3 Per Unit

System

Outline
The solution of an interconnected power system operating at different voltage levels
requires conversion of all impedances of the system to a single voltage level. How-
ever by adopting per unit (pu) system various physical quantities like power, voltage,
current and impedance are expressed as a decimal fraction of base quantities. In pu
system different voltage levels disappear and a power network involving alternators,
transformers and lines (operating at different voltage level) reduces to a system with
simple impedances.
Organisation
This chapter deals with per unit system. In the beginning importance of base value in
pu system representation is explained. Different power system quantities like power,
voltage, current and impedance are represented in pu. Conversion of pu impedance
from a given base to a new base is formulated. The advantages of pu representation in
power system are listed. Selection of base value of power and voltage in the presence
of a transformer is discussed. Essentials of single line diagram in power system is ex-
plained and standard symbols for power system components as used in single line dia-
gram is tabulated. Concept of drawing impedance and reactance diagram is explained.
At the end steps required to prepare impedance diagram are discussed.

3.1 PER UNIT QUANTITIES

In per unit system power system voltages, currents, powers and impedances can be expressed as
fraction of a common base quantity so that pu value of various components lies within a narrow
range irrespective of individual equipment rating. This pu value gives a relative idea about the cir-
cuit quantities which gives an indication of either over voltage, under voltage, over current, under
current, etc. One of the important advantages of pu quantity is that pu transformer impedance is
same for both primary and secondary side so there is no need to calculate the impedance reflected
from one side to other. In general, pu value is expressed as the ratio of actual value of quantity to
that of the base value.
Actual value
Per unit value = (3.1)
Base value
 Per Unit System 37

The base value is an arbitrary quantity having the same dimension of the actual value. Per-
centage values differ from pu values by a factor of 100. For a base voltage of 100 V, an operating
voltage 500 V can be specified as 5 in pu value where as 500% in percent value.
Out of the four quantities voltage, current, impedance and power, any two can be selected for
choosing the base quantities arbitrarily. The base quantities of the other two are derived from the
chosen base quantities from their relations. In general, voltage and apparent power are selected
for assigning arbitrary base values (as rating of power system equipment are in terms of working
voltage |V | and the capacity | S |) and the base values of current and impedances are derived from
it.
If |Vb | and | Ib| are base voltage and base current in a power system respectively, then the base
impedance and base power of the system are fixed and are given by
| Vb |
|Zb| = (3.2)
| Ib |
and |Sb| = |Vb|  | Ib| (3.3)
Let |Vb | be the base voltage and | Sb | be the base power, then
V
Vpu = (3.4)
| Vb |
S
and Spu = (3.5)
| Sb |
| Sb |
Base current | Ib | = (3.6)
| Vb |
I I ⋅ | Vb |
Now Ipu = = (3.7)
| Ib | | Sb |
| Vb | | Vb |2 (3.8)
Base impedance | Zb | = =
| I b | | Sb |
Z Z | Sb |
Zpu = = (3.9)
| Z b | | Vb |2
The pu values of other quantities are
Spu = Ppu + jQpu (3.10)
P
where Ppu = (3.11)
| Sb |
Q (3.12)
and Qpu =
| Sb |
Similarly, Zpu = Rpu + jXpu (3.13)
R X
where Rpu = and X pu = (3.14)
| Zb | | Zb |
38 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

Also Ypu = Gpu + jBpu (3.15)

G B
where Gpu = and Bpu = (3.16)
| Yb | | Yb |
The load power at its rated voltage can also be expressed by pu impedance. If S3 is the com-
plex power consumed by the load, Ip is the load current per phase at the phase voltage VP , then
relation between them is given by
*
* ⎛ VP ⎞
3V
S3 = P P I = 3VP ⎜
⎝ Z P ⎟⎠
3 | VP |2 | VL |2
 ZP = = (3.17)
S3*− Φ S3*− Φ
In some cases pu values of a system is expressed in a different base other than the old base so it
is required to convert all the pu quantities to a new base. (As all impedances in one part of a system
must be expressed in same impedance base.)
Z . | Sb |
The pu impedance of a circuit element Zpu = (3.18)
| Vb |2
Equation (3.18) indicates that pu impedance of an element is directly proportional to the |Sb|
and inversely proportional to the square of |Vb |. To convert pu impedance on a given base to a new
base the following equation can be used.
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (3.19)
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠

Example 3.1 Per unit quantities

Problem 1 A three-phase alternator delivers 20 MVA at a voltage of 11 kV. The line imped-
ance is 10 . Determine the voltage drop in the line in volts and in pu. Use the base values as
15 MVA and 22 kV.
Solution: Given
|S | = 20 MVA, V = 11 kV, line impedance Z = 10 , |Sb | = 15 MVA, |Vb| = 22 kV
We know that in a three-phase system
|S |
|S | = 3VI ⇒ I = = 1049.72 A
3V
Voltage drop in the transmission line in volt = IZ = 10497.2 V

⎛ | Vb |2 ⎞ ⎛ | Sb | ⎞
| (Voltage drop)b | = |Zb| |Ib | = ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ =12701.7 V
⎝ | Sb | ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 Vb ⎠
Voltage drop in volt
Voltage drop in pu =
| (Voltage drop)b |
10497.2
= = 0.826 pu
12701.7
 Per Unit System 39

Example 3.2 Conversion of pu impedance on a given base to a new base

Problem 1 A 22 kV, 400 MVA generator has the reactance X of 0.3 pu. Determine the value
of X on the new base of 25 kV and 200 MVA.
Solution: From equation (3.19) 2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Xpu new = Xpu given ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 22 ⎞ ⎛ 200 ⎞
 Xpu new = 0.3 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 0.116 pu
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 400 ⎟⎠
Problem 2 Assuming | S | base of 25 MVA, calculate the through impedance in ohms between
the generator and the output terminals of the transformer for the system as shown in Fig. P.1.

Fig. P.1 Single-line diagram of the system under study.

The specifications of the generators and transformers are given in the following table.
Generator-1 Generator-2 Transformer
30 MVA 25 MVA 60 MVA
11 kV 11 kV 11 kV (delta): 66 kV (star)
X = 0.20 pu X  = 0.25 pu X  = 0.10 pu

Solution: From equation (3.19) 2

⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 11⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
 new = 0.20 ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.16 pu
For generator-1, on 25 MVA base, X pu
⎝ 11⎠ ⎝ 30 ⎠
2
⎛ 11⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
 new = 0.25 ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.25 pu
For generator-2, on 25 MVA base, X pu ⎝ 11⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠
2
⎛ 11⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
 new = 0.10 ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0416 pu
For transformer, on 25 MVA base, X pu
⎝ 11⎠ ⎝ 60 ⎠
The reactance diagram of the system for | S | base of 25 MVA is shown in Fig. P.2.
40 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

Fig. P.2 Reactance diagram for the system under study.

Therefore through impedance in pu will be

Zpu = ( j 0.16 || j 0.25) + j 0.0416 = j 0.1416 pu
Now through impedance = Zpu × | Zb |
| Vb |2 112
where | Zb | = = = 4.84 
| Sb | 25
Therefore through impedance = Zpu × | Zb | = j 0.1416 × 4.84 = j 0.6857 

3.2 SELECTION OF BASE VALUES

Generally, the pu values of devices are given in terms of their own power and voltage ratings.
These devices may be included in a power system network. A power system has different voltage
levels at different points. It is necessary to refer all the given pu values to the system base values.
To apply pu method to a given problem first a convenient value of | Sb | is chosen. The same | Sb |
base is used in all parts of the system. The chosen base | Sb | may be the largest | Sb | of a section
or any round figure such as 10, 100, 1000 MVA etc. After the selection of the base | Sb | the base
voltage | Vb | for each section is chosen. The rated voltage of the largest section may be taken as
the base voltage for that section. The base voltage for other sections is then assigned according to
the turn ratios of the transformers. When the selection of a common base | Sb | and | Vb | of different
sections is made, the pu impedances of various sections can be calculated to draw the single-line
diagram giving impedances in pu values.

