] 'kSf{kd
miyfCè rFkk lek;kstu ds lacaè esa v/;;u fd;kA izLrqr v/;;u gsrq leku
lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ,oa cqf) ds 290 'kgjh ¼150 yM+ds o 140 yM+fd;ka½ rFkk
240 xzkeh.k ¼140 yM+ds o 100 yM+fd;ka½ dk izfrn'kZ fy;kA cqf) ds ekiu gsrq]
lek;kstu ds ekiu gsrq cSy lek;kstu ekiuh ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA 'kSf{kd
miyfCè ds fufeÙk gkbZ Ldwy ijh{kk ifj.kkeksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA v/;;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i
Ikk;k x;k fd izFke ih<+h fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa izFkeksÙkj ih<+h ds fo|kFkhZ Js"B
'kSf{kd miyfCè ds FksA
dksBkjh ¼1984½ us izFke ,oa f}rh; f'kf{kr ih<+h ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds uSfrd izR;;ksa ds
fodkl dk v/;;u fd;kA mDr v/;;u gsrq d{kk lkr esa v/;;ujr 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk izfrn'kZ fy;kA ifj.kkeksa ds fo'ys"k.kksijkUr Ikk;k x;k fd cPpksa ds uSfrd izR;;ksa
ds fodkl ij ekrk&firk dh f'k{kk dk lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA
2- lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds {ks=k esa gq, 'kksè v/;;u
lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds {ks=k esa d`r 'kksèksa ds lkj dh :ijs[kk dk izLrqrhdj.k mDr
{ks=kksa dh xgurk ds Li"Vhdj.k gsrq 'kksèkFkhZ ds fy, vfr egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd
lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj O;fDr dh laiUurk dk |ksrd gS] tks mldh ckSf)d ;ksX;rk
ds lkFk&lkFk izR;sd {ks=k esa mldh miyfCè dk Hkh ifjpk;d gSA foxr o"kks± esa
lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds vU; pjksa ds lkFk lacaè dks vUosf"kr fd;k x;kA
lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj rFkk cqf) ds {ks=k esa ekFkqj ¼1983½ o pksiM+k ¼1964½ us
i`Fkd&i`Fkd d`r v/;;uksa esa cqf) dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds lkFk èukRed :i
ls lglacafèr izkIr fd;kA ekFkqj ¼1963½ ds 'kksè esa mDr lacaè vfr mPp izkIr gqvk]
ftlds vkèkj ij 'kksèkFkhZ dk dFku gS fd mPp lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds fo|kFkhZ
rqyukRed :i ls mPp cqf)yfCè okys rFkk izfrHkk'kkyh gksrs gSaA
'kSf{kd miyfCè rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds lacaè esa v/;;u dk fo'kky
HkaMkj ;Fkk– f'koIik ¼1980½] gkse pkSèjh ¼1980½] v#.kk ¼1981½] jktiwr ¼1984½]
flag ¼1984½] iVsy ¼1986½] esgjks=kk ¼1986½] diwj ¼1987½] xqIrk ¼1987½ ,oa
vxzoky ruqtk ¼1998½ vkfn miyCè gSaA mDr leLr 'kksè ifj.kkeksa ds vuqlkj
ifjisz{;
'kSf{kd miyfCè rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ,d nwljs ls èukRed :i ls lacafèr

gh ugha gSa oju~ lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj 'kSf{kd miyfCè dk loksÙke iwoZdFkukRed
pj gSA
3- vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfCè ,oa
lek;kstu ds lanHkZ esa gq, vuqHkfod 'kksè v/;;u
fo'ks"k :i ls dqN v/;;u vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=kksa ds lkeus vkus okyh leL;kvksa
dks tkuus gsrq fd, x,A ;Fkk] vkfn'ks"kS;~;k ,oa jkekukFku ¼1979½ us rfeyukMq esa
'kksè v/;;u fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZ Lo:i ik;k fd–
1- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds lanHkZ esa izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{kk esas viO;; cgqr vfèd FkkA
2- vfèdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kFkhZ fuj{kj ifjokjksa ls vkrs Fks ¼67-22 izfr'kr½
rFkk budh vkfFkZd n'kk vR;ar fuEu Lrj dh FkhA
3- os fo|ky; esa py jgs ikB~;Øe dks le>us esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrs FksA
blds vfrfjDr fuEufyf[kr 'kksèdrkZvksa us Hkh bl fo"k; ij dk;Z fd;k
xkaxzsM ¼1974½] flag ¼1979½] flag] Ikk.Ms] nqcs ,oa vU; ¼1979½] fiEiys
¼1979½] fpVful ¼1979½] nqcs ¼1979½] okxs'ojh ¼1972½] 'kkg ,oa Bkdjs ¼1979½]
xks;y ¼1972½] flag ,oa nqcs ¼1979½] nslkbZ o ikuMksj ¼1979½] jFk ,oa feJk
¼1979½] vjksM+k ¼1991½] uk;j vkfn ¼1992½] ,fFkjkt ¼1993½] VaMu ¼1995½] nsosUnz
¼1995½] tSu vkSj HkVukxj ¼1997½] fo'oukFk ¼1979½] v;efiYybZ ¼1998½] iaM~;k
¼1998½] Jhèj ¼1999½] ca[ksM+s Jh ¼1999½] izks- uhjtk 'kqDyk ¼2000&01½
oLrqfLFkfr rks ;g gS fd ckfydk f'k{kk ds izfr eukso`fÙk dks izeq[k :i ls n'kkZus
okys v/;;u cgqr gh de gSaA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yM+dksa
dh f'k{kk ls lacafèr fofHkUu igyqvksa ij rks dbZ v/;;udrkZvksa us /;ku dsfUnzr
fd;k gS fdUrq vuqlwfpr tkfr dh ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ds lacaè esa v/;;uksa dk
vHkko gSA blh izdkj fofHkUu Lrjksa ij v/;;ujr vuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa vkSj xSj&vuqlfw pr
tkfr;ksa dh yM+fd;ksa ds lacaè eas rqyukRed v/;;u Hkh cgqr de gSaA
U;kn'kZ
izLrqr 'kksè dk U;kn'kZ fnYyh jktèkuh {ks=k ds pqfuUnk ek/;fed ,oa mPp ek/;fed
fo|ky; dh ckfydk,a FkhaA U;kn'kZ esa jktdh;@'kkldh; loksnZ ; fo|ky;] dsUnzh;

78 dqlqe ;nqyky
fo|ky;] 'kkldh; lgk;rk izkIr fo|ky;] futh fo|ky; dks lfEefyr fd;k gSA
'kksè v/;;u gsrq lkSí's ;iw.kZ U;kn'kZ dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA dqy 500 U;kn'khZ Nk=kk,a]
vfHkHkkodksa ,oa f'k{kdksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bldk fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gSA
lEiw.kZ U;kn'kZ lkj.kh
Ø- lafo|ky;@U;kn'kZ la[;k dqy
1 Nk=kk,a 500 500
2- vfHkHkkod 100 100
3- f'k{kd 100 100
4- dqy 700 700
izLrqr 'kksè gsrq U;kn'kZ ds :i esa dqy 500 Nk=kk,a] vfHkHkkodksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks
lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS tSlk fd mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gSA budh leL;kvksa ,oa
fopkjksa dks iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj }kjk izkIr djds ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
v/;;u dk vfHkdYi
izLrqr 'kksèdk;Z v/;;u ds mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj losZ{k.k&fofè }kjk fd;k x;k
vkSj lksís'; U;kn'kZ ds :i esa 500 Nk=kkvksa] 100 vfHkHkkodksa vkSj 100 f'k{kdksa dk
p;u fd;k x;k gSA muls lk{kkRdkj&iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls visf{kr tkudkjh ,d=k
dh xbZ gSA Nk=kkvksa ls izkIr iznÙkksa dk xq.kkRed ,oa la[;kRed nksuksa fofè;ksa ls
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA vfHkHkkodksa ,oa f'k{kdksa ls izkIr iznÙkksa dk xq.kkRed fo'ys"k.k
fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr v/;;u gsrq U;kn'kZ ds :i esa ftu fnYyh fLFkr ek/;fed ,oa mPprj
ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA os ikap izdkj ;s gSa %
1- 'kkldh; ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;] fnYyh
2- loksZn; ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;] fnYyh
3- 'kkldh; lgk;rk&izkIr ek/;fed ,oa mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;] fnYyh
4- dsUnzh; fo|ky; laxBu }kjk pyk;s tk jgs dsUnzh; fo|ky;] fnYyh
5- xSj&ljdkjh futh f'k{kk laLFkk,a] fnYyh
ifjisz{;
v/;;u midj.k
izLrqr 'kksè v/;;u esa fuEufyf[kr 'kksè midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS %
izLrqr 'kksè v/;;u ds fy, ¼miyCè ekudhd`r iz'ukoyh½ ,oa LofufeZr iz'ukoyh
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bu iz'ukofy;ksa dks fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kkvkas]
vfHkHkkodksa ,oa f'k{kdkas ds le{k izLrqr fd;k x;k rFkk muds mÙkjksa lfgr iz'ukoyh
¼iznÙk½ muls ,df=kr dh xbZA rRi'pkr lkaf[;dh; fofè;ksa dk iz;ksx dj mudk
ewY;kadu fd;k x;kA
1- ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dh 'kSf{kd ,oa euksoSKkfud leL;kvksa
dk v/;;u djukA** – leL;k dk v/;;u djus ds fy, MkW- ,-ds-ih-flUgk
,oa vkj-ih-flag }kjk fufeZr ¼'kSf{kd] lkekftd] HkkokRed] lek;kstu ij
vkèkfjr½ lek;kstu iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
2- ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd Lrj ekiuA**
blds fy, KkusUnz izlkn JhokLro }kjk fufeZr lkekftd] vkfFkZd Lrj ekiuh
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
3- vuqlfw pr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dh leL;kvksa dk xgjkbZ ls v/;;u djus
rFkk izFke ih<+h rFkk f}rh; ih<+h dh leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh ,d=k djus rFkk bu
leL;kvksa ds laHkkfor fujkdj.k <w<a us ds fy, lk{kkRdkj@iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;kA iznÙk fd;s x;s vkSj mudk xq.kkRed ,oa la[;kRed ewY;kadu fd;k x;kA
4- vfHkHkkodksa ds fy, iz'ukoyh@leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh ,d=k djus rFkk bu
leL;kvksa ds laHkkfor fujkdj.k <wa<us ds fy, LofufeZr lk{kkRdkj@iz'ukoyh dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k rFkk muds mÙkjksa lfgr iznÙk ,df=kr fd, x, vkSj mudk
xq.kkRed ewY;kadu fd;k x;kA
5- f'k{kdksa ds fy, iz'ukoyh
lk{kkRdkj&iz'ukoyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k rFkk muds mÙkjksa lfgr iznÙk ,df=kr
fd, x, vkSj mudk xq.kkRed ewY;akdu fd;k x;kA
ijh{k.kksa dk forj.k %
lkSgknZ lacaè LFkkiu rFkk ijh{k.k ¼iz'ukofy;ksa½ dk forj.k
ijh{k.kksa dk forj.k 'kksèkFkhZ }kjk fofHkUu pj.kksa esa fd;k x;k gSA izFke pj.k esa

80 dqlqe ;nqyky
Nk=kkvksa dks ekudhd`r ijh{k.k fn;s x;s rFkk ckn esa lk{kkRdkj fy;k x;kA f}rh;
pj.k esa 'kksèkFkhZ }kjk LofufeZr Nk=kk lk{kkRdkj iz'ukoyh dks fn;kA mlh Øe easa
vfHkHkkodksa ls feydj lk{kkRdkj iz'ukoyh dks iznku fd;k x;k vkSj var esa f'k{kdksa
ls feydj f'k{kdksa ds fy, 'kskèkFkhZ }kjk LofufeZr iz'ukoyh f'k{kdksa dks iznku fd;k
x;k vkSj iznÙk ,df=kr fd;s x;sA
iznÙkksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq lkaf[;dh; izfofè;ka
orZeku 'kksè v/;;u esa iznÙkksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq o.kkZukRed ,oa vuqekukRed lkaf[;dh;
izfofè;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k–
1- e/;eku %
fofHkUu lewgkas dk vkSlr Lrj of.kZr djus rFkk fofHkUu v/;;ujr dfri; pjksa
ds ifjizs{; esa izkIr forj.kksa dh ddqnÙkk ,oa fo"kerk ds ekiu gsrq dsUnzh; izo`fÙk
ds eki ds :i esa rFkk fofHkUu lewgksa dh rqyuk djus gsrq e/;eku eku dh x.kuk
dh xbZA
2- e/;kad %
izkIrkadksa ds forj.k dh izd`fr dk v/;;u djus gsrq rFkk ddqnÙkk o fo"kerk
ewY; dh x.kuk djus gsrq Hkh e/;kad Kkr fd;k x;kA
3- ekud&fopyu %
izkIrkadksa esa fopyu'khyrk dk v/;;u djus gsrq rFkk vU; x.kuk,a ;Fkk–
lg&lacaè xq.kkad o ekud =kqfV ds ekiu gsrq ekud fopyu Kkr fd;k x;kA
4- ikbZ fp=k %
fofHkUu Nk=kkvksa] f'k{kdksa] vfHkHkkodksa vkSj fo|ky;ksa ds izdkjksa ds fp=kksa dh
jpuk îkbZ fp=k* }kjk n'kkZ;h gSA
5- ih;lZu&lg&lacaè xq.kkad %
fofHkUu eukslkekftd xq.kkad dh x.kuk djus gsrq lg&lacaè xq.kkad ifjxf.kr
fd;k x;kA
6- fuèkZj.k xq.kkad %
vkfJr ?kj esa Lora=k pjksa }kjk mRiUu fopyu'khyrk ds v/;;u gsrq ifjxf.kr
fd;k x;kA
ifjisz{;
vuqekukRed lkaf[;dh; izfofè;ka

fofoè ijh{k.k gsrq vxzkafdr vuqekukRed lkaf[;dh; izfofè;ka gSa–
1- Vh&vuqikr
nks lewgksa esa fufgr varj dh lkFkZdrk ds ijh{k.k gsrq Vh&vuqikr dh x.kuk dh
xbZA
fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kkvksa ls 'kksèkFkhZ }kjk LofufeZr iz'ukofy;ksa ds
mÙkjksa ds :i esa izkIr iznÙkksa dk xq.kkRed fo'ys"k.k
Nk=kkvksa ls izkIr iznÙkksa ls eq[; leL;k,a fuEufyf[kr mHkj dj vk;h gSa %
90 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa us crk;k–
– ikfjokfjd foÙkh; ladV
– ifjokj dk cM+k vkdkj
– mi;qDr v/;;u LFky dk vHkko
70 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa us crk;k–
– vfHkHkkodksa dk f'kf{kr u gksuk rFkk mfpr ekxZn'kZu u feyuk
42 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa us fuEu leL;k dks crk;k–
– Hkk"kk] fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk izHkkoiw.kZ u gksuk
– xf.kr] vaxzsth vkSj foKku tSls dfBu fo"k;ksa esa detksj gksuk
35 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa u firk }kjk u'khys inkFkks± ds lsou dh leL;k dks crk;k
32 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa us Nk=ko`fÙk lacaèh leL;k dks crk;k
26 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa us f'k{kd ds mnklhu joS;s dh leL;k dks crk;k
24 izfr'kr Nk=kkvksa us lgikBh Nk=kkvksa dk O;ogkj mfpr u gksus dh leL;k dks
crk;kA
vfHkHkkodksa ls izkIr iznÙkksa dk fo'ys"k.k
1- 75 izfr'kr vfHkHkkodkas ds vuqlkj Nk=kkvksa dh Ikfjokfjd foÙkh; ladV dks ,d
eq[; leL;k crk;kA
2- blls v/;;u lkexzh dk vHkko – mi;qDr v/;;u LFkku esa vHkko dks leL;k
crk;kA

82 dqlqe ;nqyky
3- 68 izfr'kr vfHkHkkodksa us ifjokj esa vf'kf{kr gksus] mfpr ekxZn'kZu ds vHkko

rFkk mudh csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks crk;kA
4- 36 izfr'kr vfHkHkkodksa us Nk=kk dh Hkk"kk leL;k rFkk vfHkO;fDr dks nks"kh ik;k
rFkk blls Nk=kk ds fo"k; Kku esa vojksè gksrk gSA vkSj vaxzsth vkSj xf.kr dks
,d fo'ks"k leL;k crk;kA
5- 25 izfr'kr vfHkHkkodksa us Nk=kk ds firk ds u'khys inkFkks± ds lsou dks leL;k
crk;k vkSj bldk izHkko Nk=kk dh 'kSf{kd miyfCè ij lhèkk iM+uk crk;kA
f'k{kdksa ls izkIr iznÙkksa ls fuEu leL;k,a mHkj dj vkbZ gSa
1- 80 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa us Nk=kksa ds ikfjofjd Lrj] v/;;u dh mfpr O;oLFkk u
gksuk] rFkk vklikl ds mi;qDr okrkoj.k dh deh dks n'kkZ;kA
2- 70 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa us ekrk&firk dk vf'kf{kr gksuk] bldk dqizHkko cPps dh
f'k{kk ij lhèk iM+k gS] ,slk crk;kA
3- 40 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa us Nk=kksa dh Hkk"kk lacaèh] Nk=kksa dh vfHkO;fDr lacaèh
ladksph LoHkko dks crk;k] ftldk izHkko mudh f'k{kk] 'kSf{kd lek;kstu vkSj
f'k{kk miyfCè ij iM+rk gSA
4- 30 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa us Nk=kk ds firk dks u'khys inkFkksZa dk lsou djuk crk;k vkSj
mlds dqizHkoksa dks f'k{kk ij n'kkZ;kA
5- 20 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa us Nk=kk ds v/;;u esa #fp u ysus dh ckr dhA 15 izfr'kr
f'k{kdksa us Nk=kksa ds izfr dqN f'k{kdksa ds mnklhu joS;s dks crk;kA
ifj.kke
1- ek/;fed Lrj dh vis{kk mPpÙkj ek/;fed Lrj dh Nk=kk;sa HkkoukRed :i ls
vfèd lek;ksftr gSaA
2- vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kk,a 'kSf{kd :i ls vU; fo|ky; dh Nk=kkvksa dh
rqyuk esa vfèd lek;ksftr gSaA
3- mPp f'kf{kr vfHkHkkodksa dh Nk=kk,a@cPpksa ,oa vYif'kf{kr vfHkHkkodksa dh
Nk=kk,a nksuksa esa lkekftd lkeatL; esa fHkUurk gSA
4- mPp f'kf{kr ,oa vYif'kf{kr vfHkHkkodkas dh Nk=kkvksa@cPpksa esa rqyukRed :i
ls fHkUurk gSA vYif'kf{kr vkSj mPp f'kf{kr Nk=kkvksa ds 'kSf{kd lkeatL; esa
varj gSA
ifjisz{;
5- O;olk; ds vkèkj ij csjkstxkj ,oa iz'kkldh; vfèdkfj;ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ds

cPpksa@Nk=kkvksa esa lkekftd lek;kstu esa fHkUurk gSA
6- 'kSf{kd lek;kstu dqy lek;kstu eas izFke ih<+h rFkk izFkeksÙkj Ih<+h esa lkFkZd
fHkUurk gSA
7- fuEure vkenuh rFkk mPpre vkenuh okys O;fDr dh Nk=kkvksa ds lkekftd
rFkk dqy lek;kstu esa varj gSA
8- lekpkj i=k ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd tks yksx jkst v[kckj ysrs gSa] tks dHkh ugha
ysrs gSa muesa lek;kstu eas lkFkZd varj gSA
9- eSxthu rFkk if=kdk,a tks i<+rs gSa rFkk tks dHkh ugha i<+rs gSa] muds HkkoukRed
lek;kstu ,oa lkekftd lek;kstu esa lkFkZd fHkUurk gSA
10- bl izdkj lkekftd] vkfFkZd Lrj dk dqy lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj gSA
vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvksa dh leL;k,a ,oa 'kksèkFkhZ }kjk lq>k;s
x;s muds laHkkfor lekèku
'kksèkFkhZ us vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh U;kn'khZ Nk=kkvksa] muds vfHkHkkodksa vkSj
muds f'k{kdksa ls tks iznÙk izkIr gq,] mudk xaHkhjrkiwoZd v/;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k
gS vkSj og bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaph gS fd og eq[; :i ls bu Nk=kkvksa dh fuEufyf[kr
leL;k,a gSa %
1- vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh vfèdka'k Nk=kkvksa ds ekrk&firk vkSj vfHkHkkod
fuj{kj vFkok vf'kf{kr gSa] os ijaijkxr :f<+okfnrk ls xzLr gSaA os ckfydk&f'k{kk
ds i{k esa ugha gksrs gSaA
2- muds ekrk&firk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh lqn`<+ ugha gksrh gS vkSj os ckfydk dks
le; ij ikB~;&iqLrdsa] ys[ku&lkexzh vkSj onhZ ugha tqVk ikrs gSaA os ckfydkvksa
dks vU; [kpks± ds fy, Hkh iSls ugha ns ikrsA
3- bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa ds ekrk&firk viuh csfV;ksa dks ?kj ls nwjh ij fLFkr
fo|ky;ksa esa Hkstuk ugha pkgrs] os ;g Hkh ilan ugha djrs gSa fd mudh yM+fd;ksa
dk esy&tksy yM+dksa ds lkFk vfèd c<+sA
4- mudk ;g fopkj gksrk gS fd yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk mruh ykHkizn ugha gksrh] ftruk
fd yM+dksa dh gksrh gSA blfy, os yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ij vfèd [kpZ ugha
djrs gSaA

