Ancient History of Rajasthan PDF

.
Ancient History of Rajasthan Index
Index

Palaeolithic-Old Stone Age in Rajasthan .................................................................................................... 1
Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan ................................................................................................ 4
Neolithic Age in Rajasthan .......................................................................................................................... 6
Indus Valley Civilization .............................................................................................................................. 8
Ahar-Banas Culture of Rajasthan ............................................................................................................. 13
OCP Culture of Rajasthan ......................................................................................................................... 18
Rajasthan During Vedic Period ................................................................................................................. 21
Rajasthan During Mahajanpada Period .................................................................................................... 28
Rajasthan after Alexander Invasion (326 BC) ........................................................................................... 30
Maurya Rule in Rajasthan (321-184 BCE) ................................................................................................. 33
Sakas (1st AD) ............................................................................................................................................ 34
Western Satraps ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Rajasthan In Gupta Period ........................................................................................................................ 35
Huna Emipre in Rajasthan ........................................................................................................................ 35
Vardhana Emipre ...................................................................................................................................... 36
Gurjara Kingdom ...................................................................................................................................... 36
RajRAS
Ancient History of Rajasthan Index
The Origin of Rajputs ................................................................................................................................ 37
Pratihars of Mandore ............................................................................................................................... 38
Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore) .................................................................................................................... 39
The Chauhan Dynasty ............................................................................................................................... 41
Chauhans of Shakambhari: ....................................................................................................................... 41
Chauhans of Ranthambore ....................................................................................................................... 46
Chauhans of Jalore ................................................................................................................................... 47
The Kingdom of Mewar ............................................................................................................................ 48
Guhils of Chittorgarh ................................................................................................................................ 48
RajRAS
Ancient History of Rajasthan Palaeolithic-Old Stone Age in Rajasthan
Palaeolithic-Old Stone Age in Rajasthan

5,00,00 BC – 10,000 BC
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Man is said to have appeared in the early Pleistocene
Raj RAS © 2016 in Africa about 3 million ( 30 ©
Raj RAS lakh)
2016years ago. In
India, based on recent evidence,
Rajman
RASis©said
2016to have appeared 1.4 million (14 lakh) years back at Bori,
Maharashtra. This man had no knowledge of cultivationRaj RAS © 2016building till 9000 years B.C.
and house
Raj RAS © 2016
From there first appearance to beginning
Raj RAS © 2016 of Raj
3000RAS
BC ©man used tools & implements only made up of
2016
stone and so early phase of human existence has been called as Stone-Age. Based on nature of stone
Raj RAS © 2016
tools and nature of change in climate the stone-age is divided into Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and
Neolithic age period to study history till 1000B.c.
The Palaeolithic age has been further divided into 3
Raj RAS © 2016sub-ages namely:
• 5,00,000 BC - 1,00,000 BC: Lower Palaeolithic or Early Old Stone Age
Raj RAS © 2016
• 1,00,000 BC - 40,000 BC: Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Old Stone Age
Raj RAS © 2016
• 40,000 BC - 10,000 BC: Upper Palaeolithic or Later Old Stone Age
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Now, this article we shall discuss in detail the Palaeolithic or Old- Stone Age in Rajasthan and start with:
Raj RAS © 2016

1. Lower Palaeolithic or Early Old Stone Age (5,00,000 BC - 1,00,000 BC)
Raj RAS RAS RAS RAS RAS
Acheulian-Handaxes
RAS RAS Raj RAS © 2016
• Special characteristic stone tools - Handaxe
Raj RAS © 2016
and cleaver. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raw materials Raj
used for© making
RAS 2016 stone tools© 2016
Raj RAS
included - quartzite, quartz and basalt.
Raj RAS © 2016
• The sites of early stone age discovered in Rajasthan have been identified as belonging
to Acheulian culture,
Raj RAS © 2016named after
Raj RAS French site of St. Acheul which was the first effective
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
colonization of the Indian subcontinent.
• The Acheulian culture was a hunter-gatherer culture.
• Sites of lower-palaeolithic ageRajare RASlocated
© 2016 in Nagaur and Didwana of Rajasthan, Barkhera,
Raj RAS ©in2016
Bhimbetka and Putlikarar Raj RAS
Raisen district © 2016 Pradesh.
of Madhya
Raj RAS © 2016
1
2. Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Old Stone Age (1,00,000 BC - 40,000 BC)

• The Acheulian culture of old stone age was slowly transformed into the middle Palaeolithic by
Raj RAS © 2016
giving some of the tool types and by developingRajnew
RAStools & technology.
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Special characteristic of stone tools - Flakes.
• In comparison to the lower Palaeolithic era, the tools in middle Palaeolithic became smaller,
Raj RAS © 2016
thinner and lighter.
• New raw materials used for making stone tools

Raj included fine-grained
RAS © 2016 Raj RAS ©siliceous
2016 rocks like chert
and jasper. Raj RAS © 2016
• In Rajasthan, sites of Middle Palaeolithic age are located at Luni valley, around Didwana,
Raj RAS © 2016
Budha Pushkar.
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
3. Upper Palaeolithic or Later Old Stone
Raj RAS © Age
2016(40,000 BC - 10,000 BC)
• The tools of Upper Palaeolithic Era are further refined upon the lower and middle periods and
show a marked Rajregional
RAS © 2016diversity with respect to the refinement of techniques and
standardization of finished tool forms.
• Special characteristic of stone tools of Upper Palaeolithic age – Flakes and blades.
One important discovery is of

• RAS
RAS Rajthe
RASOstrich egg shells at over 40 sites in Rajasthan, Madhya
© 2016
Pradesh and Maharashtra, which Rajshows
RAS ©that
2016
ostrich, a bird adapted to arid climate.
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• The upper Palaeolithic settlements also ©
Raj RAS show
2016a distinct trend of being associated with permanent
sources of waters. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• Society was
Raj ‘Band
RAS ©Society‘
2016 - small communities, usually consisting of less than 100 people. They
were nomadic to some extent moving fro one place to another.
•
Raj form
The earliest RAS ©
of 2016 Raj
art by RAS ©also
humans 2016belongs to upper Palaeolithic period in the form of rock
Raj RAS © 2016
paintings (Bhimbetka).
• Sites of Upper Palaeolithic age in Rajasthan included Chittorgarh, Kota and basins of rivers
Wagoon, kadamli, Sabarmati &Raj Mahi.
RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
2
Map of Old Stone Age Sites in India:
3
Ancient History of Rajasthan Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan
Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan

10,000 BC – 5,000 BC
The Raj
lastRAS
stage©of Old Stone age or Palaeolithic Age
2016 Rajwas
RASfollowed
© 2016 by Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age in
Raj RAS
Rajasthan ( in India). The transition 2016
from©the Raj RAS
Palaeolithic period to Mesolithic © 2016
period is marked by
Raj RAS © 2016
transition from Pleistocene period(2.58 million years ago - 10,000BC) to Holocene (10,000 BC - till now)
Raj RAS © 2016
and favorable changes in the climate. TheRaj
climate
RAS ©became
2016 warmer and humid and there was expansion
of flora and fauna contributed
Raj RASby increased rainfall.
© 2016 Raj RAS This
© 2016led to availability of new resources to
humans.
Raj RAS © 2016
Tools of Mesolithic Age:
• The tools are Mesolithic age were smaller in sizeRaj RAS

and © 2016
better Raj RAS ©
in finishing 2016 geometric) than
(more
Raj RAS © 2016
the Palaeolithic age and are called as Microliths.
• The main tool types are backed blades, obliquely truncated blades, points, crescents, triangles
Raj RAS © 2016
and trapezes.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Some of the microliths were used as components of spearheads, arrowheads, knives, sickles,
Raj RAS © 2016
harpoons and daggers. Raj RAS © 2016
• Use of bow and arrows for hunting has been documented by Mesolithic man in rock art of the
period. Raj RAS © 2016

Changes in Society of Mesolithic Age:
•RASDomestication
RAS Raj RAS © 2016
of Animals & Farming:
Raj RAS © 2016
o The early Raj
period of Mesolithic
RAS © 2016 age
Raj was
RAS based Raj RAS © 2016
© 2016
Rajfood
on the hunting, fishing and RASgathering,
© 2016 slowly
domestication of animals and cultivation of
crops made
Raj RAStheir way into human life.
© 2016
o The earliest evidence of domestication of animals has been provided by Adamagarh in

Raj RAS
Madhya © 2016
Pradesh andRaj RAS in
Bagor 2016
© Rajasthan.
Raj RAS © 2016
o The first animals
Raj RASto© be domesticated
2016 were
Raj RAS dog, cattle, sheep and goat and the first
© 2016
crops to be cultivated were wheat and barley.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
4
Ancient History of Rajasthan Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan
• RajNomadism
RAS © 2016
to Sedentary settlements: Raj RAS © 2016
o Raj RAS
The favourable climate, © 2016
better rainfalls, warm atmosphere and increased food security
led to reduction in nomadism to seasonally Raj RAS sedentary
© 2016 settlement and increased
Raj RAS © 2016
population.
o They moved to new areas such as nearby rivers which provided water.
Raj RAS © 2016
o First human colonization of the Ganga plains took place during this period.
• Beginning of customs: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
o The mesolithic
Rajage
RASsaw beginning of
© 2016 Rajthe tradition
RAS © 2016of various ways of intentional disposal
of the dead.
Raj RAS © 2016
o Mesolithic human burials have been found at Bagor in Rajasthan, Langhnaj in Gujarat,
Raj RAS © 2016
Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh etc.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Emergence of Arts: Raj RAS © 2016
o The rock painting of Mesolithic period is found in

Raj RAS © 2016
Adamgarh, Bhimbetka of Madhya Pradesh and
Pratapgarh, Mirzapur of Rajasthan.
o The paintings are made mostly in red and white
pigments, made form the nodules found in rocks
and earth. (Red made by minerals
Raj RASof©iron oxide and
2016
Raj RAS © 2016
white by limestone) Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
o The subject matter of©
Raj RAS the paintingsRaj
2016 areRAS
mostly wild animals and hunting scenes, though
© 2016
there are some related to human social and religious life such as sex and child birth.
Raj RAS © 2016
Mesolithic sites in Rajasthan:

Raj RAS © 2016
• The Pachpadra basin, Raj RAS © 2016& Tilwara
Sojat Area of Rajasthan
Raj RAS © 2016 are rich Mesolithic sites and lot of
microliths have been discovered.
• However, Bagor is the largest mesolithic site©in2016
Raj RAS India.
Raj RAS © 2016
5
Ancient History of Rajasthan Neolithic Age in Rajasthan
Neolithic Age in Rajasthan

