EE Test 14 Mock 2paper II Sol

:2: ESE-2018 Mains Test Series
01.(a)
Sol: (i) Exciting current Ie = 0.6A
Supply voltage V1'  2200V ; Core loss Pc = 361 watts.
Pc 361
 Core loss component I c  '
  0.164 A
V1 2200
We know that, Ie  I 2m  Ic2
Magnetising component I m  I e2  I c2  0.602  0.164 2  0.577 A
(ii) The primary current component I1 , required to neutralise the effect of secondary current I2 =
60 A, is given by
I1' N1  I 2 N2
I1' 
220
60  6 A
2200
V2 N 2
Note that 
V1 N1
The currents Ie, I2, I1 and I1 are indicated in the phasor diagram.
The vertical component of Ie = Ic = 0.164A V1 I1'  6 A I1
The horizontal component of
2
Ie = Im = 0.577A 1
 Vertical component of 0 Ie = 0.6A

m
I1  I1 cos 1  I1 cos 2  Ic
2
= 6  0.8 + 0.164 = 4.964 A
Horizontal component of I2 = 60 A
I1  I1 sin 1  I1' sin 2  I m E2 = V 2
= 6  0.6 + 0.577 = 4.177 A

 Primary current I1  I1Cos 1 2  I1 sin 1 2
= 4.9642  4.1772
I1 cos 1 4.964
Primary power factor = cos 1    0.766 lagging.
I1 6.47
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:3: Electrical Engineering
01(b)
Sol: (i) Steady state stability: Steady state stability involves the study of dynamics of the system when
the rate of application of load is quite slow as compare with the natural frequency of oscillation of
the system.
V20
V1
fig (i)
Consider fig(i) consisting of a generator connected to an infinite bus,
Initial operating point on the power angle curve is given as (P0, 0). Let, the load is changed by P
so that the load angle change by .
The swing equation is linearized across (P0, 0) for quite small change, such that,
d 2 
M = Pi – Pe
dt 2
= Pi – (P0 + P) = –P
 P 
=    . 
   0
d
Let, P
dt
P
MP2 +   0
 0
 P 
  MP 2    0
  
  0 
1/ 2
  P  
   
    0 
P=   ………(1)
M
 
 
 

Now consider the power angle curve as shown in fig (ii).
PS + P
P0
P 0 0 s+f
Here, 0 f
 fig (ii)
for f < 90
So that the two roots are purely imaginary and conjugate. The system is stable.
Steady state stability limit:
It is the maximum power transfer capacity in the line beyond which system looses synchronism
even for small disturbances.
EV
SSSL = ,
X
dp
For  > 90,  0  The system becomes unstable, since the power output of generator
d
decreases but the prime mover input is kept constant so rotor experiences oscillations which leads
to unstability.
01. (c)
Sol: At rated operation E = 200 – 150  0.06 = 191V
(i) E at 750 rpm,
750
E  191  163.7V
875
Va = E +IaRa
= 163.7+1500.06 = 172.7V
2Vm
Now cos   Va

2  220 2
Or cos   172.7

Or cos   0.872 or   29.3
(ii) At – 500 rpm
 500
E  191  109V
875
Since Va = E + IaRa
Va = – 109 + 150  0.06 = –100V
2Vm
Now cos   Va

2  220 2
Or cos   100

Or cos  = – 0.5 or  = 120
(iii) At  = 160
2Vm 2  220 2
Va  cos   cos160   186 V
 
Since Va = E+IaRa
–186 = E +150  0.06
Or E = – 195V
 195
Speed   875  893 .2rpm
191
01.(d)
Sol: Parseval’s theorem (Rayleigh’s theorem):
The power in a periodic signal can be associated with the power contained in each discrete
frequency component. The same result can be extended to non periodic functions. For non periodic
signals, the energy of the signal over the entire interval (, ) is usually finite, and the average
power (that is, energy per second) tends to be zero. A more useful concept for a non periodic signal
is energy E, defined as

E g …… (1)
2
(t) d t

If G() is the Fourier transform of g(t) ,


1
 G() e
j t
g( t )  d  …… (2)
2 
and the energy E of g(t) is given by

   1  
    2  G() e d  d t …… (3)
j t
E g 2 (t) d t  g ( t )
  
Interchanging the order of integration on the right-hand side


1

 
     g ( t ) e d t  d  …… (4)
j t
E g2 (t) d t  G ( )

2  
The inner integral on the right-hand side is obviously G().

 
1
  g (t ) d t  2  G() G( ) d  … (5)
2
For a real g(t):

G() = G() …… (6)
Hence G() G() = |G()|2..…(7)
  
1
and  g (t) d t   | G() | d    | G (f ) | d f …… (8)
2 2 2

2    f  
It is evident from eqn (7) that |G()|2 is a real even function of .

Eqn (8) states that the energy of a signal is given by 1/2 times the area under the |G()|2 curve. It
is also given by the area under |G(f)|2 curve.
01.(e)
Sol: The overall Transfer function is given by
K
C(s) s(sT  1) K/T
 
R (s)  K   2 1 K
1  s(sT  1) .1  s  T s  T 
 
1 K
The characteristic equation is, s 2  s 0
T T
 n  K / T and 2n  1 / T

1 1 1 1 1
  .  . 
T 2n T 2 K / T 2 KT
Let K1 be the forward path gain when M p1  60% and the corresponding damping ratio be 1.
1

112
Since M p1  e 100 %
1

112
 60  e 100
1
or log e (0.6)   log e (e)
1  12
1
or   0.51   .1
1   12
0.512
 12  (1  12 )
2
or 12  0.026(1  12 ) or 12  0.025
 1  0.158
Let K 2 be the forward path gain when M p 2  20% and the corresponding damping ratio be  2 .
 2