84 dqlqe ;nqyky
5- vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh ckfydkvksa dks ?kj esa v/;;u ds fy, vuqdy w

okrkoj.k ugha feyrk gS vkSj mUgsa dqlhZ&est vkSj i`Fkd dejs vkfn dh vfuok;Z
lqfoèk,a Hkh ugha fey Ikkrh gSaA
6- ekrk&firk ds vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k bu ckfydkvksa dk x`g&dk;Z iw.kZ ugha gks
ikrk gS vkSj ekrk&firk vkfFkZd raxh ds dkj.k ?kj ij V~;w'ku yxkus esa Hkh
vleFkZ gksrs gSaA
7- fo|ky; esa dqN v/;kfidk,a bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa dh mis{kk djrh gSa] ftlls ;s
Nk=kk,a grksRlkfgr gksrh gSa vkSj i<+us esa mudh #fp de gks tkrh gSA
8- bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa ds ifjokj izk;% xanh cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj ogka dk
okrkoj.k Bhd u gksus dh otg ls dbZ jksxksa ds f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA ifjokj esa
chekjh gksus ls ckfydk dh f'k{kk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s Nk=kk,a dqiks"k.k ls Hkh xzLr
gksrh gSaA
9- bl oxZ dh vfèdka'k Nk=kk,a v/;kidksa ls Li"Vhdj.k iwNus vFkok muds iz'uksa ds
mÙkj nsus esa ladksp djrh gSa D;ksfa d muds ifjokj dk 'kSf{kd Lrj fuEu gksrk gSA
10- bl oxZ dh dqN Nk=kkvksa us bl leL;k dh vksj Hkh ladsr fd;k gS fd muds firk
u'kk djrs gSa vkSj viuh fnuHkj dh etnwjh mlesa cjckn dj nsrs gSaA blls ?kj
dk okrkoj.k Hkh fcxM+rk gS vkSj ifjokj esa ruko Hkh c<+rk gSA
11- bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa ds lkFk lkaLd`frd dk;ZØeksa esa Hkwfedk nsus ds ekeys esa Hkh
HksnHkko cjrk tkrk gSA
12- bl oxZ dh dqN Nk=kkvksa us vaxzsth Hkk"kk] xf.kr vkSj foKku tSls dfBu fo"k;ksa
esa detksj gksus dh ckr Hkh Lohdkjh gS] ftlds dkj.k Nk=kk,a i<+kbZ ls th pqjkrh
gSaA
13- bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa us 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d ekxZn'kZu ds vHkko dh vksj Hkh
ladsr fd;k gSA
14- dqN fo|ky;ksa esa ewyHkwr lqfoèkvksa ds vHkko dh f'kdk;r Hkh bUgksaus dh gSA
15- bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa us fo|ky; eas rduhdh] O;kolkf;d vkSj daI;wVj tSls
ikB~;Øeksa ds u gksus dh Hkh f'kdk;r dh gSA
ifjisz{;
lekèku
vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh ckfydkvksa ds ekrk&firk dks ijaijkxr :f<+okfnrk ls
eqDr djus ds fy, mudks ckfydk vkSj ukjh egRo dh f'k{kk dk egRo le>k;k tk;s
vkSj blds fy, f'k{kdksa vkSj ekrk&firk dh cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh tk ldrh gSa vkSj bl
vk'k; ds ukVd vkfn dk;ZØe jsfM;ks vkSj Vsfyfotu ls izlkfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSa]
ftlls mudh :f<+okfnrk feV tk;sA
– bu oxks± ds ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd n'kk lqèkkjus ds fy, ljdkj dks ,slh ;kstuk,a
vkjaHk djuh pkfg,a] ftlls muds ijaijkxr is'kksa esa vkèqfudre lqèkj vk tk;s
vkSj mudh vk; Hkh c<+ tk;s vkSj muds is'kksa dk Lrj Hkh mPp gks tk;sA
– bu oxks± dh cgqrk;r okyh cfLr;ksa esa fo|ky; izkFkfedrk ds vkèkj ij
LFkkfir fd;s tk;saA
– bl oxZ ds iq#"k vkSj efgykvksa dks fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls ;g le>k;k
tk;s fd csVksa vkSj csfV;ksa ds chp HksnHkko ugha djuk pkfg,] ftlls yM+fd;ksa ds
eu esa lerk dh Hkkouk iSnk gks tk;s vkSj os vius dks iq#"kksa ds leku gh ;ksX;
vkSj leFkZ le>us yxsaA muesa ,slh Hkkouk iuius ij os yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ij
Hkh yM+dksa ds leku gh [kpZ dj ldsaxsA
– bl oxZ dh ckfydkvksa ds izfr f'k{kdksa dk joS;k vuqdwy cukus ds fy, mUgsa
lsok esa jgrs gq, gh izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls mudk joS;k bu ckfydkvksa
ds izfr lgtiw.kZ vkSj lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ gks tk;sA blls ckfydkvksa dk f'k{kk dk Lrj
mPp gksus esa enn feysxhA
– bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa dh dfBu fo"k;ksa vFkkZr vaxzsth Hkk"kk] xf.kr vkSj foKku dks
le>us dh leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy, fo|ky; esa vfrfjDr d{kkvksa dh
O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
– bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa ds LokLF; dh ns[kHkky ds fy, fo|ky; esa LokLF; dsUnz Hkh
gksus pkfg,A
– bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa dks lkSgknZiw.kZ <ax ls ;g le>k;k tkuk pkfg, fd os d{kk
esa vLi"V ckrksa dks le>us ds fy, f'k{kdksa ls iz'u iwNsa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds iz'uksa ds
mÙkj Hkh csf>>d gksdj nsaA blls bu ckfydkvksa dk 'kfeZykiu vkSj ladksphiu
nwj gks ldsxkA

86 dqlqe ;nqyky
– bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa dks fo|ky;ksa esa ikB~;srj vkSj lkaLd`frd dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx
ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr vkSj iq#"d`r fd;k tk,A
– bu oxks± dh cgqrk;r okyh cfLr;ksa esa u'kkcanh f'kfoj ckj&ckj yxk, tk,a]
ftlls bu yksxksa dh 'kjkc ihus dh vknr NwV tk;s vkSj muds ?kjksa dk okrkoj.k
lqèj tk;s vkSj ifjokj esa bl dkj.k ls gksusokyk ruko Hkh lekIr gks tk,A
– fo|ky;ksa esa bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa dks 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d ekxZn'kZu nsus ds
fy, ekxZn'kZu dsUnz vfuok;Z :i ls [kksys tkus pkfg, ftuls bu Nk=kkvksa dh
'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk Hkh lekèku gks ldsxk vkSj mUgsa Hkkoh O;olk; ds ckjs esa
Hkh ekxZn'kZu fey ldsxkA
– fo|ky;ksa eas jsfM;ks] Vsfyfotu vkSj ;fn gks lds rks daI;wVj vkSj baVjusV dh
lqfoèk Hkh miyCè djkbZ tk;s] ftlls buesa #fp j[kus okyh Nk=kk,a ykHkkfUor
gks ldsaA
– fo|ky;ksa esa f'kf{kdk,a iw.kZ la[;k esa gksuh pkfg,] ftlls ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk
lqpk# :i ls pyrh jgsA
– bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa ds ekrk&firk rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dks NksVs ifjokj dh egÙkk
le>kbZ tk;s vkSj mUgsa ifjokj fu;kstu dk ijke'kZ fn;k tk;sA
– bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa ds dqiks"k.k ds fuokj.k ds fy, bUgsa fo|ky; esa ikSf"Vd
vkgkj nsus dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
– bu Nk=kkvksa dks feyus okyh Nk=ko`fÙk dh jkf'k c<+kbZ tk;s D;ksafd bl le;
feyus okyh jkf'k i;kZIr ugha gksrh gSA
– vkoklh; fo|ky; vfèd la[;k esa [kksys tk,a ftlls bl oxZ dh Nk=kk,a muesa
izos'k ysdj HkyhHkkafr viuh f'k{kk iwjh dj ldsaA
– ljdkj ls feyus okyh fu%'kqYd ikB~;&iqLrd] ys[ku&lkexzh vkSj onhZ vkfn
dh lqfoèk,a Bhd le; ij bu rd igqap tkuh pfkg,A
– fo|ky; esa le`) iqLrdky;ksa dh Hkh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,] ftlls ckfydk,a
ogka tkdj v/;;u dj ldsaA
– lekt dY;k.k ea=kky; }kjk ,slh ;kstuk,a vkjaHk dh tk,a ftuds varxZr
vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh Nk=kkvkas dks mPp f'k{kk] rduhdh ,oa O;kolkf;d
izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr gks vkSj os viuk Kku c<+kus ds
fy, ns'k&fons'k dk Hkze.k Hkh dj ldsaA
ifjisz{;
– mPp vad izkIr djus okyh bl oxZ dh Nk=kkvksa dks iqj"d`r fd;k tk;s vkSj vU;
izksRlkgu fn;s tk;sa ftlls ckfydkvksa esa mÙke vad izkIr djus ds fy, muesa
ijLij izfrLièkZ gks vkSj os xaHkhjrkiwoZd v/;;u djsaA
lanHkZ
vEcsMdj] Mk- ckck lkgsc ds ^^cfg"d`r Hkkjr** ejkBh if=kdk esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa dk ^^vU;k;
dksbZ ijaijk ugha** 'kh"kZd ls vuqfnr laLdj.k ¼1998½] ';ksjkt flag }kjk vuwfnr]
ladfyr ,oa laikfnr] laxhrk izdk'ku] fnYyh&110032
vxzoky] ruqtk ¼1998½ % ^^fof'k"V lewgksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfCè ds eukslkekftd] laKkukRed
rFkk vlaKkukRed dkjd – ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u** ih&,p-Mh- 'kksè izcaè]
n;ky ckx ,tqds'kuy baLVhV~;wV] n;ky ckx] vkxjkA
peu yky ¼2001½ % ^^Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa nfyr ,oa L=kh**] lkjka'k izdk'ku] fnYyh&
gSnjkcknA
txthou jke ¼2001½ % ^^Hkkjr esa tkfrokn vkSj gfjtu leL;k** jktiky ifCyds'ku]
fnYyhA
eSF;w] ih-Mh- ¼2001½ % ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx**]
Hkkjrh; lkekftd laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh&110003
dnZe] t;izdk'k ¼1999½ % ^^tkfr ,d foe'kZ**] eqfge izdk'ku] gkiqM+] mÙkj izns'k&245101
ey] iwju ¼1999½ % ^^vLi`';rk ,oa nfyr psruk**] iksb,UVj ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] jktLFkkuA
uljhu] rlyhek ¼1998½ % ^^vkSjr ds gd esa**] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh&110002
Ýsjs] ikvksyks] vuqoknd tcjheYy ikj[k ¼1977½ % ^^mRihfM+rksa dk f'k{kk 'kkL=k**] xzaFk
f'kYih izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh&110002
tksf;l] ,e-vkj-] vuqoknd d`".k xksiky jLrksxh ¼1997½ % ^êkuo vfèdkj rFkk Hkkjrh;
ewY;**] jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh
jtk] eqful] vuqoknd lqtkrk jk; ¼1997½ % ^^f'k{kk dss fodkl ds lkekftd vk;ke**] xzaFk
f'kYih izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh&110002
ikyhoky] d`".k nÙk ¼1996½ % ^^MkW- vEcsMdj vkSj lekt O;oLFkk** fdrkc ?kj] ubZ
fnYyh&110002
es?koky] dqlqe ¼1994½ % ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh ds m)kjd MkW- ch-vkj-vEcsMdj**] jktLFkku nfyr
lkfgR; vdkneh] mn;iqj&313001
jkt] fd'kksj ¼1994½ % ^^L=kh ds fy, txg**] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh&110002
eSF;w] ih-Mh- ,oa cD'kh] ih-,e- ¼1993½ % ^êfgyk,a o lafoèku**] Hkkjrh; lkekftd
laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh

88 dqlqe ;nqyky
tkVo] Mh-vkj- ¼1990½ % ^^Mk- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj dk lekt&n'kZu**] lerk lkfgR; Hkou]
t;iqj ¼jkt-½
,EcsLV] ,u-ds- ¼2001½% ^^Vªkbcy ,tqds'ku % izkCye ,aM b';w** oSadVs'k izdk'k] fnYyh
,u-vkbZ-bZ- ih-,- ¼2001½% Qksdl lsd.Mjh ,tqds'ku % , fjiksVZ vkQ n us'kuy dkUÝsal vku
lsd.Mjh ,tqds'ku gSYM vku 14 Vw 16 Qjojh] 2001] ,V ubZ fnYyh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh ¼2001½% flDLFk losZ vkQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ] ubZ fnYyh
pVthZ] ,l-ds- ¼2000½% ,tqds'kuy MoyiesaV vkQ f'kM~;wy dkLV] ywfdax vgSM**] X;ku
ifCyf'kax gkml] U;w fnYyh&110002
uS;j] m'kk ¼2000½ ^^,tqds'kuy vkQ xyZ bu bafM;k] izksxszl ,aM izkWliSDV~l**] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-
Vh-] ubZ fnYyh
ekbdy] ,l-,e- ¼,M-½ ¼1999½% ^^nfyr bu ekWMuZ bafM;k % fotu ,aM oSY;wt**] lst
ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh
lsjokuh] vthe ¼1998½ % ^^n xyZ pkbYM bu ØkbLV**] bafM;u lks'ky baLVhV~;wV] ubZ fnYyh
vVy] ;ksxsl ¼1997½% ^îzkLiSfDVo vku ,tqds'ku n iqvj* vfHkuo ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh
?kks"k] th-ds-] ?kks"k 'kqDyk ¼1997½% ^^nfyr oweu**] ,-ih-,p- ifCyf'kax dkiksZjs'ku] ubZ
fnYyh&110002
txnUn] ih-th- ¼1995½% ^^nfyr oweu b';w ,aM ilZiSfDVo**] X;ku ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ
fnYyh&110002
dkcjk] yfyr ¼1991½% ^^f'kM~;wYM dkLV xyZ] ,tqds'kuy cSdoMZuS'k ,aM ilZiSfDVo**]
feÙky ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh&110059
f'kUgk] ,l- ¼1991½% ^îzkCyEl vkQ n xyZ pkbYM&le b';w % , fjiksVZ*] izksxzsflo ,tqds'kuy
gsjkYMZ] 23]236
izseh] dqlqe ds- ¼1989½% ^^f'kM~;wy dkLV~l ,aM f'kM~;wYM VªkbCl bu baMfLVª;y Vªsfuax baLVhV~;wVl(
, LVMh vkQ Qkbo LVsV~l** fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh
lqtkrk] ch-,u-( ;'kks/kjk ds- ¼1989½% ^^, deijsfVo LVMh vkQ le ,tqds'kuy osjh,cy
vkQ ,llh@,lVh LVwMVas l~ **] fMikVZeVas vkQ ,tqd's ku] eSljw ;qfuoflZVh ¼,ulhbZvkjVh
QkbusaLM½
'kksM] ,e- ¼1986½% ^^,tqds'ku ,aM eksfcfyVh ,eax gfjtUl**] cksgjk ifCy'kj] okjk.klh
fpVfu'k] lqek ¼1981½% ^^, ykax os Vw xks**] vykbM ifCy'klZ izk- fy-] ubZ fnYyh
vEcsMdj] ch-vkj- ¼1950½% ^^n jkbt ,aM Qky vkQ fgUnw oweu**] ifCyLM bu n egk cksèh
vkQ dydÙkkA
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
'kks/k fVIi.kh@laokn
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr f'k{kdksa dh

eukso`fÙk
;quql gqlSu* vkSj bj'kkn gqlSu*
lkjka'k
izLrqr 'kks/k i=k esa e/;kgu Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr f'k{kdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk
v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u gsrq 'kks/kdrkZ us losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;kA
U;kn'kZ p;u esa cgqpj.k ;kn`fPNdhdj.k izfrp;u fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
iznÙkksa ds ladyu gsrq LofufeZr ^ê/;ekg~u Hkkstu n`f"Vdks.k iz'ukoyh** dks 150
ds U;kn'kZ ij iz'kkflr fd;k x;kA v/;;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i Kkr gqvk fd 'kgjh
{ks=k ds v/;kidksa dk e/;ekg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k xzkeh.k {ks=k ds v/
;kidksa dh rqyuk esa vPNk ugha gSA bl fu"d"kZ ds ihNs ;g dkj.k gks ldrk gS
fd 'kgjh {ks=k ds xjhc cPpksa ,oa muds vfHkHkkodksa dks cky&Je ls izkIr vk;
dh rqyuk esa] fo|ky; esa Hkkstu feyus ds ckn Hkh fo|ky; vkd"kZd ugha yxrk
gSA ,d vU; fu"d"kZ esa Kkr gqvk fd efgyk f'k{kdksa dk iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh rqyuk
esa bl ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k vPNk ugha gSA bl ifj.kke ds ihNs dkj.k gks ldrk
gS fd efgyk f'k{kdksa ij iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh Hkkafr fo|ky; ,oa xzke fodkl dh
fofHkUu ;kstukvksa esa izfrHkkx djus ds vfrfjDr ifjokj ,oa cPpksa dh ns[k&Hkky
dk nkf;Ro gksrk gS] ftlls os bl ;kstuk ds izfr lfØ;rk iznf'kZr ugha djrh gSaA
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, lHkh f'k{kdksa dks pkfg,
fd os bl ;kstuk ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k fodflr dj bl ;kstuk esa bZekunkjh
ls lgHkkfxrk djsaA
* 670 ,tkt uxj] cjsyhA 243006
90 ;quql gqlSu vkSj bj'kkn gqlSu
izLrkouk
izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds cPpksa dks iks"kkgkj dh O;oLFkk djus vkSj f'k{kk ds izfr mUgsa
vkdf"kZr djus ds mís'; ls e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk 15 vxLr] 1995 ls Hkkjr
ljdkj rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds la;qDr iz;klksa ls pykbZ tk jgh gSA izkjaHk esa bl ;kstuk
esa izfr fo|kFkhZ 3 fdxzk xsgwa@pkoy izfrekg miyC/k djk;k tkrk Fkk] fdarq bl
[kk|ku dk iw.kZ ykHk fo|kFkhZ dks u izkIr gksdj ifjokj ds e/; caV tkrk Fkk] ftldk
muds LokLF; ,oa mifLFkfr ij visf{kr izHkko ugha iM+kA ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky;
}kjk fnukad 28-11-2001 dks fn, x;s funsZ'k ds vuqikyu esa 1-9-2004 ls 300
dSyksjh ÅtkZ ,oa 8 xzke izksVhu ;qDr idk&idk;k Hkkstu miyC/k djk;k tkus yxkA
;kstuk dh lQyrk dh vksj n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vDVwcj 2007 ls bls 'kSf{kd n`f"V
ls fiNM+s Cykdksa esa lapkfyr mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa rFkk vizSy 2008 ls 'ks"k
Cykdksa rFkk uxj {ks=kksa esa lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh ykxw dj fn;k x;kA
orZeku esa bl ;kstuk ds varxZr izkFkfed Lrj ij izfr Nk=k izfr fnol 100 xzke
[kk|ku] #i;s 2-69 ifjorZu ykxr ,oa mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij 150 xzke [kk|ku
,oa #i;s 4-03 ifjorZu ykxr miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds
cPpksa ds fy, de ls de 450 dSyksjh ÅtkZ vkSj 12 xzke izksVhu ,oa mPp izkFkfed
Lrj ij i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, 700 dSyksjh ÅtkZ ,oa 20 xzke izksVhu ;qDr
Hkkstu miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA
;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa ds ukekadu esa o`f)] Mªki vkmV esa deh]
Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa dks ikSf"Vd vkgkj feyuk] fucZy vk; oxZ ds cPpksa esa f'k{kk dks xzg.k
djus dh {kerk dks fodflr djuk rFkk lekt esa lkekftd LoHkko] ,drk ,oa
ijLij HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dks tkx`r djuk gSA vk/kqfud le; esa ns'k dks fodkl
ds lksiku p<+ iw.kZ fodflr cukus dk y{; rc rd izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk]
tc rd fd ns'k ds lHkh ukxfjd lk{kj ugha gks tkrsA bl rF; dk Kku lafo/kku
fuekZrkvksa dks Fkk] blfy, lafo/kku dh jpuk djrs le; mUgksaus jkT; ds
uhfr&funsZ'kd fl)karksa esa lcds fy, fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dks 'kkfey fd;k
vkSj Lora=krk izkfIr ds nl o"kks± ds Hkhrj 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks
fu%'kqYd f'k{kk iznku djus dk y{; j[kkA lafo/kku esa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxks±
ifjisz{;
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr f'k{kdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u 91
dh mUufr ds fy, Hkh izko/kku fd;s x;sA lu~ 2002 esa lafo/kku esa 86osa
la'kksèu }kjk 6&14 o"kZ rd ds ckydksa dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ^êwy vf/kdkj** cuk
fn;k x;kA
leL;k ls lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u
'kkg ¼2005½ ds vuqlkj Ldwy esa Nk=kksa dks Hkkstu nsus ds ihNs ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk
gS fd blls Ldwy esa cPpksa dh izos'k la[;k c<+rh gS vkSj mudh Ldwy esa mifLFkfr
esa Hkh lq/kkj vkrk gSA O;ogkj esa ;g ckr fdruh lgh gS] bls vHkh izekf.kr gksuk
gSA ysfdu bl laca/k esa tks vukSipkfjd rF; tqVk, x,s gSa] os mRlkgo/kZd gSaA ftu
{ks=kksa esa Ldwy esa e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk py jgh gS] ogka ds vf/kdka'k v/;kidksa
dh jk; esa blls Ldwy esa Nk=kksa dh mifLFkfr c<+h gSA fo|ky; esa fu;fer gkftjh
Nk=kksa dh mRizsj.kk ds lkFk bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS fd muds eka&cki mUgsa
Ldwy Hkstus dk fdl gn rd iz;kl djrs gSaA ftu Nk=kksa ds vanj Ldwy tkus dh
yyd ugha gksrh] muds eka&cki dks mUgsa le>k&cq>kdj Ldwy Hkstuk gksrk gSA vkSj
vusd vfHkHkkodksa esa blds fy, u vkLFkk gksrh gS] u le>A Ldwyh Hkkstu bl
leL;k dks gy djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA og Nk=kksa dks Ldwy vkus dh vksj vkdf"kZr
djrk gSA
izkRs lkgu ds rdZ ds vykok Ldwyh Hkkstu esa ^îkSf"Vdrk** rFkk ^^lekthdj.k**
ds eqn~ns Hkh 'kkfey gSaA ikSf"Vdrk okys rdZ dk eryc flQZ bruk gh ugha gS fd
Ldwy esa feyus okyk Hkkstu cPps ds LokLF; esa lq/kkj dj ldrk gSA blds lkFk
;g ckr Hkh tqM+ tkrh gS fd Hkw[ks cPps Bhd ls ugha i<+ ldrsA ,d IysV f[kpM+h
ds feyus ls Hkh d{kk esa cPpksa dh Hkw[k 'kkar gks ldrh gSA lekthdj.k dk Hkko
;k esytksy c<+kus dk eryc ;gh gS fd lkFk cSBdj Hkkstu djus ls oxZ vkSj tkfr
dh ck/kk,a VwVrh gSaA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd dqN xkaoksa esa mPp oxZ ds vfHkHkkod Ldwy
esa nksigj ds Hkkstu ;kstuk dh vkykspuk djus ds lkFk&lkFk mlesa ck/kk Mkyus dk
iz;kl Hkh djrs gSaA ;g rF; bl ckr dks izekf.kr djrk gS fd lkekftd fudVrk
dh ckr dksbZ lk/kkj.k eqn~nk ugha gSA
MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke 2005 dk vuqeku gS fd Hkkjr 2020 rd ,d
fodflr jk"Vª cuus dh izfØ;k esa gS] ijarq vHkh gekjs ns'k esa ,sls 30 djksM+ 50