5,000 BC – 1,000 BC
Neolithic or new stone age, which followed mesolithic age was the last phase of stone age. The
Neolithic period began aroundRaj
10700
RASto
© 9400
2016 BC in Tell Qaramel in Northern
Raj Syria.
RAS ©In2016
South Asia the
date assigned to Neolithic period
RajisRAS
7000©BC and the earliest example is Mehrgarh Culture.
2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Neolithic Revolution: Raj RAS © 2016
• The human settlements in the Mesolithic era got more
sedentaryRajand
RASpeople
© 2016 began settle down in agricultural
communities which led to establishment of villages.
• Raj goats.
Man for first time domesticated cattle, sheep and RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• As efficiency ofRajagriculture
RAS © 2016 improved,Raj RAS
man ©was
2016able to
produce surplus food. As a consequence, some people
Raj RAS © 2016
moved away from agriculture and new occupations like
dancers , musicians, masonry came up.Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• The people of this age used tools & implements
Raj RAS © 2016 of polished
stone. Neolithic tool kit was composed of heavy ground
tools – pestles, mortars,
Raj RASgrinders
© 2016 and pounders – as also axes
and sickles which have a characteristic sheen on them, the
result of harvesting
Raj RAS RAS wild or domesticated
RASplants
RAS and grasses. RAS
The use of pottery and the wheel and the subsequent invention of crafts like spinning, weaving and bead-
RAS RAS
making also serve to demonstrate the Raj RAS © 2016
uniqueness of the neolithic phase. This transition from hunting-
Raj RAS © 2016
gathering to food production is called the Neolithic revolution.
Causes of Neolithic Revolution: Raj RAS © 2016
Factors that pushed humans in vastly separated parts to adopt agriculture and animal domestication
included: Raj RAS © 2016
• Climatic change at the beginning of the holocene period,

• Increasing population density Raj RAS © 2016
• Evolving cultural and technological strategies of human groups.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

6
Ancient History of Rajasthan Neolithic Age in Rajasthan
Features of Mehrgarh Neolithic Culture:

Mehrgarh is located on bank of Raj
theRAS
Bolan
© 2016 a tributary of the Indus, at
River, Rajthe
RASeastern
© 2016edge of the
Baluchistan plateau overlooking Raj
theRAS
Indus
© plain.
2016 It is considered as the oldest agricultural settlement
in the Indian subcontinent. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS
• The main domesticated © 2016in Mehrgarh
animals Raj RAS © 2016
were cattle, sheep, goat and water buffalo while
the main cultivated plants were wheat and barley.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Houses made in mud and mud-bricks, created rooms to store grains, buried dead under floors
of houses where they lived, used ornaments of steatite,
Raj RASturquise, seaRAS
© 2016 Raj shells
© etc.
2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Domesticated cotton for the first time. Used pottery decorated with images of birds, animals.
Learnt use of making stone beads, copper smelting, timber, terracotta, commercial transactions.
Raj RAS © 2016
• The first evidence in human history for the drilling of teeth in a living person was found in
Mehrgarh. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Neolithic Age in Rajasthan
Raj RAS © 2016
As you can see in map, there are no significant neolithic sites, that fall in modern Rajasthan.
7
Ancient History of Rajasthan Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization

3500 BC – 2500 BC
Indus Valley Civilization existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases namely early, mature and late
phases. It was discovered in 1921 and belonged
Raj RAS © 2016 to Bronze Age. Indus ValleyRaj Civilization
RAS © 2016 was located
on the banks of the river Indus, particularly
Raj RAS © 2016 at the bends that provided water, easy means of
transportation of produce and other goods and also Raj
someRAS © 2016 by way of natural barriers of the
protection
Raj RAS © 2016
river.
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Image Credit: Wikipedia

Raj RAS ©Commons
2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Sites included Dholavira , Rangpur, Rojdi, Lothal , Sarkotada , Kuntasi, Padri (Gujarat) Kalibangan
(Rajasthan), Bhagwanpura, Banawali (Haryana), Diamabad (Maharashtra), Alamgirpur (U.P.), and
Mauda (Jammu).Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
The most unique featureRaj
of RAS
the civilization
© 2016 wasRaj
development
RAS © 2016of Urban Centers
Raj RAS © 2016

8
Architecture Snapshot: Mohenjodaro Site

• The settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher other larger but lower.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Upper is called Citadel and the other Lower Town.
Raj RAS © 2016
Citadel: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• Citadel has
Raj structure
RAS © 2016most probably used for special public purposes like Warehouse & Great
Bath.
• Raj RAS
‘Granaries’ which were used to store grains which © 2016
give Rajof
an idea RASan © 2016
organized collection and
Raj RAS © 2016
distribution system.
• ‘Great Bath’ - public bathing place shows the importance of ritualistic bathing and cleanliness in
Raj RAS © 2016
this culture. It is still functional and there is no leakage or cracks in the construction.
Raj RAS © 2016
• To watertight bricks, mortar made of gypsum was used.
Raj RAS © 2016
•
Raj RAS © 2016
Evidence of building of big dimensions which perhaps were public buildings, administrative or
business centers, pillared halls and courtyards.
Raj RAS © 2016
Lower Town
• It was walled, probably to provide

security to the people. The fortifications
Raj RAS © 2016
with gateways enclosing the walled
cities, also shows that there may have© 2016
Raj RAS
been a fear of being
Raj RAS
attacked.
© 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• Rectangular grid ©
Raj RAS pattern
2016 of layout with
roads that cut each other at right angles.
• Raj RAS © burnt

Used standardized 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
mud-bricks as
Raj RAS © 2016
building material.
• Most complete ancient system of public
drainage system yet discovered. The© 2016
Raj RAS
Raj RAS
main channels were made© 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
of bricks set
in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. In some cases,
Raj RAS © 2016
limestone was used for covers.
9
• No evidence of temples.
Domestic Architecture: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Present in Lower Town Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Most of the houses had ©
Raj RAS private
2016 wellsRaj
andRAS
bathrooms.
© 2016
The bathrooms had drains connected through wall to
Raj RAS © 2016
the street drains.
• Many of houses were centered on a courtyard with

rooms on all sides. The courtyard
Raj RAS © 2016 center
was probably
of activities. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• There areRaj RAS

also no © 2016 in walls on ground floor.
windows
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Indus Valley Sites in Rajasthan:
Raj RAS © 2016
• Kalibangan
Raj RAS © 2016
• Baror
• Karanpura
RAS RAS
Kalibangan Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Kalibangan is a Raj
part of
RAS © 2016the ancient
Raj RAS ©Indus Valley
2016 Raj RAS © Civilization,
2016 located in
Rajwas
present Hanumangarh district. The site RAS © 2016 by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist and
discovered
linguist. After Independence in 1952, Amlānand Ghosh identified the site as part of Harappan
Civilization andRaj
marked it 2016
RAS © for excavation. Later, during 1961-69, excavation were carried out by B. B.
Lal & Balkrishna Thapar.
Raj RAS © 2016
Kalibangan has settlements Raj RAS
belonging to: © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Pre-Harappan Period from
Raj RAS the 3500 BCRaj
© 2016 – 2500
RASBC.
© 2016
• HarrapanRaj
Period
RAS from the 2500
© 2016 Raj BC
RAS– 1500 BC
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Features of Pre-Harappan Settlement:
• The pre-Harappan settlement was a fortified parallelogram, the fortification wall being made of
Raj RAS © 2016
mud-bricks.
10
Raj• RAS 2016 within the walled area were

The©houses Raj RAS
also © 2016
made of mud-bricks.
Raj period
• The distinctive trait of this RAS © was
2016the pottery which was significantly different from that of
the succeeding Harappans. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS ©
• An outstanding discovery was2016 Raj
a ploughed RASshowing
field, © 2016 a cross-grid of furrows, the southeast of the
settlement outside the town-wall. This is perhaps the earliest plouged field excavated so far.
Raj RAS © 2016
Features of Harrapan Period: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Town Planning: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• During the
RajHarappan period, the structural pattern of the settlement was changed. There were
RAS © 2016
now two distinct parts: the citadel on the west and the lower city on the east.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj RAS
The citadel was situated on a higher level 2016 like fortified parallelogram. It consisted
and©looked
Raj RAS © 2016
of two equal but separately patterned parts. The fortification was built throughout of mud-
bricks. The southern half of the citadel contained some five to six massive platforms, some of
which may haveRaj RASused
been © 2016
for religious or ritual purposes. The northern half of the citadel
contained residential buildings of the elite.
• The lower city was also fortified and within the walled city, there was a grid of streets running
north-south and east-west, dividing the area into blocks. The houses were built of mud-bricks,
baked bricks being confined to Raj
drains,
RASwells,
© 2016sills, etc.
• Beside the above two principal parts of Kalibangan, there was also a third one, situated 80 m
Raj RAS © 2016
east of the lowerRaj
city.
RASIt ©
consisted
2016 of aRaj
modest
RAS ©structure,
2016 containing four to five ‘fire-altars’ and
as such could have been used for ritualistic purposes.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Of the finds obtained from this excavation, a cylindrical seal and an incised terracotta cake are
quite significant.
Burial Raj RAS © 2016
• The cemetery of the Harappans was located to the west-southwest of the citadel.
• Three types of burials are found:
Raj RAS © 2016
o Extended inhumation in rectangular or oval grave-pits
Raj RAS © 2016
o Pot-burials in a circular pit
o Rectangular or oval grave-pits containing only pottery and other funerary objects.
11
Terracota:
• The best terracota figure from Kalibangan is that a charging bull which is considered to signify
the "realistic and powerful folk art of Harappan Age".
Seals:
• Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal, depicting a female figure between two male figures,
fighting or threatening with spears.
12
Ancient History of Rajasthan Ahar-Banas Culture of Rajasthan
Ahar-Banas Culture of Rajasthan

A number of Chalcolithic cultures have been discovered in northern, central and western India. These
included: Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• The Ochre-Coloured Pottery (OCP) Rajculture
RAS ©in2016
the Punjab, Haryana, north-east Rajasthan and
upper Ganga-Yamuna doab.
• The NarhanRaj
culture
RAS and its variants in the northern Vindhyas and the middle and lower Ganga
© 2016
valley.
• Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

The Ahar culture in the Mewar region of Rajasthan.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj RAS
The Kayatha and Malwa © 2016
cultures Raj RAS
in the Malwa © 2016
region of western Madhya Pradesh.
• The Jorwe culture

Raj RASin ©
western
2016 Maharashtra.
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
13
Ahar-Banas Culture
RajAhar
The RAS ©culture,
2016 also Raj RASculture,
known as the Banas © 2016 is a Chalcolithic Culture of southeastern
Rajasthan, lasting from 3000 to 1500 BCE, contemporary and adjacent to Raj
Raj RAS © 2016 RAS ©Valley
the Indus 2016 Civilization.
Raj RAS © 2016
The main distribution of this culture seems to be concentrated
Raj RAS © 2016in the river valleys of Banas and its
tributaries namely Berach and Ahar. Raj RAS © 2016
More than 90 sites of the culture have been identified till date, out of which, Gilund, Ahar, Ojiyana and
Raj RASsites.
Balathal are prominent © 2016These sites of Ahar culture provide important information about the
transformation of life from hunting-gathering to agriculture in the Mewar region.
Features of Ahar-Banas Culture: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Houses: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• People lived in single,