1 22
Since M p2  e 100%
 2

1 22
 20  e 100
From the above relation the value of  2 can be calculated by applying logarithm on both sides.
 2  0.447
Assuming time constant T to be constant
1 1 1 1
1  . and 2  .
2 K1T 2 K 2T
1 1 1 2 K 2T
 . 
 2 2 K 1T 1
2
K 2  1   0.158 
2
1
Hence,        .
K 1   2   0.447  8


02. (a)
0.06
Sol: For star–connected rotor, resistance of rotor per phase   0.03
2
Rotor resistance referred to stator per phase
= 0.03  1.22
= 0.0432
120  50
Synchronous speed  = 300 rpm
20
Rotor speed at full–load = 300(1–0.03)
= 291 rpm.
Speed of 210 rpm gives a slip of 0.3. Load torque TL  (Speed)2
 TL1  (291)2
As torque–slip curve is linear from no–load to full–load, the motor torque can be expressed as
S S
Te1  or Te1  k as Te1 = TL1
R2 R2
2912  k 0.03
0.0432
Also 210 2  k 0.3

R2
2
 291   0.03  R2 
    
 210   0.0432  0.3 
 R2 = 0.8295 Ω
0.8295
R2 when referred to rotor side =
1.2 2
 R2 = 0.576 
External resistance required in each rotor phase
= 0.576 – 0.03
= 0.546 

: 10 : ESE-2018 Mains Test Series
02. (b)
Sol: Nyquist stability criteria (NSC):Nyquist plot will encicle (–1, j0) critical point as many no. of times
as the difference between, the number of right side poles and zeros of F(s).
N=P–Z
N = Number of encirclements of (-1, j0) by the Nyquist plot.
P = Number of right side poles of F(s) (or) right side poles of G(s)H(s)
Z = Number of right side zeros of F(s) (or) poles of closed loop TF
For stability, ‘Z’ must be zero i.e. Z = 0
N=P–Z
N=P–0=P
N=P
NSC states that (-1, j0) critical point should be encircled in the CCW direction as many number of
times as the number of right side poles of G(s)H(s), by the Nyquist plot.
S-plane j
Nyquist Contour =+ C2

C1
0
R
=0+ 
=0- C4
C3
=-
Mapping section C1:

By substitute s = j, 0    
K( j  4)
G(j)H(j) =
( j) 2 ( j  1)
At  = 0
K(4  02 ) j(3x)
|G(j)H(j)|=0 = 
0 (1  0) 0(1  02 )
2
=  + j
|G(j)H(j)|= = 0 + j0

: 11 : Electrical Engineering
 
G(s)H(s) = tan 1      tan 1 
4
G(s)H(s)| = 0 = 0 tan10 = 
 
G(s)H(s)|=  =    = 
2 2
Img
G(s)H(s) plane
=0 +
 Re
Mapping of section C2:

S = Rej, R  ,  is from 90 to 90
K(Re j  4)
|G(j)H(j)| = 0
(Re j )2 (Re j  1) R 

It is mirror image of plot C1 as     0 such that Nyquist plot is symmetrical w.r.t real axis
Img
G(s)H(s) plane
= Re

=0

K(e j )
G(ej)H(ej) =
 2 e2 j (e j  1)
K
= 2 2 j
e
= 2
When  = 90, 180
 = 45, 90
 = 0, 0
 = 45, 90
 = 90, 180
Img
G(s)H(s) plane
=0 Re
=0+
K(s  4)
Combining all the above four sections, the Nyquist plot of G(s)H(s) =
s 2 (s  1)
Img
G(s)H(s) plane
Re
No. of encirclements of (1 + j0) is two times clockwise,

 N = 2
No. right hand poles of G(s)H(s) is zero.
P=0
N=PZ
 Z = 0 (2) = 2
Two roots on the right side of s-plane , so system is unstable.
02. (c)
Sol: (i) Drawing state diagram:
6 1
5
2
4

(ii) state assignment:
(0) - 000
(1) - 001
(2) - 010
(4) - 100
(5) - 101
(6) - 110
(iii) Excitation Table of JK FF:
Q(t) Q(t+1) J K
0 0 0 
0 1 1 
1 0  1
1 1  0
Present State Next Flip-Flop Inputs

State
Q2 Q1 Q0 Q2 Q1 Q0 J2 K2 J1 K1 J0 K0
(0) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0  0  1 
(1) 0 0 1 0 1 0 0  1   1
(2) 0 1 0 1 0 0 1   1 0 
(4) 1 0 0 1 0 1  0 0  1 
(5) 1 0 1 1 1 0  0 1   1
(6) 1 1 0 0 0 0  1  1 0 
J2 (Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(2) + d(3,4,5,6,7)

Q1Q0
Q2 00 01 11 10
0 1 3 2
0  1
1    
4 5 7 6

J2 = Q1
K2(Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(6) + d(0,1,2,3,7)
Q1Q0
Q2 00 01 11 10
3
0 
0 1 2
  
 11
4 5 7 6
1
K2 = Q1
J1 (Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(1,5) + d(2,3,6,7)
Q1Q0
Q2 00 01 11 10
0 1 3 2
0 1  
1
4
1 
5 7
 6
J1 = Q0
K1(Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(2,6)+d(0,1,3,4,5, 7)
K1 = 1
J0 (Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(0,4) + d(1,3,5,7)
Q1Q0
Q2 00 01 11 10
0 1 3 2
0   
1 1
4
 5

7 6
J0 = Q1
K0(Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(1,5)+d(0,2,3,4,6,7)
K0 = 1
J2 Q2 J1 Q1 J0 Q0
K2 Q2 K1 Q1 K0 Q0
1 1
CLK

