CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

In today world, communication between the devices are much common.

Radio wave spectrum is very small part of spectrum available for
communication. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are currently the two prominent short
range wireless technologies But with increase in advanced technology and
number of user the network becomes overloaded which results in failure to
provide high data rate. Visible light acts as rival to the present wireless radio
frequency communication by achieving larger bandwidth and high data rate.
Because with larger frequency spectrum it is possible to provide a larger portion
of the bandwidth to each user to transfer information. A switching LED can be
improbably causing annoyance, but data can therefore be encoded in the light
by varying the rate at the LEDs switch on and off to provide various strings of
1’s and 0’s. The use of fast pulses of light to transfer data without physical
connection such method is called as Visible light communication (VLC).The
LEDs can be switched ON and OFF very fast which is not noticeable by human
eye thus the light source appear to be constantly on.When these signals
transmitted to the receiver via the wireless channel, the photo diode will convert
these optical signals to electrical signals and the original information will be
recovered.

The demand for data usage has increased exponentially in the last decade,
people want to be connected to the Internet all the time, on multiple devices,
update the latest happenings etc. With the advent of IoT more devices will
connect to the LTE which will result in congestion and decrease in speed. To
solve this crisis, multiple options were considered and one was to utilize the
unused visible light spectrum which gave rise to the new concept called Li-Fi.

1
Overview of LIFI

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity which provides transmission of data

through illumination by sending data through an LED light bulb. Li-Fi uses
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) which have high modulation bandwidth and
energy efficient illumination.

These LED’s have high switching speeds that enable them to modulate
according to the stream of bits that are sent. This transmission takes place in a
parallel stream such that more data is being transmitted simultaneously. The
switching speed is too fast to be visible to the naked eye and thus this
transmission is not noticeable. This technology was proposed by German
physicist Harald Haas in University of Edinburgh.

Li-Fi, at its core is light-based Wi-Fi with the main difference is that it
uses light instead of radio waves to transmit data. The Li-Fi system would
consist of regular, off-the-shelf, LED bulbs that provide internet or data
transmission as well as illumination. It utilizes the visible light portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum (380 nm to 780 nm). Thus, it has 10,000 times more
space available thus more available bandwidth is present. Theoretically, it can
reach the speeds up to 224 Gbps.

2
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1) Using a standard white-light LED, researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute

in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second.

2) Li-Fi Consortium was formed in October2011 by a group of companies and

industry groups to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and overcome
the limited amount of radio based wireless spectrum. According to the Li-Fi
Consortium, it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps of speed, theoretically
which would allow a high-definition film to be downloaded in just 30 seconds.

3) Researchers at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland have begun the task

of bringing High-speed, ubiquitous, Li-Fi technology to market WANG Jia-
Yuan, ZOU Nian-Yu, WANG Dong, IRIEKentaro, IHA Zensei, NAMIHIRA
Yoshinori .

4) The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications. In this

paper, the illumination of the receiving surface for different distances between
the LED and photodiode receiver was tested. It was found that with the increase
in communication distance, the sillumination sharply reduced.

3
 CHAPTER-3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing Wireless communication makes use of electromagnetic

waves for communication system. For instance, the deployment of Wi-Fi
obviously brings several important benefits. Because it is very convenient that
numbers of equipment connect to each other using wireless networks. Home-
based Wi-Fi enabled device helps you to connect PC, game console or laptop.
There are no boundaries if you are using Wi-Fi, you can move from one room to
another or even away from home you have the liberty to access internet within
the range of radial distance. Wi-Fi hotspots concept is getting popularity among
business communities and mobile workers. For this reason ISPs are
consolidating Wi-Fi switches to numerous spots for the scope of wide range.

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are the two consistent wide range sources used by
multiple applications today. However, these methods use radio frequency
spectrum and noise of the signal is very high. Other inconveniences of these
methods are special equipment requirement, high power consumption, and high
cost. Secure data transmission is not available here. WPS key encryption can be
provided and hacking can also be done easily Since it uses radio wave
transmission it is harmful to health.