Raj RAS © 2016double & multi-roomed rectangular, square or circular houses.
• The houses were made of stones, mud Raj

bricks,
RASthe walls being plastered with mud.
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Pottery:
Raj RAS © 2016
• Typical Ahar pottery is a Black-and-Red ware (BRW) with linear and dotted designs painted on
it in white pigment and©has
Raj RAS limited range of shapes, which include bowls, bowls-on-stands,
2016
elongated vases and globular vases.
EconomyRaj RAS RAS

& Subsistence: RAS RAS RAS
• The subsistence of Ahar-Banas people was based on cultivation, animal rearing and
hunting. They sustained on a number of©crops,
Raj RAS 2016 including wheat and barley.
• The people of Ahar culture had trade links with the Harappans.
Raj RAS © 2016
Technology: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj RASof©Ahar
The technology 2016 people was mostly based on copper. They exploited the copper ores of
the Aravalli Range to make axes and other artefacts.
• However, the Neolithic trend of using polished stone tools continued in this period also and
Raj RAS © 2016
microlithic tools Raj
of silicious material were
RAS © 2016 also very
Raj RAS common.
© 2016
Important Sites Raj
of Ahar-Banas
RAS © 2016Culture:
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Gilund
• Ahar
Raj RAS © 2016
14
• Ojiyana
• Balathal
• Pachamta (Because, Excavation done in 2015)
* Important Note:
Please note use of words Indus Valley "Civilization" but Ahar-Banas "Culture" . We did not use Ahar-
Banas Civilization. Why?
Because Ahar-Banas is Culture and not Civilization. So what is the difference between Civilization &
Culture?
• Culture is by definition smaller than a civilization. Civilization includes (technology, forms of

government etc, and even culture)
• Culture can grow and exist without residing in a formal civilization whereas a civilization will
never grow and exist without the element of culture. Hence, Culture is earlier or a pre-condition
for civilization to develop.
• All Societies have culture but only a few have Civilization ( example, Indus Valley Civilization).
Gilund (Rajsamand):
Gilund is an archaeological site in Rajsamand district. There are three major rivers in the area which
include the Kothari, Banas, and Berach. Excavation carried out at the site during 1959-60 by
B.B.Lal revealed two mounds labelled as ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ mounds. The site is part of Ahar-Banas
chalcolithic culture.
Features of Ahar-Banas Culture at Gilund:
• Gilund was occupied from approximately 3000-1700 BCE. These years of occupation can be
divided into two Periods:
o Early Ahar-Banas 3000-2000 BCE.
o Late Ahar-Banas 2000-1700 BCE
Period I:
• Period I is chalcolithic in character on account of the presence of a few microliths along with
copper.
15
All through
• RAS
Raj © 2016 the period the residential houses are©made
Raj RAS 2016 of mud brick, the walls being plastered
with mud. Within the houses are noticed
Raj RAS © 2016 circular clay-lined ovens andRaj
open mouthed
RAS © 2016 chulhas.
Raj RAS © 2016
• The characteristic Pottery of Period I is Black-and-Red
Raj RAS ©Ware,
2016 painted over with linear and
Raj RASpigment,
curvilinear designs in a creamish-white © 2016 other wares include plain and painted black,
burnished grey andRajred
RAS © 2016
wares. Raj RAS © 2016
• Among theRaj RAS © 2016

Teracotta figurines particularly noteworthy are the bull figurines with a prominent
hump and long horns.
Raj RAS © 2016
Period II Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• RajGilund
Period II of RAS © seems
2016 to have begun about the middle of the 1st millennium B.C., as
indicated by the presence of bowls and dishes of grey ware.
Raj RAS © 2016
• In the successive strata have been foundRaj RAS ©
Sunga 2016
and Kushana bowls in red ware, sprinklers in
Raj RAS © 2016
the Red Polished Ware,bowls in kaolin ware and knife-edged bowls in red ware, indicating that
this occupation continued up to the end of the 1st millennium A.D.
Raj RAS © 2016
Balathal (Udaipur)
Balathal is an archaeological site of Ahar-Banas Culture located in Vallabhnagar tehsil

RAS RASdistrict of Rajasthan. It is located
of Udaipur Raj RAS © 2016of Katar river. The site was discovered by V. N.
on banks
Raj RAS © 2016
Misra during a survey in 1962-63.
This ancient site was occupied during two Raj RAS © 2016
cultural periods: the Chalcolithic and the Early
Historic. Excavation at Balathal revealed a Chalcolithic period stretching from 3000 to 1500 BC and an
Early Historic period
Raj dated
RAS ©to2016
5-3 century BC
Chalcolithic Phase (3000 -1500 BC:

• Balathal was part of the Ahar-Banas Raj Complex and can be connected to other Ahar-Banas culture
RAS © 2016
sites through artifacts that have
Raj RAS been discovered.
© 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• The periodRaj
is characterized
RAS © 2016 byRajwell-planned
RAS © 2016structures. The houses found at the site are square
or rectangular made of mud brickRaj
andRAS © 2016
stones.
• Stone objects including saddle querns, mullers, rubber stone, hammer stone and copper objects
Raj RAS © 2016
including choppers, knives, razors, chisels and tanged arrowhead have been found.
16
It has© been
• RAS
Raj 2016 determined that the people Raj practiced
RAS ©agro-pastoralism,
2016 which is a mixture of both
farming and herding animals. Pottery
Raj RAS at the site has been thoroughlyRaj
© 2016 analyzed and tells much
RAS © 2016
Raj
about life at this ancient site. RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
After the Chalcolithic period the site was abandoned
Raj RASfor
©a2016
long time till the Early Historic period.
Early Historic Phase (5 - 3 BC):
Raj RAS © 2016
• Excavation of early historic phase produced the evidence of large-scale use of iron implements,
suggesting its important role in the economy of that period.
• The people lived in wattle andRaj daub
RAS © 2016and the floors were made of mud and stone
houses
rammed together. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj RAS
Iron working in the 2016 of furnaces with iron slags and abundant objects like nails, arrow
© form
head, lamps, needle, hoe, spatula, knife etc. are found
Raj RAS © 2016
on site. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Most peculiar item:

Raj RAS © 2016
A skeleton was found buried at Balathal believed to be 4,000
year old skeleton
Raj RASofRAS
a man believed to be 37 years
RAS when
RAS he RAS
died. The skeleton it provides the oldest evidence of leprosy in
human
RASbeings.
RAS Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Pachamta:
Raj RAS © 2016
Recently in 2015, excavation were carried out at Pachamta, a village 100 km from Udaipur in
Rajasthan, under aRaj
project
RAS ©called
2016the
RajMewar
RAS © Plains
2016 Archaeological Assessment.
Raj RAS © 2016
Pachamta belongs to the Ahar-Banas culture in the Mewar region, which was contemporaneous with
the early and mature Harappan culture. The Ahar culture, datable to 3,000-1,700 BCE, was chalcolithic,
and its people hadRaj RAS
trade © 2016
links with theRaj RAS © 2016
Harappans.
Raj RAS © 2016
Artefacts such as perforated jars,©shell
Raj RAS 2016bangles,
Rajterracotta beads, shells and the semi-precious stone
RAS © 2016
lapis lazuli, different types of pottery and two hearths have been found during excavation.
Raj RAS © 2016
17
Ancient History of Rajasthan OCP Culture of Rajasthan
OCP Culture of Rajasthan

TheRAS
Raj Ochre Colored Pottery or OCP cultureRaj
© 2016 is RAS
defined by the type of similar Ochre Pottery found at
© 2016
different sites. In 1951, B.B. Lal carried out small digs at Bisauli and RajpurRaj
Raj RAS © 2016 RAS
Parsu © 2016
villages in Bijnor district
Raj RAS © 2016
of Uttar Pradesh at spots where copper hoards had reportedly been discovered earlier. While B.B. Lal
Raj RAS © 2016
did not find any new copper objects,Raj he came
RAS © 2016 weathered ochre-coloured pottery (OCP), and on that
across
Raj RAS ©
basis he suggested a probable 2016
correlation Raj RASthe
between © 2016
hoards and this pottery. Since then as many as
950 sites of OCP culture have been discovered from the different parts of western Uttar Pradesh,
Raj RAS © 2016
Haryana and Rajasthan.
Further, because of their discovery in groups, they have also©been

Raj RAS 2016labelled
Raj RASas©Copper
2016 Hoard Culture.
Raj RAS © 2016
The highest number of the OCP sites in Rajasthan are found in the district of Sikar followed by Jaipur,
Jhunjhunu, Alwar and Bharatpur.
Raj RAS © 2016
Features of OCP Culture:
Raj RAS © 2016
• The hoards comprise a variety of objects like flat axes with
Raj RAS © 2016
splayed sides and convex cutting
Raj RAS © 2016edges, shouldered axes,
bar celts, double-edged axes and antenna-hilted swords.
• The pottery is Raj RAS ©ochrish

ill-fired, 2016 red in colour, and heavily
weathered, with the slip peeling off. The shapes comprise
Raj RAS RAS
storage jars, vases, basins, bowls, RAS RAS
dishes-on-stand and RAS
miniature pots; they are considerably similar to the
RAS RAS
Harappan pottery shapes. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Occasionally the pottery is
Raj RAS © 2016decorated with
Raj incised
RAS © 2016designs,
Raj RAS © 2016
graffiti and paintings in blackRaj RAS © 2016
pigment.
• OCP settlements are small in size and have thin habitation
deposit.RajThis
RASindicates
© 2016 that habitation on them was of
short duration. Because of the small size of excavations

RajisRAS
very little © 2016
known Rajeconomy
of the RAS © 2016
and material culture associated with this pottery.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Evidence was Rajfound
RASregarding
© 2016 cultivation
Raj RASof©rice
2016and barley, domestication of cattle, rammed
earth floors, post-holes, baked and unbaked bricks, terracotta human figurines and bangles, and
beads of stone and bone. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
18
Important Sites of OCP Culture:
In Rajasthan, Ochre Colored Pottery sites have been discovered at:
• Ganeshwar (Sikar)
• Jodhpura (Jaipur)
Ganeshwar (Sikar)
Ganeshwar is a village in Neem Ka Thana Tehsil in the Sikar District. Excavations have revealed
ancient sites, with remains of a 4000 years old civilization. The site is located at source of river Kantali,
which used to join river Drishadvati, near Soni-Bhadra on the north.
19
Historian Ratan Lal Mishra wrote that, Red pottery with black portraiture was found which is
estimated to be belonging to 2500–2000 BC was found when Ganeshwar was excavated in 1977.
Ganeshwar is located near the copper mines of the Sikar-Jhunjhunu area of the Khetri copper belt in
Rajasthan. It mainly supplied copper objects to Harappa.
• Copper objects, microliths & pottery were found throughout the deposits.
• Copper objects included arrowheads, spearheads, fish hooks, bangles and chisels.
• Microliths, discovered here, represent a highly evolved geometric industry, the principal tool-
types being blunted-back blades, obliquely-blunted blades, lunates, triangles and points. The
raw materials employed for the indsutry inclued qarts, garnet, and occasionally jasper.
• The Pottery found represents OCP culture and includes storage jars, vases, basins, bowls, lids
and miniature pots.
20
Ancient History of Rajasthan Rajasthan During Vedic Period
Rajasthan During Vedic Period