(b) Checking for self starting:
Present State Flip-Flop Inputs Next States

Q2 Q1 Q0 J2=Q1 K2=Q1 J1= Q0 K0 = 1 J0= Q1 Q2 Q1 Q0
K0 = 1
(3) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 (4)
(7) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 (0)
7
0
6 1
5 2
4
3
So it is a self starting counter.
03. (a)
Sol: Basic principle of distance protection:
When over-current relaying is found slow or is not selective, distance protection should be used.
Since the fault current depends upon the generating capacity and system configuration, the distance
relays are preferred to the over current relays consider figure(i) consisting of two line sections AB
and CD.
The protection scheme is divided in three zones. For relay A, three zones are z1a, z2a and z3a. z1a
corresponds to approximately 80% of the line AB and is a high speed zone. No intentional time lag
is provided for this zone.

Z3a
Z2a Z2c
Z1c
Z1a C
A B D
Z1b
Z1d
Z2b
Z2d
Z3d
Figure (i)
The ordinate shown corresponding to z1a gives the operating time in case a fault takes place in this
zone. It covers only 80% of the line AB not 100% because relay impedance measurement will not
be very accurate towards the end of the line especially when the current is offset.
Second zone z2a covers remaining 20% of the line AB and 20% of the adjoining line. In case of a
fault in this section relay A will operate when the time elapsed corresponds to the ordinate z 2a. The
main idea of the second zone is to provide protection for the remaining 20% of the line incase of an
arcing fault in section AB which adds to the impedance of the line as seen by relay A. The
adjustment is such that the relay A see that impedance in second zone and will operate. This is why
the second zone is extended into the adjoining line. The operating time of the second zone is
normally about 0.2 to 0.5 sec.
The third zone for relay A provides backup protection for faults in the line CD, i.e., if there is a
fault in the line CD and for some reason relay B will operate instantaneously (because it lies in the
first zone of BA). This is undesirable from the stability point of view. This is avoided when relay B
gives an intertrip signal to relay A in order to trip the relay quickly rather than waiting for
zone-2 tripping.

03. (b)
Sol:  SR = PR + jQR
= VR I*R ..........(1)
Ss = Ps + jQs
= Vs I*s ……..(2)
From A, B, C, D constants,
Vs = AVR + BIR ……..(3)
Is = CVR + DIR ………(4)
Then, representing sending and receiving end currents in terms of sending and receiving end
voltages one gets,
From equation (3),
1 A
IR = Vs – VR …….(5)
B B
1 A 
Is = CVR + D VS  VR 
B B 
D  AD 
 Is = Vs  VR  C  
B  B 
AD 1
 AD–BC = 1  C 
B B
D 1
 Is = Vs  VR ……..(6)
B B
Let, A = |A|, B = |B|, D = |D| (since A = D)
Therefore equation (5) and (6) can be written as,
Vs     VR    …….(7)

1 A
IR 
B B
Vs      
D 1
Is  VR    …….(8)
B B
Substituting value of IR in the equation (1),
SR = |VR|0  1 Vs     A VR    

B B 

Vs VR
     VR     ..(9)
A
SR 
2
B B
Similarly,
V V
Ss = D Vs 2      s R    …..(10)
B B
03. (c)
Sol: Let us assume step down chopper
T = 210–3sec, R= 5 , L= 1010–3H
Vs = 100 V
1 Ton 4
TOFF/ON = , D 
4 Ton  Toff 5
chopper
+ L
+ io
SW
Vs FD Vo R


Vo
Toff
Vs
Ton V0
0 t
T
io Imax
Imin
t
Imin,Imax are determined as follows.

When chopper is ON,
di
Vs = iR  L ......(1)
dt

When chopper is OFF,
di
0L  iR .....(2)
dt
From the waveform of io, it is clear that
During tON, At steady state condition, io ( 0  ) = Imin
During tOFF, At steady state condition, io just before switch is OFF is Imax
Applying Laplace transforms on both sides of (1),(2) & we get
 Is R  LsIs   Imin 

Vs
s
 IsR  Ls LImin

Vs
s
Vs
 LImin
Is   s
R  Ls
Vs LImin
 
sR  Ls R  Ls
Vs Vs

sR  Ls   R
sL  s  
 L
Vs A B
 
sR  Ls s s  R
L
Vs
A
R
Vs V
B  s
R R
 L
 L 
 Vs
Is  
Vs LI min
 R 
R s  s  R  R
L s  
L  L
By taking inverse Laplace transforms on both sides , we get

 tR tR

it   s  s e
V V L
 I min e L
.....(3)
R R
From (2) we get
0 = I(s) R+L [sI(s) –Imax]
I(s) [R+Ls] = 0+LImax
Is  
L I max
 R
L s  
 L
R
 t
it Imax e L
.........................(4)
For (3), from waveform of load current
L
At t = TON , i(t) = Imax, let Ta =
R
VS   ON    TTON 
T
I max  1  e Ta
  I min e a ...........(5)
R    

For (4), from waveform of load current
At t  t OFF  T  TON, it Imin
T TON 

Imin = Imax e Ta
.....................6
Put (6) in (5), we get
 T  TON 
Vs   ON 
T TON
   
I max  1  e Ta
  I maxe  Ta 
e Ta
R 

 
T
 V   ON 
T
I max 1  e  
Ta s
1  e Ta 
  R  
Vs   ON 
T
1  e Ta 
R 
I max   ....................7 
T