3.2 LI-FI OVER WI-FI

Both LiFi and WiFi technologies are mainly used for internet based
applications. LiFi uses light as medium for data communication whereas WiFi
uses Electromagnetic waves for data communication. LiFi is optical
communication technology whereas WiFi is radio communication technology.
Let us understand them individually before we derive difference between them.

4
Feature LiFi WiFi

Full form Light Fidelity Wireless Fidelity

LiFi transmits data

using light with the WiFi transmits data using radio
Operation help of LED bulbs. waves with the help of WiFi router.

Do not have any

interference
issues similar to
radio frequency Will have interference issues from
Interference waves. nearby access points(routers)

Present IrDA WLAN 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad standard

Technology compliant devices compliant devices

Used in airlines,
undersea
explorations,
operation theaters
in the hospitals,
office and home
premises for data
transfer and Used for internet browsing with the
Applications internet browsing help of wifi kiosks or wifi hotspots

Interference is
less, can pass
through salty sea Interference is more, cannot pass
water, works in through sea water, works in less
Merits(advantages) dense region dense region

Privacy In LiFi, light is In WiFi, RF signal cannot be

5
 blocked by the blocked by the walls and hence
walls and hence need to employ techniques to
will provide more achieve secure data transfer.
secure data
transfer

WLAN-11n offers 150Mbps, About

Data transfer 1-2 Gbps can be achieved using
speed About 1 Gbps WiGig/Giga-IR

10 thousand times
frequency
Frequency of spectrum of the
operation radio 2.4GHz, 4.9GHz and 5GHz

Works in high
dense Works in less dense environment
Data density environment due to interference related issues

About 32 meters (WLAN

802.11b/11g), vary based on
Coverage distance About 10 meters transmit power and antenna type

Lamp driver, LED

bulb(lamp) and requires routers to be installed,
photo detector will subscriber
System make up complete devices(laptops,PDAs,desktops) are
components LiFi system. referred as stations
Table 1 LIFI vs WIFI

Spectrum
The spectrum available for Wi-Fi is limited to an area near 5 GHz, while
Li-Fi information is transmitted on beams of light, whose range is an enormous
chunk of the electromagnetic spectrum, clustered around 500,000 GHz. Thus,

6
the range of frequencies available to transmit Li-Fi data is virtually limitless.
Because of this, Li-Fi has the capacity to absorb any amount of users
transmitting any amount of data, while even now, there is some danger of Wi-Fi
running out of room in congested areas.
Maturity
Maturity is an advantage for Wi-Fi. This stable technology is well-
established, with a mature and slowly evolving set of standards that are easy for
manufacturers to adhere to. In addition, a wide array of compatible, predictable
hardware and software products are available for designers to rely on.
Signal penetration
Light waves and radio waves, which are the basis of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi,
differ vastly on what they can pass through and what stops them. For example,
solid walls stop light waves, so this can be interpreted as built-in security for Li-
Fi, as restricted information will not be available to outsiders. Yet light waves
will transmit through water, which will be useful for a wide range of industrial,
military, and IoT purposes.
Range and transmission capacity
A single modulated LED can transmit over a range of about 10 meters,
but there is no reason that a much wider range isn’t possible with multiple LEDs
spaced over a wider area. Wi-Fi’s effective range is about 30 meters. Typical
transmission capacities for both services are in the order of 1 Gbit per second,
but both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi have the inherent capacity for much higher rates.

As of this writing, Wi-Fi is the undisputed champion of wireless data

transmission. There is definite interest in Li-Fi on the part of manufacturers, but
the technology hasn’t reached any kind of critical mass as of yet. But based on
the several conditional advantages that Li-Fi does enjoy, and the limitations of
Wi-Fi spectrum availability, it’s safe to expect considerable interest in Li-Fi
over the coming years.

