TABLE 2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa

No. Name Formula CAS no. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Tmin, K P at Tmin Tmax, K P at Tmax

1 Acetaldehyde C2H4O 75-07-0 193.69 −8,036.7 −29.502 4.3678E-02 1 150.15 3.23E−01 466 5.565E+06
2 Acetamide C2H5NO 60-35-5 125.81 −12,376 −14.589 5.0824E-06 2 353.33 3.36E+02 761 6.569E+06
3 Acetic acid C2H4O2 64-19-7 53.27 −6,304.5 −4.2985 8.8865E-18 6 289.81 1.28E+03 591.95 5.739E+06
4 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 108-24-7 100.95 −8,873.2 −11.451 6.1316E-06 2 200.15 2.20E−02 606 3.970E+06
5 Acetone C3H6O 67-64-1 69.006 −5,599.6 −7.0985 6.2237E-06 2 178.45 2.79E+00 508.2 4.709E+06
6 Acetonitrile C2H3N 75-05-8 58.302 −5,385.6 −5.4954 5.3634E-06 2 229.32 1.87E+02 545.5 4.852E+06
7 Acetylene C2H2 74-86-2 39.63 −2,552.2 −2.78 2.3930E-16 6 192.4 1.27E+05 308.3 6.106E+06
8 Acrolein C3H4O 107-02-8 138.4 −7,122.7 −19.638 2.6447E-02 1 185.45 1.03E+01 506 5.020E+06
9 Acrylic acid C3H4O2 79-10-7 46.745 −6,587.1 −3.2208 5.2253E-07 2 286.15 2.57E+02 615 5.661E+06
10 Acrylonitrile C3H3N 107-13-1 87.604 −6,392.7 −10.101 1.0891E-05 2 189.63 3.68E+00 535 4.480E+06
11 Air Mixture 132259-10-0 21.662 −692.39 −0.392 4.7574E-03 1 59.15 5.64E+03 132.45 3.793E+06
12 Ammonia H3N 7664-41-7 90.483 −4,669.7 −11.607 1.7194E-02 1 195.41 6.11E+03 405.65 1.130E+07
13 Anisole C7H8O 100-66-3 128.06 −9,307.7 −16.693 1.4919E-02 1 235.65 2.45E+00 645.6 4.273E+06
14 Argon Ar 7440-37-1 42.127 −1,093.1 −4.1425 5.7254E-05 2 83.78 6.87E+04 150.86 4.896E+06
15 Benzamide C7H7NO 55-21-0 85.474 −11,932 −8.3348 1.2850E-18 6 403 3.55E+02 824 5.047E+06
16 Benzene C6H6 71-43-2 83.107 −6,486.2 −9.2194 6.9844E-06 2 278.68 4.76E+03 562.05 4.875E+06
17 Benzenethiol C6H6S 108-98-5 77.765 −8,455.1 −7.7404 4.3089E-18 6 258.27 7.68E+00 689 4.728E+06
18 Benzoic acid C7H6O2 65-85-0 88.513 −11,829 −8.6826 2.3248E-19 6 395.45 7.96E+02 751 4.469E+06
19 Benzonitrile C7H5N 100-47-0 138.5 −11,195 −17.085 9.5641E-06 2 260.4 3.08E+00 699.35 4.243E+06
20 Benzophenone C13H10O 119-61-9 88.404 −11,769 −8.9014 1.9334E-18 6 321.35 1.49E+00 830 3.357E+06
21 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O 100-51-6 100.68 −11,059 −10.709 3.0582E-18 6 257.85 1.88E−01 720.15 4.372E+06
22 Benzyl ethyl ether C9H12O 539-30-0 68.541 −7,886.2 −6.5804 2.4285E-06 2 275.65 2.31E+01 662 3.113E+06
23 Benzyl mercaptan C7H8S 100-53-8 118.02 −10,527 −13.91 6.4794E-06 2 243.95 2.98E−01 718 4.074E+06
24 Biphenyl C12H10 92-52-4 77.314 −9,910.4 −7.5079 2.2385E-18 6 342.2 9.42E+01 773 3.407E+06