1 e Ta
Put (7) in (6), we get

Vs   ON 
T
1  e Ta   T  TON 
R    Ta 
I min   e
T

1 e Ta
Vs   ON 
T
1  e Ta  TON
R
 e
Ta
I min  
T T

1 e Ta
e Ta
 TON

Vs  e Ta  1
I min 
R  TaT  ...................8
 e 1 
 
TON  DT   2  10  3 
4
5
= 1.6 10–3
L 10  10 3
Ta    2  10  3 , Vs=Vdc= 100V
R 5
By substituting above values, we get
 
 1.610 3 
  3 
1  e  210  
 
100  
I max   210 3 
5   
3 
1  e  210 
= 17.42 A
  1.61033  
100  e 210   1
I min   3 
5   2103  
210 
 e   1 
= 14. 26 A
 Imin = 14.26 A, Imax = 17.42 A
Average output voltage = DVs
4
Vo   100 
5
V0= 80 V
04. (a)
10,000
Sol: Load current, I L   40A
250
(a) Long-shunt connection:
250
Shunt field current, If   2A
125
 Armature current, Ia  I L  If  42A
Series-field winding also carries 42 A

 Generated e.m.f in armature, Ea = Vt + Ia ( rs + ra) + total brush contact drop.
The D.C. machine may be lap or wave wound and for any number of poles, total brush contact
drop is taken as equal to 2 times the contact drop per brush.
 Ea= 250+ 42(0.6) +2 = 277.2 V

(b) Short – shunt connection:
Voltage across shunt-field and armature terminals
= Vt + IL .rs = 250 + 40  0.2 = 258V
258
Shunt field current, If   2.064 A
125
Therefore, Ia  IL  If  42.064A
Ea  Vt  I L rs   Ia ra  2  contact drop per brush
= 258 + 42.064  0.4 +2  1

= 276.8256 V
(c) Series-field ampere-turns are proportional to series-field current I.

0.3
Series-field current with diverter   I  0.6I
0.5
 Series-field ampere-turns with diverter  0.6I
I  0.6I
Percentage reduction in series field ampere-turns  100  40%
I

04. (b)
Sol: Base megavoltampere, MVAb, new = 50 MVA
Base kilovolt, kVb, new = 13.8 kV
Reactance of Generator G1:
2
New p.u reactan ce  kVb , old   MVA b , new 
  X pu , old    
  MVA b , old


of generatorG1   kVb , new   
2
 13.8   50 
 0.2        0.5 p.u
 13.8   20 
Reactance of Transformer T1:
2
New p.u reac tance   kVb, old   MVAb, new  2
  X pu , old       0.1   13.8    50   0.2 p.u

of transformer T1    MVA   13.8   25 
 kVb , new   b , old 
Reactance of Transmission lines:
BasekV on HT side  HT voltage rating 220
  BasekV on LT side   13.8   220 kV
of transformer T1  LT voltage rating 13.8
Now, kVb new = 220 kV

Base impedance on HT  kVb , new 
2
220 2
    968 
side of transformer  MVA b , new 50
p.u reactan ce of sec tion 1 Actualreactan ce,  80

   0.0826 p.u
of transmission line  Baseimpedance,  968
p.u reactan ce of sec tion 2 Actualreactan ce,  100
   0.1033 p.u.
of transmission line  Baseimpedance,  968
The transformer T2 is a 3-phase transformer bank formed using three numbers of single phase
transformer with voltage rating 127/18 kV. In this the HT side is star connected and LT side is
delta connected.
 Voltage ratio of line voltage  3  127 220
  kV
of 3  phase transformer bank  18 18

BasekV on LT side  LT voltage rating 18

  BasekV on HT side   220   18 kV
of transformer T2  HT voltage rating 220
Now, kVb, new = 18 kV

2
New p.u reactan ce  kVb , old   MVA b , new  2
  X pu , old      = 0.1  18    50   0.1667 p.u

of transformer T2    MVA b , old   18   3 10 
 kVb , new   
2
New p.u reactan ce  kVb , old   MVA b , new  2
  X pu , old       0.2   18    50   0.3333 p.u

of generator G 2    MVA b , old   18   30 
 kVb , new   
BasekV on LT side  LT voltage rating 22
  BasekV on HT side   220   22 kV
of transformer T3  HT voltage rating 220
Now, kVb, new = 22 kV

2
New p.u reactan ce  kVb, old   MVA b, new  2
  X pu , old       0.1  22    50   0.1429 p.u

of transformer T3    MVA b , old   22   35 
 kVb , new   
2
New p.u reactan ce  kVb , old   MVA b , new 
  X pu , old    
  MVA b , old


of generator G 3   kVb , new   
2
 20   50 
 0.2        0.2755 p.u
 22   30 
Reactance diagram: The reactance diagram is shown is below figure.
j0.2 j0.0826
j0.1033 j0.1667
j0.5 j0.1429
j0.3333
+ j0.2755
Eg1 + +
– Eg3 Eg2
– –
fig. 2: Reactance diagram of the system shown in

fig.1 (all reactance values are in p.u.)