1500 BC – 500 BC
The cities of the Harappan Culture had declined
Raj RAS © 2016 by 1500 B.C. Around thisRaj
period,
RAS ©the2016
speakers of Indo-
Aryan language, Sanskrit, entered
Raj RASthe© north-west
2016 India from the Indo-Iranian region. Initially they
would have come in small numbers through the passes Raj RAS 2016
in©the northwestern mountains. Their initial
Raj RAS © 2016
settlements were in the valleys of the north-west and the plains of the Punjab.
Later, they moved into Indo-Gangetic plains. As they were mainly a cattle-keeping people, they were
Raj RAS © 2016
mainly in search of pastures. By 6th century B.C., they occupied the whole of North India, which was
referred to as Aryavarta. The original home of the Aryans is a debatable question and there are several
views.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj be
This period between 1500 B.C and 600 B.C may RAS © 2016into:
divided
• RajVedic
The Early RAS ©Period
2016 or Rig Vedic Period (1500 B.C -1000 B.C) and
• The Later Vedic Period (1000B.C - 600Raj RAS © 2016

B.C).
Raj RAS © 2016
Why it is called Vedic PeriodRaj
? RAS © 2016
The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the root ‘vid’, which means to know. In other words, the term ‘Veda’
Raj RAS ©The
signifies ‘superior knowledge’. 2016Vedic literature consists of the four Vedas – Rig, Yajur, Sama and
Atharva.
• The Rig Veda is the earliest of the four Vedas and it consists of 1028 hymns.
• The Yajur Veda consists of various details of rules to be observed at the time of sacrifice.
Raj RAS © 2016
• The Sama Veda is set to tune for the purpose of chanting during sacrifice. It is called the book of
chants and the origins of Indian
Rajmusic
RAS ©are traced in it.
2016
• The Atharva Veda contains details of rituals.
Raj RAS © 2016
Rig Vedic Age or Early Vedic Period (1500 - 1000 B.C.)

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
21
Image Source: Wikipedia Commons
Location:
During the Rig Vedic period, the Aryans were mostly confined to the Indus region. The Rig Veda refers
to Saptasindhu or the land of seven rivers. This includes the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej along with the Indus and Saraswathi.
Political System:
• Family was called as kula.
• Several families joined together on the basis of their kinship to form a village or grama. The
leader of grama was known as gramani.
• A group of villages constituted a larger unit called visu. It was headed by vishayapati.
• The highest political unit was called jana or tribe.
22
There
Raj• RAS were several tribal kingdoms Raj
© 2016 during
RASthe Rig Vedic period such as Bharatas, Matsyas,
© 2016
Yadus and Purus. The head
Rajof the©kingdom
RAS 2016 was called as rajan or king.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• The Rig Vedic polity was normally monarchical and ©
Raj RAS the succession was hereditary. The king
2016
Rajand
was assisted by purohita or priest RASsenani
© 2016or commander of the army in his administration.
• There were two popular bodies called the Sabha and Samiti. The Sabha seems to have been a
council ofRaj RASand
elders © 2016
the latter, a general assembly of the entire people.
Social Life:
• Raj RASThe
The Rig Vedic society was patriarchal. © 2016
basic unit of society was family or graham. The head
Raj RAS © 2016
of the family was known as grahapathi. Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj was
Monogamy RASgenerally
© 2016 practiced while polygamy was prevalent among the royal and noble
families. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Women were given equal opportunities as men for their spiritual and intellectual development.
Raj RAS © 2016
There were women poets like Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra during the Rig Vedic
period.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Women could even attend the popular assemblies. There was no child marriage and the
practice
Raj RAS ofRAS
sati was absent. RAS RAS RAS
• Both men and women wore upper and lower garments made of cotton and wool.
• Chariot racing, horse racing, dicing, music and dance were the favourite pastimes.
Raj RAS © 2016
• The social divisions were not rigid during the Rig Vedic period as it was in the later Vedic
Raj RAS © 2016
period. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Economic Condition:
Raj RAS © 2016
• The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle rearing. Their
wealth wasRajestimated in terms
RAS © 2016 Raj RAS of their
© 2016cattle.
Raj RAS © 2016
• When they permanently
Raj RAS © 2016 in North
settled India
Raj RAS they began to practice agriculture. With the
© 2016
knowledge and use of iron they were able to clean forests and bring more lands under
cultivation.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj RAS © 2016
Carpentry was another important profession Raj RAS ©and2016the availability of wood from the forests
cleared made the ©
Raj RAS profession
2016 profitable. Carpenters produced chariots and ploughs.
23
• Workers in metal made a variety of articles with copper, bronze and iron. Spinning was another
Raj RAS © 2016 occupation and cotton andRaj
important RAS ©fabrics
woolen 2016 were made. Goldsmiths were active in
making ornaments. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• The potters made various kinds of vessels for domestic use.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Trade was another important economic Raj RAS © 2016
activity and rivers served as important means of
transport.Raj
Trade
RAS was conducted on barter system. In the later times, gold coins called nishka
© 2016
were used as media of exchange in large transactions.
Religion: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
• The Rig Vedic Aryans worshiped
Raj RAS © 2016 the natural
Raj RASforces like earth, fire, wind, rain and thunder.
© 2016
• The important Rig Vedic gods were Prithvi (Earth), Agni (Fire), Vayu (Wind), Varuna
Raj RAS © 2016
(Rain) and Indra (Thunder).
Raj RAS © 2016
• There were also female gods like AditiRaj
andRAS
Ushas.
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• There were no temples and no idol worship during the early Vedic period.
• Prayers were offered to the

Raj RAS gods in the expectation of rewards. Ghee, milk and grain were given
© 2016
as offerings. Elaborate rituals were followed during the worship.

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
24
Later Vedic Period or Iron Age (1000 – 600 B.C.)
Location:
• The Aryans further moved towards east in the Later Vedic Period. The Satapatha
Brahmana refers to the expansion of Aryans to the eastern Gangetic plains.
• Kuru and Panchala kingdoms flourished in the beginning. After the fall of Kurus and
Panchalas, other kingdoms like Kosala, Kasi and Videha came into prominence.
• The later Vedic texts also refer to the three divisions of India – Aryavarta (northern India),
Madhyadesa (central India) and Dakshinapatha (southern India).
Political System:
• Larger kingdoms were formed during the later Vedic period. Many jana or tribes were
amalgamated to form janapadas or rashtras in the later Vedic period.
25
Raj
• RAS
The © 2016performed various rituals and
king Rajsacrifices
RAS © 2016to strengthen his position. They include
Rajasuya (consecration ceremony), Asvamedha (horse sacrifice) and Vajpeya (chariot race).
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• The kings also assumed titles like Rajavisvajanan, Ahilabhuvanapathi, (lord of all earth), Ekrat
Raj RAS © 2016
and Samrat (sole ruler).
• In the later Vedic period, a large number of new officials were involved in the administration in
Raj RAS © 2016
addition to the existing purohita, senani and gramani. They include the treasury officer, tax
collector and royal messenger.
• Raj RAS © 2016
At the lower levels, the village assemblies carried on the administration. The importance of the
Samiti and the Sabha had diminished during the later Vedic period.
Social System: Raj RAS © 2016
• The four divisions of society (Brahmins,Raj RAS © 2016

Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras) or the Varna system
Raj RAS © 2016
was thoroughly established during the Later Vedic period.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Position of women declined, they were still considered inferior and subordinate to
men. Women also Raj
lostRAS
their©political
2016 rights of attending assemblies.
• Child marriages had become common.

Economic Condition:
• Iron
RAS RASwas used extensively in this Raj
period
RASand this enabled the people to clear forests and to bring
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
more land under cultivation. Agriculture became the chief occupation. Improved types of
implements were used for cultivation. Besides barley, rice and wheat were grown.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Metal work, leather work, carpentry and Rajpottery
RAS © made
2016 great progress. In addition to internal
trade, foreign trade©became

Raj RAS 2016 extensive. The Later Vedic people were familiar with the sea and
they traded with countries like Babylon.
• Rajcarried
Vaisyas also RAS ©on 2016 Raj and
trade RAScommerce.
© 2016 They organized themselves into guilds known as
ganas. Raj RAS © 2016
• Besides nishka of the Rig Vedic period, gold and silver coins like satamana and krishnala were
used as media of exchange.
Raj RAS © 2016
Religion: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• Gods of theRaj RASVedic

Early © 2016
period like Indra and Agni lost their importance.
26
Prajapathi
• RAS
Raj © 2016(the creator), Vishnu (the protector)
Raj RAS ©and Rudra (the destroyer) became prominent
2016
during the Later Vedic period.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Sacrifices were still important and the rituals connected
Raj RAS © with them became more elaborate. The
2016
importance of prayers declined andRaj that
RASof©sacrifices
2016 increased.
• Priesthood became a profession and a hereditary one. The formulae for sacrifices were invented
Raj RAS
and elaborated by © 2016
the priestly class. Therefore, towards the end of this period there was a
strong reaction against priestly domination and against sacrifices and rituals. The rise of
Raj RAS
Buddhism and Jainism was the direct result of these © 2016sacrifices.
elaborate Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Also, the authors Raj
of the
RASUpanishads,
© 2016 which is the
Raj RAS essence of Hindu philosophy, turned away
© 2016
from the useless rituals and insisted on true knowledge (jnana) for peace and salvation.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Vedic Age or Iron Age in Rajasthan: Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
From 1000 BC, Iron was used in Gandhara in Pakistan. Around same time, use of iron appeared in
eastern Punjab, Wester UP and Rajasthan. The Vedic literature mentions the Matsyas and the Salvas as
Raj RAS and
located near the river Saraswati © 2016
there is evidence to believe that by the close of the Vedic age
Rajasthan had become fully colonized by the Vedic tribes.
The relics of Painted Grey ware culture have been reported from the dried- up beds of Saraswati and
Drshadvati rivers. There is also evidence of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) from Noh (Bharatpur), Jodhpur
(Jaipur), Viratnagar (Jaipur) and Sanari (Jhunjhunu). These sites represent the growth of Iron Age in
Raj RAS © 2016
Rajasthan. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
27
Ancient History of Rajasthan Rajasthan During Mahajanpada Period
Rajasthan During Mahajanpada Period

600 BCE -300 BCE
The end of Vedic India is marked by linguistic, cultural and political changes. By the 6th century BCE,
the political units consolidatedRaj
into large
RAS kingdoms called Mahajanapadas.
© 2016 Raj The
RASage is also referred
© 2016
to as period of second urbanization.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
The term "Janapada" literally means the foothold of
Raj RAS © 2016 a tribe, in Pāṇini's "Ashtadhyayi", Janapada stands for
country. The Pre-Buddhist north-west
Raj RAS © 2016 regionRaj
ofRASthe ©Indian
2016 sub-continent was divided into several
Janapadas demarcated from each other by boundaries. Each of these Janapadas was named after the
Raj RAS © 2016
Kshatriya tribe (or the Kshatriya Jana) who had settled therein.Ancient Buddhist texts like
the Anguttara Nikaya make reference to sixteen Mahajanpadas and republics which had evolved and
flourished in Indian Sub-Continent.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Image Credits: Wikipedia Commons
Raj RAS © 2016

28
Ancient History of Rajasthan Rajasthan During Mahajanpada Period
Rajasthan during Mahajanpada period:

Raj RAS
The modern state of Rajasthan was also © 2016
part Raj RAS
of several Mahajanpadas mentioned © 2016
below:
Raj RAS © 2016
Matsya Mahajanpada Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• The modern districts of Jaipur,
Raj RAS © 2016Alwar & RajBharatpur formed part of Mahajanpada of Machcha or
RAS © 2016
Matsya.
Raj RAS © 2016
• The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagari (present-day Bairat), which is said to have been
named after its founder king, Virata.
•
Raj RAS
The kingdom came under the control of © 2016
the neighboring Chedi Kingdom in the 5th century.
Raj RAS © 2016

Saurasena Mahajanpada
Raj RAS © 2016
• The capital of Saurasena janpada is located near©modern
Raj RAS 2016 day Mathura.
Raj RAS © 2016
• It covers region of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur & Karauli.
Raj RAS © 2016

Kuru Mahajanpada
• The capital of Kuru Janpada was Indrapath.
• It covered parts of northern Alwar region.