yk[k yksx gSa] ftUgsa lk{kj cukus dh t:jr gSA fiNys 50 o"kks± ls izR;sd ljdkj
loZO;kih f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; y{; izkIr djus ds izfr dfVc) jgh gS vkSj f'k{kk ds
fy, yxkrkj ctVh; vkoaVu esa o`f) dh x;h gSA f'k{kk bl izdkj nh tk, fd
og yksxksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd okLrfodrk] vkSj ftUgsa nh tk jgh gks] mudh
le> ij Hkh iwjk /;ku nsA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkus ds fy, izsfjr djus ds vfrfjDr
f'k{kk iz.kkyh cPpksa dks ikSf"Vd vkgkj miyC/k djokus ds dkfcy Hkh gksuh pkfg,
vkSj cPpksa dks l`tu leFkZ cukus okyh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A lkFk gh f'k{kk iz.kkyh
dk mís';] pfj=k fuekZ.k] ekuoh; ewY;] izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls Kku c<+kuk vkSj
cPpksa esa fo'okl iSnk djuk gksuk pkfg, rkfd os Hkfo"; dk lkeuk dj ik,aA
frokjh ¼2006½ us fy[kk gS fd ns'k esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izlkj ds fy, fiNys
fnuksa ljdkj us vusd egRoiw.kZ dne mBk;s gSa] ftlls f'k{kk esa lq/kkj dh vk'kk
ca/kh gSA Ldwyksa esa QuhZpj vkSj enjlksa lfgr lHkh ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa nksigj
ds Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk djds ckydksa dks Ldwy dh rjQ vkdf"kZr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k gSA vHkh rd enjlksa ds cPps dks nksigj dk Hkkstu ugha fey jgk FkkA tcfd
ns[kk tk;s rks izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa i<+us okys cPps] pkgs mÙkj izns'k ljdkj ds
ifj"knh; fo|ky;ksa esa i<+ jgs gksa ;k fQj enjlksa esa] os ,d f'k{kkFkhZ gh gksrs gSaA
nsj ls gh lgh] ljdkj us vuqnkfur enjlksa ds cPpkssa dks nksigj dk Hkkstu nsus dh
O;oLFkk dj bu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds cPpksa dks Hkh f'k{kk ds izfr vkdf"kZr djus dk
iz;kl fd;k gSA ysfdu blds lkFk gh ,d loky tks nksigj ds Hkkstu dks ysdj
ges'kk mBrk jgrk gS og gS] e/;kâ Hkkstu ;kstuk ds Hkkstu dh xq.koÙkk dkA izns'k
esa vDlj ,slh ?kVuk,a gksrh jgrh gSa] ftlesa nksigj dk Hkkstu [kkdj cPps chekj
gks tkrs gSa] blds vykok Hkkstu esa dhM+s feyus vkSj vukt dh xq.koÙkk ij ges'kk
loky mBrs jgs gSaA blfy, ljdkj dks nksigj ds Hkkstu dh xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr
djuh pkfg,A
eqLdku ¼2006½ ds vqulkj] fiNys dqN le; esa ns'k ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij
izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa e/;kg~u Hkkstu esa xM+cM+h ds ekeys ftl rjg ,d ds ckn
,d lkeus vkrs tk jgs gSa] mlls lkQ gS fd bl egRokdka{kh ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u
lgh rjg ls ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA vusd fo|ky;ksa esa cPps e/;kg~u Hkkstu ds
ifjisz{;
rgr fn;s tkus okys [kkus dks [kkdj chekj gks x,A feM&Ms ehy esa folaxfr;ksa
dh dgkuh ds ihNs dsanz vkSj jkT; ljdkj dh dksbZ [kkl udkjkRed Hkwfedk ugha
gSA ljdkj us rks ;kstuk cukbZ vkSj ml ;kstuk ds csgrj fØ;kUou vkSj lqugjs
Hkfo"; dh dkeuk ds lkFk mls lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa ds gokys dj fn;kA feM&Ms ehy
esa folaxfr dh f[kpM+h rks mUgksaus idkbZ gS] ftuds Hkjksls ij bl ;kstuk dh lQyrk
visf{kr FkhA bl ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, rSukr ra=k us vius Hkz"Vkpkj ds pyrs
bl ;kstuk dk caVk/kkj djus esa dksbZ dksj&dlj ckdh ugha NksM+hA Hkz"V deZpkfj;ksa
dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa Hkz"Vkpkj dk gh cksyckyk jgrk gSA urhtk ;g gS fd iwjh dh
iwjh ^feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk* cl vkadM+ksa ds [ksy esa my>dj jg xbZ gSA
lacaf/kr lkfgR; ds losZ{k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ^ê/;kgu iks"kkgkj ;kstuk**
ij dqN dk;Z gqvk gSA frokjh ¼2006½ rFkk eqLdku ¼2006½ us vius v/;;uksa esa
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk esa O;kIr folaxfr;ksa dh vksj /;ku fn;k gSA buds vuqlkj
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk dk fØ;kUou Bhd <ax ls ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA 'kkg ¼2005½
us vius v/;;u esa Lohdkj fd;k gS fd e/;kgu Hkkstu ;kstuk ls fo|ky;ksa esa
Nk=kksa dh mifLFkfr c<+h gS] ijarq f'k{kdksa dk bl ;kstuk ds izfr D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS]
bldh ppkZ bu 'kks/k dk;ks± esa ugha dh xbZ gSA vr% e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr
f'k{kdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ij 'kks/k visf{kr gSA dqN 'kks/kdrkZvksa us Hkkstu dh xq.koÙkk
ds laca/k esa dk;Z fd;k gS rFkk dqN 'kks/kdrkZvksa dk dk;Z e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk
ds iz'kklfud i{k ls lacaf/kr gS] fdarq tgka rd 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk
losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gS] mlds vuqlkj e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr f'k{kdksa ds
n`f"Vdks.k ij dksbZ 'kks/k ugha gqvk gSA vr% 'kks/kdrkZ us bl fo"k; dks v/;;u gsrq
pquk gSA
v/;;u ds mís';
1- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh {ks=k ds f'k{kdksa esa e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k
dk v/;;u djukA
2- efgyk ,oa iq#"k f'k{kdksa esa e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk
v/;;u djukA

3- izkFkfed f'k{kdksa ,oa f'k{kk fe=kksa esa e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k
dk v/;;u djukA
U;kn'kZ dk p;u
izLrqr v/;;u dks iwjk djus ds fy, 'kks/kdrkZ us losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;kA
U;kn'kZ p;u esa cgqpj.k ;kn`fPNdhdj.k izfrp;u fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA izFke
pj.k esa cjsyh tuin ds rhu Cykd dk p;u xzkeh.k@'kgjh {ks=k dks mfpr
izfrfufèRo nsrs gq, ykVjh fof/k ls djus ds ckn f}rh; pj.k esa izR;sd Cykd ls
iUnzg fo|ky;ksa dk p;u flLVsesfVd fof/k ls fd;k x;kA fo|ky; p;u ds mijkar
p;fur fo|ky;ksa esa tkdj mifLFkr f'k{kdksa@f'k{kkfe=kksa ij LofufeZr ^ê/;kg~u
Hkkstu n`f"Vdks.k iz'ukoyh** dks iz'kkflr fd;k x;kA bl izdkj
v/;;u gsrq U;kn'kZ dk vkdkj 150 izkIr gqvkA
'kks/k midj.k
izLrqr e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk n`f"Vdks.k ekiu iz'ukoyh esa pkj i{kksa ls lacafèr dqy
36 iz'u gSaA izR;sd 'kSf{kd] iz'kklfud] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd i{k ls 9 iz'u fy;s
x;s gSaA iz'ukoyh esa 11 iz'u udkjkRed ,oa 25 iz'u ldkjkRed gSaA udkjkRed
iz'uksa ds fy, fodYi ûgha* dks ^1* vad rFkk fodYi ^gka* dks ^'kwU;* vad rFkk
ldkjkRed iz'uksa ds fy, fodYi ^gka* dks ^1* vad rFkk fodYi ûgha* dks ^'kwU;*
vad iznku fd;k x;k gSA
fo'ys"k.k ,oa fu"d"kZ
rkfydk 1
xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'k{kdksa dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds
izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;ekuksa dk varj
pj N M SD 'T'
xzkeh.k f'k{kd 78 25-85 4-56 3-19**
'kgjh f'k{kd 72 23-46 4-71
**-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd
ifjisz{;
mi;qDZ r rkfydk ls izkIr vkadM+kas ls Li"V gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh v/;kidksa

ds e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa e/;ekuksa esa 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij
lkFkZd varj gSA vr% v/;kidksa dk ifjos'k ¼xzkeh.k@'kgjh½ muds e/;kg~u Hkkstu
;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=k ds v/;kidksa dk e/;kg~u
Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk e/;eku ¼25-85½] 'kgjh {ks=k ds v/;kidksa ds e/
;kgu Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;eku ¼23-46½ ls vfèd gSA vr% Li"V
gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=k ds v/;kidksa dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k 'kgjh
{ks=k ds v/;kidksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk esa vPNk gSA
xzkeh.k {ks=k ds v/;kidksa dk bl ;kstuk ds izfr vPNk n`f"Vdks.k gksus dk dkj.k
laHkor% ;g gks ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa esa bl ;kstuk ds pyk;s tkus ds
QyLo:i Nk=kksa dh la[;k esa 'kgjh {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj
xzkeh.k {ks=k esa tgka Nk=kksa dks ?kj esa Hkkstu Hkh miyC/k ugha gks ikrk gS] ogha os
Nk=k vc bl ;kstuk ds varxZr mÙke iks"kd rRoksa ls ;qDr Hkkstu izkIr djus esa lQy
gks jgs gSa tks mUgsa dqiks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykus esa l{ke gS tcfd 'kgjh {ks=k ds xjhc
cPps cky etnwjh djus ds dkj.k fo|ky; esa Hkkstu feyus ds ckotwn Hkh fo|ky;
tkus esa #fp ugha fn[kkrs gSaA
rkfydk 2
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds
izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;ekuksa dk varj
pj N M SD 'T'
iq#"k f'k{kd 82 26-36 3-69 4-73
efgyk f'k{kd 68 22-91 5-01
mi;qZDr rkfydk ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd efgyk ,oa iq#"k

v/;kidksa ds e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;ekuksa esa 0-01 lkFkZdrk
Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA vr% v/;kidksa dk fyax ¼efgyk@iq#"k½muds e/;kg~u
Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA iq#"k v/;kidksa dk e/;kg~u
Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk e/;eku ¼26-36½] efgyk f'k{kdksa ds e/;kg~u

Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;eku ¼22-91½ ls vf/kd gSA vr% ;g Li"V
gksrk gS fd iq#"k f'k{kdksa dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k efgyk
f'k{kdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk esa vPNk gSA
efgyk f'k{kdksa dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh
rqyuk esa vPNk u gksus dk dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd mu ij iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh
Hkkafr fo|ky; ,oa xzke fodkl dh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa esa izfrHkkx djus ds vfrfjDr
ifjokj ,oa cPpksa dh ns[k&Hkky dk Hkh nkf;Ro gksrk gSA
rkfydk 3
f'k{kdksa ,oa f'k{kkfe=kksa dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr
n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;ekuksa dk varj
pj N M SD 'T'
f'k{kd 96 25-04 4-83 0-78
f'k{kkfe=k 54 24-44 4-32
mi;qZDr rkfydk ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kdksa ,oa f'k{kkfe=kksa ds

e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA blls Li"V
gksrk gS fd v/;kidksa dk in ;k Js.kh ¼f'k{kd@ f'k{kkfe=k½ muds e/;kg~u Hkkstu
;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gSA ;|fi f'k{kdksa dk e/;kg~u
Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk e/;eku ¼25-04½] f'k{kkfe=kksa ds e/;kg~u Hkkstu
;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ds e/;eku ¼24-44½ ls vf/kd gS] ijarq ;g dsoy
la;ksxo'k gh gSA
'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk ,oa lq>ko
izLrqr v/;;u dk ,d fu"d"kZ gS fd 'kgjh {ks=k ds f'k{kdksa dk e/;kgu Hkkstu
;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k xzkeh.k {ks=k ds f'k{kdksa dh rqyuk esa de gS] tks e/;kg~u
Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr 'kgjh f'k{kdksa dh ykijokgh dks bafxr djrk gSA 'kkg ¼2004½
us vius v/;;u ds }kjk ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd ftu Ldwyksa esa e/;kgu Hkkstu ;kstuk
lqpk# :i ls py jgh gS] mu Ldwyksa esa u flQZ Nk=kksa dh izos'k la[;k c<+rh gS]
ifjisz{;
cfYd Nk=kksa dh mifLFkfr esa Hkh lq/kkj vkrk gSA vr% ;fn bl ;kstuk ds dkj.k
Nk=kksa dh mifLFkfr c<+rh gS rks mudk vf/kxe Hkh /kukRed :i ls izHkkfor gksuk
pkfg,] ijarq ;fn 'kgjh {ks=k ds f'k{kd vfuPNk ls e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk esa
Hkkxhnkjh djsaxs rks ;g vfuPNk u flQZ f'k{kd ds f'k{k.k dk;Z dks udkjkRed :i
ls izHkkfor dj ldrh gS] cfYd bldk izHkko fo|ky;ksa esa ckydksa dh la[;k rFkk
mudh mifLFkfr ij Hkh iM+ ldrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i Nk=kksa dk vf/kxe mÙke izdkj
ls ugha gks ldsxkA vr% ,sls iz;kl visf{kr gSa] ftuls 'kgjh {ks=k ds f'k{kdksa dk
bl ;ks t uk ds iz f r mfpr n` f "Vdks . k fodflr gks rkfd os
e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk dks ek=k ,d ljdkjh dk;Z u le>dj] ;kstuk ds okLrfod
mís';ksa ls voxr gksdj] Nk=kksa dks mÙke vf/kxe iznku dj ldsaA
izLrqr 'kks/k i=k }kjk izkIr ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd efgyk f'k{kdksa
dk e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh rqyuk esa fuEu gSA
blds fofHkUu dkj.kksa esa ls ,d izkFkfed f'k{kdksa dk xSj 'kS{kf.kd dk;ks± esa lafyIr
jguk Hkh gSA flag ¼2005½ ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds
v/;kidksa dks ernkrk lwph] iYl iksfy;ks dk;ZØe] Qkbysfj;k dk;ZØe] fo|ky;
Hkou fuekZ.k] lk{kjrk vfHk;ku] e/;kg~u Hkkstu forj.k] tux.kuk] cky x.kuk]
ernkrk igpku i=k] pquko rFkk xkao ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu dk;ks± ds lkFk
fo|ky;h vfHkys[kksa dks rS;kj djus dk nkf;Ro lkSai fn;k tkrk gSA bu dk;ks± esa
cjrh x;h f'kfFkyrk mUgsa rRdky n.M dk Hkkxh cuk nsrh gSA efgyk f'k{kdksa ij
bu dk;ks± ds lkFk&lkFk vius ?kj] ifjokj rFkk cPpksa ds izfr ftEesnkfj;ksa dks
izkFkfedrk ds lkFk iw.kZ djus dk Hkh nkf;Ro gksrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mu ij
iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh rqyuk esa vfrfjDr dk;ZHkkj vk tkrk gSA laHkor% ;g vfrfjDr
dk;ZHkkj gh efgyk f'k{kdksa esa e/;kg~u Hkkstu tSlh ;kstukvksa ds izfr vfuPNk
mRiUu djrk gSA ;g vfuPNk muds f'k{k.k dk;Z dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor dj
ldrh gS ifj.kke Lo:i Nk=kksa dk vf/kxe Hkh udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor gks ldrk
gSA vr% efgyk f'k{kdksa ls mu ck/kkvksa dks tkudj] mUgsa nwj djus dk iz;kl vR;ar
vko';d gS] ftuds dkj.k efgyk f'k{kd e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk ds izfr vfuPNk
izdV djrh gSaA

lkjka'k :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk izkFkfed f'k{kk

dks lqn`<+ cukus ds fy, gh ykxw dh x;h gSA lHkh f'k{kd] pkgs os f'k{kd gksa ;k
f'k{kkfe=k] efgyk gks ;k iq#"k] xzkeh.k {ks=k ds gksa ;k 'kgjh {ks=k ds] bl ;kstuk esa
bZekunkjh iw.kZ lgHkkfxrk djsa] ftlls ;g ;kstuk vius okLrfod fu/kkZfjr y{;
dks izkIr dj ldsA vkSj izkFkfed f'k{kk dks lqn`<+ cuk;k tk ldsA
lanHkZ
vCnqy dyke] ,-ih-ts- ¼2005½% ^^lEeku ds fy, f'k{kk**] ;kstuk] flracj] i`- 5&6
frokjh] lq/kkdj ¼2006½ % ^^ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u**] tulÙkk] mUuko] 27 vizSy
eqLdku] vuqjkx ¼2006½ % ^^[kkfe;ksa ls Hkjh f[kpM+h**] nSfud tkxj.k] cjsyh] vDVwcj
'kkg] vuy ¼2005½] ^^dqN ubZ igy**] izksc losZ{k.k] i`- 99&100
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk O;fDrRo fodkl vkSj

O;kolkf;d ifjiDork
lfjrk dsljokuh* vkSj mek jkuh 'kekZ**
O;fDr ds }kjk mldh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds vk/kkj ij fd;s x;s lO;olk;

dk p;u uk dsoy mldh dq'kyrk esa o`f) djrk gS cfYd mls izQqYyrk Hkh iznku
djrk gS jkWl rFkk jkWl ¼1957½A ;s thou fuokZg dk lk/ku] euksoSKkfud rFkk
lkekftd igpku dk Lkzksr rFkk vkReiw.kZrk o vkRe mUu;u dk egRoiw.kZ
ek/;e ekuk x;k gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds O;olk;ksa esa lQyrk ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj
ds xq.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA gkWyS.M us vius O;kolkf;d p;u fl)kUr esa Li"V
fd;k fd O;olk; ds p;u esa O;fDrRo eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS rFkk O;fDr mlh
O;olk; dk p;u djrk gS tks fd mlds O;fDrRo ds vuq:i gksrk gSA Li"V gS O;fDr
viuh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds vk/kkj ij vius O;fDrRo dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
gh O;olk; dk gh p;u djrk gSA
mn~ns';
¼1½ Nk=kksa ds O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp lEcUèksa
dk v/;;u djukA
¼2½ Nk=kkvksa ds O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp
lEcUèksa dk v/;;u djukA
ifjdYiuk
¼1½ Nk=kksa ds fofHkUUk O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp
* 'kks/k Nk=kk] f'k{kk'kkL=k foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn
* jhMj f'k{kk'kkL=k foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn
100 lfjrk dsljokuh vkSj mek jkuh 'kekZ
dksbZ lkFkZd lglEcU/k ugha gSA

¼2½ Nk=kkvksa ds fofHkUu O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp
'kks/k izfof/k
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dh loZs{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gSA izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa bykgkckn uxj ds mÙkj izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk
lapkfyr 6 fo|ky;ksa ls d{kk&11 esa 320 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼160 Nk=k rFkk 160 Nk=kkvksa½
dks ;kn`fPNd fof/k ¼ykVjh fof/k½ }kjk 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA O;kolkf;d
ifjiDork ds ekiu gsrq ØkbV~l }kjk fufeZr o fueZyk xqIrk }kjk fgUnh vuqokfnr
dSfj;j esP;wfjVh bUosUVªh ¼1989½ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA O;fDrRo ds ekiu gsrq vkj-
ch- dSVsy }kjk fufeZr o Mk- ,l-Mh- diwj }kjk fgUnh vuqokfnr gkbZLdwy O;fDrRo
iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq xq.kuQy vk?kw.kZ
lglEcU/k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
fu"d"kZ
¼1½ Nk=kksa dh O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;fDrRo xq.k A, C, H rFkk Q3 ls lkFkZd
/kukRed rFkk J, rFkk O ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA O;kolkf;d
p;u n{krk esa vkRe ewY;kadu foek] O;fDrRo xq.k B, Q2 rFkk Q3 ls lkFkZd /kukRed
:i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA O;kolkf;d lwpuk foek] O;fDrRo xq.k H, ls lkFkZd
èukRed rFkk D, F, rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfUèr gSA y{;
p;u foek, O;fDrRo xq.k G rFkk H ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk E, I rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd
udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k foek] O;fDrRo xq.k D, E, J rFkk
O ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA leL;k lek/kku foek] O;fDrRo
xq.k B ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk O o Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr
gSA
¼2½ Nk=kkvksa dh O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;fDrRo xq.k B rFkk G ls lkFkZd
/kukRed rFkk F, J, O rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA
O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa] vkRe&ewY;kadu foek] O;fDrRo xq.k B, Q2, RkFkk Q3
ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA O;kolkf;d lwpuk foek] O;fDrRo xq.k
ifjisz{;
H ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk D, F rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfUèr

gSA y{; p;u foek] O;fDrRo xq.k G rFkk H ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls rFkk E,
I rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k foek]
O;fDrRo xq.k B ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk E, J o O ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls
lglEcfU/kr gSA leL;k lek/kku foek] O;fDrRo xq.k A o B ls lkFkZd /kukRed
rFkk O rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA
O;fDr ds }kjk mldh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds vk/kkj ij fd;s x;s lgh
O;olk; dk p;u uk dsoy mldh dq'kyrk esa o`f) djrk gS cfYd mls izQqYyrk
Hkh iznku djrk gS jkWl rFkk jkWl ¼1957½A lH;rk ds izkjEHk ls gh lHkh izdkj dh
ekufld fØ;kvksa dk eq[; fcUnq O;olk; dks ekuk x;k gSA ;s thou fuokZg dk
lkèu] euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd igpku dk Lkzksr rFkk vkReiw.kZrk o vkRe
mUu;u dk egRoiw.kZ ek/;e ekuk x;k gSA vk/kqfud lekt esa tgk¡ O;fDr ds le{k
vius xq.kksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa ds vu:i O;olk; ds p;u djus ds vusdksa volj gSa]
,slh fLFkfr esa fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dh xfr'khy izfØ;k dks le>uk vR;f/kd
egRoiw.kZ gS] ftlesa dh og foosdiw.kZ <ax ls p;u djrs gq, Lo;a ds fy, mi;qDr
O;olk; dk p;u djus esa l{ke gks ldsA ek/;fed Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ O;olk; ls
lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysrk gSA bl Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ ds }kjk fy;k x;k fu.kZ;
mlds iwjs thoudky dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ek/;fed Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dk;Z
lEcU/kh mfpr vfHko`fÙk iw.kZ :i ls fodflr ugha gks ikrh gS] Qyr% os Hkzfer o
vlqjf{kr eglwl djrs gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds O;olk;ksa esa lQyrk ds fy, fo'ks"k
izdkj ds xq.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA gkWyS.M us vius O;kolkf;d p;u fl)kUr
esa Li"V fd;k fd O;olk; ds p;u esa O;fDrRo eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS rFkk O;fDr
mlh O;olk; dk p;u djrk gS tks fd mlds O;fDrRo ds vuq:i gksrk gS A gkyS.M
us vf/kdka'k O;fDr;ksa dks N% Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS– okLrfod] ckSf)d]
lkekftd] ijEijkoknh] m|e'khy rFkk lkSUn;kZRedA blh izdkj okrkoj.k Hkh N%
izdkj dk gksrk gS–okLrfod] ckSf)d] lkekftd] ijEijkoknh] m|e'khy rFkk
lkSUn;kZRedA Li"V gS fd O;fDr vius O;fDrRo dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mlh izdkj
ds O;olk; rFkk okrkoj.k dh [kkst djrk gS] tgk¡ og viuh dq'kyrkvksa rFkk
;ksX;rkvksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx dj ldsA lkekU;r;k mHk;eq[kh O;fDrRo ds

fo|kFkhZ ,sls O;olk;ksa esa tkuk pkgrs gSa tgk¡ mudk lkekftd nk;jk fodflr gks
rFkk mUgsa fur u;s yksxksa ls vUrfdZz;k djus dk volj izkIr gks] tcfd 'kehZys rFkk
ladksph LoHkko okys O;fDr ,sls O;oLkk;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gSa tgk¡ mUgs dsoy]
,d LFkku ij cSBdj viuk dk;Z djuk gksA Li"V gS O;fDr viuh O;kolkf;d
ifjiDork ds vk/kkj ij vius O;fDrRo dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh O;olk; dk gh
p;u djrk gSA
pUn ,p- ¼1979½ us 'kks/k ds }kjk fu"d"kZ izkIr fd;k fd O;kolkf;d
ifjiDork rFkk O;fDrRo xq.k B, C, O, Q2 rFkk Q3 ds chp lkFkZd /kukRed
lglEcU/k gksrk gSA xqIrk fueZyk ¼1991½ us 'kks/k ds }kjk fu"d"kZ izkIr fd;k fd
O;kolkf;d ifjiDork rFkk O;fDrRo xq.k lkekftdrk rFkk lkgl ds chp lkFkZd
/kukRed lglEcU/k gksrk gSA okLrk oh- ¼2001½ us 'kks/k ds }kjk fu"d"kZ izkIr fd;k
fd O;fDrRo xq.k A, B, C, H rFkk Q2 O;kolkf;d ifjiDork dks izHkkfor djrs
gSaA dqekj ,l- ¼2000½ us 'kks/k ds }kjk fu"d"kZ izkIr fd;k fd O;fDrRo xq.k B, C,
E, H, rFkk Q3, O;kolkf;d ifjiDork dh foekvksa ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls
lglEcfU/kr gksrk gSA
Li"V gS fd izLrqr v/;;u ds }kjk ckyd ds O;fDrRo rFkk O;kolkf;d
ifjiDork ds ckjs esa Li"V tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsxh] Qyr% f'k{kd ckyd esa fufgr
xq.kksa o fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksdj mlds mfpr fodkl ds fy, iz;kljr gks ldsaxsA
ckyd esa fufgr fof'k"V xq.k tks fdlh fof'k"V O;olk; ds fy, mi;ksxh fl) gks
ldrs gSa] ds fodkl ds fy, f'k{kd] vfHkHkkod rFkk ijke'kZnkrk iz;kl dj ldsaxs
rFkk ckyd dks lacaf/kr dk;Z {ks=k esa O;olk; p;u ds fy, izsfjr dj ldsaxsA
mn~ns';
¼1½ Nk=kksa ds O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp lEcU/kksa dk
v/;;u djukA
¼2½ Nk=kkvksa ds O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp lEcU/kksa
dk v/;;u djukA
ifjdYiuk
¼1½ Nk=kksa ds fofHkUUk O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;olkf;d ifjiDork ds chp dksbZ
ifjisz{;
lkFkZd lglEcU/k ugha gSA