7
3.3 RELATED WORKS

This section discusses the various advantages of VLC and elucidates on

the differences between Li-Fi and WiFi. By the year 2020, 10 billion devices
will be subscribed in the LTE, which would result in an exponential growth of
wireless traffic demand and result in a congested, scarce, and expensive RF-
spectrum. The last few generations like 2G, 3G, etc., there have been many
conventional methods employed to improve the capacity of the spectrum like
spatial re-use and inter-cell interference coordination. Li-Fi can play a major
role in relieving the heavy loads which the current wireless systems face since it
adds a new and unutilized bandwidth of visible light to the currently available
radio waves for data transfer. Visible Light Communication may also be used to
complement current RF systems as Li-Fi will guarantee safer networks and
higher speeds. In offices and schools the maximum data is exchange happens
within the same building. Usage of Li-Fi system along with the 5G Wi-Fi,
would help solve this issue.

Due to Li-Fi, the transmission of video etc., will become faster, since it is
viewed or downloaded, indoors and 5G can be used only when data exchange is
needed outside the premises. Wi-Fi is very susceptible to man-in-the-middle
attacks etc. Li-Fi works only in LOS condition which thus, increases the
security of the transmission. The technology is highly directional and localized
as communication only takes place where the light can be seen, therefore the
light can be directed towards certain areas within the office. Visible light cannot
penetrate opaque objects, which means that the wireless signal is constrained to
within a strictly defined area of illumination. Secure can be created by closing
blinds and shutting doors.

8
3.4 DRAWBACKS

 Performance/Speed
o Although Gigabit WiFi is available in the market, we cannot
get the gigabit speed at all locations. Now cable network has
10 Gbps speed.
 Connectivity/Reliability
o WiFi signal is depends on the interference. Ie. Concrete wall
will reduce the signal strength. Also, there is a limit for
distance to connect WiFi signals.
 Security
o WiFi router has various encryption methods to secure our
network password. Need to be done proper configuration
before use the WiFi network.

9
 CHAPTER-4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

ARCHITECTURE Mechanism of Li-Fi V. WORKING Li-Fi and Wi-Fi

are very comparative as both transmit information electromagnetically. Be that
as it may, Wi-Fi utilizes radio waves while Li-Fi keeps running on obvious
light. As we now know, Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications (VLC)
framework. This implies that, it obliges a photograph detector to get light
signals and a signal processing element to change over the information into a
'stream-capable' substance. Data from the internet and the local network is used
to modulate the intensity of the LED light source.

Figure 1 Block diagram of LI-FI

A LED light bulb is a semi-channel light source implying that the

consistent current of power provided to a LED light bulb can be plunged and
diminished, here and there at to a great degree high speeds, without being
unmistakable to the human eye. The operational procedure is very simple-if the
LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be
turned on and off rapidly, which gives pleasant open doors for transmitting
information. Henceforth, all that is required is a few LED’s and a controller that

10
code information into those LED’s.Each of the one needs to do is to fluctuate
the rate at which the LED's flash contingent on the information we need to
encode. An overhead fitted lamp with an LED with signal processing
technology streams the data embedded in its beam at ultra-high speeds to the
photo detector. For instance, information is bolstered into a LED light bulb with
signal processing technology via a high speed broadband connection and cloud
based server, it then sends information embedded in its beam at fast speeds to
the photo-detector (photodiode).

Figure 2 Flow diagram of LI-FI

The photo detector picks up the signal, which is converted back into data
stream and sent to client. The modest changes in the fast diminishing of LED
bulbs is then changed over by the 'receiver' into electrical signal by receiver

11
dongle. The signal is then changed over once again into a binary data stream
that we would perceive as web, video and sound applications that keep running
on web empowered gadgets. The client can communicate through its own LED
output or over the existing network. Advance improvements can be made in this
strategy, such as utilizing a variety of LEDs for parallel information
transmission, or utilizing blends of red, green and blue LEDs to modify the
light's recurrence with every recurrence encoding an alternate information
channel. Such progressions guarantee a hypothetical speed of 10 GBPS–
meaning one can download a full top quality film in only 30 seconds. To
additionally get a grip of Li-Fi consider an IR remote. It sends a solitary
information stream of bits at the rate of 10,000-20,000 BPS.Now supplant the
IR LED light bulb with a Light Box containing a substantial LED array.