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
29
Ancient History of Rajasthan Rajasthan after Alexander Invasion (326 BC)
Rajasthan after Alexander Invasion (326 BC)
Because
Raj RASof© Alexander’s
2016 invasion in 326 BCERajtribes
RAS ©of2016
South Punjab especially Malav, Shivi and
Raj Punjab
Arjunayan migrated to Rajasthan. RAS © and
2016Rajasthan became the nucleusRaj
of RAS © 2016
a number of oligarchies,
Raj RAS © 2016
or tribal republics whose local importance rose and fell in inverse proportion to the rise and fall of
Raj RAS © 2016
larger kingdoms. According to coins recovered,
Raj RAS © the
2016most important politically were the Audambaras,
Raj RAS © Trigartas,
Arjunayanas, Malavas, Kunindas, 2016 Raj RAS Yaudheyas
Abhiras, © 2016 and Shibis (Shivi).
Raj RAS © 2016
Arjunayana
• Arjunayanas had their base in the
Raj RAS © 2016Bharatpur-Alwar region.
present-day
• They emerged as a political power during the Shunga period (c. 185 – c. 73 BCE).
Raj RAS © 2016
Rajnaya Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
• Rajascribed
Different scholars have RAS © 2016
different regions to Rajnaya janpada, based on coins
Cunningham suggested their region as near Mathura, Smith suggested former Dholpur state as
orginal home of Raj
Rajnaya and
RAS © Rapson ascribed them in same region as of Arjunayanas & Kings
2016
of Mathura.
Shivi or Shivi
Raj RAS
• Shivi gana covered present districts © 2016 & Chittorgarh.
of Udaipur
• The Shibis (Shivi) migrated from the Punjab
Raj RAS © 2016 to Rajasthan and settled at Madhyamika (later
Raj RAS
Nagri), located near © 2016
Chittaurgarh. Raj RAS © 2016
• Raj
Nagri was RAS © 2016
excavated in 1904 A.D by D. R. Bhandarkar

Malavas Raj RAS © 2016
• The Malavas are actually mentioned in the Mahabhashya of Patanjali.
• According to D. R. Bhandarkar, they initially lived in the Punjab; later, they migrated to eastern
Raj RAS © 2016
Rajasthan (JaipurRaj
& RAS
Tonk),©and
2016finally Raj
to region
RAS ©in2016
Madhya Pradesh, which is known as Malwa
after them.
Raj RAS © 2016
30
• Their capital in Rajasthan was Nagar, located in Tonk.

Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
RajRaj
RASRAS © 2016
© 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
RajRaj
RASRAS © 2016
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016


RAS RAS RajRaj
RASRAS © 2016
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS
Image source: Wikipedia Commons © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS ©Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
2016
Shalvya Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• It was situatedRaj
in RAS
Alwar©district
2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Yodheya or Yaudheyas
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj Raj
RASRAS
© 2016
© 2016
• Yaudheya or Yaudheya Raj Gana
RAS ©was
2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Rajconfederation
an ancient RAS © 2016 who lived in the area between the
Indus river and the Ganges river. Present Ganganagar & Hanumangarh districts formed part of
their gana. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj
Raj RAS © 2016
RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016 31
• They find mention in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi and Ganapatha.
• Later, the Junagadh rock inscription (c. 150 CE) of Rudradaman I acknowledged the military
might of the Yaudheyas.
Note:
• The region surrounding modern districts of Bikaner & Jodhpur was referred to as Jangaldesh
during Mahajanpada period.
32
Ancient History of Rajasthan Maurya Rule in Rajasthan (321-184 BCE)
Maurya Rule in Rajasthan (321-184 BCE)
Part of modern day Rajasthan was under occupation of Maurya Rule. The ruins of the Bijak-ki-pahadi,
a Buddhist
Raj RASChaitya
© 2016from the 3rd century BCE located in Bairat,
Raj RAS © 2016 are the oldest free-standing Buddhist
structures in India. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Maan Mori, of the Maurya

Raj RASdynasty ruled
© 2016 Raj the©kingdom
RAS 2016 till 734 AD when he was killed by Bappa Rawal
RajRawal
of the Guhilot clan. Born as Kalbhoj, Bappa RAS © 2016
was the founder of a dynasty, which later comes to
rule Mewar. Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

33
Ancient History of Rajasthan Sakas (1st AD)
Sakas (1st AD)
TheRAS
Raj Indo-Scythians
© 2016 are a branch of the SakasRaj who
RAS © 2016
migrated from southern Raj RAS ©
Siberia 2016Bactria,
into Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Sogdia, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab,
Raj RAS © 2016
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, from
Raj RAS the
© 2016
Raj RAS
middle of the 2nd century © 2016
BCE to the 4th Raj RAS © 2016
century
CE.
Raj RAS © 2016
The first Saka king in India was Maues or Moga
who established Saka power in Gandhara andRaj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
gradually extended supremacy overRaj RAS © 2016
north-western
India.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Western Satraps
Raj RAS © 2016
The Western Satraps (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of modern Gujarat, southern Sindh, Maharashtra,
Raj RAS © 2016
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states.
They were successors

Raj RAS RAS to the Indo-Scythians
RASand were contemporaneous with the Kushan
RAS RAS Empire,
which ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
34
Ancient History of Rajasthan Rajasthan In Gupta Period
Rajasthan In Gupta Period

Before the rise of Gupta’s, Rudrasimha II, of the Western Satraps, ruled Rajasthan. Samudra Gupta
defeated Rudrasimha II in 351 A.D
RajtoRAS
capture the southern part of Rajasthan.
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Various Sculptures of Gupta Period are found in Ajmera (Dungarpur), Abhaneri (jaipur), Mandore,
Raj RAS © 2016
Osiyan (Jodhpur), Neelkanth, Sacheli
Raj RAS (Alwar) &Raj
© 2016 Kalyanpur, Jagat (Udaipur).
RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

HunaRaj Emipre in Rajasthan
RAS © 2016
RajGupta’s
In 503 C.E, Huna King Toranmal defeated RAS © and
2016occupied Rajasthan.
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
35
Ancient History of Rajasthan Vardhana Emipre
Raj RAS © 2016 Vardhana

Raj RAS ©Emipre
2016
Raj RAS © 2016
After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India was split into
Raj RAS © 2016
several independent kingdoms. Prabhakara
Raj RAS ©Vardhana,
2016 who belonged to the Pushyabhuti family,
Raj RAS
extended his control over © 2016
neighbouring Raj RAS
states. © 2016
Around 606 CE, Harsha Vardhana asceded the throne
and ruled till 647 C.E.
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Gurjara Kingdom
Raj RAS © 2016
From 550 to 1018 AD,RajtheRAS
Gurjars played
© 2016 a great part©in
Raj RAS history
2016 RajofRAS
Northern
© 2016India nearly for 500 years.
The Gurjara-Pratihara King Nagabhatt RajI RAS
won © 2016 and established rule over most of Rajasthan. The
Kannuaj
capital of their Kingdom was shreemal, which is old name of Bhinmal in Jalore.
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
36
Ancient History of Rajasthan The Origin of Rajputs
The Origin of Rajputs

The term Rajput starts coming in use from the 6th Century AD. The origin of the Rajputs is the subject
Raj RAS © 2016
of debate. There are four main streams of thought on Raj
origin
RASof ©
Rajputs:
2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Foreign origin theory of Rajputs
Raj RAS © 2016
This theory says that the Rajputs are descendents of the races like Sakas, Kushanas, Hunas etc. Dr. VA
Smith, Col. James Todd, William Crooks supported this theory. The main argument of James Todd
behind the foreign origin of the Rajputs
Rajwas
RASthat these people worshipped Fire and Fire was the main
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
deity of the Sakas and Hunas. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Mixed Origin Theory Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
This theory as put forward by Dr. DP Chatterjee says that Rajput is a mixed race. Some of them were
Raj RAS © 2016
descendents of the Aryans while some of them were from the foreign races such as Hunas, Sakas etc.
Raj RAS © 2016
Kashtriya theory of origin

This theory was propounded by Gauri Shankar Ojha and says that the Rajputs are NOT from the
foreign origin and they are descendents of the mythological Khatriya Heroes like Rama. The theory
divides the Rajput based on their lineage as Suryavanshi & Chandravanshi, which they trace from
Raj RAS © 2016
Surya and Chandra. TheyRaj worship fire as theRaj
RAS © 2016 Aryans did
RAS © and worship
2016 Raj RAS of
© fire
2016was not the tradition of
the Foreigners only. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Agnikula Theory
This theory comes