25 Bromine Br2 7726-95-6 108.26 −6,592 −14.16 1.6043E-02 1 265.85 5.85E+03 584.15 1.028E+07
26 Bromobenzene C6H5Br 108-86-1 63.749 −7,130.2 −5.879 5.2136E-18 6 242.43 7.84E+00 670.15 4.520E+06
27 Bromoethane C2H5Br 74-96-4 62.217 −5,113.3 −5.9761 4.7174E-17 6 154.55 3.72E−01 503.8 6.290E+06
28 Bromomethane CH3Br 74-83-9 72.586 −4,698.6 −7.9966 1.1553E-05 2 179.47 1.95E+02 467 7.997E+06
29 1,2-Butadiene C4H6 590-19-2 39.714 −3,769.9 −2.6407 6.9379E-18 6 136.95 4.47E−01 452 4.361E+06
30 1,3-Butadiene C4H6 106-99-0 75.572 −4,621.9 −8.5323 1.2269E-05 2 164.25 6.92E+01 425 4.303E+06
31 Butane C4H10 106-97-8 66.343 −4,363.2 −7.046 9.4509E-06 2 134.86 6.74E−01 425.12 3.770E+06
32 1,2-Butanediol C4H10O2 584-03-2 103.28 −11,548 −10.925 4.2560E-18 6 220 2.93E−04 680 5.202E+06
33 1,3-Butanediol C4H10O2 107-88-0 123.22 −12,620 −13.986 3.9260E-06 2 196.15 3.74E−07 676 4.033E+06
34 1-Butanol C4H10O 71-36-3 106.295 −9,866.4 −11.655 1.0832E-17 6 183.85 2.90E−04 563.1 4.401E+06
35 2-Butanol C4H10O 78-92-2 114.68 −9,850.2 −12.963 1.8738E-17 6 158.45 1.95E−06 535.9 4.182E+06
36 1-Butene C4H8 106-98-9 51.836 −4,019.2 −4.5229 4.8833E-17 6 87.8 6.94E−07 419.5 4.021E+06
37 cis-2-Butene C4H8 590-18-1 72.541 −4,691.2 −7.9776 1.0368E-05 2 134.26 2.72E−01 435.5 4.238E+06
38 trans-2-Butene C4H8 624-64-6 71.704 −4,563.1 −7.9053 1.1319E-05 2 167.62 7.45E+01 428.6 4.100E+06
39 Butyl acetate C6H12O2 123-86-4 122.82 −9,253.2 −14.99 1.0470E-05 2 199.65 8.17E−02 575.4 3.087E+06
40 Butylbenzene C10H14 104-51-8 101.22 −9,255.4 −11.538 5.9208E-06 2 185.3 1.54E−04 660.5 2.882E+06
41 Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 109-79-5 65.382 −6,262.4 −6.2585 1.4943E-17 6 157.46 2.35E−03 570.1 3.973E+06
42 sec-Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 513-53-1 60.649 −5,785.9 −5.6113 1.5877E-17 6 133.02 3.40E−05 554 4.060E+06
43 1-Butyne C4H6 107-00-6 77.004 −5,054.5 −8.5665 1.0161E-05 2 147.43 1.18E+00 440 4.599E+06
44 Butyraldehyde C4H8O 123-72-8 99.33 −7,083.6 −11.733 1.0027E-05 2 176.75 3.17E−01 537.2 4.323E+06
45 Butyric acid C4H8O2 107-92-6 93.815 −9,942.2 −9.8019 9.3124E-18 6 267.95 6.78E+00 615.7 4.071E+06
46 Butyronitrile C4H7N 109-74-0 66.32 −6,714.9 −6.3087 1.3516E-17 6 161.25 6.18E−04 582.25 3.787E+06
47 Carbon dioxide CO2 124-38-9 140.54 −4,735 −21.268 4.0909E-02 1 216.58 5.19E+05 304.21 7.390E+06
48 Carbon disulfide CS2 75-15-0 67.114 −4,820.4 −7.5303 9.1695E-03 1 161.11 1.49E+00 552 8.041E+06
49 Carbon monoxide CO 630-08-0 45.698 −1,076.6 −4.8814 7.5673E-05 2 68.15 1.54E+04 132.92 3.494E+06