Figure 3 Architecture of LI-FI

12
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

On the basis of visible light communication technology, the advanced

technology called Li-Fi provide dual function of visible light LED for
illumination and data transmission. Li-Fi is very latest version of Wi-Fi which
uses visible light in place of radio waves. Hence, visible light data transmission
rate have higher speed than other broadband. It overcome the problem related
with Wi-Fi, because Li-Fi has wider network area so traffic handling capacity
improved and it is cheaper than Wi-Fi. The VLC system is compared with other
wireless communication system that are in current use like LAN and Wi-Fi.
LAN is available in very short range and it is not mobile. And Wi-Fi has low
traffic handling capacity as number of user increases Wi-Fi becomes unable to
achieve user’s need. Li-Fi offers significant capability to resolve this problem
compared with Wi-Fi. It transmits data by switching LEDs on and off rapidly by
changing light intensity which is not detected by human eye. The data
transmission rate is about 10Gbps by using white bright LED. The indoor
visible light communication uses visible light spectrum to provide high rate data
transmission which at the same time used as energy efficient illumination. In
this way, the idea of the dual function of communication and illumination offers
opportunity for efficient cost reduction and carbon footprint reductions.

Materials required:

1. 5-6V Solar Panel

2. 1 W LED or Neo-Pixel LED strip
3. Aux cable
4. 3.5 mm Jack
5. 9V Battery
6. Pre amplified speaker
13
5.1 5-6V SOLAR PANEL
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are made up of many solar cells. Solar
cells are made of silicon, like semiconductors. They are constructed with a
positive layer and a negative layer, which together create an electric field, just
like in a battery. Our sun is a natural nuclear reactor. It releases tiny packets of
energy called photons, which travel the 93 million miles from the sun to Earth
in about 8.5 minutes. Every hour, enough photons impact our planet to generate
enough solar energy to theoretically satisfy global energy needs for an entire
year.
Currently photovoltaic power accounts for only five-tenths of one
percent of the energy consumed in the United States. But solar technology is
improving and the cost of going solar is dropping rapidly, so our ability to
harness the sun’s abundance of energy is on the rise.A 2017 report from the
International Energy Agency shows that solar has become – marking the first
time that solar energy’s growth has surpassed that of all other fuels. In the
coming years, we will all be enjoying the benefits of solar-generated electricity
in one way or another.

Solar Panels Working

When photons hit a solar cell, they knock electrons loose from their
atoms. If conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides of a cell, it
forms an electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a circuit,
they generate electricity. Multiple cells make up a solar panel, and multiple
panels (modules) can be wired together to form a solar array. The more panels
you can deploy, the more energy you can expect to generate.

Solar Panels Electricity Generation

PV solar panels generate direct current (DC) electricity. With DC
electricity, electrons flow in one direction around a circuit. This example shows
14
a battery powering a light bulb. The electrons move from the negative side of
the battery, through the lamp, and return to the positive side of the battery.
With AC (alternating current) electricity, electrons are pushed and pulled,
periodically reversing direction, much like the cylinder of a car’s engine.
Generators create AC electricity when a coil of wire is spun next to a magnet.
Many different energy sources can “turn the handle” of this generator, such as
gas or diesel fuel, hydroelectricity, nuclear, coal, wind, or solar.
AC electricity was chosen for the U.S. electrical power grid, primarily because
it is less expensive to transmit over long distances. DC electricity.

Figure 4 Working of Solar Panel

Working of solar panel

First, sunlight hits a solar panel on the roof. The panels convert the
energy to DC current, which flows to an inverter. The inverter converts the

15
electricity from DC to AC, which you can then use to power your home. It’s
beautifully simple and clean, and it’s getting more efficient and affordable all
the time.
However, what happens if you’re not home to use the electricity your
solar panels are generating every sunny day? And what happens at night when
your solar system is not generating power in real time? Don’t worry, you still
benefit through a system called “net metering.”
A typical grid-tied PV system, during peak daylight hours, frequently
produces more energy than one customer needs, so that excess energy is fed
back into the grid for use elsewhere. The customer gets credit for the excess
energy produced, and can use that credit to draw from the conventional grid at
night or on cloudy days. A net meter records the energy sent compared to the
energy received from the grid.