Rajfrom
RASthe Prithvirajraso
© 2016 Raj RAS ©of2016
Chandarbardai. According to this theory, Rajputs were the
Raj RAS ©
result of Yagya performed by Hrishi Vashistha at 2016
“Guru Shikhar” in Mount Abu. The four Rajput clans
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj
from Agnikunda are Chauhans, Chalukyas, Parmaras RAS © 2016
and Pratiharas. Muhnot Nainsi & Suryamal
Mishran also support this©theory
Raj RAS 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
37
Ancient History of Rajasthan Pratihars of Mandore
Pratihars of Mandore
Mandore
Raj RAS ©is2016
an ancient town, and was the seat
RajofRAS
the Pratiharas
© 2016 of Mandavyapura, who ruled the region
Raj RAS
in the 6th century CE. The origin 2016 is described in two inscriptions:
of the©dynasty Raj RAS 2016
©837
the CE Jodhpur
Raj RAS © 2016
inscription of Bauka and the 861 CE Ghantiyala (or Ghatiyala) inscription of Kakkuka.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raja Harishchandra Pratihara is described as the founder of the clan. He had four sons: Bhogabhatta,
Kakka, Rajjila and Dadda. Nagabhata, fourth in line from Harichandra, moved his capital from
MandavyapuraRaj
to RAS
Medantaka
© 2016 (modern Merta).
Rudolf Hoernlé assumed a period of 20 years for each generation, and placed the dynasty's founder
Raj RAS ©
Harichandra in c. 640 CE. Baij Nath Puri placed Harichandra in2016
c. 600Raj
CE.RAS 2016
© Majumdar,
R. C. on the other
Raj RAS © 2016
hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE.[7] The following
is a list of the dynasty's rulers and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years:[2]
Raj RAS © 2016
• Harichandra alias Rohilladhi (c. 550 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Rajilla (c. 575 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Narabhatta alias Pellapelli (c. 600
Raj RAS CE)
© 2016
• Nagabhata alias Nahada (c. 625 CE)
• Tata and BhojaRaj
(c. RAS
650 CE)
© 2016
• Yashovardhana (c. 675 CE)
• Raj RAS RAS
Chanduka (c. 700 CE) RAS RAS RAS
• Shiluka alias Silluka (c. 725 CE)

• Jhota (c. 750 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Bhilladitya alias
Raj RAS © 2016 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
Bhilluka (c. 775 Raj RAS © 2016
• Kakka (c. 800 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Bauka (c. 825 CE)
• Raj(c.
Kakkuka RAS 2016
861©CE)

After the disintegration of the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, one branch of Pratiharas continued to rule at
Raj RAS © 2016
Mandore. In 1395 CE, Raj RAS © of
a princess 2016 Rajmarried
this branch RAS © 2016
Rao Chunda of Rathore clan. As a result, Rao
Chunda received
Raj the
RASJunagarh
© 2016 fortRaj
in RAS
Mandore in dowry, and moved his capital to the site. The town
© 2016
remained the Rathore capital until 1459
Raj CE,
RASwhen Rao Jodha shifted his capital to the newly founded
© 2016
city of Jodhpur Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
38
Ancient History of Rajasthan Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore)
Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore)
The
Rajstrongest of the Gurjara-Prathira branch was
RAS © 2016 the © 2016
Raj RAS
one at Bhinmal, under kingRaj RAS © 2016 The
Vyaghramukh. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj
Gurjar clan, which ruled at BhinmalRASwas
© 2016
known as
Raj RAS © 2016
Chapas (this name is a short version ofRaj
Chapotkrisht,
RAS © 2016
sanskit word which means
Raj RASexcelled
© 2016 in archery or © 2016
Raj RAS
strong bowmen). As per the records of Heun Tsang,
Raj RAS © 2016
the famous astronomer and mathematician
Bramhagupta was in the court of Vyaghramukha.
Raj RAS © 2016
Kings of Bhinmal branch of Gurjara- Pratihara:
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Nagabhata I Pratihara
o He was the founder of BhinmalRaj RAS © 2016
branch
of Pratihara. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
o He formed a triple alliance with
Jaysimha & Bappa Rawal to defeat Arabs in Battle of Rajasthan
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Yashovardhan Pratihara
• Raja Watsraj Pratihara
o He was the first Pratihara ruler who occupied the Kanauj.
o He defeated Dharmapala of Gauda country.
o But he was defeated in the
Raj hands
RAS ©of2016
Dhruva of Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• Raja NagabhataRaj RAS © 2016
II Pratihara Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj
o He got victory over Kannauj.RAS © 2016
o He was defeated in the hands of Govinda of Rashtrakuta dynasty.
o Raj
He RAS © 2016
defeated Dharmapala and Chakrayudha in the battle of Mudgagiri.
• Raja Mihir Bhoj Pratihara
o Raj RAS
During 2016 Raj
the©period RAS © Bhoja
of Mihira 2016 Kanauj was restored to its former glory.
Raj RAS © 2016
o Mihira Bhoja defeated Devapala of Bengal.
o Suleiman, Arab traveller visited the court of Mihira Bhoja in 851 A.D.
• Raj RAS ©Pratihara
Raja Mahendrapal 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Mahipal Pratihara
Raj RAS © 2016
39
Ancient History of Rajasthan Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore)
Raja
Raj• RAS © Vinayakpal
2016 Pratihara Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Mahendrapal II Pratihara Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Vijaypal Pratihara Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Rajyapal Pratihara Raj RAS © 2016
• Raja Trilochnpal Pratihara
• Raj RAS
Raja YashPal © 2016
Pratihara
• He was the last ruler of the dynasty. He ruled from 1027 to 1036. Prathihara dynasty came to
end with the invasion of Muhammad of Ghazni.
Raj RAS © 2016
After the downfall of Prathiharas, their capital Kannauj, was occupied by Gahadwalas (Rathores).
Raj RAS © 2016
Chandradeva, who belonged to Rathore clan of Rajput warriors, defeated Gopala and established the
Gahadavala dynasty. Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS
After defeating Prthviraj Chauhan 2016 Battle of Tarain, Muhammad of Ghur attacked
in the©second
Jaychand. In 1194, Battle of Chandwar took place in which Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaychand. Soon
the kingdom of Gahadwalas was©destroyed.
Raj RAS 2016
Rao Siyaji, grand son of Jai Chandra, of Kannauj, came to marwar during his pilgrimage to dwarka.
His Son, Raj
RaoRAS RASconquered Pali, and Khed
Asthan RAS
(in RAS RASin battle
western Marwar), but ultimately got killed
by Sultan Jalauddin Khilji of Delhi.
Rao Chanda/Chundarji, 10th in succession from©Siyaji,
Raj RAS 2016 finally wrested control of Marwar from the
Gurjara Pratiharas – andRaj RAS © 2016
established Raj RASin
rule of Rathores 2016 Raj
© Marwar. RAS ©was
Jodhpur 2016the primary state of
Raj RAS © 2016
Rathores but different states (Bikaner,
Raj RAS © 2016Kishangarh etc) ©
Raj RAS were also founded by different Rathore rulers.
2016
Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
40
Ancient History of Rajasthan The Chauhan Dynasty
The Chauhan Dynasty

The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana. Raj
Raj RAS © 2016 RAS
While 2016 versions
© earlier
the
Raj RAS © 2016
of Chandbardai’s work Prthviraj Raso doesnot mention Chauhan as born from Agnikunda, the later
Raj RAS © 2016
versions do. Raj RAS © 2016
The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri & Jayanayak’s Prithviraj Vijay consider
Chauhans as Suryavanshi.
Raj RAS ©Pandit
2016 Gaurishankar Ojha seconds this opinion.
Based on Bijloia Inscription (1170 CE), Dr. Dasrath Sharma considers that early ancestor of Chauhan
Raj RAS
was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa. © 2016 Raj RAS ©
Ahichchhatrapura 2016
can be identified with
Raj RAS © 2016
modern Nagaur.
Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura. As the Chahamana territory
Raj RAS © 2016
expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known as Sapadalaksha.
Raj RAS © 2016
In course of time Chauhans formed ruling dynasties at various places. Major Chauhan dynasties
Raj RAS © 2016
include: Raj RAS © 2016
• Chauhans of Shakambhari
• Raj RAS © 2016
Chauhans of Ranthambore
• Chauhans of Jalore
Apart from these, there are other ruling dynasties that claim Chauhan descent including:
RAS RAS of Hadoti

• Haras Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Chauhans of Shakambhari:
Raj RAS © 2016
• Vasu-deva (c. 6th century CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
o Considered as founder of Shakambhari branch of Chauhans around 551 CE
o Raj RASto©a2016
According Raj RAS
mythical © 2016
account in Prithviraja Vijaya, he received the Sambhar Salt Lake
Raj RAS © 2016
as a gift from a vidyadhara (a supernatural being).
• Samanta-raja (c. 684-709 CE); identified as the legendary Manik Rai by R. B. Singh
• Nara-deva (c. 709-721 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Ajaya-raja I (c. 721-734 CE), alias Jayaraja or Ajayapala
Raj RAS © 2016
41
Ancient History of Rajasthan Chauhans of Shakambhari:
Vigraha-raja
• RAS
Raj © 2016 I (c. 734-759 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Chandra-raja I (c. 759-771 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Gopendra-raja (c. 771-784 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Durlabha-raja I (c.Raj RAS CE)
784-809 © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
• RajIRAS
Govinda-raja © 2016CE), alias Guvaka I
(c. 809-836
o Constructed Harshnath Temple in Sikar

• Chandra-raja II (c. 836-863 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Govindaraja II (c. 863-890 CE), alias Guvaka II
Raj RAS © 2016
• Chandana-raja (c. 890-917 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Vakpati-raja (c. 917-944 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Simha-raja (c. 944-971 CE)
• Raj RASCE)
Vigraha-raja II (c. 971-998 © 2016
• Durlabha-raja II (c. 998-1012 CE)

• Govinda-raja III (c. 1012-1026 CE)
RAS RAS
• Vakpati-raja II (c. 1026-1040 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Viryarama (c. 1040Raj RAS © 2016
CE) Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Chamunda-raja (c.Raj 1040-1065
RAS © 2016
CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Durlabha-raja
Raj RAS
III (c.©1065-1070
2016 CE), alias Duśala
• Vigraha-raja III (c. 1070-1090 CE), alias Visala

• Prithvi-raja I (c. 1090-1110 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Ajaya-raja II (c. 1110-1135 CE),
o Moved the capital to Ajayameru
Raj RAS(Ajmer)
© 2016
o Repulsed a Ghaznavid attack, and also defeated the Paramara king Naravarman.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Arno-raja (c. 1135-1150 CE), alias Ana
42
Raj RAS ©o 2016

Defeated Turkish invaders Raj RAS © 2016
o Constructed Anasagar
Raj RASLake
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Jagad-deva (c. 1150 CE) Raj RAS © 2016
• Vigraha-raja IV (c. 1150-1164 CE), alias Visaladeva
Raj RAS © 2016
o Expanded the Chauhan territories, and captured Delhi from the Tomaras.
• Apara-gangeya (c. 1164-1165 CE) Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Prithvi-raja II (c. 1165-1169 CE)
• Someshvara (c. 1169-1178 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Prithvi-raja III (c. 1178-1192 CE)
Raj RAS © 2016
o Raj RAS © 2016
Better known as Prithviraj Chauhan
Raj RAS © 2016
o Defeated Mohd. Ghori in first Battle of Tarain in 1191
Raj RAS © 2016

