IE 3391 Quality Engineering

Control Charts for Variables

(S-MR charts)
Instructor: Dr. Abdulmajeed Dabwan
Control Charts for Variables
ii) Average and Standard
Deviation Chart
(X - S Chart)
 ii) (X - S Chart)
Although X and R charts are widely used, it is better to

estimate the process standard deviation directly instead

of indirectly through the use of the range R.

This leads to control charts for X and s, where s is the

sample standard deviation.

 ii) (X - S Chart)
Generally, X and s charts are preferable when either:

1.the sample size n is moderately large, n > 10 or

12 (recall that the range method for estimating s

loses statistical efficiency for moderate to large

samples), or

2.the sample size n is variable.

Construction and Operation of x and s Charts

Setting up and operating control charts for X

bar and s requires about the same sequence

of steps as those for X bar and R charts,

except that for each sample we must calculate

the sample average and the sample standard

deviation s.
• Table 6.3 presents the
inside diameter
measurements of forged
automobile engine piston
rings. Each sample or
subgroup consists of five
piston rings.

• We have calculated the

sample average and
sample standard
deviation for each of the
25 samples
 Construction and Operation of x and s Charts

X1=
(74.030+74.002+74.019+73.992

+ 74.008)/5 = 370.051/5

=74.010

X2=

(73.995+73.992+74.001+7
4

.011+74.004)/5 =
370.003/5
 Construction and Operation of x and s Charts
Standard deviation

s 1 = Square root of ((74.030 -

74.010)^2 + (74.002 - 74.010)^2

+ (74.019 - 74.010)^2 + (73.992

- 74.010)^2 + (74.008 -

74.010)^2 )/(5-1)
ii) (X - S Chart)
ii) (X - S Chart)
ii) (X - S Chart)
 ii) (X - S Chart)
Xbar-S Chart of C1, ..., C5
UCL=74.01459

74.01

_
X=74.0011
Sample

74.00 8
Mean

73.99
LCL=73.98776
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Sample

0.020 UCL=0.01964

0.015

_
0.010 S=0.0094
Sample
StDev

0
0.005

0.000 LCL=0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Sample
(Control Charts)

14
 Ẋ and S Control chart?

• X Bar S charts often used control chart to examine the

process mean and standard deviation over the time. These

charts are used when the subgroups have large sample size

(n≥10) and S chart provides better understanding of the

spread of subgroup data than range.

15
3.1 Construction and Operation
of x̄ and S Charts

• For each sample we must calculate the sample

average and the sample standard deviation s.

For S chart For x̄ chart

3.1 Construction and Operation
of x̄ and S Charts
Estimating Process Standard Deviation
• The process standard deviation,  can be
estimated by
S̄
σ=
^
c4
• For the previous example:
Since c4 = 0.9400 for samples of size 5, our
3.2 The x̄ and S Control Charts
with Variable Sample Size

• The x̄ and S charts can be adjusted to

account for samples of various sizes.
• A “weighted” average is used in the
calculations of the statistics.
m = the number of samples selected.
ni = size of the ith sample
3.2 The x̄ and S Control Charts
with Variable Sample Size
• The grand average can be estimated as:
m
∑ ni xi
i= 1
¯
x̄= m
∑ ni
i= 1

• The average sample standard

m
deviation is:
∑ (ni − 1) Si2
i= 1
S̄2= m
∑ ni − m
i= 1
3.2 The x̄ and S Control Charts
with Variable Sample Size
• Control Limits

 Values of B5 and B6 are tabulated for various sample sizes

in Appendix Table VI.
• If the sample sizes are not equivalent for each sample, then
– there can be control limits for each point (control limits
may differ for each point plotted)
Example:
Construct and
interpret x̄ and s
charts using the
piston ring
inside diameter
measurements
shown with variable
sample size.
 m
m

∑ ni xi ∑ (ni − 1) Si2
i= 1
¯
x̄=
i= 1
m
S̄2= m
∑ ni
i= 1
∑ ni − m
i= 1
The Shewhart Control Chart for
Individual Measurements

iii) Individual and Range Chart

( X-MR Chart )
 iii) Individual and Range Chart
( X-MR Chart )
Used when only one measurement is taken
on quality characteristic

Too expensive

Time consuming

Destructive

Very few items

 iii) Individual and Range Chart
( X-MR Chart )
• This is applicable when subgroup is not
practicable and control is to be exercised
based on single values.
• Here individual value is taken rather than
group value.
• Let us say we are interested in controlling the
power consumption in the home.
• An individual value chart can help in this.
First take the meter reading every day at a
fixed time to find out the consumption.
Find out the moving range (MR):
In many applications of the individuals control
chart, we use the moving range (MR) of two
successive observations as the basis of
estimating the process variability. The moving
range is defined as:
 A moving range
A moving range measures how variation changes over

time when data are collected as individual

measurements rather than in subgroups.

If we collect individual measurements and need to

plot the data on a control chart, or assess the

capability of a process, we need a way to estimate

the variation over time.

 How do you calculate moving range?

Subtract the second data point from the first

data point and record this value. As an

example take a data set of {1, 4, 4, 2, 7, 3}.

Subtracting the second data point from the first

gives us: 1-4 = -3. Take the absolute value of

the result.
 iii) Individual and Range Chart
( X-MR Chart )
In a bank the costs of processing of

the applications are collected. The

processing costs for the most recent

20 weeks are shown in Table. Set up

individual and moving range control

charts for these data.

Find out the moving range (MR):
Take the first reading (310) and next
reading (288) and find out the difference
(22). This is the range for the first two
values. Next reading is (297) and the
difference with the second reading is 9
This way find out the range for all.
iii) Individual and Range Chart
( X-MR Chart )
For the 20 readings you will get
19 range readings i.e., from
2nd to 20th.
 Chart for Individual values
(X-MR Chart )

X-Chart

MR-Chart

To use those equations, you have to use a moving range with n=2
 Chart for Individual values
(X-MR Chart )

X-Chart

MR-Chart

To use those equations, you have to use a moving range with n=2
 Chart for Individual values
(X-MR Chart )
I-MR Chart of C1
320 UCL=321.22
IndividualValue

310
_
300 X=300.
5

290

280 LCL=279.78
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Observation

UCL=25.45
24
MovingRange

18

12
__
MR=7.7
6 9

0 LCL=0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Observation
 Interpretation
It is seen from the Control Chart, that all
points on X Chart and R Chart are within the
control limits. There are no non random (i.e.,
run of 7 or more points on one side of central
line or increasing or decreasing trend) pattern.
Hence it is concluded that the process is under
statistical control.
X-MR chart
X-MR chart
 Control Chart Selection
Quality Characteristic
Variable Attribute
Defective Defect
no
n>1? x and MR
yes constant
yes constant
p or sampling
sample
np unit?
no size?
n>=10? x and R
yes no
no
yes
p-chart with c u
x and s variable sample
size