5.2 NEO-Pixel LED STRIP

LED is a semiconductor that produces light. When electrons enter the

semiconductor they bond with holes in the substrate and energy is released in
the form of photons. There are several variables that need to be considered
when choosing an LED and these variables have to be weighed against each
other. The maximum intensity of the LED affects the rise time. A low intensity
makes it possible to have a short rise time and increasing the intensity increases
the rise time. The more intensity a LED generates, the more power it needs, and
the more heat it produces. The Arduino has a maximum voltage output of 5 V,
maximum current output of 1 A and can send a square wave with the maximum
frequency of 50 kHz. To meet these criteria the OSRAM LED was chosen.

The Neo-Pixel LEDs are RGB LED lights with a built driver IC that makes
these lights addressable and programmable. The idea was originally coined by
Adafruit and since then there are many types of Neo pixels of varying sizes and

16
shapes available in the market. In this article we will focus only on the strip type
flexible Neo Pixels which are commonly available and most used. The picture
and pinouts of a Neo-Pixel LED is shown above.

Neo-Pixel Pin Configuration

Normally the pin names are mentioned on the Neo-Pixel LED strip itself
and the same is also listed below, but while making the connection make sure
the arrow is faced upwards as shown in picture

Pin Pin Description

Number Name

1 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit.

2 Data This is the Data in pin which is provided with PWM

(Din) signal

3 +5V This powers the LED with 5V

Table 2 Pin Configuration

Note: Due to different vendors the order of the pins can vary, hence verify it
using the silk screen

Some older versions of LED did not have markings on the slick screen, in
that case you have to solder to the LED terminals directly as shown below or
use a multi-meter in connectivity mode to identify the pins

17
Neo-Pixel LED Features

 Individually addressable and programmable RGB LEDs

 Flexible and available in different form factors
 Operating voltage: 3.3V to 5V
 Power consumption: 60mA per LED at full brightness
 Communication: PWM through data pin
 Driver IC: WS2812
 Available in many different packages and form factors

Other Types of Neo Pixels

RGB and RGBW strip type, Ring type, SMD type, Through hole type,
Matrices, Arduino/Pi shield type, stick type, Jewel type and wearable type.

Usage of Neo Pixels

The Neo pixels are small in size with less circuitry and almost no messy
wires since the driver IC is embedded into each LED. Each LED has a
minimum of RGB light and hence they can be combined to get almost any color
of your choice. This makes it a very good choice for wearable electronics and
other decorative lights.

Each LED on this strip can be individually addressed and programmed,

meaning each LED can be set to glow in a different color. Also you can add as
many leds in series as you like at control all of them with a single controller. I
personally have seen LED strips having upto 200+ LEDS, the only constrain is
the power and RAM of your controller. If you are using a controller
like Arduino, then Adafruit has a library readily available using which these
LED can be easily programmed. So if you are looking for easy to use
programmable LED light then Neo-Pixels are what you are looking for.

18
Usage of Neo-Pixel Strips

The Neo Pixel Strips can be purchased in meters or as small ones with
just 5 LEDs on it. They can be operated with a 5V power supply or form a 3.3V
supply or even form li-po batteries of 3.7V since they can tolerate from 3.3V to
5V. But the data pin can read only 5V so a logic level shifter like 74HC245 IC
has to be used. Each LED consume around 60mA so make sure your power
supply can source enough current for all the LED.