Battles of Tarain: 1191 & 1192
The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles of Taraori, were series of two battles fought in 1191 and
1192 A.D between Prithviraj Chauhan III of Ajmer and Ghurid ruler Mu'izz al-Din
Muhammad or Mohd. Ghori. The battles were fought near the town of Tarain (Taraori), near Thanesar
Raj RAS © 2016
in present-day Haryana.Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
Mohd. Ghori:
Mohd. Ghazni established the Ghaznavi empire with capital at Ghazni. After his death, Ghazni
Raj RAS © 2016
was Oghuz Turks. Ghori, defeated the turks and laid foundation of Ghurid empire. After having made
his position strong and secure at Ghazni, Muhammad Ghori turned his attention to India.
In 1175, Muhammad Ghori captured Raj Multan and occupied whole of Sind in his subsequent
RAS © 2016
expeditions. He turned Raj RAS
south © 2016
across the desertRaj RAS © 2016
towards Anhilwara (modern day Patan, in Gujarat). In
1178, suffered defeat in the Battle of Kayadara (Gujarat), from ruler of Gujarat, Bhimdev Solanki
II (ruled 1178–1241). As a result, GhoriRaj
retreated
RAS ©back
2016to Multan.
In 1186 he attacked Punjab, and defeated Khusru Malik and added Malik's empire to his dominions.
Raj RAS
Ghori returned back © 2016to help his brother, only to return in 1191.
to Ghanzi
43
The first Battle of Tarain (1191)
Raj RAS ©
In 1191, 2016proceeded towards India through
Ghori Raj RAS 2016 Pass and captured a fortress of Bathinda.
the©Khyber
Raj RAS © 2016
This brought him on northwestern frontier of Prithvīrāj Chauhān's kingdom. Raj RASRealising
© 2016 their grave
Raj RAS © 2016
situation, the Hindu princes of north India formed Raja RAS
confederacy
© 2016 under the command of Prithiviraj
Chauhan. Prithviraj's army, led by hisRajvassal
RAS ©prince
2016 Govind Tai marched on to Bhatinda and met his
enemy at a place called Tarain (also called Taraori).
Raj RASin©personal
Ghori was wounded 2016 battle with Govind Tai and
so Ghori's army retreated, giving victory to Prthviraj
Chauhan. However, Prithviraj did not pursue Ghori's army,© 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS
RajorRAS
not wanting to invade hostile territory © 2016 Ghori's
misjudging
ambition, instead electing to retake the fortress of Bhatinda.
Alternatively itRaj
hasRAS 2016 mentioned that, Ghori's army
© been
also
surrendered and Muhammad was made
Raj RASprisoner.
© 2016
Raj RAS ©pardoned
Muhammad of Ghor begged for mercy and Prithviraj 2016 him.
Raj RAS © 2016
Hence, Prithviraj Chauhan won the First Battle of Tarain, held in 1191.
Raj RAS © 2016

After the First Battle:
Ghori return to Ghazni, and started preparations to avenge the defeat. When he reached Lahore, he
sent his envoy to Prithviraj to demand his submission, but the Chauhan ruler refused to comply.
Raj RAS © 2016
The Second Battle of Tarain (1192)
Raj RAS © 2016
In 1192, Ghori challenged Prithviraj and a Raj
Raj RAS © 2016 RASensued
battle © 2016at the same place (Tarain). Both Ghori and
Prithviraj increased their

Raj RAS army’s strength. But Ghori changed his tactics as he didnot want to engage t
© 2016
in melee combat with with disciplined Rajput warriors. He divided his huge troop into 5 parts and four
units were sent to attack the Rajput flanks and rear. Hoping for Rajput attack, Ghori ordered his fifth
unit to fast retreat. As Ghori expected,
Rajthe
RASRajput's
© 2016charged the fleeing Ghurid unit. The Ghurids then
RajofRAS
sent a fresh cavalry unit © 2016
12,000 Raj RAS ©
and they managed to 2016
throw back the Rajput advance.
Ghori won theRaj RASBattle

second © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
of Tarain.
Raj RAS © 2016
Regarding, fate of Prthiviraj after
Raj RAS © 2016second battle, two stories
Raj RAS © 2016emerge.
• The first
Rajstory
RASsays that Prthivraj Chauhan was captured in the battle field and executed.
© 2016
44
The second story:
Raj
TheRAS © 2016
second story, the more famous one inRaj RAS © 2016
Rajasthan, is based on poem written by Prithviraj's court
Raj RAS © 2016
poet Chandbardai. The story says that Mohammad Ghori attacked Prithviraj Raj RAS Chauhan
© 2016 unfairly at
Raj RAS © 2016
night, defeated his armies and captured him. LaterRaj Chauhan was taken to Ghor and presented in the
RAS © 2016
court. Ghori ordered Prithvi to lowerRajhis
RASeyes
© to which Prithvi retorted that the eyelids of Rajputs are
2016
Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016the rajput prince.
lowered only on his death. Feeling insulted, Ghori blinded
Raj RAS the

Chandbardai entered © 2016
court of Mahmud of Ghori in a disguise. Chand Bardai told Ghori that
Prithviraj was a very skilled archer, and he could take aim based only on sound, and did not even need
to look at his target. Ghori disdained to believe this Raj
andRAS
asked
© for
2016the display.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
When Prithviraj wasRaj given
RAS a© bow
2016 and arrows
Raj RASinto his hand and asked to take aim. Sighting
© 2016
opportunity, Chandbardai recited in a poetic stanza the location where Ghori sat. The stanza are:
Raj RAS © 2016
"Char bans, chaubis gaj, angul ashta praman,
Ta upar sultan hai, Chuke mat Chauhan." Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
(Four measures ahead of youRaj andRAS
twenty
© 2016 yards away as measured with eight finger measurement,
four
is seated the Sultan. Do not miss him now, Chauhan).
Getting the directionRajand

RASlocation
© 2016 Prithviraj shot his arrow through Ghori and killed him.

Consequences of Second Battle of Tarain on India:
The second battle of Tarain was a decisive battle. It was a major disaster for the Rajputs and their
political prestige suffered a seriousRajsetback.
RAS © In 1193, Ghori's general Qutub-Din Aibak, took over
2016
Raj RAS
Ajmer and soon established © 2016control Raj
Ghurid RAS © 2016
in northern Raj RAS
and central © 2016
India. Son of Prithviraj was moved
Raj RAS © 2016
to Ranthambore ( laid foundation of chauhan kingdom there). Further, In 1194, Battle of
Chandwar took place, in which Aibak defeated Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra. In conlusion, the Battles
Raj RAS © 2016
of Tarain and Chandawar laid the foundation for establishment of Turkish rule in India.
Bakhtiyar Khilji extended the domain of empire to Bihar destroying Universities of Nalanda &
Vikramshila in the process. Later in 1202, his army completed the occupation of Hindustan by taking
Raj RAS © 2016
the province of Bengal.
Causes for the failure of Hindu kingdoms:
Raj RAS ©
The most important cause for the downfall of 2016
Hindu Kingdoms was that the lack unity. They were
divided by factions and Rajput Kingdoms were engaged in eternal mutual conflicts. It was the result of
Raj RAS © 2016
45
Ancient History of Rajasthan Chauhans of Ranthambore
these conflicts that Jai Chandra did not help, Prithvi Raj chauhan in putting up a united front against
invaders.
Secondly, the military methods of Indian Kingdoms were also out of date and inferior to those of
Muslims. Indians continued to rely on elephants while the Muslims possessed quick-moving
cavalry. More importantly, Ghori had spent the time carefully planning his campaign and his tactics
proved a major winner in war.
• Govinda-raja IV (c. 1192 CE)
o Banished by Hari-raja for accepting Muslim suzerainty;
o Established the Chauhan branch of Ranthambore
• Hari-raja (c. 1193-1194 CE)
Chauhans of Ranthambore
The Chauhan lost Ranthambore as a result of defeat of Prithviraja III in battle of Tarain 1192. by Mohd.
Ghori. But, Prithviraja’s son Govindaraja IV accepted the Ghurid suzerainty, and ruled Ranthambore as
his vassal.
• Govinda-raja
o Son of Prthvi Raja Chauhan III
• Balhana-deva or Balhan
• Prahlada or Prahlad,
• Viranarayana or Vir Narayan,
• Vagabhata, son of Balhana;
o Known as Bahar Deo in bardic chronicles
• Jaitra-simha or Jaitra Singh
• Hammira-deva or Hammir Dev
o In 1299, he defeated Allauddin Khilji’s army led by Ulugh Khan & Nusrat Khan.
o In 1301, Allauddin Khilji again invaded his kingdom, which resulted in his defeat and
death.
46
Ancient History of Rajasthan Chauhans of Jalore
Chauhans of Jalore
Prathihar king VatsaRaja was the ruler of Jalore during 8th century. Towards the end of
12th Century, Parmars ruled here. Historians believe that the Jalore fort was built by Parmar rulers. It
is known from a stone inscription of 1238 A.D. of fort that Parmar King Biral’s-queen Maludevi
powered Gold win on Sindhu King.
Nadol king, Arhan’s, youngest son Kirtipala started Chouhan tradition in Jalore. The Chauhan lineage
of Jalore is as under:
• Kirtipala (c. 1160-1182 CE)
• Samara-simha (c. 1182-1204 CE)
• Udaya-simha (c. 1204-1257 CE)
• Chachiga-deva (c. 1257-1282 CE)
• Samanta-simha (c. 1282-1305 CE)
• Kanhada-deva (c. 1292-1311 CE)
o Wrote Kanha-Prabhandha: Epic elaborating war between Kanha Dev & Alaudin Khilji.
Subsequent Rulers:
• Rathore king Rao Maldev ruled the fort of Jalore in 15th Century.
• During Akbar’s rule, Abdul Rahim Khan Khana took it infinitely from Gazni Khan.King.
• Jehangir built the walls of the fort.
• After the death of Aurangzeb it permanently became a part of Jodhpur.
47
Ancient History of Rajasthan The Kingdom of Mewar
The Kingdom of Mewar
RajThe
RASkingdom
© 2016 of Mewar includes present day
Raj districts
RAS © 2016of Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Dungarpur,
Raj RAS ©called
Banswara. The region was originally 2016 Medhpaat and Lord Shiva (EklingRaj RAS © 2016
Nath) is called
Raj RAS © 2016
Medhpateshwar (Lord of Medhpaat). Over time, the name Medhpath became Mewar.
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
The creators of Mewar's ruling dynasty in Rajputana came originally from the Guhilot clan. Foundation
stories claim this clan originated in Kashmir and migrated to Gujarat in the sixth century. In the
seventh century they©migrated
Raj RAS 2016 again, to the plains of Mewar, in the area around Magda, which was
named after one of the earliest clan leaders.
Raj RAS © 2016
Guhils of Chittorgarh
Raj RAS © 2016
• Guhil Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016
o He is known as the founder of Guhil dynasty.
Raj RAS © 2016
o Originally he was born in Anandnagar, Gujarat but in 565 C.E, he established independent
city at Nagda
Raj (Udaipur).
RAS © 2016
Bappa Rawal
o Born as Kalbhoj
RAS RAS o Raj RAS
Is said to have defeated © 2016
Maan Mori and laid foundation of Guhilot Dynasty rule in
Raj RAS © 2016
Mewar.
o Raj RAS 2016
Formed triple alliance with© Nagabhatta & Jaysimha to defeat Arabs in Battle of
Rajasthan.
Raj RAS © 2016
Battle of Rajasthan : 738 AD