3.2.1 Selection of Base Voltage When a Transformer is Present

For each circuit separated by transformers the base voltage changes in proportion to the turn ratio.
The turn ratio is equal to the voltage ratio of the transformer. In order to determine the base voltage
for various components of the system we use the following formulae:
 Per Unit System 41

VHV
|Vb | on HV side = |Vb | on LV side × (3.20)
VLV
VLV
| Vb | on LV side = |Vb | on HV side × (3.21)
VHV

3.3 PER UNIT REPRESENTATION OF TRANSFORMER

Example 3.3 Per unit representation of transformer

Problem 1 A 10 kVA, 500 V/300 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has primary and second-
ary leakage reactance each of 2.5 ohm. Determine the total reactance in pu.
Solution: As base values are not given, system data can be taken as the base value. Hence, |Sb | = 10
kVA, |Vb1 | = 500 V, |Vb2 | = 300 V
300
Therefore K = = 0.6
500
Here the total reactance in pu can be found out by referring either to primary side or secondary
side of the single phase transformer as shown in Fig. P.3.

Fig. P.3 Single-phase transformer with leakage reactance of 2.5  on each winding.

Reactance in pu referring to primary side

X2
X = X1 + 2 = 2.5 + 6.94 = 9.44 
K
2
| Vb1 | 500 2
Now | Zb | = = = 25 
| Sb | 10000
X 9.44
Therefore, Xpu = = = 0.377 pu
| Zb | 25
Reactance in pu referring to secondary side
X = X2 + K 2 X1 = 2.5 + 0.9 = 3.4 
42 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

| Vb 2 |2 300 2
Now |Zb| = = =9
| Sb | 10000

X 3.4
Therefore, Xpu = = = 0.377 pu
| Zb | 9
Hence, in both the cases total recatance in pu is 0.377.

3.4 ADVANTAGES OF PER UNIT REPRESENTATION

(i) In pu data representation circuit parameters tend to fall in relatively narrow numerical
ranges making erroneous data easy to spot.
(ii) Pu data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.
(iii) Adopting this practice greatly simplifies the circuit analysis of systems containing trans-
formers of various transformation ratios.
(iv) Pu values are independent of the type of power system, i.e., whether the power system is
single phase or three phase.
(v) Pu system is best suited for complex power system simulation problems.

3.5 ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

A one-line diagram (OLD) or single-line diagram (SLD) is a representation of the essentials of a

system (generating plants, transformers, transmission and distribution network and a combination
of industrial, commercial and residential loads) in a most simplified form. Nowadays power is
mostly generated by three-phase alternators, transmitted by three-phase transmission lines and
distributed through three-phase networks. A balanced three-phase system is studied on a per phase
basis. A single-phase circuit consists of one of the three-phase conductors and a neutral return
conductor.
In the impedance diagram, the different components of the power system are replaced by their
equivalent circuits. An alternator is replaced by a constant voltage source behind proper imped-
ance. A transformer is replaced by its equivalent circuit. Transmission line is replaced by nominal
-equivalent circuit. The above is only true for normal operation (for steady state analysis) when
both excitation and three-phase network are balanced and they can be analyzed on per phase basis.
In many power system studies the resistance of alternator, resistance of transformer windings,
resistance of transmission lines, line charging and magnetizing circuits of transformers are neglect-
ed. The impedance diagram then becomes the reactance diagram. Table 3.1 described standard
symbols used for power system components used in SLD. Figure 3.1 shows the reactance diagram
of a simple power system.
 Per Unit System 43

Table 3.1 Standard symbols for power system components

Component name Symbol

Rotating machine

Two winding power transformer

Three winding power transformer

Power circuit breaker (oil)

Air circuit breaker
Three phase delta connection
Three phase star connection, neutral ungrounded

Three phase star connection, neutral grounded

Current transformer
Potential transformer

Fuse
Load

Fig. 3.1 Reactance diagram of a simple power system.