¼2½ Nk=kkvksa ds fofHkUu O;fDrRo xq.kksa o mudh O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp
rduhdh inksa dh ifjHkk"kk
O;kolk;d ifjiDork% ØkbV~l ¼1978½ ds vuqlkj O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ls
rkRi;Z mu {kerkvksa o n{krkvksa ls gS tks fd mfpr O;kolkf;d fu.kZ; ysus ds fy,
vko';d gksrh gS rFkk ftlesa ;kstuk cukus] lwpukvksa ds vUos"k.k] y{; ds p;u]
vkRe&ewY;kadu rFkk leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk 'kkfey gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr
blds vUrxZr O;kolkf;d fu.kZ; ysus lEcU/kh vfHko`fÙk dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k
gSA
O;fDrRo% fe'ksy ¼1981½ ds vuqlkj] ^Ô;fDrRo ls rkRi;Z O;fDr ds O;ogkj] ds
mu fof'k"V izfrekuksa ls gS] ftlesa fopkj vkSj laosx 'kkfey gksrs gS rFkk tks izR;sd
O;fDr ds thou dh ifjLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk gksus okys lek;kstu dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA**
'kks/k izfof/k
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dh loZs{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gSA
U;kn'kZ
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa bykgkckn uxj ds mÙkj izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk
lapkfyr 6 fo|ky;ksa ls d{kk&11 esa 320 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼160 Nk=k rFkk 160 Nk=kk,a½
dks ;kn`fPNd fof/k ¼ykVjh fof/k½ }kjk 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
iz;qDr midj.k
izLrqr v/;;u esa fuEu midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS–
¼1½ O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds ekiu gsrq ØkbV~l }kjk fufeZr o fueZyk xqIrk }kjk
fgUnh vuqokfnr dSfj;j esP;wfjVh bUosUVªh ¼1989½ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bl
midj.k ds eq[;r% nks Hkkx gSa–
¼1½ O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk ekiuh
¼2½ O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk ijh{k.k

O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk ijh{k.k esa ik¡p Hkkx gSa–

¼i½ vkRe&ewY;kadu
¼ii½ O;kolkf;d lwpuk
¼iii½ y{; dk p;u
¼iv½ ;kstuk fuekZ.k
¼v½ leL;k lek/kku
¼2½ O;fDrRo ds ekiu gsrq vkj- ch- dSVsy }kjk fufeZr o Mk- ,l-Mh- diwj }kjk
fgUnh vuqokfnr gkbZLdwy O;fDrRo iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;s
iz'ukoyh fuEu 14 f}/kqzoh; O;fDrRo xq.kksa dk ekiu djrh gS&
(A) xEHkhj eS=khiw.kZ
(B) de cqf)eku vf/kd cqf)eku
(C) laosxksa ls izHkkfor laosxkRed :i ls fLFkj
(D) vizn'kZukRed mÙkstu'khy
(E) vkKkdkjh vkØked
(F) lkSE; mRlkgh
(G) fu;eksa dh mis{kk djus okyk dRkZO;fu"B
(H) ladksph lkekftd
(I) fu"Bqj laosnu'khy
(J) lewgoknh lapsr O;fDrRo
(O) vkRefo'oklh lansgh
(Q2) lkekftd lewg vk/kkfjr vkRefuHkZj
(Q3) vfu;af=kr fu;af=kr
(Q4) rukoeqDr ruko;qDr
lkaf[;dh; fof/k
izLrqr v/;;u esa vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq xq.kuQy vk?kw.kZ lglEcU/k fofè dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
ifjisz{;
iznÙkksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospu

rkfydk&1
Nk=kksa ds O;fDrRo rFkk O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp lglEcU/k
lglEcU/k xq.kkad
O;fDrRo O;kolkf;d vkRe& O;kolkf;d y{; ;kstuk leL;k
xq.k p;u ewY;kadu lwpuk dk fuekZ.k lek/kku
vfHko`fÙk p;u
A .15* .05 .09 .11 –.06 .08
B .12 .14* .10 .09 .08 .26**
C .28** .09 .06 .10 .11 .08
D .12 .11 –.15* .09 –.33** .06
E –.11 –.10 –.12 –.24** –.13* –.10
F –.10 –.09 –.13* –.12 .11 .10
G .03 .08 .11 .13* .10 .06
H .31** .11 .26** .13* .10 .06
I –.09 .06 –.11 –.21** .10 –.07
J –.29** –.11 .03 –.12 –.19* –.11
O –.19** .08 –.09 –.11 –.14* –.13*
Q2 –.10 .23** .11 .12 .10 .09
Q3 .18** .13* .11 .10 .09 .10
Q4 –.10 –.11 –.19** –.18** –10 –.29**
*/** -05@-01 ij lkFkZd
rkfydk&1 ls Li"V gS fd Nk=kksa dh O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;fDrRo xq.k A,
C, H rFkk Q3 ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk J, rFkk O ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls
lglEcfU/kr gSA O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa vkRe ewY;kadu foek] O;fDrRo xq.k
B, Q2 rFkk Q3 ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA O;kolkf;d lwpuk foek]
O;fDrRo xq.k H, ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk D, F, rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i
ls lglEcfU/kr gSA y{; p;u foek, O;fDrRo xq.k G, rFkk H ls lkFkZd /kukRed
rFkk E, I rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k foek]
O;fDrRo xq.k D, E, J rFkk O ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA leL;k
lek/kku foek] O;fDrRo xq.k B ls lkFkZd /kukRed O rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed
:i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA

rkfydk&2
Nk=kkvksa ds O;fDrRo rFkk O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds chp lglEcU/k
lglEcU/k xq.kkad
O;fDrRo O;kolkf;d vkRe& O;kolkf;d y{; ;kstuk leL;k
xq.k p;u ewY;kadu lwpuk dk fuekZ.k lek/kku
vfHko`fÙk p;u
A .10 .11 .09 .11 .09 .14*
B .27** .20** .06 .07 .17* .19*
C –.16 –.12 .11 .10 .11 .12
D –.10 –.09 –.18** .12 –.10 .06
E –.11 –.04 –.11 –.31** –.17* –.11
F –.32** –.12 –.16* .06 .06 –.09
G .13* .06 –.11 .21** .11 .11
H .10 .07 .22** .24** .10 .10
I –.11 –.06 –.06 –.17* –.12 –.10
J –.18** –.11 –.12 –.11 –.32** –.06
O –.39** –.06 .05 –.06 –.30** –.17*
Q2 .11 .16* –.06 .03 –.07 .09
Q3 .11 .17* –.11 .10 .09 .10
Q4 –.35** –.06 –.13* –.26** –.06 –.23**
*/** -05@-01 ij lkFkZd
rkfydk&2 ls Li"V gS Nk=kkvksa dh O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk O;fDrRo xq.k B rFkk

G ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk F, J, O rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/
kr gSA O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa] vkRe&ewY;kadu foek] O;fDrRo xq.k B, Q2, RkFkk
Q3 ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA O;kolkf;d lwpuk foek] O;fDrRo
xq.k H ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk D, F rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls
lglEcfUèr gSA y{; p;u foek] O;fDrRo xq.k G rFkk H ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i
ls rFkk E, I rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k
foek] O;fDrRo xq.k B ls lkFkZd /kukRed rFkk E, J o O ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i
ls lglEcfU/kr gSA leL;k lek/kku foek] O;fDrRo xq.k A o B ls lkFkZd /kukRed
rFkk O rFkk Q4 ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA
ifjisz{;
foospuk&
O;fDÙko xq.k A–xEHkhj@eS=khiw.kZ] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;kolkf;d p;u
n{krk esa leL;k lek/kku foek ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA blls
Li"V gS fd os fo|kFkhZ tks lekt esa eS=khiw.kZ O;ogkj djrs gSa] lg;ksxh rFkk
fofHkUu fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysus okys gSa, muesa ldkjkRed O;kolkf;d p;u
vfHko`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk os izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls leL;k dk lek/kku djus esa l{ke
gksrs gSaA
O;fDÙko xq.k B–de cqf)eku@vf/kd cqf)eku] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk]
O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa vkRe&ewY;kadu] ;kstuk fuekZ.k rFkk leL;k lekèku
foek ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA blls Li"V gS fd os fo|kFkhZ
tks vf/kd cqf)eku gksrs gSa] muesa ldkjkRed O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk ikbZ
x;h rFkk muesa viuh {kerkvksa ds mfpr ewY;kadu] ;kstuk fuekZ.k o leL;k
lek/kku dh {kerk Hkh i;kZIr :i ls fodflr gks tkrh gSA
O;fDÙko xq.k C–laosxksa ls izHkkfor@laosxkRed :i ls fLFkj] O;kolkf;d p;u
vfHko`fÙk ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA Li"V gS ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks

laosxksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs] os muesa ldkjkRed O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk ikbZ x;hA
O;fDÙko xq.k D–vizn'kZukRed@mÙkstu'khy] O;kolkf;d ifjiDork dh fofHkUu
foekvksa tSls– O;kolkf;d lwpuk rFkk ;kstuk fuekZ.k foek ls lkFkZd udkjkRed
:i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks v/khj] tYnh fujk'k gksus
okys rFkk vf/kd mÙksftr gksus okys gkssrs gSa( muesa O;kolkf;d txr ds ckjs esa
leqfpr tkudkjh dk vkHkko gksrk gS rFkk leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus esa Hkh dq'ky
ugha gksrsA
O;fDÙko xq.k E– vkKkdkjh@n`<+] O;kolkf;d ifjiDork dh fofHkUu foekvksa
tSls& y{; dk p;u rFkk ;kstuk fuekZ.k foek ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls

lglEcfU/kr gSA blls Li"V gS fd– ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks vØked rFkk ftn~nh gksrs
gSa– os y{; dk p;u djus esa] y{; lEcU/kh ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k esa l{ke ugha
gksrsA
O;fDÙko xq.k F– lkSE;@mRlkgh] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk, O;kolkf;d p;u
n{krk dh O;kolkf;d lwpuk foek ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfUèr

gSA blls Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks vkjke ilUn] mnklhu o lqLr gksrs gSa] muesa
O;olk; ds lEcU/k esa ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gS RkFkk os
O;olk; ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks ,df=kr djus es fuEu gksrs gSaA
O;fDÙko xq.k G– fu;eksa dh mis{kk djus okys@drZO;fu"B] O;kolkf;d p;u
vfHko`fÙk] O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa y{; dk p;u foek ls lkFkZd
/kukRed :i ls lgLkEcfU/kr gSA blls Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks vuq'kkflr]
drZO;fu"B rFkk fu;eksa dks ekuus okys gSa] muesa ldkjkRed O;kolkf;d p;u
vfHko`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk os y{; dk p;u djus es csgrj gksrs gSaA
O;fDÙko xq.k H– ladksph@lkekftd] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;olkf;d
p;u n{krk esa] O;kolkf;d lwpuk rFkk y{; dk p;u foek ls lkFkZd /kukRed
:i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA blls Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks lkekftd] mRlkgh]
fØ;k'khy o fe=krkiw.kZ O;fDÙko okys gksrs gSa] muesa O;olk; lEcU/k esa
ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA fØ;k'khy o lkekftd gksus ds dkj.k os
O;olk; lEcU/kh lwpukvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus] y{; dk p;u djus esa
csgrj gksrs gSaA
O;fDÙko xq.k I– fUk"Bqj@laosnu'khy] O;kolkf;d ifjiDork dh y{; p;u foek
ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gS] ftlls Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ
tks cgqr vf/kd laosnu'khy rFkk laosxh gksrs gSa] os vius O;olk; lEcU/kh y{;
ds p;u esa fuEu ik;s tkrs gSaA
O;fDÙko xq.k J– lewgoknh@lpsr O;fDÙko] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk]
O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa ;kstuk fuekZ.k ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls
lglEcfU/kr gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks lewg ds vk/kkj ij gh
pyrs gSa] 'kadkyw o mnklhu gksrs gSaA muesa udkjkRed O;kolkf;d p;u
vfHko`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gS RkFkk os O;olk; lEcU/kh ;kstukvks ds fuekZ.k esa l{ke ugha
gksrsA
O;fDÙko xq.k O– vkRefo'oklh@lansgh] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;kolkf;d
p;u n{krk esa ;kstuk fuekZ.k foek ls lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr
gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks lansgh] fpfUÙk rFkk 'kadkyw gksrs gSaA
muesa udkjkRed O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk os O;olk;
lEcU/kh ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh dq'ky ugha gksrsA
ifjisz{;
O;fDÙko xq.k Q2& lkekftd lewg vk/kkfjr@vkRefuHkZj] O;kolkf;d ifjiDork

dh vkRe ewY;kadu foek ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gS] ftlls
Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks vkRefuHkZj gksrs gSa] os viuh {kerkvksa] xq.kksa rFkk
nks"kksa ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh j[krs gSa rFkk tkurs gSa fd os D;k dj ldrs gSa
RkFkk D;k ughaA
O;fDÙko xq.k Q3& vfu;af=kr@fu;af=kr] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk rFkk
O;kolkf;d p;u n{krk esa vkRe&ewY;kadu foek ls lkFkZd /kukRed :i ls

lglEcfU/kr gS] ftlls Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks fu;af=kr o vuq'kkflr gksrs
gSa] muesa ldkjkRed O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk viuh
{kerkvksa ds mfpr ewY;kadu esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
O;fDÙko xq.k Q4& rukoeqDr@ruko;qDr] O;kolkf;d p;u vfHko`fÙk] O;kolkf;d
p;u n{krk esa O;kolkf;d lwpuk ] y{; p;u rFkk leL;k lek/kku foek ls
lkFkZd udkjkRed :i ls lglEcfU/kr gSA blls Li"V gS fd ,sls fo|kFkhZ tks
fpfUÙk] ruko;qDr rFkk dqf.Br gksrs gSa] mues udkjkRed O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk
ikbZ tkrh gS] os O;kolkf;d lwpukvksa dh tkudkjh fuEu ek=kk esa ,d=k dj ikrs
gSa] rFkk O;olk; lEcU/kh y{; dk p;u rFkk leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa Hkh csgrj
ugha gksrs gSaA
vr% lkj :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDÙko xq.k A, B, C, G, H, Q2 rFkk
Q3 O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ls /kukRed :i ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSa tcfd O;fDÙko
xq.k D, E, F, I, J, O, rFkk Q4 O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds lkFk udkjkRed :i ls
lEcfU/kr gSA
v/;;u dk 'kSf{kd egRo ,oa lq>ko
izLrqr v/;;u ds }kjk ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDÙko rFkk O;kolkf;d
ifjiDork ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS] ftlls ;s Li"V gks ldsxk fd bl Lrj
ij muesa dkSu&dkSu ls O;fDÙko xq.k ik;s tkrs gSa rFkk muesa fdl Lrj dh O;kolkf;d
ifjiDork dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA bl v/;;u ds }kjk bl ckr dh tkudkjh gks
ldsxh fd os dkSu ls O;fDÙko xq.k gS tks O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds fodkl esa
lgk;d gSa rFkk dkSu ls O;fDÙko xq.k O;kolkf;d ifjiDork ds fodkl esa ck/kd
curs gSaA bl vk/kkj ij f'k{kd] vfHkHkkod rFkk ijke'kZnkrk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lgk;rk

iznku dj ldsaxsA bl vk/kkj ij f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksas dks fnu&izfrfnu gksus okyh

fofHkUu izdkj ds fØ;kvksa esa Lora=k fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldsaxs] ftlls muesa
O;olk; LkEcU/kh LorU=k fpUru ds dkS'ky dk fodkl gksxkA f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
Lo ds ckjs esa lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku djus ds fy, izsfjr djds mudks viuh
{kerkvksa o ;ksX;rkvksa ls ifjfpr djk ldsaxsA lekpkj i=kksa] i=k&if=kdkvksa dks i<+us
rFkk ijke'kZnkrkvksa ls ckrphr ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kd o vfHkHkkod, ckydksa dks
O;kolkf;d txr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldsaxsA
ijke'kZnkrk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj ds }kjk muds vfHko`fÙk] #fp;ksa ,oa dkS'kyksa dks
tkudj mUgsa y{; ds p;u esa lgk;rk iznku dj ldsaxsA blds vfrfjDr ijke'kZnkrk
mUgs fofHkUu izdkj ds dkS'kyksa ds fodkl ds }kjk O;olk; lEcU/kh ;kstukvksa ds
fuekZ.k rFkk O;olk; lEcU/kh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq Hkh Lk{ke cuk ldsaxsA bl
izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd izLrqr v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muds
O;fDÙko ds vk/kkj ij lgh O;olk; ds p;u rFkk ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij fu.kZ; ysus
dh izfØ;k esa lgk;rk iznku dh tk ldsxhA
lUnHkZ
ØkbV~l] ts-vks-] ¼1978½ % ^^F;ksjh ,.M fjlpZ gS.Mcqd QkWj n dSfj;j esP;wfjVh**, ¼lsds.M
,Mh'ku½, eksUVsjh] dSyhQksfuZ;k lh-Vh-ch-@eSdxzk fgy
dqekj] ,l- ¼2000½ % ^ôksds'kuy esP;wfjVh vkWQ 10$2 LVwMsUV~l vkWQ n ,dsMfed ,.M
oksds'kuy LVªhEl bu fjys'ku Vw n ilZukfyVh] ,phoesUV eksVhos'ku ,.M lksf'k;ks
bdksukfed LVsV~l**, ih&,p-Mh- ¼,twds'ku½ iatkc ;wfuoflZVh
xqIrk] fueZyk ¼1991½ % ^^dSfj;j esP;wfjVh vkWQ bf.M;u Ldwy LVwMsUV~l**, vuqiek
ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh
pUn ,p- ¼1979½ % ^^dksfjysVl ~ vkWQ oksd's kuy esP;wfjVh**] ih&,p-Mh- ¼,twd's ku½ ih-;w-
jkWl] MCY;w-,Q- ,.M jkWl] th- ¼1957½% cSdxzkmUM vkWQ oksds'kuy Pokbl % , LVMh,
ilksZusy ,.M xkbMsUl tuZy okY;we&35 ¼5½ 270&275
okLrk] oh- ¼2001½ % ^^lksf'k;ks lkbdksykWftdy fMQjsf'ka;y vkWQ oksds'kuy esP;wfjVh
foVohu ,MksyslsUV~l vkWQ ,dsMfed ,.M oksds'kuy LVªhEl**, ih&,p-Mh-
¼,twds'ku½ ih-;w-
lqiqj] Mh-bZ- ¼1957½ % ^^n lkbdksykWth vkWQ dSfj;j**, U;w;kdZ gkiZj
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj iwoZ izkFkfed