50 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 56-23-5 78.441 −6,128.1 −8.5766 6.8465E-06 2 250.33 1.12E+03 556.35 4.544E+06
51 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 75-73-0 61.89 −2,296.3 −7.086 3.4687E-05 2 89.56 1.08E+02 227.51 3.742E+06
52 Chlorine Cl2 7782-50-5 71.334 −3,855 −8.5171 1.2378E-02 1 172.12 1.37E+03 417.15 7.793E+06
53 Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 108-90-7 54.144 −6,244.4 −4.5343 4.7030E-18 6 227.95 8.45E+00 632.35 4.529E+06
54 Chloroethane C2H5Cl 75-00-3 65.988 −4,661.3 −6.8586 7.9404E-06 2 134.8 1.25E−01 460.35 5.327E+06
55 Chloroform CHCl3 67-66-3 146.43 −7,792.3 −20.614 2.4578E-02 1 207.15 5.25E+01 536.4 5.554E+06
56 Chloromethane CH3Cl 74-87-3 64.697 −4,048.1 −6.8066 1.0371E-05 2 175.43 8.71E+02 416.25 6.691E+06
57 1-Chloropropane C3H7Cl 540-54-5 79.24 −5,718.8 −8.789 8.4486E-06 2 150.35 6.96E−02 503.15 4.581E+06
58 2-Chloropropane C3H7Cl 75-29-6 46.854 −4,445.5 −3.6533 1.3260E-17 6 155.97 9.08E−01 489 4.510E+06
2-55

59 m-Cresol C7H8O 108-39-4 95.403 −10,581 −10.004 4.3032E-18 6 285.39 5.86E+00 705.85 4.522E+06
60 o-Cresol C7H8O 95-48-7 210.88 −13,928 −29.483 2.5182E-02 1 304.19 6.53E+01 697.55 5.058E+06
2-56
TABLE 2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Continued)
No. Name Formula CAS no. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Tmin, K P at Tmin Tmax, K P at Tmax
61 p-Cresol C7H8O 106-44-5 118.53 −11,957 −13.293 8.6988E-18 6 307.93 3.45E+01 704.65 5.151E+06
62 Cumene C9H12 98-82-8 102.81 −8,674.6 −11.922 7.0048E-06 2 177.14 4.71E−04 631 3.226E+06
63 Cyanogen C2N2 460-19-5 81.565 −4,808.9 −9.3748 1.3901E-05 2 245.25 7.39E+04 400.15 5.961E+06
64 Cyclobutane C4H8 287-23-0 85.899 −4,884.4 −10.883 1.4934E-02 1 182.48 1.80E+02 459.93 4.991E+06
65 Cyclohexane C6H12 110-82-7 51.087 −5,226.4 −4.2278 9.7554E-18 6 279.69 5.36E+03 553.8 4.094E+06
66 Cyclohexanol C6H12O 108-93-0 189.19 −14,337 −24.148 1.0740E-05 2 296.6 7.65E+01 650.1 4.265E+06
67 Cyclohexanone C6H10O 108-94-1 85.424 −7,944.4 −9.2862 4.9957E-06 2 242 6.80E+00 653 3.989E+06
68 Cyclohexene C6H10 110-83-8 88.184 −6,624.9 −10.059 8.2566E-06 2 169.67 1.04E−01 560.4 4.392E+06
69 Cyclopentane C5H10 287-92-3 66.341 −5,198.5 −6.8103 6.1930E-06 2 179.28 9.07E+00 511.7 4.513E+06
70 Cyclopentene C5H8 142-29-0 67.952 −5,187.5 −7.0785 6.8165E-06 2 138.13 1.28E−02 507 4.799E+06
71 Cyclopropane C3H6 75-19-4 40.608 −3,179.6 −2.8937 5.6131E-17 6 145.59 7.80E+01 398 5.494E+06