04.(c)(i)
 
Sol: h(t) = g(t)  f(t) =

 g() f (t  ) d  h ( t  T1  T2 )   g () f (t  T  T  ) d  ----------(1)

1 2

g t  T1 * f t  T2    g   T f t  T
1 2  d
 
Let   T1 = t1 or  = t1+ T1 and d = d t1


  gt f t  T
  
1 2  t 1  T1  dt 1

  gt f t  T
  
1 1  T2  t 1 dt 1 , compare with (1)
= h (t  T1 T2)

(ii) E x ( t )   x(t )
2
dt

1
2
1 
2f
   2 cos(2ft)  1 dt
1

2f
1
 4 1  cos 2ft   2 cos2ft dt

2f
1
 2
1

2f
 1
1 
 1
sin( 2ft ) 2f
2f
1  cos 4ft  

1 2f
  t 1  2.  dt 
4  2f  1 2 
1
 
2f 2f 
2f
  21f 
1 1 1 1 1  1  
   sin   sin        cos4ft dt  
4 f f 2 f  2 1
  2f  
 
 1

1 1 1 1 sin 4ft  2f 
 0  .
4 f 2f 2 4f  1 
 2f 
1 3
  
1
sin 2  sin 2
4  2f 8f 
3
E
8f

05. (a)
Sol: Operation at rated conditions:
160A
KVL: 250 = 6.4 + E; so E = 243.6 V. + +
E = KIfm 6.4V 0.04

250V
dc +
2(1000 ) 100  
m =  r/s supply E 1000
60 3 – rpm
–
100 
KIf   = 243.6
 3 
which gives KIf = 2.3262
The developed torque = K If Ia = 2.3262 160
= 372.2 N-m/r.
Load torque is given to be constant, irrespective of speed variations.
If torque for friction and core losses is also assumed constant, the developed torque will remain
constant, irrespective of speed variations.
(i) When field flux is reduced to 70% of its original value but we still want Td to be unchanged,
then Ia = (160/0.7) = 228.6 A.
Corresponding emf = 240.86 V.

(ii) 2.32620.7m = 240.86
From which m = 147.9 r/sec or 1412.5 rpm.
05. (b)
Sol: Given VL = 400V, R = 10 , L = 300 mH
(i) D.C level of output voltage
3 Vml 3  2  Vl
V0 = 
 
3  2  400
=

= 540.18 V

(ii) R.m.s value of diode current I0 1

3
V0 540.18
I0 = 
R 10
= 54.18A
IRMS (diode) = 54.18

3
= 31.18 A
(iii) R.M.S value of source current
I0 2
3
Irms = 54.18 2
3
= 44.23 A
(iv) Apparent power drawn from the mains
S= 3 V1 Irms
= 3 400  44.23 = 30.643 kVA
05. (c)
Sol: The given open loop transfer function
7s  4
G(s) .H(s)=
s (s  4s 2  8s  8)
2 3
Characteristic equation 1+G(s)H(s) = 0

CE is s5 + 4s4 + 8s3 + 8s2 + 7s + 4 = 0
S5 1 8 7
S4 4(1) 8(2) 4(1)
S3 6(1) 6(1) 0
S2 1 1  Row of AE
S1 0(2) 0 Row of zero
S0 1

dA
AE is s2 + 1 = 0,  2s
ds
No. of AE roots = 2 No. of CE roots = 5
No. of sign changes No. of sign changes
Below AE = 0 in 1st column =0
No. of RHP = 0  No .of RHP = 0
No. of LHP = 0 No. of jp = 2
No. of jp = 2  No .of LHP = 3
System is marginally stable.

s2 + 1 = 0
s =  1 j =  jm
 = 1 rad/ sec
Two roots are on imaginary axis, there values at s = j. No root is on right hand side of s-plane.
05. (d)
Sol: Given
f  A BCD  ABCD  AB C D  ABC D
 A BCD  A BCD  A B C D  A B C D
f(A, B, C, D)  A  AC  ABC  ABCD  ABCD
 ABC D  ABC D  AB C D  AB C D
 ABCD
f(A, B, C, D) = m(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,15)
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
01
1 1 1
11
10 1 1
= A  C  BD

A AC  A  C
C
A  C  BD
B
D
05. (e)
1
Sol: (i) G (s)  G1 (s) 
D  0 s(s  1)(s  2)
G 1 (s) =1
  gc  0.466
i.e gain cross over frequency gc= 0.466 rad/sec

1
PM = 180+ 
j( j  1)( j  2)
 gc gc 
=180  90  tan 1  tan 1 
 1 2 
=180– (90+25+13)
PM = 52
(ii) If dead time increases the stability of the system decreases.
(iii) For just stability PM = 0

GM = 0 dB
PM = 0 = 180+ G (s)
  gc
e  jD
 0 =
j( j  1)( j  2)   gc

  gc gc 
 0 =    gc  D   tan 1  tan 1 
 gc  0.466
 2 1 2 
 gcD = 52
 gc D  0.9075
0.9075
 D   1.947
0.466
D  1.947
For D  1.947 system is just stable
D  1.947 stable
D  1.947 unstable
06. (a)
500
Sol: Full-load armature current per phase, I a   26.244 A
3  11
Short – circuit load loss at half – full load
2
I 
 3  a   ra + stray-load loss , which is zero here
2
2
 26.244 
 3   40  20662 .4W
 2 
Total loss at half-full load = 1500 +2500 +20662.4 +1000 = 25662.4
 
 25662 .4 
Efficiency at half -full load = 1    100  88.62%
1
 5,00,000   0.8  25662 .4 
 2 
(b) For maximum efficiency,
2
Variable losses, 3Iam .ra  rotational loss  field-circuit loss
2
3I am .40  1500  2500  1000  5000W
5000
The current I am at which maximum efficiency occurs is given by, I am   6.45 A
120