Let us assume you are using a 5 LED RBG strip neo pixel with Arduino,
and then in that case the LEDs can be directly powered by the 5V pin of
Arduino since they can source upto 500mA. Keep in mind that these LEDs are
very sensitive in nature and hence have to be protected from voltage spikes and
ESDs. A sample circuit diagram is shown below

Figure 5 Neo-Pixels

A resistor of value 470 ohms should be used in series with data line
(orange color) and a capacitor of 1000uF and 6.3V should be added across the
power rails (red and black) as shown above. These components are not
mandatory to use but it is a good practice to protect the LED when working
with more number of LEDs.

19
Applications

 Wearable electronics
 Linear clock
 Mood Lamp
 Digital Posters
 Electronic/Digital advertisements.

5.3 AUX CABLE

An auxiliary port (AUX) is the logical name for a standard
communications port. AUX is an asynchronous serial port with an interface that
allows the auxiliary input of audio signals for:

 MP3 players
 Headphones
 Portable music players
 Amplifiers
 Speakers

It is an interface that permits a PC or other device to transmit or receive

data one bit at a time. Generally, the AUX port on a PC is computer port 1
(COM1), which is the first serial port with a preconfigured assignment for serial
devices.

The AUX port is typically used for audio equipment that receives
peripheral sound sources, such as digital music players or audio speakers. The
peripheral sound device is connected to an AUX port or other medium such as a
vehicle’s audio jack.

An auxiliary port is also known as an auxiliary jack or auxiliary input.

Although there are no set standards specifically for the AUX port, the serial port
is standardized by RS-232.
20
The RS-232 defines:

 Electrical features
 Significance of each pin connector
 Physical size of the pins
 Timing and meaning of the signals

It outlines the function of each line and signal timing. The RS-232
standard is also known as EIA 232, EIA RS-232, and as TIA-232-F, issued in
1997. This was due to the continual advancements of technology in pin design,
changes in external data storage units and higher speed communication.

System resource configurations on a PC are selected for each port and

identified as COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, etc. Each COM location has an
interrupt request (IRQ) address and input/output (I/O). The IRQ address is a
signal sent from a device to the central processing unit (CPU) specifying an
event, such as an audio signal starting or stopping. The I/O receives and
transfers data to and from a device such as an MP3 player.

Although most systems have an AUX port, some older models do not.
Nonetheless, there are adapters available that allow a sound device to work
through an older system.

5.4 9V BATTERY
Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions
create a flow of electrons in a circuit. All batteries are made up of three basic
components: an anode (the '-' side), a cathode (the '+' side), and some kind of
electrolyte (a substance that chemically reacts with the anode and cathode).
When the anode and cathode of a battery is connected to a circuit, a chemical
reaction takes place between the anode and the electrolyte. This reaction causes
electrons to flow through the circuit and back into the cathode where another

21
chemical reaction takes place. When the material in the cathode or anode is
consumed or no longer able to be used in the reaction, the battery is unable to
produce electricity. At that point, your battery is "dead."

Batteries that must be thrown away after use are known as primary
batteries. Batteries that can be recharged are called secondary batteries.

Historically, the word "battery" was used to describe a "series of similar

objects grouped together to perform a function," as in a battery of artillery. In
1749, Benjamin Franklin first used the term to describe a series of capacitors he
had linked together for his electricity experiments. Later, the term would be
used for any electrochemical cells linked together for the purpose of providing
electric power.

Primary cells

Primary cells contain chemistry that cannot be reversed. As a result, the

battery must be thrown away after it is dead.

Secondary cells

Secondary cells can be recharged and have their chemistry reverted back
to their original state. Otherwise known as "rechargeable batteries," these cells
can be used many times.

Nominal Voltage

The nominal voltage of a battery is the voltage stated by the

manufacturer.For example, alkaline AA batteries are listed as having 1.5
V. This article from Mad Scientist Hut shows their tested alkaline batteries start
at about 1.55 V and then slowly lose voltage as they are discharged. In this
example, "1.5 V" nominal voltage refers to the maximum or starting voltage of
the battery.