72 Cyclohexyl mercaptan C6H12S 1569-69-3 85.146 −7,843.7 −9.2982 5.1788E-06 2 189.64 8.24E−03 664 3.970E+06
73 Decanal C10H20O 112-31-2 201.64 −15,133 −26.264 1.4625E-05 2 267.15 4.86E−01 674.2 2.599E+06
74 Decane C10H22 124-18-5 112.73 −9,749.6 −13.245 7.1266E-06 2 243.51 1.39E+00 617.7 2.091E+06
75 Decanoic acid C10H20O2 334-48-5 123.36 −14,680 −13.474 1.9491E-18 6 304.55 1.50E−01 722.1 2.233E+06
76 1-Decanol C10H22O 112-30-1 156.239 −15,212 −18.424 8.5006E-18 6 280.05 1.51E−01 688 2.309E+06
77 1-Decene C10H20 872-05-9 68.401 −7,776.9 −6.4637 6.3750E-18 6 206.89 2.59E−02 616.6 2.223E+06
78 Decyl mercaptan C10H22S 143-10-2 91.91 −10,565 −9.5957 5.7028E-18 6 247.56 2.59E−02 696 2.130E+06
79 1-Decyne C10H18 764-93-2 142.94 −11,119 −17.818 1.1020E-05 2 229.15 1.60E−01 619.85 2.363E+06
80 Deuterium D2 7782-39-0 18.947 −154.47 −0.5723 3.8899E-02 1 18.73 1.72E+04 38.35 1.663E+06
81 1,1-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2 557-91-5 62.711 −6,503.5 −5.7669 1.0427E-06 2 210.15 2.64E+00 628 6.034E+06
82 1,2-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2 106-93-4 43.751 −5,587.7 −3.0891 8.2664E-07 2 282.85 7.53E+02 650.15 5.375E+06
83 Dibromomethane CH2Br2 74-95-3 86.295 −7,010.3 −9.5972 6.7794E-06 2 220.6 2.13E+01 611 7.170E+06
84 Dibutyl ether C8H18O 142-96-1 72.227 −7,537.6 −7.0596 9.1442E-18 6 175.3 7.14E−04 584.1 2.459E+06
85 m-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 541-73-1 53.187 −6,827.5 −4.3233 2.3112E-18 6 248.39 6.41E+00 683.95 4.070E+06
86 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 95-50-1 77.105 −8,111.1 −7.8886 2.7267E-06 2 256.15 6.49E+00 705 4.074E+06
87 p-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 106-46-7 88.31 −8,463.4 −9.6308 4.5833E-06 2 326.14 1.23E+03 684.75 4.070E+06
88 1,1-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 75-34-3 66.611 −5,493.1 −6.7301 5.3579E-06 2 176.19 2.21E+00 523 5.106E+06
89 1,2-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 107-06-2 92.355 −6,920.4 −10.651 9.1426E-06 2 237.49 2.37E+02 561.6 5.318E+06
90 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 75-09-2 101.6 −6,541.6 −12.247 1.2311E-05 2 178.01 5.93E+00 510 6.093E+06
91 1,1-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 78-99-9 83.495 −6,661.4 −9.2386 6.7652E-06 2 200 4.52E+00 560 4.239E+06
92 1,2-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 78-87-5 65.955 −6,015.6 −6.5509 4.3172E-06 2 172.71 8.25E−02 572 4.232E+06
93 Diethanol amine C4H11NO2 111-42-2 106.38 −13,714 −11.06 3.2645E-18 6 301.15 1.02E−01 736.6 4.260E+06