Output maximum efficiency = 3Vt.Iam. cos 
11000
 3  6.45  0.8  98.38 kW
3
Total losses at maximum efficiency = 2  5000 = 10,000 W
 10 
 Maximum efficiency  1    100  90.77%
 98.38  10 
At unity power factor, maximum efficiency = 92.47 %.
06. (b)
Sol: Base band communication.
The term base band is used to designate the frequency band of the original message signal from the
source or the transducer. In based band communication message signals are directly transmitted
without any modification. Because most base band signals such as audio and video contain
significant low-frequency content, they can not be effectively transmitted over radio (wireless)
links. Instead dedicated user channels such as twisted pairs of copper wires and coaxial cables are
assigned to each user for long-distance communications. Because base band signals have
overlapping bands, they would interfere severely if sharing a common channel. Thus, base band
communications leave much of the channel spectrum unused.
Carrier communication:
Communication that uses modulation to shift the frequency spectrum of signal is know as carrier
communication. In terms of analog modulation, one of the basic parameters (amplitude, frequency
or phase) of a sinusoidal carrier of high frequency fc Hz (or c=2fc rad/s) is varied linearly with
the base band signal m(t). This results in amplitude modulation (AM) frequency modulation (FM)
or phase modulation (PM) respectively. Amplitude modulation is linear, while the latter types of
carrier modulation are similar and nonlinear, often known collectively as angle modulation.
By modulating several base band signals and shifting their spectra to non overlapping bands, many
users can share one channel by utilizing most of the available band width frequency division
multiplexing (FDM). Long-haul communication over a radio link also requires modulation to shift
the signal spectrum to higher frequency in order to enable efficient power radiation using antennas

of reasonable dimensions. Yet another use of modulation is to exchange transmission band width
for better performance against interferences.
Given FM system audio frequency fm=1kHz

Audio frequency voltage Am = 4.8V
Frequency deviation f = kfAm= 7.2kHz
kfam = 7.2kHz
7.2kHz
Frequency sensitivity k f   1.5kHz / V
4.8V
k f A m f 7.2kHz
Modulation index      7.2
fm fm 1kHz
 = 7.2
Case-i:
New voltage of audio signal Am1 = 8.2V
New frequency deviation f1 = kfAm1
= 1.5  8.2
= 12.3 kHz
Case-ii:
Again new voltage Am2 = 10V
New frequency fm2 = 200Hz
New frequency deviation f2 = kfAm2
= 1.510V
= 15kHz
f 2
New modulation index  new 
f m2
15kHz

200
new = 75

06. (c)
Sol: (i) s2Ys   3Ys   2s 

1 2

s2 s
2 / 3 2 / 3s
Ys  
2
  2

s s 3
2
s 
s 3
yf t   ut   cos 3t ut 

2
3
2
3
 
Particular solution is of the input form so yp t   ut 
2
3
(ii) s2Ys   3Ys 

2s
s 1
Ys  
2s

s  1 s 2  3 
1/ 2 1 s 3 3
  2  . 2
s 1 2 s  3 2 s  3
yf t    e  t u t   cos 3t u t  
1
2
1
2 2
3
 
sin 3t u t   
Particular solution is of the input form so
yp t    e t ut 
1
2
2ss  1
(iii) s2Ys   3Ys  
s2  1
2ss  1 s 1  s  3
Ys    2 
 
s  1 s  3 s  1 s2  3
2 2

yf(t) = [cost–sint] u(t) – cos  3t  u(t) +  
3 sin 3t ut 
Particular solution is of the input form so y p t   cos t  sin t ut 
(iv) s2Ys   3Ys 

4s
s 1
1 s3
Ys  
4s
  2

s  1 s  3 s  1 s  3
2

 
yf t   e t ut   cos 3t ut   3 sin 3t ut   
Particular solution is of the input form so
yp(t) = –e–t u(t)
07. (a)
Sol: Let equivalent ABCD constant for the given total network can be written as
 A B   A1 B1  A 2 B2 
 C D   C D1   C 2 D 2 
…….(1)
   1
Now for network-1,
V1 = V + I1Z and I = I1
interms of A1 B1 C1 D1 constants,
V1 = V + ZI
And I1 = I
On comparing with, V1 = A1V + B1I
One gets,
A 1 B1  1 Z
C D1  0 1  ……..(2)
 1  
For network-2,
V2
V = V2 and I =  I2
Zp
Comparing with,
V = A2V2 + B2I2
I = CV2 + BI2
One gets,
A 2 B2   1 0
C  1 
1 ………(3)
 2 D 2   Z
 p 
Now putting equation (2) and (3) values in equation (1),
A B  1 Z  1
1 0
 C D   0 1    
1
     Zp 

 Z 
1  Z Z
=  p

 1
1
 Zp 
 
 2030 o 
1  2030 o 
=  50  45
o

 1 1 
 50  45 o 
1.368  j0.155 17.32  j10

=  
0.014  j0.014 1 
(ii) Given that,
Electrical length = 5 electrical degree
f = 50 Hz
let, physical length of the line be 
then,   = electrical length
= 5
360  2 360 o 
 5     
    
But, C = f. { is the wave length}

{where C is the speed of light through which electricity travels in the transmission line}
360
 f   5
C
360
  50    5
3 108
  = 83.33 km ……..(1)
Hence, in terms of wave length,
5
    0.0138  ……..(2)
360

07. (b)
101  sK e 
Sol: (i) From the given data, G(s)  -------------- (1)
s(s 2)
θ C (s) 10 (sK e +1)
The closed loop transfer function = 2 ----------- (2)
θ R (s) s +(2+10K e ) s+10
The characteristic equation is, s2  (2  10K e )s  10  0 ----------------- (3)
Standard form of characteristic equation is, s2 +2ξ ωn s+ω2n = 0 ---------------------- (4)

Compare equation (3) and (4), then we get
2n = 2 + 10Ke and n = 3.16 rad/sec
2  10 K e
Damping ratio ξ 
2 10
2  10 K e
 0.5   K e  0.1162
2 10
 Ke = 0.1162
(ii) Settling time (2% tolerance band)