3.6 STEPS REQUIRED TO PREPARE IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

In order to prepare a single-line impedance diagram of a power system we require a single-line

diagram and specifications of the alternators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. The fol-
lowing considerations are required to prepare a single-line impedance diagram.
44 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

Step 1 | Vb | and | Sb | are selected. Unless otherwise mentioned, a given value of base voltage
in a three phase system is the line-to-line voltage and given value of | Sb | is the total three phase
power.
Step 2 | Sb | is same in all parts of the system. After selecting a convenient value of | Sb | for the
whole system the rated value of voltage of a particular section is chosen as | Vb |. The base voltages
of other sections are then assigned according to line-to-line voltage ratios of transformers. The
base voltages may be shown in the SLD.
Step 3 All impedances in the system before the transformer is reached, including primary imped-
ance are expressed in pu to the voltage base chosen for the primary side. All the impedances beyond the
transformer including secondary impedance of the transformer are specified in pu to a new base voltage.
The new base voltage is equal to the primary voltage multiplied by the line-to-line voltage ratio of the
transformer.
Step 4 The specified pu impedance of three-phase transformers are based on their ratings.

Example 3.4 Calculation of per unit values of quantities using SLD

Problem 1 Figure P.4 depicts one-line diagram of a three-phase power system. The pu im-
pedances of the line are measured on the bases of 400 kV and 100 MVA. Loads connected at
bus-2 and bus-3 are S2 = 15.93 MW – j 33.4 MVAR and S3 = 77 MW + j 14 MVAR respectively.
Calculate the voltages at bus-1 and 2 holding bus-3 voltage at 400 kV.

Fig. P.4 Single-line diagram of the system under study.

Solution: Given | Sb | = 100 MVA

| Vb | = 400 kV
S2 = 15.93 MW – j 33.4 MVAR
S3 = 77 MW + j 14 MVAR
V3 = 400 0° kV

Fig. P.5 Single-line diagram of the system showing different sections.

 Per Unit System 45

Applying KVL in section-2 of Fig. P.5, we obtain

V3 pu = V2 pu – I 3 pu Z 23 pu

 V2 pu = V3 pu + I 3 pu Z 23 pu

400
Hence, 3 pu = = = 1 pu
| | 400
S3* (77 – j 14) × 10 3
I3 = = = 0.1925 – j 0.035 kA
V3* 400
| Sb | 100 × 10 3
| Ib | = = = 0.25 kA
| Vb | 400
I3 0.1925 – j 0.035
I 3 pu = = = 0.77 – j 0.14 pu
| Ib | 0.25
Z23 pu = j 0.4 pu
Therefore, V2 pu = 1 + (0.77 – j 0.14) ( j 0.4)
= 1.056 + j 0.308 pu
  V2 = V2 pu × | Vb |
= (1.056 + j 0.308) × 400
= 422.4 + j 123.2 kV
= 440 16.26° kV
Applying KVL in section-1 of Fig. P.5, we obtain
V2 pu = V1 pu – I1 pu Z12 pu
V1 pu = V2 pu + I1 pu Z12 pu

S2* (15.93 + j 33.4) × 10 3

Here I2 = = = 0.0135 + j 0.083 kA
V2* 422.4 – j 123.2
I2 0.0135 + j 0.083
I2 pu = = = 0.054 + j 0.332 pu
| Ib | 0.25
Applying KCL at bus-2 of Fig. P.5, we obtain
I1 pu = I2 pu + I3 pu = 0.054 + j 0.332 + 0.77 – j 0.14
= 0.824 + j 0.192 pu
Z12 pu = j 0.5 pu
Therefore, V1 pu = 1.056 + j 0.308 + (0.824 + j 0.192) ( j 0.5)
= 0.96 + j 0.72 pu = 1.2 36.87° pu
 V1 = V1 pu × |Vb | = (0.96 + j 0.72) × 400
= 384 + j 288 kV = 480 36.87° kV
46 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