94 Diethyl amine C4H11N 109-89-7 49.314 −4,949 −3.9256 9.1978E-18 6 223.35 3.74E+02 496.6 3.674E+06
95 Diethyl ether C4H10O 60-29-7 136.9 −6,954.3 −19.254 2.4508E-02 1 156.85 3.95E−01 466.7 3.641E+06
96 Diethyl sulfide C4H10S 352-93-2 46.705 −5,177.4 −3.5985 1.7147E-06 2 169.20 9.93E−02 557.15 3.961E+06
97 1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 75-37-6 73.491 −4,385.9 −8.1851 1.2978E-05 2 154.56 6.45E+01 386.44 4.507E+06
98 1,2-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 624-72-6 84.625 −5,217.4 −9.871 1.3050E-05 2 215 2.83E+03 445 4.372E+06
99 Difluoromethane CH2F2 75-10-5 69.132 −3,847.7 −7.5868 1.5065E-05 2 136.95 5.43E+01 351.255 5.760E+06
100 Di-isopropyl amine C6H15N 108-18-9 462.84 −18,227 −73.734 9.2794E-02 1 176.85 4.47E−03 523.1 3.199E+06
101 Di-isopropyl ether C6H14O 108-20-3 41.631 −4,668.7 −2.8551 6.3693E-04 1 187.65 6.86E+00 500.05 2.869E+06
102 Di-isopropyl ketone C7H14O 565-80-0 50.868 −6,036.5 −4.066 1.1326E-06 2 204.81 8.21E−01 576 3.017E+06
103 1,1-Dimethoxyethane C4H10O2 534-15-6 53.637 −5,251.2 −4.5649 1.6754E-17 6 159.95 9.45E−02 507.8 3.773E+06
104 1,2-Dimethoxypropane C5H12O2 7778-85-0 62.097 −6,174.9 −5.715 1.2323E-17 6 226.1 4.50E+01 543 3.447E+06
105 Dimethyl acetylene C4H6 503-17-3 66.592 −4,999.8 −6.8387 6.6793E-06 2 240.91 6.12E+03 473.2 4.870E+06
106 Dimethyl amine C2H7N 124-40-3 71.738 −5,302 −7.3324 6.4200E-17 6 180.96 7.56E+01 437.2 5.258E+06
107 2,3-Dimethylbutane C6H14 79-29-8 77.161 −5,691.1 −8.501 8.0325E-06 2 145.19 1.52E−02 500 3.130E+06
108 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 590-66-9 81.184 −6,927 −8.8498 5.4580E-06 2 239.66 6.06E+01 591.15 2.939E+06
109 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 2207-01-4 78.952 −7,075.4 −8.4344 4.5035E-06 2 223.16 6.41E+00 606.15 2.939E+06
110 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 6876-23-9 78.429 −6,882.1 −8.4129 4.9831E-06 2 184.99 8.04E−02 596.15 2.938E+06
111 Dimethyl disulfide C2H6S2 624-92-0 81.045 −6,941.3 −8.777 5.5501E-06 2 188.44 2.07E−01 615 5.363E+06
112 Dimethyl ether C2H6O 115-10-6 44.704 −3,525.6 −3.4444 5.4574E-17 6 131.65 3.05E+00 400.1 5.274E+06
113 N,N-Dimethyl formamide C3H7NO 68-12-2 82.762 −7,955.5 −8.8038 4.2431E-06 2 212.72 1.95E−01 649.6 4.365E+06
114 2,3-Dimethylpentane C7H16 565-59-3 78.335 −6,348.7 −8.5105 6.4311E-06 2 160 1.26E−02 537.3 2.882E+06
115 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 131-11-3 72.517 −10,415 −6.755 1.3269E-06 2 274.18 3.72E−02 766 2.780E+06