f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
jktdqekjh dkyjk * vkSj jsuw **
lkjka'k
f'k{kk izkIr djds O;fDr vd Lokcyach ,oa xq.koku lkekftd ukxfjd cudj
jk"Vªh; izxfr esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA orZeku le; esa f'k{kk dh izFke lh<+h ds
:i esa iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dks egRo izkIr gS D;ksafd iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ij ckyd
fo|ky; tkus ds fy, rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSa] ftlls izkjafHkd Lrj ij gksus okys
viO;; o vojks/ku dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds fo"k; esa
vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk f'k{kk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i=k dk mn~ns';
vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
dk v/;;u djuk gSA v/;;u esa U;kn'kZ ds :i esa vkxjk 'kgj ds n;kyckx {ks=k
ds iwoZ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa i<+us okys 100 ckydksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dks fy;k x;kA
v/;;u midj.k ds :i esa ih-,l-oSadVlu }kjk fufeZr iSjsaVy ,VhV~;wM VwokM~Zl
izh&Ldwy ,twds'ku ¼2002½ fcanq ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA iznÙk fo'ys"k.k ds
ifj.kke Lo:i ik;k x;k fd iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vf/kdka'k vfHkHkkodksa us
ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk izdV dhA vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj rqyukRed v/;;u
djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vfHkHkkod iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vko';drk
dks le>rs gSa vkSj vius ckydksa dks bl Lrj dh f'k{kk miyC/k djkuk pkgrs gSaA
f'k{kk dk izHkko gesa vius pkjksa vksj Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vkfn dky
* jhMj] f'k{kk ladk;] n;kyckx ,twds'kuy bULVhV;wM
** ,e-fQy-fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kk ladk;] n;kyckx ,twds'kuy bULVhV;wM
112 jktdqekjh dkyjk vkSj jsuw
ls gh euq"; tks dqN lh[krk vkSj xzg.k djrk pyk vk jgk gS] og f'k{kk gh gSA
f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDr ds fopkj rFkk O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ,oa ifjo)Zu gksrk gS] mlls
O;fDr rFkk lekt dks ykHk gksrk gSA f'k{kk ds le; vHkko esa ekuo lekt dh lkjh
izxfr #d ldrh gSA tUe ds le; ,d vlgk; vkSj nhu ckyd /khjs&/khjs f'k{kk
ds izHkko ls gh ,d leqUur lkekftd izk.kh cu ldrk gSA
'kS'kokoLFkk dk ckyd ds thou esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA euksoSKkfudksa ds
vuqlkj bl voLFkk esa ckyd dk fodkl rhoz xfr ls gksrk gSA tUe ds le; cPpk
dksjh LysV ds leku gksrk gS] bl ij tks vafdr fd;k tkrk gS ckyd oSlk gh cu
tkrk gSA ;g vo;Ld tho f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh o;Ld lkekftd tho esa ifjf.kr
gksrk gSA gekjs ns'k dk Hkfo"; bUgha uUgsa cPpksa ds gkFkksa esa gSA ;s uUgsa cPps gh Hkfo";
ds fy, jk"Vªh; [ktkuk gSaA cPpksa dks jk"Vª dk Hkfo"; ekurs gq, gh jk"Vª dk dÙkZO;
gS fd cPpksa ds fodkl gsrq 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k miyC/k djk;sA
vuqla/kkuksa us ;g Li"V dj fn;k gS fd cPps ds 'kkjhfjd] HkkokRed rFkk
ckSf)d fodkl dh n`f"V ls mlds izkjafHkd 10 o"kZ lokZf/kd egRo ds gSaA jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ us Hkh cPpksa ls lacaf/kr bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd cPpksa
ds fodkl ij i;kZIr fofu;ksx fd;k tk;sA
Qksft;k] dkfnj ,oa lkfjdk ¼2009½ us iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk dsanzksa dh f'k{kk
ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u dk mn~ns';
iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk dsanzksa esa f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u
djuk FkkA v/;;u esa 200 vfHkHkkodksa dk p;u fd;k x;k] ftlesa 100 ekrk,a
rFkk 100 firk Fks] ftuds ckyd 3&6 o"kZ ds ckyd FksA bu ckydksa esas vk/ks
vkaxuckM+h tkus okys cPpksa ds vfHkHkkod rFkk vk/ks iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa
tkus okys ckydksa ds vfHkHkkod FksA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo:i ik;k x;k fd
ekrk rFkk firk nksuksa dk leku er ;g Fkk fd iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk dsanz izkFkfed
f'k{kk dh rS;kjh djkrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa igys iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk tSlh dksbZ vo/kkj.kk ugha FkhA ;g ik'pkR;
izR;; gSA blds tUenkrk ÝkWcSy dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa iwoZ&izkFkfed
f'k{kk dk lw=kikr djus vkSj f'k'kq fo|ky;ksa dks yksdfiz; cukus dk Js; bZlkbZ
ifjisz{;
'kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk 113
fe'kufj;ksa dks gS] fdarq orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa LFkku&LFkku ij iwoZ&izkFkfed
fo|ky; [kksys tk jgs gSa] ftlls Li"V gS fd iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk dk egRo gekjs
ns'k esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxk gSA ljdkj }kjk ,oa xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa o futh
rkSj ij Hkh iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys tkus yxs gSaA iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky; [kqy
tkus ek=k ls gh mís';ksa dh izkfIr ugha dh tk ldrhA cPpksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dh
vfHko`fÙk ij gh iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk dh lQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA vfHkHkkod vius
ckydksa dks fo|ky; Hkstsaxs] rHkh os f'k{kk izkIr dj ldsaxsA iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds
izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk tkuus gsrq ;g 'kks/k i=k fy[kk x;k gSA
;g loZfofnr lR; gS fd f'k{kk fdlh Hkh O;fDr] lekt ,oa jk"Vª ds fodkl
dh /kqjh gksrh gSA vf'kf{kr ukxfjdksa ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª fodflr ns'kksa dh drkj
esa [kMs+ gksus dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dh leL;k vkt
Hkh ToyUr :i esa fo|eku gSA 1950 esa lafo/kku fuekZ.k ds le; ?kks"k.kk dh x;h
Fkh fd /kkjk 45 esa mfYyf[kr 6&14 o"kZ rd ds ckydksa dh fu%'kqYd o vfuok;Z
f'k{kk ds y{; dks 10 o"kks± ds vanj gh izkIr dj fy;k tk;sxkA fdarq fLFkfr ;g gS
fd bl y{; dh izkfIr vkt rd ugha gks ldh gSA bl y{; ds iw.kZ u gksus dk
,d dkj.k d{kk ,d o nks esa gksus okyk viO;; o vojks/ku Hkh gks ldrk gS] ftls
jksdus ds fy, iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk dk izR;; lkeus vk;kA Hkkjr esa izR;sd LFkku
ij fo'ks"k :i ls 'kgjh {ks=k esa ulZjh Ldwyksa dh vko';drk fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh
tk jgh gSA f'k{kk dh bl vko';drk dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, cgqr cM+h ek=kk esas
iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky; [kqy jgs gSaA
oSls rks ifjokj ckyd dh izFke ikB'kkyk dgykrk gS] fdarq ckyd dks
vkSipkfjd ,oa fof/kor~ f'k{kk izkIr djus gsrq fo|ky; gh tkuk iM+rk gSA
iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa 3&6 vk;q oxZ ds ckyd f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gSa] ysfdu
mUgsa fo|ky; Hkstus dk nkf;Ro muds vfHkHkkodksa dk gksrk gSA iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj
ij ckyd vius&vki fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrk] mlds Hkfo"; ds fo"k; esa muds
vfHkHkkod gh lksprs gSaA muds fy, D;k lgh gS] D;k xyr] bldk fu.kZ;
vfHkHkkod gh djrs gSaA vr% iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
dks tkuus ds fy, ;g 'kks/k v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u ds mís';
1- iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u djukA
2- iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk
rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
3- iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk
rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
v/;;u dk lhekadu
v/;;u esa dsoy vkxjk 'kgj ds n;kyckx {ks=k ds iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa i<+us
okys ckydksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dks gh fy;k x;k gSA
v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk
1- iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk esa dksbZ
lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tk,xkA
2- iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk esa
dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k tk,xkA
'kks/k v/;;u fof/k
v/;;u esa o.kZukRed losZ{k.k 'kks/k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
v/;;u midj.k
v/;;u midj.k ds :i esa ih-,l- oSdaVslu }kjk fufeZr îSjsUVy ,VhP;wV Ldsy
VwokMZ~l izh izkbejh* ¼2002½ ,tqds'ku fcanq ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
v/;;u gsrq U;kn'kZ p;u
v/;;u esa dsoy vkxjk 'kgj ds n;kyckx {ks=k ds iwoZ&izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa i<+us
okys 100 ckydksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dks mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lksn~ns'; fofè
}kjk p;fur fd;k x;k gSA vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
dk v/;;u djus gsrq vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd Lrj dk foHkktu rhu&rhu oxks± esa fd;k
gSA vkfFkZd Lrj dk oxhZdj.k mPp] vkSlr ,oa fuEu vkfFkZd Lrj esa prqFkk±'k
ifjisz{;
fopyu ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA 'kSf{kd Lrj dk foHkktu Hkh rhu Lrjksa ijkLukrd]
Lukrd ,oa vUr%Lukrd esa djds v/;;u fd;k x;kA
v/;;u esa iz;qDr lkaf[;dh; izfof/k;k¡
v/;;u ds ifj.kkeksa dks O;kogkfjd :i esa lkFkZd n`f"V ls izkIr djus gsrq
fuEu lkaf[;dh; dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
1- izfr'kr
2- dkbZ oxZ
ifj.kke ,oa O;k[;k
midYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k gsrq dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ftlls
iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk 'kSf{kd o vkfFkZd
Lrjkuqlkj v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA
1- iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k[kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u
izLrqr mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk ds fy, izfr'kr
dh x.kuk dh x;hA
rkfydk–1
iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk v/;;u
vfHko`fÙk la[;k izfr'kr
ldkjkRed 56 56 izfr'kr
udkjkRed 44 44 izfr'kr
;ksx 100 100 izfr'kr
rkfydk&1 dk vkykspukRed n`f"V ls voyksdu djus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd

iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k[kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk ldkjkRed o udkjkRed
n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA 100 esa ls 56 ckydksa ds vfHkHkkodksa us iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dh
vko';drk ij ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk n'kkZ;h rFkk 44 us udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk
fn[kk;hA

2- iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk

dk rqyukRed v/;;u
iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk
rqyukRed v/;;u djus gsrq dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA mijksDr
mís'; dh iwfrZ gsrq 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dks rkfydk esa
izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
rkfydk&2
iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
dk rqyukRed v/;;u
vfHko`fÙk ijkLukrd Lukrd vUr%Lukrd ;ksx
ldkjkRed 26 ¼23-52½ 21 ¼18-48½ 9 ¼14½ 56
ukdkjkRed 16 ¼18-48½ 12 ¼14-52½ 16 ¼11½ 44
;ksx 42 33 25 100
X2=5.42 -05 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh

'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHko`fÙk dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus gsrq 'kSf{kd Lrj dks rhu
Lrjksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA ijkLukrd] Lukrd] vUr%LukrdA ijkLukrd vfHkHkkodksa dh
la[;k lokZf/kd 42 gSA Lukrd vfHkHkkodksa dh la[;k ijkLukrd ls de vFkkZr~
33 gS rFkk vUr%Lukrd dh la[;k lcls de gSA ijkLukrd vfHkHkkodksa dh
ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk la[;k esa lokZf/kd 26 gSA vUr% Lukrd vfHkHkkodksa dh
ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk la[;k esa lcls de 9 gS] ftlls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kd
i<+s&fy[ks vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vko';drk ds izfr
vf/kd ldkjkRed gSA os f'k{kk ds egRo dks Hkyh&izdkj ls le>rs vkSj egRo
nsrs gSaA 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk dkbZ oxZ dh x.kuk djus
ij dkbZ oxZ dk eku 5-42 izkIr gqvk tks Lora=krk ds va'k 2 ij -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj
ij rkfydk eku ls de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohdkj dh tkrh gS vkSj dgk
ifjisz{;
tk ldrk gS fd 'kSf{kd Lrjkuqlkj iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh

vfHko`fÙk esa -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA
3- iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
dk rqyukRed v/;;u
iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dk
rqyukRed v/;;u djus gsrq dkbZ&oxZ ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA mijksDr
mís'; dh iwfrZ gsrq vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dks fuEu rkfydk esa izLrqr fd;k x;k
gS&
rkfydk&3
iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk
dk rqyukRed v/;;u
vfHko`fÙk mPp vkfFkZd vkSlr vkfFkZd fuEu vkfFkZd ;ksx

Lrj Lrj Lrj
ldkjkRed 17 ¼13-44½ 28 ¼28½ 11 ¼14-56½ 56
ukdkjkRed 7 ¼10-56½ 22 ¼22½ 15 ¼11-44½ 44
;ksx 24 50 26 100
X2=4.54 -05 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk dks

rhu Lrjksa mPp] vkSlr vkSj fuEu Lrj ij v/;;u fd;k x;kA mPp vkfFkZd Lrj
ds vfHkHkkodksa esa 17 us ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk izdV dh rFkk 7 dh udkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk ns[kh x;hA vkSlr vkfFkZd Lrj ds vfHkHkkodksa dh dqy la[;k 50 ik;h
x;h] ftueas ls 28 dh ldkjkRed rFkk 22 dh udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk ikbZ x;hA fuEu
vkfFkZd Lrj ds ckydksa ds vfHkHkkodksa esa ls 11 us ldkjkRed rFkk 15 us
udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk n'kkZ;hA vkSlr vkfFkZd Lrj ds vfHkHkkodksa dh ldkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk la[;k lokZf/kd 28 ifjyf{kr gksrh gS rFkk mPp vkfFkZd Lrj ds
vfHkHkkodksa dh udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk la[;k 7 ikbZ x;h] tks fd lcls U;wure FkhA

iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds izfr vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj vfHkHkkodkas dh vfHko`fÙk ij

dkbZ&oxZ dh x.kuk djus ij eku 4-54 izkIr gqvk] tks rkfydk esa Lora=krk ds va'k
2 rFkk -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij rkfydk eku ls de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohdkj
dh tkrh gS rFkk dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkfFkZd Lrjkuqlkj iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds
izfr vfHkHkkodksa dh vfHko`fÙk esa -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA
lanHkZ
Hkkos] deyk ¼1983½ % iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dh leL;k,a vkSj izo`fÙk;ka] fn eSdfeyu daiuh
vkWQ bafM;k fyfeVsMA
feyj] ¼1992½ % iSjsUVy ,VhV~;wMl VwokMZl bUVhxzslu] VkWfid bu vyhZ pkbYMgqM Lis'ky
,twds'ku] okY;qe&12] uEcj&2 A
eqjyh/kju] vkj- rFkk cuthZ] mek ¼1961½ % , xkbM cqd QkWj ulZjh Ldwy VhplZ] U;w nsgyhA
;ckUlh] fnysj ,oa ,thfVeh cksyqeq ¼2009½ % iSjsUVy ,VhV~;wM VwokM~Zl bafXy'k ,twds'ku QkWj
fd.MjxkZMu LVwMsUV~l bu rqdhZ] dLrkeksuw ,twds'ku tujy] okWY;we&7] uEcj&1A
osYl ,oa oks ¼2008½ % vUMjLVSfUMax n ilZisfLVo vkWQ ukFkZu vjkikgks izh Ldwy iSjsUVy
,VhV~;wMl ,.M fcyhil fjxkfM±x ysUxq,t fjokbVykbts'ku ,.M dYpj esUVhusal]
MtjVs'ku ,CLVsDV b.Vjus'kuy] okY;we&61] uacj&37A
oSadVs'ku ih ,l ¼2002½ % eSU;qvy QkWj iSjsUVy ,VhV~;wM~l Ldsy VwokMZ~l izh Ldwy ,twds'ku]
osnkar ifCyds'ku] y[kuÅA
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
mPp izkFkfed Lrj dh fgUnh ikB~;iqLrdksa

esa fufgr thou dkS'ky
jatuk oekZ* vkSj lqcks/k dqekj**
Lkkj la{ksi
f'k{kk dk izR;sd O;fDRk ds thou esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh ge
ckydksa dks laLdkjoku cukrs gS rFkk orZeku le; esa thou eas vkus okyh leL;kvksa
dk lkeuk djus yk;d cukus dk dk;Z Hkh f'k{kk gh djrh gSA vkt ge ftl oSf'od
ifjos'k eas fuokl dj jgs gSa] mlds fy, thou dkS'kyksa dh egrh vko';drk gS]
D;ksafd vkt ge ckyd dks lEiw.kZ fo'o ds fy, rS;kj dj jgs gSaA blesa gekjh ikB~;
iqLrdsa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA
bl 'kks/k&i=k eas d{kk 6] 7] 8 dh fgUnh Hkk"kk dh iqLrdksa esa fufgr thou
dkS'kyksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk izkIr vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls Kkr gqvk
gS fd csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk lapkfyr fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ikB~; iqLrdksa esa thou
dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu vf/kd larks"ktud ugha gS] tcfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ;g Lrj thou
dkS'kyksa ds fodkl ds fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA vr% bl Lrj ij vkSj vf/kd thou
dkS'ky lekfgr fd;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA
f'k{kk ekuo thou dk lcls vko';d laLdkj gSA ckyd dh f'k{kk lkekU;r%
mlds ?kj ls izkjEHk gks tkrh gSA rRi'pkr~ ckyd dks f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy,
fo|ky; Hkstk tkrk gS] tgka ckyd dks 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds vfrfjDr lkekftd
xfrfof/k;ksa dks Hkh djk;k tkrk gS] ftlls ckyd lekt esa csgrj lek;kstu LFkkfir
* 'kks/k Nk=kk] f'k{kk ladk;] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ
* orZeku Mhu] f'k{kk ladk;] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ
120 jatuk oekZ vkSj lqcks/k dqekj
dj lds rFkk Lo;a dk o lekt dk fodkl dj ldsA

ckyd izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k nksuksa gh lk/kuksa ls Kku izkIr djrk gSA izR;{k
vuqHkoksa }kjk izkIr Kku lhfer gksrk gS] D;ksafd blds fy, dqN fo'ks"k izdkj dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk lqfo/kkvksa dh vo';drk gksrh gSA bl izdkj dk Kku izkIr djus ds
fy, ekuo lEidZ rFkk mfpr okrkoj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks lekt }kjk izkIr
gksrk gSA tcfd vizR;{k vuqHko izkIr djus dh fy, vU; O;fDr;ksa ds vuqHko]
laLd`fr] Hkk"kk] iqLrdksa vkfn dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA Kku izkIr djus dk ek/;e
dqN Hkh gks] ysfdu mn~ns'; euq"; dk lok±xh.k fodkl gksuk pkfg,] ftlls og
lekt ds lkFk lek;kstu dj lds o csgrj thou ;kiu dj ldsA
thou dkS'ky
thou dkS'ky os xq.k gSa ftuds }kjk O;fDr lekt ds lkFk] vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk lek;kstu dj lds rFkk Lo;a dk o lekt dk fodkl dj lds
vkSj ,d vkn'kZ thou O;rhr dj lds] tks iw.kZr% nwljksa ij fuHkZj u gksA
Life skills are those abilities or living skill for adoptive positive behaviours
that enables individual to deal effectively with demand and challenges of ev-
ery day life.
(W.H.O. – 1997)
fo'o LokLF; laxBu us 10 egRoiw.kZ thou dkS'kyksa dks ifjekf.kr fd;k gS rFkk
bl fn'kk esa tu 'kkyk dk Hkh ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;s fuEu gSa–
1- ØkfUrd lksp
2- jpukRed lksp
3- fu.kZ; ysuk
4- leL;k lek/kku
5- vUrtkZrh; lEcU/k
6- izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k
7- rukoksa ds lkFk lek;kstu
8- Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk lek;kstu
9- Lo;a tkx#drk
10- lân;rkA
ifjisz{;
leL;k dFku% mPpizkFkfed Lrj dh fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ikB~; iqLrdksa esa fufgr thou
dkS'kyksa dk v/;;uA
mn~ns';
1- mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh thou dkS'kyksa dh igpku
djukA
2- mPp izkFkfed Lrj ¼dh d{kk 6] 7] 8 dh fgUnh½ Hkk"kk dh iqLrdksa dk thou
dkS'ky ds lUnHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k djukA
3- thou dkS'kyksa dk ikB~; iqLrdksa ds lUnHkZ esa lq>ko nsukA
ifjlheu
1- bl v/;;u gsrq dsoy d{kk 6] 7] 8 dh fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ikB~; iqLrdksa dk
thou dkS'ky ds lUnHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
2- fo'ys"k.k dh tkus okyh iqLrdsa m-iz- csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk vuqeksfnr gSaA
3- fgUnh dh ikB~; iqLrdksa esa fufgr laLd`r ds v/;k;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k ugh fd;k
x;k gSA
U;kn'kZ
pqus x;s thou dkS'kyksa dks <wa<us ds fy, fuEu ikB~; iqLrdksa dks U;kn'kZ pquk x;k–
Ø-la- iqLrd dk uke fo"k; d{kk ifj"kn
1- Hkk"kk fdj.k fgUnh 6 m-iz- csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn
'kks/k izfof/k
izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq foojk.kkRed 'kks/k izfof/k dks viuk;k x;k gSA
fo"k; oLrq fo'ys"k.k
fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ikB~; iqLrdksa dk ladsrhdj.k fuEu pj.kksa esa iwjk fd;k x;k gSA
1- p;fur iqLrd dks fy;kA
2- izR;sd iqLrd esa 'kCn] okD; RkFkk iSjkxzkQ ftlesa fpfUgr thou dkS'ky ijkofrZr
gks jgk Fkk] mlds uhps js[kk [khphaA