Problem 2 Figure P.6 depicts one-line diagram of a three-phase power system. Reactance of
the transformer is measured to be 0.2 pu on the base of 23/115 kV, 100 MVA. Impedance of the
line is j 66.125 . Loads connected at bus-2 and bus-3 are S2 = 184.8 MW + j 6.6 MVAR and S3
= j 20 MVAR respectively. Calculate the voltages at bus-1 and 2 holding bus-3 voltage at 115
kV. [BPUT – PSOC – 7th Sem. B.Tech – 2007]

Fig. P.6 Single-line diagram of the system under study.

Solution: Given | Sb | = 100 MVA

|Vb | = 23 kV (section-1)
= 115 kV (section-2)
XT pu = j 0.2 pu
Z = j 66.125 
S2 = 184.8 MW + j 6.6 MVAR
S3 = j 20 MVAR
V3 = 115 0° kV
Here section-1 represents bus-1 to primary of transformer and section-2 represents secondary of
transformer to load connected at bus-3.
Applying KVL in section-2, we obtain
V3 pu = V2 pu – I3 pu Zpu
V2 pu = V3 pu + I3 pu Zpu
V3 115
Here, V3 pu = = = 1pu
| Vb | 115
S3* – j 20 × 10 3
I3 = = = – j 0.1739 kA
V3* 115
100 × 10 3
| Ib | = = 0.869 kA
115
I3 – j 0.1739
I3 pu = = = – j 0.2 pu
| Ib | 0.869
| Vb |2 1152
| Zb | = = = 132.25 Ω
|Sb | 100
 Per Unit System 47

Z j 66.125
Zpu = = = j 0.5 pu
| Zb | 132.25
Therefore, V2 pu = 1 + (– j 0.2) (j 0.5) = 1.1 pu
V2 = V2 pu × |Vb | = 1.1 × 115 kV = 126.5 kV
Applying KVL between bus-1 and bus-2, we obtain
V2 pu = V1 pu – I1 pu XT pu
 V1 pu = V2 pu + I1 pu XT pu
S2* (184.8 – j 6.6) × 10 3
Here, I2 = * = = 1.46 – j 0.052 kA
V2 126.5
| Sb | 100 × 10 3
|Ib | = = = 0.869 kA
| Vb | 115
I2 pu = 1.68 – j 0.06 pu
I1 pu = I2 pu + I3 pu = (1.68 – j 0.06) + (– j 0.2) = 1.68 – j 0.26 pu
XT pu = j 0.2 pu
Therefore, V1 pu = 1.1 + (1.68 – j 0.26) ( j 0.2)
= 1.152 + j 0.336 pu
V1 = V1 pu × |Vb | = (1.152 + j 0.336) × 23 kV
= 26.496 + j 7.728 kV = 27.6 16.26° kV
Problem 3 Draw the pu impedance diagram of the power system shown in Fig. P.7. Assume
the base voltage on generator side as 22 kV and base MVA as 100 MVA.

Fig. P.7 Single-line diagram of the system under study.

G : 22 kV, 90 MVA, X = 18%

T1 : 22/220 kV, 50 MVA, X = 10%
T2 : 220/11 kV, 40 MVA, X = 6%
T3 : 22/110 kV, 40 MVA, X = 6.4%
T4 : 110/11 kV, 40 MVA, X = 8%
48 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

M : 10.45 kV, 66.5 MVA, X = 18.5%

L1 : Z = j 48.4 
L2 : Z = j 65.43 
Load : 10.45 kV, 57 MVA, 0.6 pf (lag)
Solution: The given power system can be divided into different sections shown by the dotted lines
in Fig. P.8. The base voltage on generator section is 22 kV and base MVA is 100 MVA.

Fig. P.8 Single-line diagram of the system showing different sections.