116 Dimethylsilane C2H8Si 1111-74-6 63.08 −4,062.3 −6.425 1.5115E-16 6 122.93 4.15E−01 402 3.561E+06
117 Dimethyl sulfide C2H6S 75-18-3 84.39 −5,740.6 −9.6454 1.0073E-05 2 174.88 7.86E+00 503.04 5.533E+06
118 Dimethyl sulfoxide C2H6OS 67-68-5 56.273 −7,620.6 −4.6279 4.3819E-07 2 291.67 5.02E+01 729 5.648E+06
119 Dimethyl terephthalate C10H10O4 120-61-6 43.541 −8,204.8 −2.7519 1.0466E-18 6 413.8 1.26E+03 772 2.778E+06
120 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 123-91-1 44.494 −5,406.7 −3.1287 2.8913E-18 6 284.95 2.53E+03 587 5.158E+06
 121 Diphenyl ether C12H10O 101-84-8 59.969 −8,585.5 −5.1538 1.9983E-18 6 300.03 7.09E+00 766.8 3.097E+06
122 Dipropyl amine C6H15N 142-84-7 54 −6,018.5 −4.4981 9.9684E-18 6 210.15 3.69E+00 550 3.111E+06
123 Dodecane C12H26 112-40-3 137.47 −11,976 −16.698 8.0906E-06 2 263.57 6.15E−01 658 1.822E+06
124 Eicosane C20H42 112-95-8 203.66 −19,441 −25.525 8.8382E-06 2 309.58 9.26E−03 768 1.175E+06
125 Ethane C2H6 74-84-0 51.857 −2,598.7 −5.1283 1.4913E-05 2 90.35 1.13E+00 305.32 4.852E+06
126 Ethanol C2H6O 64-17-5 73.304 −7,122.3 −7.1424 2.8853E-06 2 159.05 4.96E−04 514 6.109E+06
127 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 141-78-6 66.824 −6,227.6 −6.41 1.7914E-17 6 189.6 1.43E+00 523.3 3.850E+06
128 Ethyl amine C2H7N 75-04-7 81.56 −5,596.9 −9.0779 8.7920E-06 2 192.15 1.52E+02 456.15 5.594E+06
129 Ethylbenzene C8H10 100-41-4 89.063 −7,733.7 −9.917 5.9860E-06 2 178.2 3.91E−03 617.15 3.590E+06
130 Ethyl benzoate C9H10O2 93-89-0 52.923 −7,531.7 −4.2347 1.1835E-06 2 238.45 1.69E−01 698 3.203E+06
131 2-Ethyl butanoic acid C6H12O2 88-09-5 90.464 −10,243 −9.2836 5.2573E-18 6 258.15 4.63E−01 655 3.403E+06
132 Ethyl butyrate C6H12O2 105-54-4 57.661 −6,346.5 −5.032 8.2534E-18 6 175.15 1.04E−02 571 2.935E+06
133 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 1678-91-7 80.208 −7,203.2 −8.6023 4.5901E-06 2 161.84 3.57E−04 609.15 3.041E+06
134 Ethylcyclopentane C7H14 1640-89-7 88.671 −7,012.7 −10.045 7.4578E-06 2 134.71 3.71E−06 569.5 3.412E+06
135 Ethylene C2H4 74-85-1 53.963 −2,443 −5.5643 1.9079E-05 2 104 1.26E+02 282.34 5.032E+06
136 Ethylenediamine C2H8N2 107-15-3 73.51 −7,572.7 −7.1435 1.2124E-17 6 284.29 6.78E+02 593 6.290E+06
137 Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 107-21-1 84.09 −10,411 −8.1976 1.6536E-18 6 260.15 2.19E−01 720 8.257E+06
138 Ethyleneimine C2H5N 151-56-4 66.51 −6,019.2 −6.3332 1.0394E-17 6 195.2 9.71E+00 537 6.850E+06
139 Ethylene oxide C2H4O 75-21-8 91.944 −5,293.4 −11.682 1.4902E-02 1 160.65 7.79E+00 469.15 7.255E+06