4 4
ts    2.53 sec
ξω n (0.5)(3.16)
3.140.5
 πξ
1(0.5)2
 Maximum overshoot (M P )  e 1ξ 2
=e  e 1.812 = 0.1631
% MP  16.31%
1
 Steady – state error for a unit ramp input is, eSS =
KV
Where K V is velocity error constant, K v  Lt sG(s)
s0
101  sK e  10(1  s(0.1162))

G(s)  =
s(s 2) s(s 2)
10  1.1s
K v  Lt s = 5,
s 0 s(s 2)
Steady state error ess =1/5 = 0.2

07. (c)
Sol:
Given data:
I g  2.110 3 Vg2
and I g  2.110 3Vg1.5
VgIg = 0.5 W
Slope of load line gives gate-source resistance, Rs = 128
Es= Ig Rs +Vg
0 .5
16  I g  128 
Ig
128I g2  16I g  0.5  0
0.5
Its solution give Ig = 62.5 mA and Vg =  8V
0.0625
So point S in fig. a has Vg = 8 V and Ig = 62.5 mA.
For the same Vg; Ig = 2.1 10-3 Vg2 gives more Ig, therefore it represent curve 1 of Fig.a.
Vg (V)
S2
8.93
8V S
S1
6.198
0 56.01 62.5 80.67 Ig (mA)
Fig.a. Forward Gate characteristics of SCR
Point S1 on this curve-1 can be obtained from VgIg = 0.5 W and

Ig = 2.110-3 Vg2
2
 0.5 
 I g  2.1 10   or Ig = 80.67 mA and Vg = 6.198 V
3
 I 
 g 
Point S2 can be obtained from Vg Ig = 0.5W and Ig = 2.1 10-3 Vg1.5
1.5
 0.5 
 I g  2.110 3   or Ig = 56.01 mA
I 
 g 
and Vg = 8.93 V .
Since point S (8V, 62.5 mA) lies in between S1 (6.198 V, 80.67 mA ) and
S2 (8.93 V , 56.01 mA ) as desired, the calculated values of Vg = 8 V and
Ig = 62.5 m A are justified.
08. (a)
Sol: (i) Half-wave Rectifier using precision diode
The circuit of Half–wave Rectifier using precision diode is shown below
Rf
R1
1 Vsat

The circuit operation is explained as follows V0
+ V01
When Vsat
2 RL
Vs >0  V01 = Vsat  Diode = ON Precision diode
RS
There exist ve feed back
 Rf  
Vs
 Vo  1  Vs where Vs > 0
 R1 
When
Vs <0  V01 = Vsat
 Diode = OFF
ve feed back will not exist
Vo = 0V
The below figure shows waveform of the above circuit

Vs
Vm
Vm
Vo
Vm
(ii) Full wave rectifier using precision diode is shown below
Vsat
Rf R1 Rf
R1 D1
 V01 
+ + V0
D2 2
+ 1 R
Vs 

Vsat
The operation of above full wave rectifier is explained as follows

When
Vs > 0  Vo1 = + Vsat
 D1 = OFF & D2 = ON
Therefore output of the comparator (2) is nothing but the input signal ( i.e. Vs > 0)
When
Vs <0,  Vo1 = Vsat
 D1 = ON & D2 = OFF
Because of forward biasing D1, the comparator acts as inverting amplifier and the signal is also
inverted therefore total output of comparator (2) is positive, which is shown in below wave form

Vs
Vm
–Vm
V0
Vm
08.(b) (i)
Sol: Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0
Vb  Vb1  Vb 2  Vb0  K 2 Va1  KV a 2  Va 0
Vc  Vc1  Vc 2  Vc0  KV a1  K 2 Va 2  Va 0
P  Va I a  Vb I b  Vc I C
 
 Va1  Va 2  Va 0 I a1  I a 2  I a 0 
 K V 2
a1  KV a 2  Va 0 K I 2
a1  KI a 2  I a 0   KV a1 
 K 2 Va 2  Va 0 KIa1  K 2 I a 2  I a 0 
 Va 0 I a1  Va 0 I a 2  Va 0 I a 0
 Va1 I a1  Va1 I a 2  Va1 I a0  Va 2 I a1  Va 2 I a 2  Va 2 I a0
 K 2 Va1 K 2 I a1  K 2 Va1 KI a 2  K 2 Va1 I a 0
 KVa 2 K 2 I a1  KVa 2 KI a 2  KVa 2 I a 0
 Va 0 K 2 I a1  Va 0 KI a 2  Va 0 I a 0
 KVa1 KI a1  KVa1 K 2 I a2  KVa1 I a0

 K 2Va2 KI a1  K 2Va2 K 2 I a2
 K 2 Va 2 I a 0  Va 0 KI a1  Va 0 K 2 I a 2  Va 0 I a 0
 2    
 Va1 I a 0 1  K  K 2  Va 2 I a1 1  K  K 2 
 Va I a 1  K  K 2 
P  3Va 0 I a 0  3Va 2 I a 2  3Va1 I a1  Va1 I a 2 1  K  K
2 0

 
 Va 0 .I a 1 1  K  K 2  Va 0 I a 2 1  K  K 2  
Here 1+K+K2 = 0 where K = 11200
K2 = 12400
(or)
P  jQ  Va I *a  Vb I *b  Vc I *c
* T *
I a  Va  I a 
 Va Vb Vc  I b   Vb 
  I 
 b
I c  Vc  I c 
Va 0 
T
Va  1 1 1 
V   1 K 2  
 b  K   Va1   AV
Vc  1 K K 2  Va 
 2
T
Va 
V   AV T  V T A T
 b
Vc 
T * *
Va  I a  1 1 1  I a 
P  jQ  Vb   b 
I   V V V
a 0 a1 a2  1 K 2
 K  I b 
VC  I c  1 K K 2  I c 
*
I a 
*
1 1 1 
*
I a 0  1 1 1  I a 0  1 1 1  1 1 1  I a 0 
     