Base Values for Section-1

Base VA, | Sb1 | = 100 MVA
Base V, |Vb1 | = 22 kV
Base Values for Section-2
Base VA, | Sb2 | = 100 MVA
⎛ ⎞
Base V of L1, |VbL1 | = | Vb1 | × N 2 of T1 = 22 × ⎛⎜ 220 ⎞⎟ = 220 kV
⎜⎝ N ⎟⎠ ⎝ 22 ⎠
1

⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 110 ⎞
Base V of L2, | VbL2 | = | Vb1 | × ⎜ 2 ⎟ of T3 = 22 × ⎜ = 110 kV
⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 22 ⎟⎠
220 2
Base impedance of L1, | ZbL1 | = = 484 Ω
100
110 2
Base impedance of L2, | ZbL2 | = = 121 Ω
100
Base Values for Section-3
Base VA, | Sb3 | = 100 MVA
11
Base V, |Vb3 | = 110 × = 11 kV
110

| Vb3 |2
Base impedance | Zb3 | = = 1.21 Ω
| Sb3 |
 Per Unit System 49

Calculation of pu impedance of each element

For generator G,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 22 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
= j 0.18 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜
⎝ 22 ⎠ ⎝ 90 ⎟⎠
= j 0.2 pu
For transformer T1,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 22 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
= j 0.1 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜
⎝ 22 ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎟⎠
= j 0.2 pu
For transformer T2,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 220 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
= j 0.06 × ⎜ × ⎜
⎝ 220 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎟⎠
= j 0.15 pu
For transformer T3, 2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 22 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
= j 0.064 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜
⎝ 22 ⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎟⎠
= j 0.16 pu
For transformer T4,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 110 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
= j 0.08 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜
⎝ 110 ⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎟⎠
= j 0.2 pu
For line L1,
Z j 48.4
Zpu = | Z | = 484 = j 0.1 pu
1

bL 1
50 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

For line L2,

Z2 j 65.43
Zpu = = = j 0.54 pu
| Z bL2 | 121
For motor M,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 10.45 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
= j 0.185 × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 66.5 ⎟⎠
= j 0.25 pu
| VL |2 (10.45)2
For load, load impedance Z = =
S3*– Φ (57 ∠ cos –1 (0.6))*
= 1.1495 + j 1.533 
Z 1.1495 + j 1.533
  Zpu = =
| Z b3 | 1.21
= 0.95 + j 1.267 pu
Hence, impedance diagram of the power system can be redrawn as shown in Fig. P.9.

Fig. P.9 Impedance diagram of the system under study.

Problem 4 Figure P.10 depicts one-line diagram of a power system. Redraw the circuit with pu
impedance represented on 5000 VA base and common system base voltage of 250 V for G1. Also draw
the impedance diagram of the power system.
Solution: As there are two transformers present, the power system of Fig. P.10 will have three sec-
tions, operating at different voltage levels as shown in Fig. P.11.
Base values for section-1
Base VA, | Sb1 | = 5000 VA
Base V, |Vb1 | = 250 V
 Per Unit System 51

Fig. P.10 Single-line diagram of the system under study.

Fig. P.11 Single-line diagram of the system showing different sections.

Base values for section-2

Base VA, | Sb2 | = 5000 VA
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 800 ⎞
Base V, |Vb2 | = |Vb1 | × ⎜ 2 ⎟ of T1 = 250 × ⎜ ⎟ = 800 V
⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 250 ⎠
| Vb 2 |2 (800)2
Base impedance |Zb2| = = = 128 Ω
| Sb 2 | 5000
Base values for section-3
Base VA, | Sb3 | = 5000 VA
⎛N ⎞ 500
Base V, | | = |Vb2 | × ⎜ 2 ⎟ of T2 = 800 × = 400 V
⎝ N1 ⎠
3
1000

Calculation of pu impedance of each element

For generator G1,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 250 ⎞ ⎛ 5000 ⎞
= j 0.3 × ⎜⎝ 250 ⎟⎠ × ⎜⎝ 2000 ⎟⎠ = j 0.75 pu
52 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