3- fpfUgr thou dkS'kyksa dks 'kCn] okD;] iSjkxzkQ ds Åij fy[kkA

4- fpfUgr thou dkS'ky izR;{k gSa ;k vizR;{k gSa] ;g Hkh uksV fd;kA thou dkS'ky
tc fo"k; oLrq esa Lo;a ijkofrZr gksrk gS rks bls izR;{k rFkk tc mldh O;k[;k
v/;kid }kjk dh tkrh gS rks mls vizR;{k thou dkS'ky dgrs gSaA
iznÙkksa dk fo'ys"k.k% izLrqr 'kks/k dk izi=k dk 'kh"kZd ^^mPPk izkFkfed Lrj dh
fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ikB~; iqLrdksa esa fufgr thou dkS'kyksa dk v/;;u gS** ftlesa mPPk
izkFkfed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vko';d fpfUgr dkS'kyksa dks ikB~; iqLrdksa esa
[kkstuk gSA ;s thou dkS'ky fuEu gSa– ØkfUrd lksp] LFkkiukRed lksp fu.kZ; ysuk]
leL;k lek/kku] vUrZtkrh; lEcU/k] izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k] rukoksa ds lkFk lek;kstu]
laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu] Lo;a tkx#drk o lg`n;rkA
fo"k; oLrq ds fofHkUu v/;k;ksa ls ijkofrZr gksus s okys thou dkS'kyksa dks igpkudj
mudh vko`fÙk fudkyh rFkk lkj.kh cuk;hA
rkfydk&1
fgUnh Hkk"kk dh d{kk 6 dh ikB~; iqLrd ds fy,
Øekad thou dkS'ky vko`fÙk ijkorZu izfr'kr
izR;{k vizR;{k
1- ØkfUrd lksp 6 6 0 9-3
2- jpukRed lksp 5 5 0 7-8
3- fu.kZ; ysuk 7 4 3 10-9
4- leL;k lek/kku 0 0 0
5- izHkko'kkyh lEisz"k.k 11 11 0 17-1
6- vUrtkZrh; laca/k 4 4 0 6-2
7- rukoksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 7 7 0 10-9
8- laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 13 11 2 20-3
9- Lo;a tkx#drk 7 6 1 10-9
10- lân;rk 4 3 1 6-2
;ksx 64
ifjisz{;
d{kk 6 dh fgUnh dh ikB~; iqLrd esa thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu 64 ckj gqvk
gS] ftlesa ØkfUrd lksp 6 ckj] jpukRed lksp 5 ckj] fu.kZ; ysuk 7 ckj] leL;k
lek/kku dgha ij Hkh ugh gS] izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k 11 ckj] vUrtkZrh; laca/k 4 ckj]
rukoksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 7 ckj] laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 13 ckj] Lo;a tkx#drk 7
ckj rFkk lân;rk 4 ckj ijkofrZr gqbZ gS rFkk izkIr vkadM+ksa dk izfr'kr fudkyus ij
ØkfUrd lksp 9-3 izfr'kr] jpukRed lksp 9-8 izfr'kr] fu.kZ; ysu 10-9 izfr'kr]
izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k 17-1 izfr'kr] vUrtkZrh; laca/k 6-2 izfr'kr] rukoksa ds lkFk
lek;kstu 10-9 izfr'kr] laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 20-3 izfr'kr] Lo;a tkx#drk 10-
9 izfr'kr ,oa lân;rk 6-2 izfr'kr gSA
fgUnh Hkk"kk dh d{kk 7 dh ikB~; iqLrd esa thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkoRkZu 98 ckj
gqvk gS] ftlesa ØkfUrd lksp 18 ckj] jpukRed lksp 14 ckj] fu.kZ; ysuk 13 ckj]
leL;k lek/kku 4 ckj] izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k 7 ckj] vUrtkZrh; lEcU/k 3 ckj] rukoksa
rkfydk&2
Øekad thou dkS'ky vko`fÙk ijkorZu izfr'kr
izR;{k vizR;{k
1- ØkfUrd lksp 18 18 0 18-3
2- jpukRed lksp 14 13 1 14-2
3- fu.kZ; ysuk 13 10 3 13-2
4- leL;k lek/kku 4 4 0 4-08
5- izHkko'kkyh lEisz'k.k 7 7 0 7-1
9- Lo;a tkx#drk 18 16 2 18-6
10- lân;rk 6 6 0 6-12
;ksx 98

ds lkFk lek;kstu 7 ckj] laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 8 ckj] Lo;a tkx#drk 18 ckj]
lân;rk 6 ckj ijkofrZr gqbZ gSA izkIr vkadM+ksa dk izfr'kr fudkyus ij ØkfUrd lksp
18-3 izfr'kr] jpukRed lksp 14-2 izfr'kr] fu.kZ; ysuk 13-2 izfr'kr] leL;k
lekèku 4-08 izfr'kr] izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k 7-1 izfr'kr] vUrtZkrh; laCka/k 3-06
izfr'kr] rukoksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 7-14 izfr'kr] laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 8-16
izfr'kr] Lo;a tkx#drk 18-6 izfr'kr RkFkk lân;rk 6-12 izfr'kr gSA
fgUnh Hkk"kk dh d{kk 8 dh ikB~; iqLrd esa thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkoRkZu 71 ckj
gqvk gS] ftlesa ØkfUrd lksp 8 ckj] jpukRed lksp 15 ckj] fu.kZ; ysuk 6 ckj]
leL;k lek/kku 3 ckj] izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k 7 ckj] vUrtkZrh; laca/k 7 ckj] rukoksa
ds lkFk lek;kstu 10 ckj] laosaxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 5 ckj] Lo;a tkx:drk 7 ckj]
lân;rk 3 ckj ijkofrZr gq;h gSA izkIr vkadM+ksa dk izfr'kr fudkyus ij ØkfUrd lksp
11-2 izfr'kr] jpukRed lksp 21-1 izfr'kr] fu.kZ; ysuk 8-4 izfr'kr] leL;k lekèku
rkfydk&3
Øekad thou dkS'ky vko`fRr ijkorZu izfr'kr
izR;{k vizR;{k
1- ØkfUrd lksp 8 7 1 11-2
2- jpukRed lksp 15 13 2 21-1
3- fu.kZ; ysuk 6 6 0 8-4
4- leL;k lek/kku 3 3 0 4-2
5- izHkko'kkyh lEisz"k.k 7 7 0 9-8
9- Lo;a tkx:drk 7 6 1 9-8
10- lân;rk 3 3 0 4-2
;ksx 71
ifjisz{;
4-2 izfr'kr] izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k 9-8 izfr'kr] vUrtkZrh; laca/k 9-8 izfr'kr] rukoksa
ds lkFk lek;kstu 14-08 izfr'kr] laosxksa ds lkFk lek;kstu 7-04 izfr'kr] Lo;a
tkx:drk 9-8 izfr'kr lân;rk 4-2 izfr'kr gSA
fu"d"kZ
fdlh Hkh 'kks/k leL;k ls lacaf/kr vuqeku rFkk fu"d"kZ fudkyuk vklku ugha gksrk gS]
bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fo'ks"k dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ifj.kkeksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djus esa 'kks/kdRrkZ dk xgu iz;Ru o Li'V n`f"Vdks.k vko';d gSA bu
fl)kUrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr 'kks/k leL;k ls lEcfU/kr fuEukafdr fu"d"kZ
fudkys x;s gSa–
1- vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k djus ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ls ;g iznf'kZr gksrk gS fd fpfUgr 10
thou dkS'ky bu iqLrdksa esa okaNuh; Lrj ds ugh gSa] fdUrq fo"k; oLrq esa fufgr
dqN thou dkS'ky larks"ktud Lrj ds gSaA
2- fgUnh Hkk"kk dh d{kk 6 dh ikB~; iqLrd esa 20 v/;k;ksa rFkk 88 i`"Bksa esa lHkh
thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu 64 ckj gqvk gS] ftlesa laosxkas ds lkFk lek;kstu]
izHkko'kkyh lEizs"k.k] rukoksa ds lkFk lek;kstu] fu.kZ; ysuk Lo;a tkx#drk
vkfn dk ijkorZu vU; dkS'kyksa dh rqyuk esa larks"ktud gS] fdUrq leL;k
lek/kku vUrtkZrh; laca/k rFkk lân;rk dk ijkorZu vlarks"k tud gSA
3- fgUnh Hkk"kk dh d{kk 7 dh ikB~; iqLrd dk Lrj bu thou dkS'kyksa ds lUnHkZ esa
d{kk 6 dh vis{kk mÙke gS] D;ksafd lEiw.kZ iqLrd ds 26 v/;k;ksa o 116 i`"Bksa esa
lEiw.kZ ijkorZu 98 ckj gqvk] tks dkQh vf/kd gS] tks vU; lHkh dkS'kyksa dh
vis{kk vf/kd gSSA
4- fgUnh Hkk"kk dh d{kk 8 dh ikB~; iqLrd esa 28 v/;k;ksa o 106 i`"Bksa esa dqy 71
ckj thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu gqvk] tks rqyukRed :i esa d{kk 6 dh vis{kk
vf/kd o d{kk 7 dh vis{kk de gSA blesa ØkfUrd lksp o rukoksa ds lkFk
lek;kstu dk ijkorZu Øe'k% 15 o 10 ckj gS] tks larks"ktud gS fdUrq lân;rk
o leL;k lek/kku dk ijkorZu vlarks"ktud gSA
5- rhuksa iqLrdkas esa l;qDr :i ls ns[kus ij v/;k;ksa dh dqy la[;k 74 rFkk i`"Bksa dh
dqy la[;k 310 izkIr gqqbZ] ftlesa thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu 233 ckj gh gqvk]
tks vis{kkd`r de gSA

vf/kdka'k thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu izR;{k :i esa gh gqvk] dqN gh thou

dkS'ky vizR;{k :i ls ijkofrZr gq, gSa vFkkZr lkekU; cqf) dk ckyd Lo;a iqLrd
dks i<+dj mlesa fufgr thou dkS'ky le> ldrk gSA
mi;qZDr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kks/kdÙkkZ us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd mPp
izkFkfed Lrj dh csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn m-iz- }kjk lapkfyr fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ikB~;
iqLrdksa esa thou dkS'kyksa dk ijkorZu vf/kd larks"ktud ugha gS] tcfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk ;g Lrj thou dkS'kyksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA vr% bl LRkj ij
ikB~;Øe esa vf/kd thou dkS'kyksa dks lefgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
'kSf{kd egRo
f'k{kk ds }kjk gh ckydksa ds eu ef"rLd rFkk vkRek dks lqn`<+ cuk;k tk ldrk gS
vkSj muds O;fDrRo dk cgqeq[kh fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kk iznku djus dk
ljy o lh/kk ek/;e vf/kdka'kr% iqLrdsa gh gaS] vr% ikB~; iqLrdksa esa fufgr fo"k;
oLrq esa mu leLr dkS'kyksa ,oa xq.kksa dks lekfgr fd;k tkuk vR;Ur vko';d gS
tks ckydksa ds lEiw.kZ fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA thou dkS'kyksa dks ;fn mfpr
LFkku iznku fd;k tk; o v/;kidksa }kjk mudh lgh O;k[;k dh tk, rks ckydksa
dk orZeku le; ds vuqlkj mRre thou thus ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
lanHkZ
dfiy] ,p-ds- vuqla/kku fof/k;k¡] ,p-ih- HkkxZo cqd gkml] i`"B la-&113&123] 320&322
tu'kkyk niZ.k] m-iz- y[kuÅ ekpZ 2004
Hkk"kk fdj.k] d{kk&6 ikB~; iqLrd foHkkx] f'k{kk funs'kky; ¼csfld½] m-iz- y[kuÅ] o"kZ
2007&08
2006&07
2007&08
ewysu Msuk ¼1981½] , dulsIpqvy QzseodZ QkWj n ykbQ fLdy izksxzke www.eric.gov
flag] v:.k dqekj] euksfoKku] lek'kkL=k rFkk f'k{kk eas 'kks/k fof/k;k¡ eksrhyky] ubZ fnYyh]
cukjlhnkl] caxyksa jksM] i`"B la0&195&196
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed

ifjiDork vkSj vf/kxe {kerk
deys'k dqekj pkS/kjh*
lkjka'k
O;fDr ds O;ogkj ds izn'kZu esa laosx egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA laosx ds
mn; gksus ij O;fDr esa vfrfjDr 'kfDr dk lapkj gksrk gSA Qyr% og
,sls&,sls dk;Z dj fn[kkrk gS] lkekU; fLFkfr esa tks blds fy, lEHko ugha
gksrs gSa] lkFk gh laosxksa ds dkj.k gh dHkh&dHkh O;fDr lkekU; fØ;k,a Hkh
ugha dj ikrk gSA bl izdkj ds ijLij fojks/kh ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS
fd laosx ,d tfVy HkkoukRed ekufld fØ;k gSA vr% f'k{kk }kjk budk
leqfpr fodkl fd;k tkuk okaNuh; gSA tks fd'kksj laosxkRed :i ls
ifjiDo gksrs gSa] mudk viuh Hkkoukvksa ds izn'kZu ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
blds foijhr tks fd'kksj laosxkRed :i ls vifjiDo gksrs gSa] os blds brj
O;ogkj djrs gSaA vr% ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kFkhZ] tks mÙkj fd'kksjk voLFkk
esa gSa] mudh laosxkRed ifjiDork dSlh gS\ D;k bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
laosxkRed ifjiDork esa fyaxHksn] fuokl LFkku ,oa 'kSf{kd la/kkjk ds
vk/kkj ij dksbZ vUrj gS vFkok ugha\ ;g tkuus dk iz;kl bl v/;;u esa
fd;k x;k gSA
f'k{kk ekuo thou ds fodkl dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA f'k{kk ls gh O;fDr dh igpku ,d
ckSf)d ,oa lqlaLd`r ekuo ds :i esa gksrh gSA euq"; esa lkekftd xq.kksa dks fodflr
djus ,oa mlds n`f"Vdks.k dks foLr`r cukus ls f'k{kk dh egrh Hkwfedk dks vLohdkj
ugh fd;k tk ldrkA f'k{kk ,d ,slk vk/kkj gS] ftl ij lekt ;k jk"Vª dh izxfr fuHkZj
* mikpk;Z] f'k{kk foHkkx] ,e-ts-ih- :gsy[k.M fo'ofo|ky;] cjsyh] ¼m-iz-½

128 deys'k dqekj pkS/kjh
djrh gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl esa f'k{kk dh egrh Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, f'k{kk vk;ksx
us dgk gS fd ^^Hkkjr ds HkkX; dk fuekZ.k bl le; mlds v/;;u d{kksa esa gks jgk gSA
Ldwy ls fudyus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj la[;k ij gh jk"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k ds bl
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dh lQyrk fuHkZj djsxh] ftldk izeq[k y{; gekjs jgu&lgu ds Lrj
dks Å¡pk mBkuk gSA**
fu%lansg fdlh Hkh lH; lekt ds fy, f'k{kk izk.k gSA O;fDr ds lok±xh.k fodkl
esa bldk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA f'k{kk }kjk gh O;fDr dk leqfpr 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]
lkekftd] lkaosfxd] pkfjf=kd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA O;fDr ds O;ogkj ds
izn'kZu esa laosx egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA laosxksa ds mn; gksus ij O;fDr esa vfrfjDr
'kfDr dk lapkj gksrk gS rFkk og ,sls&,sls dk;Z dj fn[kkrk gS] tks lkekU; fLFkfr esa
mlds fy, laHko izrhr ugha gksrs gSaA lkFk gh laosx ds dkj.k dHkh&dHkh O;fDr lkekU;
fØ;k,a Hkh ugha dj ikrkA bl izdkj ds ijLij fojksèh ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS
fd laosx ,d tfVy HkkoukRed ekufld fØ;k gSA vr% f'k{kk }kjk budk leqfpr
fodkl fd;k tkuk okaNuh; gSA laosxksa ds mRiUu gksus ij O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd ,oa
ekufld fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA xqIrk ,oa xqIrk ¼2008½ ds vuqlkj ^^laosx
okaOro esa ekuo minzo dh voLFkk gksrh gS] ftlesa O;fDr viuh lkekU; fLFkfr esa ugha
jgrk gSA**
lHkh laosx tUetkr ugha gksrs gSa] vfirq budk lrr~ fodkl ,oa fLFkjhdj.k ekuo
vfHko`f) ,oa fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk gksrk jgrk gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa lkaosfxd ruko
viuh pje lhek ij gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa fojks/kh euksn'kk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA fdlh
ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"k esa fd'kksj vR;kf/kd izlUu rFkk nwljs volj ij og volkniw.kZ
fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ijarq tks fd'kksj laosxkRed :i ls ifjiDo gksrs gSa] mudk viuh
Hkkoukvksa ds izn'kZu ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA blds foijhr tks fd'kksj lkaosfxd :i ls
vifjiDo gksrs gSa] os blds brj O;ogkj djrs gSaA oa'kkuqØe] LokLF;] ekufld ;ksX;rk]
ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k vkfn dkj.k O;fDr ds laosxkRed fodkl dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
O;fDr tSls&tSls ifjiDork dh rjQ c<+rk gS] mlesa lkaosfxd fLFkjrk] lkekftd
lek;kstu] O;kolkf;d vfHk#fp rFkk vkdka{kkvksa dk fodkl Hkh gksrk jgrk gSA
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laosxksa dh vfHkO;fDr rhoz gksrh gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd bl
voLFkk esa laosxkRed fodkl Hkyh Hkkafr gksA laosxkRed ifjiDork ds vHkko esa O;fDr
NksVh&NksVh leL;kvksa ls ?kcjk tkrk gS] grk'kk ,oa dqaBk ls xzflr gks tkrk gS] lkFk gh
lkFk dHkh&dHkh grk'kk ,oa fujk'kk esa ,slk dk;Z dj nsrk gS] ftlls mldk iwjk dk iwjk
ifjisz{;
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork vkSj vf/kxe {kerk 129
thou rckg gks tkrk gSA blds foijhr ;fn fdlh O;fDr dk laosxkRed fodkl
rqyukRed :i ls iw.kZ gksrk gS] rks mldh xzg.k djus dh {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS] mlesa
neudkjh izo`fÙk;ka de gksaxh rFkk pksV [kkus dh izo`fÙk vR;kf/kd de gksxhA bUgha lc
rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g tkuus dh ftKklk mRiUu gqbZ fd mÙkj fd'kksjkoLFkk ds
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa laosxkRed ifjiDork dh fLFkfr dSlh gS\ D;k bu
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork buds fyaxHksn] fuokl LFkku rFkk 'kSf{kd la/kkjk
bR;kfn ls izHkkfor gS vFkok ugh\ ,rn~ fufeÙk miyC/k lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk voyksdu
fd;k x;kA ftldk fooj.k fuEuor gSA ;Fkk& fln~nhdh ¼1976½ us vius v/;;u ls
;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd vuq'kklughu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk vuq'kkflr fo|kFkhZ
lkaosfxd ,oa lkekftd :i ls vf/kd ifjiDo FksA ik.Ms; ¼1982½ us fu"d"kZ fudkyk
fd laosxkRed ifjiDork ,d fodklkRed izfØ;k gSA ;g vk;q ,oa vuqHko ds vk/kkj
ij fodflr gksrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk f'k{kdksa esa laosxkRed ifjiDork lkFkZd
:i ls vf/kd FkhA /kkeh ¼1974½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd laosxkRed ijfiDork
fo|ky;h miyfC/k dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrk gSA vk;kZ ¼1987½ us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd
lqihfj;j ckyd ,oa ckfydk,a lkaosfxd :i ls vfèd ifjiDo FksA lckiFkh ¼1986½
us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd xf.kr] foKku] lkekU; v/;;u rFkk dqy 'kSf{kd miyfCè
ij laosxkRed ifjDork dk /kukRed izHkko iM+rk gSA flag ¼1993½ us ckyd ,oa
ckfydkvksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork dk mPp ,oa fuEu lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj ds
vkèkj ij v/;;u fd;kA pkSgku ,oa HkVukxj ¼2003½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd
mPp fd'kksjkoLFkk ds ckyd ckfydkvksa dh vis{kk laosxkRed :i ls vf/kd ijfiDo
FksA Sudhir and Khiangte ¼1997½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd xzkeh.k
yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk 'kgjh yM+fd;ka mPp l`tu'khy ,oa lkaosfxd :i ls vf/kd
fLFkjrk okyh FkhaA
mi;qZDr v/;;uksa ds voyksdu ls fofnr gksrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh ,slk v/;;u izkIr
ugha gqvk] ftlesa ek/;fed Lrjh; ¼mÙkj fd'kksjkoLFkk½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fyaxHksn] fuokl
LFkku rFkk 'kSf{kd la/kkjk ds vk/kkj ij laosxkRed ijfiDork dks tkuus dk lE;d~
iz;kl ,d lkFk fd;k x;k gks] blh deh dh iwfrZ gsrq izLrqr v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
inksa dh ifjHkk"kk–
izLrqr v/;;u esa êk/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa* ls rkRi;Z l=k 2008&09 esa 12oha
d{kk esa v/;;ujr ¼mÙkj fd'kksjkoLFkk½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls gS rFkk ^laosxkRed ifjiDork*
ls rkRi;Z ml izfØ;k ls gS] ftlesa O;fDrRo vareZu ,oa vUr%O;fDr nksuksa izdkj ds

laosxkRed LokLF; dks izkIr djus ds fy,] O;fDr yxkrkj iz;Ru'khy jgrk gSA ftlds
QyLo:i og vius laosxksa ij fu;a=k.k j[krs gq, viuk O;ogkj iznf'kZr djrk gSA
v/;;u ds mís';
1- ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA
2- fyaxHksn] fuokl LFkku rFkk 'kSf{kd la/kkjk ¼dyk ,oa foKku½ ds vk/kkj ij
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork dk v/;;u djukA
ifjdYiuk
fyaxHksn] fuokl LFkku ¼'kgjh@xzkeh.k½ rFkk 'kSf{kd la/kkjk ¼foKku@dyk½ ds vkèkj ij
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
'kks/k fof/k
izLrqr v/;;u esa 'kks/k dh o.kZukRed fof/k dks viuk;k x;k gSA nÙk ladyu
vEcsMdj uxj tuin ds 7 ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr 266 fo|kfFkZ;ksa] ftuesa
143 iq#"k rFkk 123 efgyk fo|kFkhZ gSa] ls fd;k x;k gSA fo|ky;ksa dk p;u liz;kstu
U;kn'kZ fof/k ls fd;k x;k gSA nRr ladyu gsrq midj.k ds :i esa flag ,oa HkkxZo }kjk
fufeZr ^^beks'kuy eSVpqvkZVh Ldsy** dks iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA bl ekiuh dh
fo'oluh;rk ijh{k.k iqu% ijh{k.k fof/k }kjk 6 ekg ds varjky ij 0-75 Kkr dh x;h
gSA bl midj.k dh oS/krk oká dlkSVh ¼external criteria½ ds vkèkj ij flUgk ,oa
flUgk ds lek;kstu ekiuh ds laosxkRed lek;kstu laca/kh vk;ke ds lkFk Kkr
dh x;h gS vkSj bls oS/k ik;k x;kA iznÙkksa ls fu"d"kZ fudkyus gsrq e/;eku] ekud
fopyu rFkk Vh&eku dh x.kuk dh x;h gSA
fo'ys"k.k O;k[;k ,oa ifj.kke
rkfydk&1 ds voyksdu ls fofnr gksrk gS fd ek/;fed Lrjh; dqy fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
laosxkRed ifjiDork dk e/;eku 86-13 rFkk ekud fopyu 19-57 ik;k x;kA ;g
e/;eku bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkekU; Lrj ds laosxkRed fLFkjrk dk |ksrd gSA
ek/;fed Lrjh; iq#"k ,oa efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork dk e/;eku ,oa
ekud fopyu Øe'k% 83-59 ,oa 18-03 rFkk 89-08 ,oa 20-90 ik;k x;kA ek/;fed
Lrjh; iq#"k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork dk izkIr ;g e/;eku] bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
lkekU; laosxkRed fLFkjrk dk lwpd gS] tcfd efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed
ifjiDork dk e/;eku buds vfLFkj laosxkRed fLFkjrk dks O;Dr djrk gSA ekud
ifjisz{;
rkfydk&1
ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork dk fooj.k
Ø-l- lewg dk uke la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu Vh&eku
1- iq#"k fo|kFkhZ 143 83-59 18-03
2- efgyk fo|kFkhZ 123 89-08 20-90 2-29*
3- dqy fo|kFkhZ 266 86-13 19-57
* ladsr = 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZdA
fopyu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd iq#"k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
laosxkRed ifjiDork esa vf/kd vlekurk FkhA ek/;fed Lrjh; iq#"k ,oa efgyk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork ds e/; Vh&eku 2-29 ik;k x;kA ;g Vh-eku] 264
df ij 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA vr% bl laca/k esa 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dh x;hA
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd ek/;fed Lrjh; iq#"k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed
ifjiDork efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk lkFkZd :i ls vf/kd FkhA vr% dgk tk ldrk
gS fd ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork muds fyaxHksn ls izHkkfor
FkhA v/;;u dk ;g ifj.kke pkSgku ,oa HkVukxj ¼2003½ ds ifj.kke ds vuq:i gSA
rkfydk&2 ij n`f"Vikr djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ek/;fed Lrjh; xzkeh.k ,oa
'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork dk e/;eku ,oa ekud fopyu Øe'k% 88-
41 ,oa 18-98 rFkk 84-25 ,oa 19-90 ik;k x;kA 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k nksuksa lewgksa ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork dk ;g e/;eku] bu nksuksa lewg ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
lkekU; laosxkRed fLFkjrk dk |ksrd gSA ekud fopyu ls Li"V gS fd xzkeh.k
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk 'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed ifjiDork esa vf/kd vlekurk
FkhA bu nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; Vh&eku 1-73 ik;k x;kA ;g Vh&eku] 264 df ij 0-05 Lrj
rkfydk&2
fuokl LFkku ds vk/kkj ij ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
laosxkRed ifjiDork dk fooj.k
1- fo|kFkhZ xzkeh.k 120 88-41 18-98
2- fo|kFkhZ 'kgjh 146 84-25 19-90 1-73

ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% bl laca/k esa 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohdkj ugha dh x;hA blls
;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd ek/;fed Lrjh; xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laosxkRed
ifjiDork esa lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ek/;fed Lrjh;
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork muds fuokl LFkku ls izHkkfor ugha FkhA
rkfydk&3
'kSf{kd la/kkjk ¼dyk ,oa foKku oxZ½ ds vk/kkj ij ek/;fed Lrjh;
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork dk fooj.k
1- fo|kFkhZ &dyk oxZ 129 86-62 19-56
2- fo|kFkhZ & foKku oxZ 137 85-66 19-64 0-42
rkfydk&3 esa iznf'kZr ek/;fed Lrjh; dyk ,oa foKku oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds e/;eku
,oa ekud fopyu ij n`f"Vikr djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd nksuksa lewgksa ds
e/;eku ,oa ekud fopyu Øe'k% 86-62 ,oa 19-56 rFkk 85-66 ,oa 19-64 yxHkx
,d leku ik;s x;sA ;s nksuksa e/;eku dyk ,oa foKku oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lekU; Lrj
ds laosxkRed fLFkjrk ds |ksrd gSaA nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; laosxkRed ifjiDork dk
Vh&eku 0-40 ik;k x;kA ;g Vh&eku ¼264df ij½ 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr%
'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohdkj ugha dh x;hA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk dh ek/;fed
Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork esa 'kSf{kd la/kkjk ¼dyk ,oa foKku oxZ½
ds vk/kkj ij varj ugha FkkA
fu"d"kZ
1- ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork lkekU; Lrj dh FkhA
2- ek/;fed Lrjh; iq#"k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork lkekU; Lrj]
tcfd efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork vfLFkj Lrj dh ik;h
x;hA fyax ds vk/kkj ij nksuksa lewgksa esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA iq#"k
fo|kFkhZ] efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk lkFkZd :i esa vf/kd ifjiDo ik;s
x;sA efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork esa iq#"k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
vis{kk vf/kd vlekurk ik;h x;hA
3- fuokl LFkku ds vk/kkj ij ek/;fed Lrjh; xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
ifjisz{;
laosxkRed ifjiDork esa varj ugha FkkA nksuksa lewgksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

laosxkRed ifjiDork lkekU; Lrj dh ik;h x;hA
4- 'kSf{kd la/kkjk ¼dyk ,oa foKku oxZ½ ds vk/kkj ij ek/;fed Lrjh;
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork esa lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA nksuksa lewgksa ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork lkekU; Lrj dh FkhA
'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ
bl v/;;u ds fu"d"kks± ls fofnr gksrk gS fd ek/;fed Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
laosxkRed ifjiDork] lkekU; fLFkj Js.kh dh FkhA blls Li"V gS fd budk laosxkRed
fodkl lE;d~ :i ugha gks ik jgk gSA ;|fi fd laosx O;fDr ds O;ogkj izn'kZu dks
fu;af=kr ,oa funsZf'kr djrs gSaA vr% ifjokj] lekt ,oa fo|ky; rhuksa dks gh
fd'kksjksa ds laosxkRed fodkl gsrq ftu ckrksa ij /;ku nsuk okaNuh; gS] mudk fooj.k
fuEuor gS%
ekrk&firk dks pkfg, fd os u rks fd'kksjksa dh mis{kk djsa vkSj u gh vko';drk ls
vf/kd laj{k.k nsdj] muds laosxkRed fodkl esa vojks/kd cusaA mudh Hkwfedk
mfpr fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku djuk rFkk ifjokj ds okrkoj.k dks lqj{kk;qDr
vkuUnnk;d ,oa 'kkafriw.kZ cuk, j[kuk gksuk pkfg,] ftlls fcuk Hk; ,oa vlqj{kk
ds fd'kksj fofHkUu dk;ks± esa Hkkxhnkj cudj laosxkRed :i ls ifjiDo gksus dk
volj izkIr dj ldsaA
fo|ky; esa f'k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk [ksy&dwn] lkaLd`frd dk;ZØe] fuca/k] iksLVj
okn&fookn ,oa iz'uksÙkj izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstu bR;kfn ,sls fØ;k&dykiksa dk
vk;kstu fd;k tk;s] tks fd'kksjksa ds vuqdwy gksa rFkk ftlls vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ
mlesa lgHkkx dk volj izkIr dj ldsaxsA Qyr% viuh lQyrk ls mUgsa g"kZ
gksxkA blds lkFk gh lkFk fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k 'kkar] lkSgknZiw.kZ ,oa yksdrkaf=kd
cuk;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls fcuk fdlh Hk;] vojks/k ,oa HksnHkko ds lHkh Nk=kksa dks
ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lfEefyr gksdj vius laosxksa ds leqfpr fodkl dk
volj miyC/k gks ldsA f'k{kdksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa ,oa leL;kvksa ij
/;ku nsuk pkfg,] blls muesa LoLFk laosxksa ds fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxkA
i=k&if=kdkvksa] iqLrdksa] fizaV lkexzh rFkk bysDVªkfud ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls ,sls
ys[kksa] dgkfu;ksa] ?kVukvksa dk fp=k.k ,oa izlkj.k rFkk izn'kZu fd;k tkuk pkfg,]
tks ckydksa ds laosxksa dk fodkl dj] mUgsa lkaosfxd :i ls fLFkj cuus esa enn djsaA

lanHkZ
vk;Z] ,- ¼1987½] beks'kuy eSP;qfjVh ,aM oSY;w vkWQ lqfifj;j fpYMªu bu QSfeyh] bu cqp] ,e-
ch- ¼,M½ QksFkZ losZ vkQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh] 1991]
okY;we&II] i`-&1327
pkSgku oh-,y- ,aM HkVukxj] Vh- ¼2003½] ,lSflax beks'kuy eSP;qfjVh ,DlizSl ,aM beks'kuy
dksVSaV vkQ vMksyslsaV esy ,aM fQesy LVwMsaV bafM;u ,tqds'ky vcLVSªDV bu QSfeyh]
bu cqp] ,e-ch- ¼,M½ QksFkZ losZ vkQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh]
1991] okY;we&IV] tqykbZ 2004] i`-&33
/kkeh th-,l- ¼1974½] baVyhtsal] beks'kuy eSP;qfjVh ,aM lksf'k;ks&bdksuksfed LVsV~l ,t QSDVj
bafMdsfVo vkQ lDll bu LdksykfLVd vfpoesaV bu cqp] ,e-ch- ¼,M½ QksFkZ losZ
vkQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh] 1986
xqIrk] ,l-ih- ,oa xqIrk ,- ¼2008½ mPprj f'k{kk euksfoKku] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn] i`-
&160
ikaMs;] ih-,u- ¼1982½ MoyiesaV vkQ ,u beks'kuy eSP;qfjVh Ldsy] bu cqp] ,e-ch- ¼,M½ QksFkZ
losZ vkQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh] 1986] i`-&947
lciFkh] Vh- ¼1986½] , LVMh vkQ n fjys'kuf'ki vkQ eSuhQsLV] ,afXtVh] beks'kuy ,aM
lksf'k;y eSP;qfjVh vkQ LVs.MMZ X LVwMsaV Vw ns;j ,dsMfed vphoesaV] bu cqp] ,e-ch-
¼,M½ QksFkZ losZ vkQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh] 1991] okY;we&I]
i`-&847
flídh] ,e-,e- ¼1976½] lksf'k;y lkbdksykWth LVMh vkQ LVwMsaV fcgsfo;j fon Lis'ky fjÝsal
Vw bfUMflIyhu] bu cqp] ,e-ch- ¼,M½ QksFkZ losZ vkQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku]
,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh] 1986] i`-&212
flag] vkj-ih- ¼1993½] , LVMh vkQ beks'kuy eSP;qfjVh vkQ esy ,aM fQesy LVwMSaV vkQ vij
,aM yksvj ,lbZ,l] bu flDLFk losZ vkQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh]
2007] okY;we&II] i`-&334
f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ¼1964&66½] f'k{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh] 1966] i`-&1
lq/khj ,aM f[kaxrs ¼1997½ bu flDLFk losZ vkQ ,tqds'kuy fjlpZ] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ubZ fnYyh]
2007] okY;we&II] i`-&313
ifjisz{;
ifjizs{;
fpard vkSj fparu
,ojsV jsej dk 'kSf{kd fpUru

nsoUs nz flag*
lS)kfUrd i`"BHkwfe
fujUrj xfjekiw.kZ fpUru gh Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd lanHkZ dh ifjHkkf"kr gS] D;ksafd fpUrd
fo'o ds fdlh dksus esa jgdj fpUru dj ldrk gS] ftldh lkoZHkkSfed mikns;rk
vU; lanHkZ esa Hkh gks ldrh gSA orZeku oSf'od lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd
lajpuk esa dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª viuh 'kSf{kd iz.kkyh dks lkekftd rFkk jk"Vªh; thou dh
vko';drkvksa rFkk vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds l'kDr ek/;e ,oa mlds izfr
laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kk esa fujUrj lq/kkj mlesa u ykuk mls :f<+;ksa ,oa
ijEijkvksa esa ck¡/k nsuk gSA bl n`"Vdks.k ls f'k{kk dks xR;kRed o mikns; cuk;s j[kus
gsrq blds mís'; dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr dj LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls f'k{kk
thou dh xq.kRedrk dks dk;e j[kus okyh ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa lfØ; cuh jg
lds] D;kafd fopkj rFkk fopku/kkjk,a pkgs fdlh Hkh ns'k ,oa fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh
gks gesa mUgsa mUeqDr Hkko ls xzg.k djuk pkfg,A blhfy, lHkh fpUrd jgs gSaA izLrqr
'kks/k i=k esa 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk muds fpUru dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd
lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA
,ojsV jsej dk fpUru
fufoZ|ky;hdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk vadqj.k chloha 'krkCnh ds lkrosas n'kd esa ml
le; gqvk] tc fo'o ds nks foIyodkjh 'kSf{kd fpUrd boku bfyp o ,ojsVj jsej
bl fo"k; esa fopkjeaFku djus gsrq vesfjdk ds I;wjVksfjdks uxj esa lu~ 1958 esa izFke
ckj feysA vius ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa dk izfriknu boku bfyp us viuh iqLrd–
* ,lksfl,V izksQslj] f'k{kk ladk;] lrh'k pUnz dkyst] cfy;k ¼m-iz-½

136 nsosUnz flag
^Mh Ldwfyax lkslkbVh* vkSj ,ojsVj jsej us ^Ldwy bt MsM* esa fd;k gSA lu~ 1960
ds mijkUr laLFkkxr f'k{kk ds nks"kksa ls lEcfU/kr dbZ fpUrdksa us viuk /;ku dsfUnzr
fd;kA iky xqMeSu us ^dEiyljh fel&,twds'ku ¼1964½] tksukFku dktksy us ^MsFk
,sV ,su vyhZ ,t*] ihVj cdeSu us ^,twds'ku fonkmV~l LdwYl* vkfn d`fr;ksa dh
jpuk dhA blds vfrfjDr ikoyks Qzsjs us isMkxkth vkWQ vkizsLM ¼1968½ pfpZr d`fr
dh jpuk dhA lHkh fpUrdksa us laLFkkxr f'k{kk dks udkjkRed f'k{kk ls lEcksf/kr
fd;k ,oa ldkjkRed f'k{kk dh dYiuk dks lkdkj djus dk lq>ko fn;kA ,ojsVj
jsej dh e`R;q 1998 esa gqbZA
,ojsV jsej ds 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dk mYys[k mudh v/kksfyf[kr d`fr;ksa ds vUrxZr
LFkkfir gS–
1- ikoj Qkj vky Qkj uku ¼1998½
2- Ldwy ,t MsM % vkYVusZfVOl bu ,twds'ku ¼1971½
3- vu;wtwvy vkbfM;kt bu ,twds'ku ¼1971½
4- lks'ky izkCyEl ,lksfl,VsM foFk n MsoyiesaV vkWQ I;wjVksfjdks M~;wfjax ykLV
Vw fMdsM~l ¼1960½
5- osustqosyk áweu fjlkslsZt ¼1964½
6- izkCyEl vkWQ esFkMksykth bu n buosfLVxs'ku ,saM Iykfuax vkWQ ,twds'ku ,saM
Vªsfuax bu osustq,yk ¼1964½
7- Fkzh ohDl bu fn ykbQ vkQ ;wVksfi;k ¼1976½
8- ¶;wpj vkWQ vkYVjusfVOl ¼1976½
9- lks'ky Iykfuax % dySDVsM isilZ ¼1968½
10- dfEizgsfUlo Iykfuax bu LVsV ,twds'ku ,tsUlht ¼1968½
¼MCywMCywMCyw-,ojsVjsej-dke½
mi;qDZ r d`fr;ksa esa ^Ldwy bu MsM % vkYVusfZ VOl bu ,twd's ku* ,ojsV jsej ds
'kSf{kd fpUru dk vkbuk gS] ftlesa jsej us laLFkkxr f'k{kk ds nks"kks]a fufoZ|ky;hdj.k
,oa oSdfYid f'k{kk ij fo'ys"k.kkRed <ax ls izdk'k Mkyk gSA
fo|ky; dh vo/kkj.kk
,ojsV jsej ds vuqlkj fo|ky; og laLFkk gS] tgka f'k{kd }kjk i;Zosf{kr d{kk
esa Øfed ikB~;Øe ds v/;;u gsrq fof'k"V vk;q rd ds ckydksa dh iw.kZdkfyd
ifjisz{;
mifLFkfr vko';d gksrh gSA fo|ky; ckY;koLFkk dks laLFkkxr cuk nsrs gSaA
¼jsej&1971½
;|fi Ldwyksa ds i{k esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd os ckY;koLFkk o izkS<+koLFkk ds
e/; esa vko';d iqy dk dke djrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj os ,d vifjiDr ckydksa
dks Øfed :i ls ftEesnkj izkS<+ ds :i esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA bl ij fVIi.kh
djrs gq, jsej dk ekuuk gS fd Ldwy ckyd dks mlds cxhps ls ys tkrs gSa vkSj
/khj&/khjs mls HkkSfrd txr ds fof'k"V uewus cuk nsrs gSaA Ldwy lEiw.kZ ckyd dks
izos'k nsrs gSa vkSj lEiw.kZ O;fDr dks Lukrd cukrs gSaA fo|ky; ckydksa rd gh
lhfer gh ugha gksrs gSa os f'k{kdksa dh Hkh jpuk djrs gSaA fo|ky;h f'k{k.k izfØ;k
esa f'k{kd dk dk;Z f=keq[kh gksrk gS%
1- [ksy fu.kkZ;d
2- U;k;k/kh'k
3- ijke'kZnkrk
[ksy fu.kkZ;d ds :i esa og ckydksa ds mÙkjksa dks lgh ;k xyr fu/kkZfjr djrk
gS] mUgsa vad nsdj Js.khc) djrk gS vkSj mUgsa d{kksUufr nsus dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA
U;k;k/kh'k ds :i esa og mu ckydksa dks nks"kh fl) djrk gS tks fn;s x;s x`g
dk;Z dks iwjk ugha djrs] /kks[kk nsrs gSa vFkok Ldwy }kjk fu/kkZfjr ewY;ksa ,oa ekn.Mksa
ds vuq:i thou O;rhr djus esa vlQy jgrs gSaA
ijke'kZnkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ckydksa dks Ldwy ds
vUnj vkSj ckgj fdu uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vuq:i O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A bl lEcUè
esa f'k{kd mUgsa ijke'kZ nsrk gSA ¼jsej&1971½
fo|ky; dh Hkwfedk
fo|ky; pkj izdkj ds lkekftd dk;Z djrs gSa%
1- laj{kd ds :i esa fo|ky; ckydksa dh ns[kHkky dk dÙkZO; iwjk djrs gSa] ijUrq
;g O;oLFkk vf/kd O;; lk/; gSA jsej dk ekuuk gS fd fo|ky; ds dk;ks±
esa ijLij fojks/kkHkkl gS] ftlds dkj.k os izHkkoghu gks x;s gSaA vk/kqfud
fo|ky; lkekftd fu;a=k.k dk ,d izHkko'kkyh lk/ku curs tk jgs gSaA
2- lkekftd Hkwfedk ds p;u esa lgk;rk djuk fo|ky; dk nwljk dk;Z gSA ;g
dk;Z 'kSf{kd mís'; ls esy ugha [kkrk gS] D;ksafd mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk izkIr
djus ds mijkUr fo|kFkhZ tc fdlh O;olk; dk p;u djrs gSa rks mUgsa

138 nsosUnz flag
O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k ds fy, fof'k"V ikB~;Øe dk v/;;u djuk iM+rk gSA

bl izdkj lkekftd Hkwfedk ds p;u esa fo|ky;ksa dh mikns;rk fujFkZd fl)
gksrh gSA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd Ldwyh thou esa lh[kk x;k O;klkf;d Kku
dk ekSfyd O;kolkf;d txr ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gksrk gSA vr% lkekftd
Hkwfedk ds p;u gsrq ckydksa esa tks O;klkf;d Kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] og
le; o /ku dh cckZnh gksrk gSA
3- fo|ky;ksa dk rhljk dk;Z fl)kUr cks/ku gSA ysfdu jsej dk ekuuk gS fd cqjs
Ldwy gh fl)kUr cks/ku dk dk;Z djrs gSa] vPNs Ldwyksa dk dk;Z rks vk/kkjHkwr
ewY;ksa dk Kku nsuk gSA izk;% lHkh fo|ky; ckydksa dks thou ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk
nsrs gSaA blls ckyd ;g ugha le> ikrs fd vPNk ;k cqjk D;k gS\ lR; rks
;g gS fd ckyd ftl vk;q esa izos'k ysrs gSa] rc rd og cgqr lkjh ckrsa
lh[k ysrs gSaA ijUrq Ldwy esa mu lHkh ewY;ksa dks nck fn;k tkrk gS ; mUgsa nwljh
f'k{kk ns nh tkrh gSA ckyd dsoy bruk lh[k ikrs gSa fd lh[kus ds fy, mUgsa
nwljksa ij vkfJr jguk gSA
¼jsej&1971½
4- ckykdksa esa Kku ,oa dkS'ky ds izf'k{k.k ds fy, f'kf{kr djuk vfUre dk;Z
gSA fo|ky; ckydksa dks fofHkUu rjg dk Kku izkIr djkrs gSaA D;k bu ckrksa
fo|ky; vU; LFkkuksa ;k lk/kuksa dh vis{kk csgrj <ax ls lh[krs gSaA jsej dk
ekuuk gS fd– dHkh ughaA ckydksa ds ckSf)d Kku ij Ldwyksa dk ?kkrd izHkko
iM+rk gS] D;ksafd os fuEu Lrjh; o e`r Kku nsrs gSaA
nwljh rjQ boku bfyp Hkh fo|ky;ksa ds okrkoj.k dks d`f=ke o Hkzked ekurs gSaA
fo|ky; vius gh yksxksa dks okLrfod thou ls rFkk vius vki ls i`Fkd djrs gSaA
og mUgsa mlls oafpr djrk gS tks fdlh ikB~;Øe ;k l`tukRed dk;Z ds ewy esa
fufgr gksrk gSA vk/kqfud Ldwy o mlds ikB~;Øe ,d lkekftd leL;k cu x;s
gSaA ikB~;Øe la'kks/ku rFkk f'k{k.k ds iqufuZekZ.k ds lHkh iz;kl vlQy gks jgs gSaA
tc rd lekt bl fo'okl dk ifjR;kx ugha dj nsrk fd vf/kxe v/;kiu dk
ifj.kke gksrk gS vFkok vf/kd /ku O;; djds gh f'k{kk miyC/k dh tk ldrh gS]
rc rd 'kSf{kd iqufuZekZ.k dh dYiuk djuk O;FkZ gksxkA O;fDr esa bl fo'okl dks
tkx`r djuk gksxk fd viuh laLd`fr ds lkFk lexz izfrHkkfxrk j[kus ds ifj.kke
Lo:i gh vfèxe lEHko gksrk gSA
¼bfyp&1971½
ifjisz{;
jsej dh ekU;rk gS fd ekuo tkfr dh mUufr ds fy, laLFkkxr Ldwyksa dks cUn
dj nsuk pkfg,A vk/kqfud Ldwy ckyd] lekt rFkk jk"Vª dk fgr lk/ku djus ds
ctk; vfgr dj jgs gSa] Hksn oxZ Hksn rFkk vlekurk dks c<+k jgs gSaA Ldwyksa ls fn;s
x;s izek.k&i=k mikf/k;k¡ rFkk fMIyksek O;kolkf;d dq'kyrk dh n`f"V ls fujFkZd gSaA
vkS|ksfxd lekt esa laLFkkxr fo|ky;hdj.k }kjk okLrfod vf/kxe dk u flQZ
xyk ?kksaVk tk jgk gS oju~ oxZHksn ,oa lkekftd vkfFkZd vlekurk dk ,d inØe
LFkkfir gksrk tk jgk gSA ,sls esa f'k{kk dks cpk;s j[kus gsrq laLFkk ls vfuok;Zr%
lEcU/k&foPNsn gksuk pkfg, ,oa leqnk; o oSdfYid f'k{kk ¼f'k{kk dh eqDr i)fr½
dh rjQ okil vkuk gksxkA
¼,twds'ku olsZt Ldwfyax] 3 Qjojh 2004½
fo|ky; ds ckjs esa ,ojsV jsej ls leUo; izfl) fpUrd ikoyks Ýsjs ls Hkh
feyrk gSA ikoyks Ýsjs dh ekU;rk Fkh fd Ldwy ;k fo|ky; ds ckgj Hkh f'k{kk tSlh
dksbZ pht gks ldrh gSA fo|ky; esa izpfyr f'k{kk o.kZukRed gh gSA ;fn fo|ky;
ds vUnj ;k ckgj fdlh Hkh Lrj ds f'k{kd&Nk=k lEcU/k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;
rks bldh izd`fr o.kZukRed gS vFkkZr~ fo|ky; esa izpfyr f'k{kk Hkh o.kZu ds jksx
ls ihfM+r gSA 'kSf{kd Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djus esa fo|ky; vuqi;qDr gSa] D;ksafd
fo|ky;h f'k{kk vekuq"khdj.k dks c<+k;k ns jgh gSA blfy, fo|ky; ls ckgj Hkh
f'k{kk tSlh dksbZ pht gks ldrh gSA
¼Ýsjs&1970½
fufoZ|ky;hdj.k
jsej ds fufoZ|ky;hdj.k ¼Ldwy bt MsM½ dh /kkj.kk esa vUrfuZfgr ekU;rk,a
vèksfyf[kr gSa–
1- fo|ky;hdj.k vFkkZr~ fo|ky;ksa esa izzos'k djkus ek=k ls gh lkoZHkkSfed f'k{kk
lEHko ugha gSA
2- ;g u rks f'k{kdksa dh vius Nk=kksa ds izfr ifjofrZr vfHko`fÙk vkSj u gh 'kSf{kd
gkMZos;j ;k lk¶Vos;j ds foLrkj ;k f'k{kd ds nkf;Ro esa vfHko`f) }kjk
miy) gks ldrh gSA
3- bls lEHko cukus ds fy, jsej dh n`f"V esa ;g vko';d gS fd orZeku
fo|ky;ksa dh Hkkafr dksbZ vU; fodYi viuk;s tk,aA
4- Mh Ldwfyax dh /kkj.kk esa fo|ky;ksa ds d`f=ke ,oa vfr'k; izHkko rFkk izHkqRo