I   1 K 2
 b  K  
I a1   1 K K 2  
I a1  P  jQ  Va 0 Va1 Va 2  1 K 2
 K  1 K
 K 2  I a1 
I c  1 K K 2    1 K 2 K    1 K K 2  1 K 2 K   
I a 2  I a 2  I a 2 
*
3 0 0  I a 0 

 Va 0 Va1 Va 2  0 3 0   I 
   a1 
0 0 3 I a 
 2
*
I a 0 
 

 3 Va 0 Va1 Va 2   I a1 
 
I a 2 

 3 Va 0 I *a 0  Va1 I *a  Va 2 I *a
1 2

Therefore,

P  3 | Va 0 | | Ia 0 | cos 0  | Va1 | | Ia1 | cos 1  Va 2 Ia 2 cos 2 

08.(b)(ii)
Sol: The pick up value of relay is 5 amps, but since the relay setting is 125% these the operating current
of the relay is
5 × 1.25 = 6.25 amp
The plug setting of multiplies of the relay
sec ondary current
PSM =
relay current setting
primary current fault current  4000

 = 8
Relay current setting  CT ratio 6.25  80
08. (c)
Sol: Single – phase full bridge Inverter: iS
T1 D1 T3 D3
+ V0 
VS LOAD
A i0 i0 B
T4 D4 T2 D2
Fig: single phase full bridge Inverter
V0
VS
T/2 3T/2 t
0 T 2T
VS
i0
I0
R-Load
0 t
I0
i0 T1T2 T3T4 T1T2 T3T4
I0 I0
RL-Load
0 t
I0
D1 T 1 D3 T 3 D1 T 1
D2 T 2 D4 T 4 D2 T 2
Fig: Load voltage and current waveforms for single – phase bridge inverter.
When T1, T2 are conducting output voltage VO = Vs
When T3, T4 are conducting, VO = – Vs
The instantaneous output voltage from forever series as


4vs
V0  
n 1,3,5 n
sin nt.volts
Here ‘n’ is the order of the harmonic and  = 2f is the frequency of the output voltage.

4vs
i0 = 
n 1,3,5 nz n
sin(nt  n )Amps
where, Zn = load impedance at frequency nf.
For RL load Zn = R 2  x 2L
X 
And phase angle n = Tan-1  L  rad.
 R 
Voltage control methods of inverters
1. single-pulse width modulation
2. multiple pulse width modulation
3. sinusoidal pulse width modulation
4. modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
5. phase displacement control
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation:
In Sinusoidal pulse width modulation, the pulse
width is a sinusoidal function of the angular
position of the pulse in a cycle.

Carrier wave freq, fc

Vc
Vr Reference wave freq, f
 t
1
2
fc
1
2fc
V0
Vs
 t
2
-Vs
Fig. Output voltage waveforms with sinusoidal
pulse modulation
For realizing Sin M, a high-frequency triangular carrier wave VC is compared with a sinusoidal
reference wave Vr of the desired frequency. The intersection of VC and Vr waves determines the
switching instants and commutation of the modulated pulse. The carrier and reference waves are
mixed in a comparator. In case zero of the triangular wave coincides with zero of the reference
sinusoidal, there are (N-1) pulse per half cycle.
fc
where N 
2f
fc
If zero of sinusoidal coincides with peak of triangular wave number of pulses per half cycle = .
2f

EE Test 14 Mock 2paper II Sol

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:2: ESE-2018 Mains Test Series

We know that, Ie  I 2m  Ic2

Magnetising component I m  I e2  I c2  0.602  0.164 2  0.577 A

 Vertical component of 0 Ie = 0.6A

= 6  0.6 + 0.577 = 4.177 A

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Consider fig(i) consisting of a generator connected to an infinite bus,

so that the load angle change by .

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If G() is the Fourier transform of g(t) ,

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and the energy E of g(t) is given by

Interchanging the order of integration on the right-hand side

The inner integral on the right-hand side is obviously G().

For a real g(t):

It is evident from eqn (7) that |G()|2 is a real even function of .

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Also 210 2  k 0.3

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Nyquist Contour =+ C2

Mapping section C1:

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Mapping of section C2:

Mapping of section C3:

Mapping of section C4:

No. of encirclements of (1 + j0) is two times clockwise,

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Present State Next Flip-Flop Inputs

J2 (Q2, Q1, Q0) = m(2) + d(3,4,5,6,7)

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Present State Flip-Flop Inputs Next States

So it is a self starting counter.

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Vs     VR    …….(7)

SR = |VR|0  1 Vs     A VR    

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Imin,Imax are determined as follows.

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 Is R  LsIs   Imin 

 IsR  Ls LImin

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Put (7) in (6), we get

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Series-field winding also carries 42 A

 Ea= 250+ 42(0.6) +2 = 277.2 V

Ea  Vt  I L rs   Ia ra  2  contact drop per brush

= 258 + 42.064  0.4 +2  1

(c) Series-field ampere-turns are proportional to series-field current I.

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  X pu , old       0.1   13.8    50   0.2 p.u

Now, kVb new = 220 kV

p.u reactan ce of sec tion 1 Actualreactan ce,  80

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BasekV on LT side  LT voltage rating 18

Now, kVb, new = 18 kV

  X pu , old      = 0.1  18    50   0.1667 p.u

  X pu , old       0.2   18    50   0.3333 p.u

Now, kVb, new = 22 kV

  X pu , old       0.1  22    50   0.1429 p.u