22
 This Storm battery pack for quadcopters shows the discharge curve for
their Li-Po cells starting at around 4.2 V and dropping to around 2.8 V as it
discharges. The nominal voltage listed for most lithium-ion and Li-Po cells is
3.7 V. In this case, "3.7 V" nominal voltage refers to the average voltage of the
battery over its discharge cycle.

Capacity

A battery's capacity is a measure of the amount of electric charge it can

deliver at a specific voltage. Most batteries are rated in amp hours (Ah) or
milliamp hours (mAh).

5.5 PRE-AMPLIFIED SPEAKER

There are many reasons why you would want a pre-amp and a power
amp. The easiest to understand is when your source and destination are far away
from each other. In this situation a pre-amp can be helpful so that the noise that
is picked up on the line to the power amp is minimal compared to the signal
itself.

Another situation is if you were going to be performing some filtering on

a signal. All of the filtering elements can add noise to your system and by
adding a preamp the noise in the filtering is minimized compared to the signal.
Also the preamp can act as a simple buffer between your source and the filtering
equipment.

23
 CHAPTER-6

WORKING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

This idea was first coined by Prof. Harald Haas in one of his TED talk in
2011. The definition for Li-Fi can be given as “LiFi is high speed bi-directional
networked and mobile communication of data using light. LiFi comprises of
multiple light bulbs that form a wireless network, offering a substantially
similar user experience to Wi-Fi except using the light spectrum
Every LED lamp should be powered through an LED driver, this LED
driver will get information from the Internet server and the data will be encoded
in the driver. Based on this encoded data the LED lamp will flicker at a very
high speed that cannot be noticed by the human eyes. But the Photo Detector on
the other end will be able to read all the flickering and this data will be decoded
after Amplification and Processing. The data transmission here will be very fast
than RF. Here we are using Solar panel at the receiving end to sense light.

Figure 6 Working of LI-FI

24
 Transmitting data through photo diodes has been happening for a long
time through our IR Remotes. Every time we pressed a button on our Television
remote the IR LED in the Remote pulses very fast this will be received by the
Television and then decoded for the information. But, this old method is very
slow and cannot be used to transmit any worthy data. Hence with LiFi this
method is made sophisticated by using more than one LED and passing more
than one data stream at a given time. This way more information can be passed
and hence a faster data communication is possible.

Transmitter Circuit for Li-Fi:

On transmitter side, we have white Bright LED and a battery which are
connected to 3.5mm jack and jack will be connected to audio source. Here we
are using battery to power up the LEDs because there is less power coming
from the audio source which is not enough to power the LEDs.

Receiver Circuit for Li-Fi:

On receiver side, we are using Solar panel and a speaker which is

connected by an Aux cable.

Working of Audio Transfer circuit using Li-Fi:

In transmitter side, when we connect 3.5mm jack to audio source

LED will glow but there is no fluctuation in the intensity of light when the
audio source is OFF. As soon as you play the audio, you will see that there is
frequent change in intensity of light. When you increase the volume, LED’s
intensity is changing faster than the human eye can follow.

25
 Solar panel is so sensitive that it can catch small intensity change and
correspondingly there is change in the voltages at output of solar panel. So,
when the light of LED falls on the panel, voltages will varies according to the
intensity of light .Then voltages of solar panel is fed into amplifier
(Speaker)which amplifies the signal and giving the audio output through the
speaker connected to the amplifier.
Output will come as long as solar panel is in contact of LED’s. You can
put the LED’s at max. 15-20cm distance from the solar panel to get the clear
audio output. You can further increase the range by increasing the area of solar
panel and higher wattage Power LED.

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 CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION,ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

7.1APPLICATION
1.ROADWAYS AND SECURITY

Access to internet by general publicusing street lamps to auto pilot

carswhich communicate through their head lamps.

2.ON OCEAN BEDS:

Li-Fi can even work underwater were wi-fi fails completely,thereby

throwing open endless opportunities for military/navigation operations.

3.AIRLINE APPLICATION:

The whole airways communication is performed on the basis of radio

waves, passengers cannot use Wi-Fi. Here Li-Fi can be used which does not
interfere with the radio waves.