Rajseries
The Battle of Rajasthan is a battle (or RAS © of2016
battles) , taken place in 738 A.D., somewhere on borders
on modern Sind-Rajasthan. In this battle, the Gurjar-Hindu alliance defeated the Arab invaders and
removed theRaj
Arab
RASinvaders
© 2016 andRaj
pillagers from the area east of the Indus River and protected whole
RAS © 2016
India. Raj RAS © 2016
The main Indian kings who contributed to the victory over the Arabs were:
Raj RAS © 2016
48
Ancient History of Rajasthan Guhils of Chittorgarh
Raj• RAS © 2016

Gurjara-Pratihara King Nagabhata I Raj RAS © 2016
• Jaysimha Varman of theRaj Rashtrakuta Empire
RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Bappa Rawal of Hindu Kingdom of Mewar
Raj RAS © 2016
Background:
By the end ofRaj

7thRAS © 2016A.D Islam had become a powerful religion and arabs a power
century
force. Muhammad ibn Qasim captured Iran & Afghanistan. . His successor, Junayd ibn Abd al-
Rahman al-Murri, led a large army into the Hindustan Rajregion
RAS ©in2016 Raj730
early RAS 2016
©Dividing
CE. this force into
Raj RAS © 2016
two he plundered several cities in southern Rajasthan, western Malwa, and Gujarat.
Realizing the power of Arab forces, Pratihara king, Nagabhata appealed for showing a united
Raj RAS © 2016
front with Jaysimha Varman of the Rashtrakuta Empire. Jaysimha acknowledged and sent his
son Avanijanashraya Pulakesi to support Nagabhata.
Raj RAS The two forces, united with the already fighting
© 2016
RajofRAS
Rajput forces under Bappa Rawal, at the border © 2016
Rajasthan.
Raj RAS © 2016
The final battle of Rajasthan & Result:
The battle was fought between

Raj RAS5,000-6,000
© 2016 Rajput-Gurjar Infantry and cavalry facing more than 30,000
Arabs. The Rajputs under Bappa Rawal managed to kill the Arab leader Emir Junaid during the war. In
the words ofRAS
Raj the Arab
RAS chronicler Suleiman, “aRAS
placeRAS
of refuge to which the Muslims might fleeRAS
was not to be
found.”
RAS
The RAS took a long time to recover
Arabs Raj RAStheir
from © 2016
defeat. Junayd's successor Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi
Raj RAS © 2016
organized a fresh campaigns against Rajasthan but failed to get hold of any territories. Thus, the triple
alliance of Indian Kingdoms saved Hindustan
Raj RASfrom Arab invaders, at-least for next 200 years.
© 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

• Khumar (753 – 773 )
• Mattat (773 – 793

Raj )RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Bhratrabhat (773 – 813 )
• Sinha (813 – 828)
• Khuman II (828 – 853) Raj RAS © 2016
o Repelled up to 24 Muslim attacks.
Raj RAS © 2016
49
o Ruled a Golden Age in Mewar.
• Mahayak (853 – 878)
• Khuman III (878 – 942)

• Bhratrabhat II (942 – 943) Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Allat (943 – 953)
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
o Possibly near start of his reign, Allat is driven from Chittor by the Paramara king of Malwa,
Munja Raja, who then rules Chittor and is succeeded by his nephew, Raja Bhoj. Allat
Raj RAS
establishes © 2016
a new capital at ancient Ahar.
• (953 – 971)
o The death of Allat leaves a gap in the
Raj RAS © succession,
2016 and there is no Guhilot leader at all for a
total of eight Raj RAS
years © 2016
while Raj RASattack
the Paramaras © 2016
Ahar. The Paramara king, Vakpati Raj of
Malwa, rules Chittor. It takes until 971 for a new Guhilot king to reign.
Raj RAS © 2016
• Naravan / Narvahan (971 – 973)
Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016
• Shalivahan (973 – 977)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Shaktikumar (977 – 993 )
Raj RAS © 2016
• Amba Prasad (993 – 1007)
o Fought against Mahmud Ghazni (Yamin-ud-Dawlah Mahmud).

• Suchivarma (1007 – 1021)
• Narvarma (1021 – 1035)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Kirtivarma (1035 – 1051)
Raj RAS © 2016
• Yograj (1051 – 1068) Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS
• Bairat / Vairat(1068 © 2016
– 1088)
• Hanspal (1088 – 1103)

• Vairi Singh (1103 – 1107) Raj RAS © 2016
• Vijay Singh (1107 – 1127)
• Ari Singh I (1127 – 1138) Raj RAS © 2016
Raj RAS © 2016

50
o Chittor is again captured by Malwa.
• Chaur Singh (1138 – 1148)
o The Western Chalukyas attack the Paramaras who hold Chittor.
• Vikram Singh / Vikramaditya I (1148 – 1158)
• Karan Singh (1158 – 1168)
o The royal family divides, possibly near the end of Karan Singh’s reign. His son Rahap
establishes the Sisodia branch of the family while another son, Mahap, establishes the
Dungarpur kingdom.
• Kshem Singh (1168 – 1172)
• Samant Singh (1172 – 1179)
o Samant Singh occupies Bagar (in the Dungarpur area) during his reign. After seven years on
the throne he is slain by Kirtipal Solanki of Nadol in battle at Ghaggar (Punjab).
• Kumar Singh(1179 – 1191)
o Possibly relocated capital to Nagda at end of his reign.
• Mathan Singh (1191 – 1211)
o 1191 – 1192 – Mathan Singh fights in the Battles of Tarain, in which the Chauhan ruler,
Prithviraj III, and the Rajput confederation which includes Mewar (the Hindu League) are
defeated by the Ghurid Sultan Mohammed Ghuri.
o 1207 – Chittor is taken and ruled by the Western Chalukyas just as they are facing their own
terminal decline.
• Padam Singh (1211 – 1213)
• Jait Singh / Jaitra Singh (1213 – 1253)
o During his reign, Jait Singh defeats the Malwa Rajputs who rule Chittor, reinstating its fort as
the capital of Mewar. This probably occurs shortly after Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi has
destroyed Nagda.
o 1234 – Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi is defeated by Mewar when he invades the region.
51
• 1253 – 1261
o There is an apparent interregnum. No known ruler of Mewar exists during this period,
although the circumstances behind the gap are unknown. The relation of the next known
ruler of Mewar to his predecessor is also unknown.
• Tej Singh (1261 – 1267)
• 1267 – 1273
o There is a second apparent interregnum. No known ruler of Mewar exists during this
period, and the fate of Tej Singh is unknown, as are the circumstances behind the gap
are unknown. It takes six years for Tej Singh’s son to ascend the throne.
• Samar Singh (1273 – 1302)
o Samar Singh builds wall around Mahasati in Chittor. His son, Kumbh Karan, migrates to
Nepal (where his descendants become the Nepalese royal family).
• Ratan Singh (1302 – 1303)
o Last Guhilot king to rule.
o 1303 – 1st Jauhar of Chittor
o Ala ud din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, rallied his forces against Mewar, in 1303 AD. The
Chittorgarh fort was till then considered impregnable and grand, atop a natural hill. But
his immediate reason for invading the fort was his obsessive desire to capture Rani
Padmini, the unrivalled beautiful queen of Rana Ratan Singh. The Rana, out of
politeness, allowed the Khilji to view Padmini through a set of mirrors. But this viewing
of Padmini further fired Khilji’s desire to possess her. After the viewing, as a gesture of
courtesy, when the Rana accompanied the Sultan to the outer gate, he was treacherously
captured. Khilji conveyed to the queen that the Rana would be released only if she
agreed to join his harem. But the queen had other plans. She agreed to go to his camp if
permitted to go in a Royal style with an entourage, in strict secrecy. Instead of her going,
she sent 700 well armed soldiers disguised in litters and they rescued the Rana and took
him to the fort. But Khilji chased them to the fort where a fierce battle ensued at the
outer gate of the fort in which the Rajput soldiers were overpowered and the Rana was
killed. Khilji won the battle on August 26, 1303. Soon thereafter, instead of surrendering
52
to the Sultan, the royal Rajput ladies led by Rani Padmini preferred to die through the
Rajput’s ultimate tragic rite of Jauhar (self immolation on a pyre).
o Administration of the captured state is handed to the ruler of the neighbouring state of
Jalore, Maldeo.
53

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Ancient History of Rajasthan Index

Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan ................................................................................................ 4

Neolithic Age in Rajasthan .......................................................................................................................... 6

Indus Valley Civilization .............................................................................................................................. 8

Ahar-Banas Culture of Rajasthan ............................................................................................................. 13

OCP Culture of Rajasthan ......................................................................................................................... 18

Rajasthan During Vedic Period ................................................................................................................. 21

Rajasthan During Mahajanpada Period .................................................................................................... 28

Rajasthan after Alexander Invasion (326 BC) ........................................................................................... 30

Maurya Rule in Rajasthan (321-184 BCE) ................................................................................................. 33

Sakas (1st AD) ............................................................................................................................................ 34

Western Satraps ....................................................................................................................................... 34

Rajasthan In Gupta Period ........................................................................................................................ 35

Huna Emipre in Rajasthan ........................................................................................................................ 35

Vardhana Emipre ...................................................................................................................................... 36

Gurjara Kingdom ...................................................................................................................................... 36

The Origin of Rajputs ................................................................................................................................ 37

Pratihars of Mandore ............................................................................................................................... 38

Pratihars of Bhinmal (Jalore) .................................................................................................................... 39

The Chauhan Dynasty ............................................................................................................................... 41

Chauhans of Shakambhari: ....................................................................................................................... 41

Chauhans of Ranthambore ....................................................................................................................... 46

Chauhans of Jalore ................................................................................................................................... 47

The Kingdom of Mewar ............................................................................................................................ 48

Guhils of Chittorgarh ................................................................................................................................ 48

Palaeolithic-Old Stone Age in Rajasthan

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS RAS RAS RAS RAS

Raj RAS © 2016

2. Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Old Stone Age (1,00,000 BC - 40,000 BC)

• New raw materials used for making stone tools

Raj RAS © 2016

One important discovery is of

Raj RAS © 2016

Map of Old Stone Age Sites in India:

Mesolithic-Middle Stone Age in Rajasthan

• The tools are Mesolithic age were smaller in sizeRaj RAS

Raj RAS RAS RAS RAS RAS

o The earliest evidence of domestication of animals has been provided by Adamagarh in

Raj RAS © 2016

• Beginning of customs: Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

o The rock painting of Mesolithic period is found in

Mesolithic sites in Rajasthan:

Raj RAS © 2016

Neolithic Age in Rajasthan

• Climatic change at the beginning of the holocene period,

Raj RAS © 2016

Features of Mehrgarh Neolithic Culture:

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS RAS RAS RAS RAS

RAS RAS Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Indus Valley Civilization

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016 Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS © 2016

Raj RAS RAS RAS RAS RAS

RAS RAS Raj RAS © 2016