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Type I Errors, Type II Errors and
Statistical Power
Type I error (): the probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is actually true.
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Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Technique
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Testing Hypotheses on a Single Mean
One sample t-test: statistical technique that is used
to test the hypothesis that the mean of the
population from which a sample is drawn is equal
to a comparison standard.
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Testing Hypotheses about Two
Related Means
Paired samples t-test: examines differences in
same group before and after a treatment.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test: a non-parametric
test for examining significant differences between
two related samples or repeated measurements on
a single sample. Used as an alternative for a paired
samples t-test when the population cannot be
assumed to be normally distributed.
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Testing Hypotheses about Two
Related Means - 2
McNemar's test: non-parametric method used on
nominal data. It assesses the significance of the
difference between two dependent samples when
the variable of interest is dichotomous. It is used
primarily in before-after studies to test for an
experimental effect.
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Testing Hypotheses about Two
Unrelated Means
Independent samples t-test: is done to see if there
are any significant differences in the means for two
groups in the variable of interest.
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Testing Hypotheses about Several
Means
ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) helps to examine
the significant mean differences among more than
two groups on an interval or ratio-scaled
dependent variable.
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Regression Analysis
Simple regression analysis is used in a situation
where one metric independent variable is
hypothesized to affect one metric dependent
variable.
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Scatter plot
100
80
LKLHD_DATE
60
40
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
PHYS_ATTR
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Simple Linear Regression
Yi 0 1 X i i
̂ 1 ? `0
̂ˆ0
1
ˆ0
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Ordinary Least Squares Estimation
n
Minimize e
i 1
2
i
Yi
Yˆi
ei
Xi
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SPSS
Analyze Regression Linear
Model Summary
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 8195.319 1 8195.319 233.901 .000
Residual 3398.640 97 35.038
Total 11593.960 98
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SPSS cont’d
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 34.738 2.065 16.822 .000
PHYS_ATTR .520 .034 .841 15.294 .000
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Model validation
1. Face validity: signs and magnitudes make sense
2. Statistical validity:
◦ Model fit: R2
◦ Model significance: F-test
◦ Parameter significance: t-test
◦ Strength of effects: beta-coefficients
◦ Discussion of multicollinearity: correlation matrix
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SPSS
Model Summary
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Measure of Overall Fit: R2
R2 measures the proportion of the variation in y that is explained
by the variation in x.
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SPSS
Model Summary
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Model Significance
H0: 0 = 1 = ... = m = 0 (all parameters are zero)
H1: Not H0
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Model Significance
H0: 0 = 1 = ... = m = 0 (all parameters are zero)
H1: Not H0
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SPSS
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 8195.319 1 8195.319 233.901 .000
Residual 3398.640 97 35.038
Total 11593.960 98
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Parameter significance
Testing that a specific parameter is significant (i.e., j 0)
H0: j = 0
H1: j 0
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SPSS cont’d
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 34.738 2.065 16.822 .000
PHYS_ATTR .520 .034 .841 15.294 .000
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Conceptual Model
+
Physical Likelihood
Attractiveness to Date
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Multiple Regression Analysis
We use more than one (metric or non-metric)
independent variable to explain variance in a
(metric) dependent variable.
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Conceptual Model
Perceived
Intelligence +
+
Physical Likelihood
Attractiveness to Date
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Model Summary
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 8257.731 2 4128.866 118.808 .000
Residual 3336.228 96 34.752
Total 11593.960 98
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 31.575 3.130 10.088 .000
PERC_INTGCE .050 .037 .074 1.340 .183
PHYS_ATTR .523 .034 .846 15.413 .000
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Conceptual Model
Gender
Perceived
Intelligence + +
+
Physical Likelihood
Attractiveness to Date
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Moderators
Moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class) or
quantitative (e.g., level of reward) that affects the
direction and/or strength of the relation between
dependent and independent variable
Analytical representation
with Y = DV
X1 = IV
X2 = Moderator
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Moderators
Model Summary
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 9603.938 4 2400.984 113.412 .000
Residual 1990.022 94 21.170
Total 11593.960 98
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Moderators
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 32.603 3.163 10.306 .000
PERC_INTGCE .000 .043 .000 .004 .997
PHYS_ATTR .496 .027 .802 18.540 .000
GENDER -.420 3.624 -.019 -.116 .908
PI_GENDER .127 .058 .369 2.177 .032
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Conceptual Model
Gender
Perceived
Intelligence + +
+
Physical Likelihood
Attractiveness to Date
+
Communality of +
Perceived Fit
Interests
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Mediating/intervening variable
Accounts for the relation between the independent
and dependent variable
Analytical representation
1. Y = ß0 + ß1X
=> ß1 is significant
2. M = ß2 + ß3X
=> ß3 is significant
3. Y = ß4 + ß5X + ß6M
=> ß5 is not significant
=> ß6 is significant With Y = DV
X = IV
M = mediator
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Step 1
Mode l Summary
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 10745.603 5 2149.121 235.595 .000
Residual 848.357 93 9.122
Total 11593.960 98
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Step 1 cont’d
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Cons tant) 17.094 2.497 6.846 .000
PERC_INTGCE .030 .029 .044 1.039 .301
PHYS_ATTR .517 .018 .836 29.269 .000
GENDER -.783 2.379 -.036 -.329 .743
PI_GENDER .122 .038 .356 3.201 .002
COMM_INTER .212 .019 .319 11.187 .000
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Step 2
Mode l Summary
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 17720.881 1 17720.881 2068.307 .000
Residual 831.079 97 8.568
Total 18551.960 98
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Step 2 cont’d
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Cons tant) 8.474 1.132 7.484 .000
COMM_INTER .820 .018 .977 45.479 .000
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Step 3
Mode l Summary
ANOVA
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 10828.336 6 1804.723 216.862 .000
Residual 765.624 92 8.322
Total 11593.960 98
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Step 3 cont’d
Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Cons tant) 14.969 2.478 6.041 .000
PERC_INTGCE .019 .028 .028 .688 .493
PHYS_ATTR .518 .017 .839 30.733 .000
GENDER -2.040 2.307 -.094 -.884 .379
PI_GENDER .142 .037 .412 3.825 .000
COMM_INTER -.051 .085 -.077 -.596 .553
PERC_FIT .320 .102 .405 3.153 .002
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