140 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 109-94-4 73.833 −5,817 −7.809 6.3200E-06 2 193.55 1.81E+01 508.4 4.708E+06
141 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid C8H16O2 149-57-5 117.52 −12,991 −12.895 6.1306E-18 6 235 2.86E−04 674.6 2.788E+06
142 Ethylhexyl ether C8H18O 5756-43-4 77.523 −7,978.8 −7.7757 1.0076E-17 6 180 7.60E−04 583 2.460E+06
143 Ethylisopropyl ether C5H12O 625-54-7 57.723 −5,236.9 −5.2136 2.2998E-17 6 140 4.31E−03 489 3.415E+06
144 Ethylisopropyl ketone C6H12O 565-69-5 57.459 −6,356.8 −4.9545 5.2015E-18 6 204.15 9.70E−01 567 3.293E+06
145 Ethyl mercaptan C2H6S 75-08-1 65.551 −5,027.4 −6.6853 6.3208E-06 2 125.26 1.14E−03 499.15 5.492E+06
146 Ethyl propionate C5H10O2 105-37-3 105.64 −8,007 −12.477 9.0000E-06 2 199.25 7.80E−01 546 3.337E+06
147 Ethylpropyl ether C5H12O 628-32-0 86.898 −6,646.4 −9.5758 5.9615E-17 6 145.65 1.61E−03 500.23 3.372E+06
148 Ethyltrichlorosilane C2H5Cl3Si 115-21-9 62.614 −6,148.2 −5.84 1.0900E-17 6 167.55 1.85E−02 559.95 3.320E+06
149 Fluorine F2 7782-41-4 42.393 −1,103.3 −4.1203 5.7815E-05 2 53.48 2.53E+02 144.12 5.167E+06
150 Fluorobenzene C6H5F 462-06-6 51.915 −5,439 −4.2896 8.7527E-18 6 230.94 1.51E+02 560.09 4.544E+06
151 Fluoroethane C2H5F 353-36-6 56.639 −3,576.5 −5.5801 9.8969E-06 2 129.95 8.37E+00 375.31 5.006E+06
152 Fluoromethane CH3F 593-53-3 59.123 −3,043.7 −6.1845 1.6637E-05 2 131.35 4.33E+02 317.42 5.875E+06
153 Formaldehyde CH2O 50-00-0 101.51 −4,917.2 −13.765 2.2031E-02 1 181.15 8.87E+02 408 6.594E+06
154 Formamide CH3NO 75-12-7 100.3 −10,763 −10.946 3.8503E-06 2 275.6 1.04E+00 771 7.751E+06
155 Formic acid CH2O2 64-18-6 50.323 −5,378.2 −4.203 3.4697E-06 2 281.45 2.40E+03 588 5.807E+06
156 Furan C4H4O 110-00-9 74.738 −5,417 −8.0636 7.4700E-06 2 187.55 5.00E+01 490.15 5.550E+06
157 Helium-4 He 7440-59-7 11.533 −8.99 0.6724 2.7430E-01 1 1.76 1.46E+03 5.2 2.285E+05
158 Heptadecane C17H36 629-78-7 156.95 −15,557 −18.966 6.4559E-06 2 295.13 4.65E−02 736 1.344E+06
159 Heptanal C7H14O 111-71-7 92.252 −8,349 −10.274 5.9252E-06 2 229.8 1.45E+00 616.8 3.155E+06
160 Heptane C7H16 142-82-5 87.829 −6,996.4 −9.8802 7.2099E-06 2 182.57 1.83E−01 540.2 2.719E+06
161 Heptanoic acid C7H14O2 111-14-8 120.47 −13,106 −13.31 5.8384E-18 6 265.83 4.34E−02 677.3 3.039E+06
162 1-Heptanol C7H16O 111-70-6 147.41 −13,466 −17.353 1.1284E-17 6 239.15 1.95E−02 632.3 3.013E+06
163 2-Heptanol C7H16O 543-49-7 124.23 −11,637 −14.148 6.9486E-17 5.7 230 3.68E−02 608.3 2.995E+06