140 nsosUnz flag
ij vadq'k ;k fu"ks/k yxkuk izeq[k ekU;rk gSA ,d ckj izHkqRo dks lekIr dj
nsus ij gesa u;s fljs ls izHkkoh fodYiksa ds }kjk f'k{kk] f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe ds
fy, loZlqyHk ladqy xfBr djus gksaxsA bu fodYikRed f'k{kk vfHkdj.kksa dks
^jh Ldwfyax* ¼iqu% fo|ky;hdj.k½ dgk tk ldrk gSA
¼xtjkMks 1993] ik.Ms;&1997½
jsej us cgqr ls rF; ,d=k fd, vkSj muds vk/kkj ij ;g izfrikfnr fd;k
fd orZeku f'k{kk lekIr dj nh tk, rFkk u, fljs ls iqu% ubZ i)fr ds }kjk
oSdfYid f'k{kk dh O;k[;k dh tk,A
,ojsV jsej ,oa Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd lanHkZ
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ijh{kk vk/kkfjr gS vkSj ;gh otg gS fd ijh{kk esa vPNk izn'kZu ugha
djus dks cPpk ftUnxh vkSj ekSr dk dkj.k eku ysrk gSA f'k{kk dk y{; O;fDr
dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djuk gSA f'k{kk dk eq[; mís'; O;fDr esa lgh ewY;ksa dk lekos'k
djkuk gS rkfd lekt dks og ubZ fn'kk ns ldsA u fd f'k{kk ds ncko esa vkdj vkRe
gR;k djsA izfl) fpUrd tku gkYV us ^^cPps dSls vlQy gksrs gSa** viuh d`fr
esa mYys[k fd;k gS fd fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k esa mUgsa ftl rjg dk ekgkSy feyrk
gS] mlls [kkSQ gS] Hkze gS] nqfo/kk gS vkSj lkFk esa gS lSdM+ksa funsZ'k] ftudk vuqdj.k
djuk gh mudh fu;fr gSA ;g okrkoj.k ;FkkFkZ dh ml vux<+ Nfo ls iwjh ljg
dVk gksrk gS] tks cPpksa ds eu esa gksrh gSA bl okrkoj.k esa vFkZghu 'kCnksa dh ckSNkj
Hkh gksrh gS] ftlls cPps Hkzfer jgrs gSa vkSj ,sls Kku dks iSnk djrs gSa tks [kf.Mr]
fod`r vkSj vYidkfyd rks gksrk gh gS] lkFk gh mudh okLrfod t:jrksa dh iwfrZ
rd ugha dj ikrk gSA
¼'kkjnk&2007½
Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd lanHkZ ds vkyksd esa ;g Li"V gksrk gS tks f'k{kk yksxksa esa uSfrd
ewY;ksa ds cht ugha cks ldrh] og vKkurk o fuj{krk ls Hkh cqjh gSA ijh{kk mUeq[k
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds dkj.k ,d NksVk lk cPpk Hkh izek.khdj.k ds ncko esa gksrk gSA ;g
flQZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa gS D;ksfa d ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa cPps dHkh Qsy gksus ij vkRe gR;k
ugha djrsA flQZ Hkkjr esa fiNys o"kZ 4000 cPpksa us Qsy gksus ij vkRe gR;k dhA
¼jktu&2010½
Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd lanHkZ esa ckyeuksfoKku dh n`f"V ls fQYe ^rkjs teh ij* f'k{kk
iz.kkyh dks niZ.k fn[kkus dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA fQYe ;g iznf'kZr djrh gS fd rukoxzLr
ifjisz{;
cPpksa dh okLrfod euksn'kk dks ;fn le; jgrs le>k tk, rks muesa LoLFk] laxriw.kZ
,oa jpukRed izof` Ùk;ksa dk lapkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt cPpksa dks ifjokj esa feyus
okyh vukSipkfjd f'k{kk cPpksa esa O;ogkj izfreku] laLdkj] ewY; ,oa vknrksa dk
fuekZ.k tSlh lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ka Hkh geus Ldwyksa ij gh Mky nh gSAa Ldwyksa dh
orZeku fLFkfr ;g gS fd ogka Hkkjh&Hkjde cksf>y ikB~;Øe ds lkeus Iys os yfu±x]
f'k{kd ds LoLFk O;fDr dh vfHkO;fDr] d{kk dk izR;{k laokn] Nk=kksa dh okLrfod
leL;kvksa ls :c: gksdj muds funku ds ra=k dk fodkl tSls f'k{k.k fcUnq i`"BHkwfe
esa pys x;s gSAa orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; ,oa mudk fØ;kRed igyw dkslZ jVkus] ijh{kk
lEiUu djkus vkSj ijh{kk ifj.kke rd gh lhfer gksdj jg x;k gSA
¼xqIrk&2008½
Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd iz.kkyh esa f'k{kd dk LFkku ek=k osruHkksxh O;fDr rFkk f'k{kkFkhZ
dh fLFkfr rksrk jVUr tSls laosnuk 'kwU; Nk=k dh cudj jg x;h gSA fu"d"kZr%
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh iqfyflax rFkk Vhfpax rd gh lhfer gksdj jg x;h gSA f'k{kk
O;oLFkk ds lkFk leL;k ;g gS fd ikB~;Øe ds lkeus fo|kFkhZ dk jpukRed
O;fDrRo dgha [kks x;k gSA f'k{kk dk ;g <kapk O;fDrRo fodkl dks udkjdj
cktkjoknh cukrk tk jgk gS] tgk¡ iwath dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA ukSdjh vkSj mikfè
ds chp dk lglEcU/k Hkh bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks ikB~;ØeksUeq[k cukus dks etcwj
dj jgk gSA bl ikB~;Øe esa Hkys gh lS)kfUrd dkS'ky gS] ijUrq Nk=k dh fØ;kRed
'kfDr yqIr gksrh tk jgh gSA lqizfl) Hkkjrh; fpUrd ts-d`".kewfrZ dk ekuuk gS fd
fo|ky; dks dsoy 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls gh Js"B ugha gksuk pkfg,] cfYd mUgsa lexz
ekuo ds fuekZ.k ls tqM+uk pkfg,A ,d Ldwy dk vFkZ gS] og txg] tgk¡ fo|kFkhZ
ewy :i ls izlUu vkSj vkufUnr gS] tgka mls Mjk;k] /kedk;k ugha tkrkA og
ijh{kkvksa ls Hk;Hkhr ugha gS rFkk tgka mls ,d <kapk ;k i)fr ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus
ds fy, ck/; ugha fd;k tk;A fo|ky; dks ^vodk'k* dk ,slk LFkku gksuk pkfg,
tgka fo|kFkhZ dk vkUrfjd :ikUrj.k gksA mUgsa ,slh xq.kkRed thou 'kSyh fl[kk;h
tk; ftldk egRo o mi;ksfxrk ijEijkxr f'k{kk ls izkIr Kku ds laxzg ls cgqr
vf/kd gksA O;fDr o lekt dh vUrfØZ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fo|ky; dks lkekftd
:ikUrj.k dk dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
¼vxzoky&2008½
Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd lanHkZ esa 'kSf{kd ,oa vk/;kfRed fpUrd Jh lR; lkbZ ckck Hkh
laLFkkxr fo|ky;h f'k{kk ij viuk n`f"Vdks.k O;Dr djrs gSAa ysfdu jsej] bfyp]
ikoyks Ýsj]s tku gkYV o iky xqMeSu tSls vfr dBksj fLFkfr ugha viuk;h ftl izdkj

142 nsosUnz flag
,ojsV jsej us ^^Ldwy bt MsM** esa viuk;h gSA lR; lkbZ ckck ugha pkgrs fd Hkkjr
esa f'k{kk dk orZeku <kapk fcYdqy rksM+ Mkyk tk;s vkSj iqu% izkjEHk ls cuk;k tk;s]
D;ksfa d u rks ;g lEHko gS vkSj u gh cqf)laxrA os pkgrs gSa fd iwofZ opkjksa dh tM+or~
vH;kl ekyk,a fudky nh tk,a rFkk muds LFkku ij jpukRed o vk/;kfRedrk dk
izo's k djk;k tk;] ftlls thou ewY;ksa vkSj xq.kkRedrk dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa inkiZ.k
gks lds vkSj fo|ky; mPpLrjh; Kku] u fd e`r Kku (Dead Knowledge) ds
ek/;e ls lkekftd :ikUrj.k dk dk;Z dj ldsAa
¼flag&2002½
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa jsej dk fparu VSxksj] xka/kh] ts- d`".kewfrZ ,oa Jh lR;
lkbZckck ds 'kSf{kd fopkjksa ls esy [kkrs gSaA jsej dh ;g vo/kkj.kk izklafxd yxrh
gS fd fo|ky; ls ckgj Hkh f'k{kk tSlh pht gks ldrh gS ,oa vf/kxe] f'k{k.k dk
ifj.kke gksrk gSA D;ksafd laLFkkxr fo|ky; ls izkIr Kku e`r ugha gksrk gSA Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=kd lkekftd O;oLFkk ds dY;k.k ds fy, loZlkekU; ,d
:i esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk iz.kkyh fodflr dh tkuh pkfg,A D;ksafd Hkkjr esa laLFkkxr
fo"kerk;sa lkekftd ,dhdj.k ,oa ln~Hkko dks u"V dj jgh gSa lkFk gh lerkewy
lekt dks gkfu igqapkus okys lEiUu oxZ dks fufeZr djus esa izksRlkfgr dj jgh gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i dqN ds fy, xq.kkRed f'k{kk dk rdZ loZtu ds fy, 'kSf{kd volj
vlekurk dh laHkkouk dks fujarj {kh.krj cukrh tk jgh gSA
fu"d"kZr% ,ojsV jsej ds ^Ldwy bt MsM* dh vo/kkj.kk dk vfHkizk; ;g
dnkfi ugha gS fd Ldwyksa dk vfLrRo gh lekIr dj fn;k tk; oju~ Ldwyksa ds 'kSf{kd
,dkf/kdkj dks lekIr fd;k tk;] lekt ds xjhc vkSj oafpr rcds ds yksxksa dks
f'k{kk dk iwjk ykHk feys] lkFk gh yxkrkj c<+rs gq, f'k{kk O;; dks fu;af=kr fd;k
tk; ,oa ckydksa dks vf/kxe ds eqDr volj iznku fd, tk,aA bl izdkj Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa fufoZ|ky;hdj.k iw.kZr% vO;kogkfjd gSA
'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ
fdlh Hkh 'kks/k dk y{; mldh mikns;rk ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA izLrqr 'kksè i=k dk
y{; dsoy KkukRed fo'ys"k.k gh ugha Fkk vfirq bl laHkkouk dk vuqeku djuk
Hkh Fkk fd foospukRed :i ls ,ojsV jsej ds 'kSf{kd fopkj Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa fdrus
izklafxd gSaA Hkkjr dh 'kSf{kd leL;k;sa fuf'pr :i ls fo'o ds fdlh Hkh jk"Vª
ls iw.kZr;k fHkUu gSA lk{kjrk dh izxfr dh xfr bruh /kheh gS fd vc Hkh fo'o
ifjisz{;
ds lokZf/kd fuj{kj Hkkjr esa gh gSaA loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ,oa f'k{kk dk vfèdkj
vfèfu;e izHkkoh gksus ds ckotwn mPp fo|ky; R;kx ,oa fo|ky;ksa esa vukekafdr
Nk=k vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; fo|ky;h f'k{kk dks eqag fp<+k jgs gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa
fo|ky; Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa vius ttZj Lo:i esa Hkh lkanfHkZd :i ls izklafxd gSA
;gk¡ jsej dk ^^Ldwy bt MsM** pfpZr d`fr dh vo/kkj.kk if'peh fodflr jk"Vªksa
ds vkS|ksxhd`r ,oa O;kolk;hd`r fo|ky;ksa ds lanHkZ esa izklafxd izrhr gksrk gSA ijUrq
Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd lanHkZ ,oa lajpuk esa dqN va'kksa esa vizklafxd izrhr gksrk gSA
,ojsV jsej ds fparu dj lkj Hkkjrh; euh"kh ijaijk ds vuq:i gSA euq"; dks
f'k{kk ds }kjk Js"B] laons u'khy ,oa lH; cukus dk iz;kl gh f'k{kk ds mPpre y{;ksa
esa ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ij jsej dk 'kSf{kd fparu Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ds lerqY; izrhr gksrk
gS D;ksfa d jsej Hkh fuEufyf[kr Kku Alienatted knowledge dks e`r Kku MsM uksyt s
ls lacksf/kr djrs gSAa blfy, e`r Kku ds }kjk 'kSf{kd iz.kkyh thou dh iz;ksx'kkyk
ugha cu ldrh ,oa f'k{kk O;fDr o lekt dks fof'k"V fn'kk ugha ns ldrhA
,ojsV jsej ds fparu ds vkyksd esa Hkkjrh; lanHkZ dh iqufoZospuk dh tk ldrh
gSA ,oa blds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds y{;] fo|ky;ksa dk Lo:i] mudh
izklafxdrk] mudk uokfHkdYiu] f'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa ,oa iz.kkfy;ksa esa euksoSKkfudrk
ds lekos'k dh laHkkoukvksa dks fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jsej }kjk fn;s x;s
oSdfYid f'k{kk dks xq.kkRed f'k{kk dk :i fn;k tk ldrk gSA dqN 'kSf{kd ladVksa
dks tks viuh 'kS'kokoLFkk esa gh gS] ,ojsV jsej ds Li"V fparu dk lgkjk ysdj Hkkjr
esa vkSj vf/kd vlk/; gksus ls igys gh nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,ojsV jsej ds
fopkjksa ds vkyksd esa oSdfYid f'k{kk ds vU; lk/kuksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk
gSaA tSls& jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;] eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] nwjorhZ f'k{kk ,oa bZ&,tqds'ku
dk iz;ksx bR;kfnA blizdkj f'k{kk dh izd`fr flQZ laLFkkxr ,oa vkSipkfjd ls thou
iz;Ru f'k{kk ,oa vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds rjQ izfreku ifjorZu gks jgk gSA
¼okfy;k&2005½
Hkkoh 'kks/k gsrq lq>ko
dksbZ 'kks/k flQZ lS)kafrd vo/kkj.kkvksa dk la;kstu ,oa izLrqfrdj.k ek=k ugha gksrk
gS] oju~ viuh iw.kZrk ds i'pkr~ og uohu leL;kvksa dh rjQ bafxr Hkh djrk gSA
blizdkj n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkoh 'kks/kdrkZ v/kksfyf[kr 'kks/k leL;kvksa ij viuk
/;ku dsafnzr dj ldrs gSa&

144 nsosUnz flag
1- oSf'od lanHkZ esa fufoZ|ky;hdj.k dk vkykspukRed v/;;u djukA

2- boku bfyp ,oa ,ojsV jsej ds fopkjksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
3- ,ojsV jsej ds 'kSf{kd fparu dk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ
esa v/;;u djukA
4- ,ojsV jsej ds fopkjksa dk vU; ik'pkR; f'k{kk'kkL=kh ¼buok bfyp] iky
xqMeSu] ikoyks Qzsjs½ ds fopkjksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
5- ,ojsV jsej ds fparu Hkkjrh; fpardksa ¼fxtqHkkbZ] lR; lkbZ ckck½ ds fopkjksa
dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
6- ,ojsV jsej ds fpUrd ds vkyksd esa fofoZ|ky;hdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk
iz.kkyh esa oSdfYid lq/kkj dh izHkkoiw.kZrk dk v/;;u djukA
7- ,ojsV jsej ds 'kSf{kd fopkjksa esa fo|ky; ,oa lekt ds ikjLifjd lEcUèksa
dk v/;;u djukA
mijksDr dqN fcUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr vU; 'kks/k fcUnq 'kks/k drkZvksa ds ckSf)d iVy
ij vk dlrs gSa tks bl v/;;u ds Hkh fofHkUu vo;oksa ls lEcfU/kr gks ldrs gSaA
lanHkZ
vxzoky] ljLorh ¼2008½ ts- d`".kewfrZ dk fpUru] ifjiz{;] U;wik ubZ fnYyh o"kZ 15] vad&2]
vxLr 2008] i`&130
bfyp] boku ¼1971½% Mh Ldwfyax lkslkbVh] U;w;kdZ% gkiZj ,saM jksA
dqekjh] 'kkjnk ¼2007½ cPps vlQy dSls gksrs gSa\ izkFkfed f'k{kd] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèku
o izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh o"kZ 32] vad&1] tuojh 2007] i`-&58
xqMeSu] iky ¼1964½ dEiYljh fel&,twds'ku] U;w;kdZ% gksfjtu izslA
Ýsjs] ikoyks ¼1970½ isMkxkth vkWQ vkizsLM] isuxqbu cqDl ,twds'ku lhjhtA
jktu] tkudkjh ¼2010½ Qsy cPps ugha] Ldwy gksrs gSa] vej mtkyk&12 Qjojh 2010
jsej] bZ- ¼1971½% n Ldwy bt MsM% vkYVusZfVOl bu ,twds'ku] yUnu% isuxqbuA
okfy;k] 'ksyh ¼2005½% isMkxkth vkWQ lks'ky fycjs'ku] fn fgUnw] 2 tuojhA
flag] nsosUnz ¼1998½ % boku bfyp ds 'kSf{kd fopkj] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk] vDVwcj 1998]
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh
flag] ds-,u- ¼1992½% Jh lR; lkbZckck dk f'k{kk&n'kZu % fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj esa % vizdkf'kr
'kks/k xzUFk] f'k{kk ladk;] ohj cgknqj flag iwok±py fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqjA
ifjisz{;

Par Ipek Shy A August 2010

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ifjizs{;

'kSf{kd ;kstuk vkSj iz'kklu dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd lanHkZ

jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ,oa iz'kklu fo'ofo|ky;

oh.kk Bkojs vkSj ,u-th- isUMls

'kks/k fVIi.kh @ laokn

lfjrk dsljokuh vkSj mek jkuh 'kekZ

jktdqekjh dkyjk vkSj jsuw

jatuk oekZ vkSj lqcks/k dqekj

fpard vkSj fparu

v/;kid f'k{kk dk lekykspukRed v/;;u

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

us bu lanHkksZa esa flQkfj'k nh fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds vyxko dks nwj djuk pkfg,A

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

v/;kidksa dk dÙkZO; gksxkA bl rjg f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj 2009 Hkh v/;kidksa dh

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

& 'kks/k vkSj vf/kxedrkZvksa dh f'k{kk ij izfrfcac djukA

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

i`"BHkwfe ds fo|kFkhZ] 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds fo|kFkhZ] fodflr&vfodflr {ks=k] ifCyd

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk lkjÙko og fof/k gS ftlds }kjk bldk dk;kZUo;u

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

vof/k 2 lky dh tkuh pkfg, ftlls v/;kid f'k{kk ds vk/kkjHkwr dk;ZØe

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

gSA blls v/;kid&f'k{kdksa dk Hkh Ldwyh vuqHko o okrkoj.k ls fujarj laidZ

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dh dky

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

ftls OkSdfYid :i ls bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS&

tgk¡ ij δ = (ρ–1) rFkk ∆ lkekU;r% izFke varjfØ;k gSaA

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

ln (HDI)t = βo +β1 ln (LITM)t + β2ln (LITF)t+ β3ln (LITT)t + β4ln (GGL)t

ln (PCEXPEDU)t =βO +β1 ln (LITM)t + β2ln (LITF)t(LITT)t + β3ln (LITT)t+β3ln

bls fuEukuqlkj fy[kus ij &

Ut = ln (HDI)t - β0 ln - β1 ln (LITM)t - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln (LITT)t - β4 ln

Ut = ln (PCE X PEDU)t - β0 ln - β1 ln (LITM)t - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3ln (LITT)t -

fuEukuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS&

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

∆ ln (HDI)t = βo + β1∆ ln (LITM)t + β2 ∆ ln (LITF)t + β3 ∆ ln (LITT)t +

∆ ln (PCEXPEDU)t = βo + β1 ∆ ln (LITM)t + β2 ∆ ln (LITF)t + β3 ∆ ln (LITT)t

tgka ij fd ∆ lkekU; :i ls izFke varj rFkk et U;kn'kZ «=kqfV pj gSa] ,oa

ut-1= ln (PCI)t-1 - βo – β1 ∆ ln (LITM)t-1 - β2 ln (LITF)t - β3 ln (LITT)t-1 - β4ln

1 - β4 ln (GGL)t-1 - β5 ln (GERPM)t-1 - β6 ln (GERPF)t-1 - β7 ln

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

β7 ln (GERPT)t-1 - β8 ln (GERSM)t-1 - β9 ln (GERSF)t-1 – β10 ln

;g lglekadfyr izfrixefur lehdj.kksa dh «=kqfV pj dk ,d vof/k i'prk

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

ek/;fed Lrj ij efgyk ukekadu vuqikr (GERSF)] ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

vuqikr (GERPT) ek/;fed Lrj ij dqy ldy ukekadu vuqikr (GERSM)

lglekadyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds

o"kZ 17] vad 2] vxLr 2010

lglekdyu ,oa «=kqfV la'kks/ku rU=k ds mi;ksx }kjk izfrixeu lehdj.k ds

Q4 –.35** –.06 –.13* –.26 –.06 –.23