For generator G2,

2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 250 ⎞ ⎛ 5000 ⎞
= j 0.4 × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ = j 1.0 pu
⎝ 250 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎟⎠
For transformer T1,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 250 ⎞
= j 0.2 × ⎜
⎛ 5000 ⎞
×⎜ = j 0.25 pu
⎝ 250 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4000 ⎟⎠
For transmission line,
Z 40 + j 100
Zpu = = = 0.312 + j 0.781 pu
| Zb2 | 128
For transformer T2,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Zpu new = Zpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 1000 ⎞ ⎛ 5000 ⎞
= j 0.06 × ⎜ ×⎜ = j 0.058 pu
⎝ 800 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 8000 ⎟⎠

Hence, impedance diagram of the power system can be redrawn as shown in Fig. P.12.

Fig. P.12 Impedance diagram of the system under study.

Problem 5 Determine the reactances in pu for different components of power system shown
in Fig. P.13 taking generator rating as base. The data are: Generator G : 90 MVA, 11 kV,
X = 25%, Transormer T1 : One single unit three-phase transformer, 100 MVA, 10/132 kV,
X = 6%, Transformer T2 : Three single-phase units, each 30MVA, 66/10 kV, X = 5%, Motor
M1 : 50 MVA, 10 kV, X = 20%, Motor M2 : 40 MVA, 10 kV, X = 20%, Line reactance : 100 .
[BPUT – PSOC – 7th Sem, B.Tech – 2009]
 Per Unit System 53

Fig. P.13 Single-line diagram of the system under study.

Solution: As there are two transformers, the power system shown in Fig. P.13 will have three sec-
tions, operating at different voltage levels.

Fig. P.14 Single-line diagram of the system showing different sections.

Base values for section-1

Base VA, | Sb1 | = 90 MVA
Base V, |Vb1| = 11 kV
Base values for section-2
Base VA, | Sb2 | = 90 MVA
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 132 ⎞
Base V, |Vb2| = |Vb1| × ⎜ 2 ⎟ of T1 = 11 × ⎜ ⎟ = 145.2 V
⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
| Vb 2 |2 (145.2)2
Base impedance |ZbL| = | S | = = 234.256 Ω
b2 90
Base values for section-3
Base VA, | Sb3 | = 90 MVA
As transformer T2 is composed of three single-phase units and primaries are star connected so
we have to find out the line-to-line voltage ratio of T2.
Line-to-line voltage ratio of T2 = ( 3 × 66) :10
= 114.31 : 10 kV
⎛N ⎞
Therefore, base V, |Vb3 | = | Vb 2 | × ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ N1 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞
= 145.2 × ⎜ ⎟ = 12.7 kV
⎝ 114.31 ⎠
54 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

Calculation of pu reactance of each element

For generator G, 2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Xpu new = Xpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞
= 0.25 × ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 90 ⎠
= 0.25 pu
For transformer T1,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Xpu new = Xpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
10 90 ⎞
= 0.06 × ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
= 0.0446 pu
X 100
For transmission line, Xpu = = = 0.426 pu
| Z bL | 234.256
For transformer T2,
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Xpu new = Xpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
114.31 ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞
= 0.05 × ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 145.2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 × 30 ⎠
= 0.031 pu
For motor M1
2
⎛ | Vb given | ⎞ ⎛ | Sb new | ⎞
Xpu new = Xpu given × ⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ | Vb new | ⎠ ⎝ | Sb given | ⎠
2
⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞
= 0.2 × ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12.7 ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠
= 0.223 pu
For motor M2,
2
10 ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞
Xpu new = 0.2 × ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 40 ⎟
⎝ 12.7 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 0.279 pu
 Per Unit System 55