7.2 ADVANTAGES

• It is possible to achieve more than 10Gbps, theoretically allowing HD

film to be downloaded in 30secs.
• Mostly powered by LEDs, so it is cost efficient.
• Transmission of data is fast and easy.
• Its main advantage is its bandwidth is 10,000 times than that of radio
waves.
• Efficiency: Li-Fi works on visible light technology. Since homes and
offices already have LED bulbs for lighting purposes, the same source of
light can be used to transmit data. Hence, it is very efficient in terms of
costs as well as energy. Light must be on to transmit data, so when there
is no need for light, it can be reduced to a point where it appears off to
human eye, but is actually still on and working.
• Availability: Wherever there is a light source, there can be Internet. Light
bulbs are present everywhere – in homes, offices, shops, malls and even

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 planes, meaning that high-speed data transmission could be available
everywhere.
• Security: One main advantage of Li-Fi is security. Since light cannot pass
through opaque structures, Li-Fi Internet is available only to the users
within a room and cannot be breached by users in other rooms or
buildings.

7.3 DISADVANTAGES

• Range of communication is limited as light cannot pass through opaque

object or obstacles.
• It cannot cover a large area as radio waves.
• It can get affected by external light interference like sun, normal bulbs.
• The implementation cost of Li-fi is high.
• It is not portable.
• Internet cannot be used without a light source. This could limit the
locations and situations in which Li-Fi could be used.
• Because it uses visible light, and light cannot penetrate walls, the signal's
range is limited by physical barriers.
• Other sources of light may interfere with the signal. One of the biggest
potential drawbacks is the interception of signals outdoors. Sunlight will
interfere the signals, resulting in interrupted Internet.

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 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 CONCLUSION
Li-Fi has a great potential in the field of short range wireless
communications. Clearly, we could see in this project how efficiently and
effectively audio can be transmitted using VLC. Same way it can also be used
to transmit data as well. Thus, it an effective replacement for the existing
technologies like Wi-Fi. Not only the quality of audio transmission is good but
also the range is quite well. In our proposed model we were able to effectively
transmit it to a range of 15-20 m. Thus, if more research is done in this field and
this technology is put into fullfledged practical usage, every LED can be used
like a Wi-Fi hotspot. Just by using a street light we can provide internet access.
Moreover, this Li-Fi technology can be used to overcome various other
drawbacks of existing technologies like, lower bandwidth, less data rates,
insecurity of data etc. Also this technology is quite helpful in places like
hospitals, airplanes where use of radio waves is prohibited. But the only
drawback of this technology is that it works on line of sight. Somehow, this can
also be overcome by use of more LED‟s one after another, since it is cheaper
than Wi-Fi routers.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Li-Fi can be used in diverse fields. Data transmission is done through
LEDs and thus all screens which illuminate light can be served as a platform for
data communication. The Screen of mobiles, televisions and tube lights itself
act as a transmission device. On the other hand, the photo detector can be
replaced by a camera in mobile phones for scanning and retrieve data.
Transparent screen mobile phones, televisions, desktops, smartcards and smart
guides are some of the future scope areas where Li-Fi can be used. Li-FI can

29
also be implemented in schools, colleges, museums, hotels, hospitals etc. In
places like hospitals where electromagnetic rays are very harmful Li-Fi can be
used. It can also be used in a dangerous environment like the thermal power
plant and nuclear power plant without causing electromagnetic interference.
Hence Wi-Fi can be replaced by Li-Fi.Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are used
in different areas of everyday life. The advantage of this device is that in
addition to their lightening capabilities, it can be used for data transmissions as
well. In this paper, the authors have made an exhaustive study on technology of
Li-Fi and its applications in transferring data from one computer to another
computer. The authors have also made study on advantages as well as
disadvantages of using Li-Fi in transferring data from one computer to another
computer. The massive use of Li-Fi may solve some bottleneck of data
transmission in Wi-Fi technology.

30
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[3]. R.Mahendran PG Scholar, Embedded System Technology S.A Engg
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