Multiple-Choice Questions with Answers

1. For a given base voltage and base volt-ampere the pu impedance value of an element
is x. The pu impedance value of this element when the base voltage and volt.amp are
both doubled will be
(a) 0.5x (b) 4x (c) x
2. The reactance of a machine is 0.242 pu. The new pu value when base voltage is
increased by 1.1 times is
(a) 0.242 (b) 0.266 (c) 0.200
3. An 11 kV alternator with 8% reactance will have 2% reactance at the base of
(a) 22 kV (b) 44 kV (c) 5.5 kV
4. In a single-line diagram, the transmission lines are generally represented by their
equivalent
(a)  networks (b) T networks (c) Either or T networks
5. The impedance value of a generator is 0.2 pu on a base value of 11 kV, 50 MVA. The
impedance value for a base value of 22 kV, 150 MVA is
(a) 0.15 pu (b) 0.2 pu (c) 0.3 pu

Answers

1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (a)

5 (a)

Short Questions with Answers

1. What is the need for base values?

Ans: Power system components operate at different voltages and power levels. So it is always
convenient to express the power system quantities such as voltage, power, current and imped-
ance in pu with reference to a common base value instead of going for the actual quantities.
The main importance of base is to calculate the pu values.
2. What is impedance and reactance diagram?
Ans: The components of a power system can be represented in approximate equivalent circuit by
taking the equivalent source and its impedances in series or parallel. The impedance diagram
represents the equivalent impedance of a line or bus which is helpful in load flow studies. A
reactance diagram can be derived from the impedance diagram by neglecting the resistive
part where each component is represented by its equivalent reactance.
3. What are the advantages of using pu representation of power system?
Ans: The several advantages of using this practice are:
56 Power System Analysis: Operation and Control

(i) In pu data representation circuit parameters tend to fall in relatively narrow numerical
ranges making erroneous data easy to spot.
(ii) Pu data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.
(iii) Adopting this practice greatly simplifies the circuit analysis of systems containing trans-
formers of various transformation ratios.
4. Why there is a need to convert pu impedances from one base to another?
Ans: With more than one transformer in a circuit with different | S | ratings either of the | S | rating
can be taken as the base quantity for finding the base impedance. So sometimes in case of
change in base it is required to convert the pu impedance of one base to the other base.
5. Explain the per-phase analysis of a balanced three-phase system?
Ans: Power is generated by three-phase alternators, transmitted by three-phase transmission lines
and distributed through three-phase networks. A balanced three-phase system is studied on
a per phase basis. A single-phase circuit consists of one of the three-phase conductors and a
neutral return conductor.

Exercise

1. For a single phase system, the selected bases for current and voltage are 12 A and
220 V respectively. Express the following quantities in pu 15 A, 25 V, 10 .
[Ans: 1.25 pu, 0.11 pu, 0.54 pu]
2. Show that the pu equivalent impedance of a two-winding transformer is the same
whether the calculation is made from the high-voltage side or the low-voltage side.
3. In a 100/400 V, 5 kVA single-phase transformer the leakage reactance measured from
LV side is 0.06 . Calculate the pu value of leakage reactance.
[Ans: 0.03 pu]
4. Two alternators of rating 20 MVA, 11 kV and 30 MVA, 11 kV respectively are oper-
ating in parallel and connected at a bus. The same bus feeds two motors rated at 10
MVA and 20 MVA respectively. Voltage rating of the motor is 11 kV. Pu reactance of
each alternator and motor are 0.18 pu and 0.17 pu respectively on their own rating.
Assuming a new base of 22 kV and 100 MVA draw the reactance diagram.
5. The ratings of three generators are given below:
Generator-1: 200 MVA, 33 kV, 15 % reactance
Generator-2: 300 MVA, 22 kV, 0.2 pu reactance
Generator-3: 600 MVA, 66 kV, reactance of 12%
Obtain the reactance of all the three generators at the new base value of 44 kV and
1000 MVA.
[Ans: 0.42 pu, 0.16 pu, 0.45 pu]
 Per Unit System 57

References

[1] Wadhwa, C. L. “Electrical Power Systems” New Age International, New Delhi.
[2] Saadat, H. “Power System Analysis”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
[3] Stevenson Jr., W. D. “Elements of Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill, Singapore.