164 3-Heptanone C7H14O 106-35-4 78.463 −8,077.2 −7.9062 8.0521E-18 6 234.15 2.30E+00 606.6 2.919E+06
165 2-Heptanone C7H14O 110-43-0 75.494 −7,896.5 −7.5047 8.9130E-18 6 238.15 3.54E+00 611.4 2.946E+06
166 1-Heptene C7H14 592-76-7 65.922 −6,189 −6.3629 2.0091E-17 6 154.12 1.86E−03 537.4 2.921E+06
167 Heptyl mercaptan C7H16S 1639-09-4 79.858 −8,501.8 −8.1043 8.1501E-18 6 229.92 3.05E−01 645 2.772E+06
168 1-Heptyne C7H12 628-71-7 59.083 −6,031.8 −5.3072 1.4357E-17 6 192.22 8.15E−01 547 3.209E+06
169 Hexadecane C16H34 544-76-3 156.06 −15,015 −18.941 6.8172E-06 2 291.31 9.23E−02 723 1.411E+06
170 Hexanal C6H12O 66-25-1 81.507 −7,776.8 −8.4516 1.5143E-17 6 217.15 1.25E+00 591 3.461E+06
171 Hexane C6H14 110-54-3 104.65 −6,995.5 −12.702 1.2381E-05 2 177.83 9.02E−01 507.6 3.045E+06
172 Hexanoic acid C6H12O2 142-62-1 114.05 −12,332 −12.45 5.6253E-18 6 269.25 2.43E−01 660.2 3.284E+06
173 1-Hexanol C6H14O 111-27-3 135.421 −12,288 −15.732 1.2701E-17 6 228.55 2.25E−02 611.3 3.441E+06
174 2-Hexanol C6H14O 626-93-7 109.42 −10,449 −12.051 2.6122E-46 16 223 7.44E−02 585.3 3.298E+06
175 2-Hexanone C6H12O 591-78-6 107.44 −8,528.6 −12.679 8.4606E-06 2 217.35 1.45E+00 587.61 3.286E+06
176 3-Hexanone C6H12O 589-38-8 73.155 −7,242.9 −7.2569 1.2741E-17 6 217.5 2.22E+00 582.82 3.322E+06
177 1-Hexene C6H12 592-41-6 51.024 −4,986.4 −4.2463 1.6768E-17 6 133.39 7.96E−04 504 3.212E+06
178 3-Hexyne C6H10 928-49-4 47.091 −5,104 −3.6371 5.1621E-04 1 170.05 2.20E−01 544 3.540E+06
179 Hexyl mercaptan C6H14S 111-31-9 68.467 −7,390.5 −6.5456 7.7611E-18 6 192.62 1.31E−02 623 3.079E+06
180 1-Hexyne C6H10 693-02-7 133.2 −7,492.9 −18.405 2.2062E-02 1 141.25 3.92E−04 516.2 3.635E+06
181 2-Hexyne C6H10 764-35-2 123.71 −7,639 −16.451 1.6495E-02 1 183.65 5.40E−01 549 3.530E+06
2-57

182 Hydrazine H4N2 302-01-2 76.858 −7,245.2 −8.22 6.1557E-03 1 274.69 4.08E+02 653.15 1.473E+07
183 Hydrogen H2 1333-74-0 12.69 −94.896 1.1125 3.2915E-04 2 13.95 7.21E+03 33.19 1.315E+06
2-58
TABLE 2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Continued)
No. Name Formula CAS no. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Tmin, K P at Tmin Tmax, K P at Tmax
184 Hydrogen bromide HBr 10035-10-6 29.315 −2,424.5 −1.1354 2.3806E-18 6 185.15 2.95E+04 363.15 8.463E+06
185 Hydrogen chloride HCl 7647-01-0 104.27 −3,731.2 −15.047 3.1340E-02 1 158.97 1.35E+04 324.65 8.356E+06
186 Hydrogen cyanide CHN 74-90-8 36.75 −3,927.1 −2.1245 3.8948E-17 6 259.83 1.87E+04 456.65 5.353E+06
187 Hydrogen fluoride HF 7664-39-3 59.544 −4,143.8 −6.1764 1.4161E-05 2 189.79 3.37E+02 461.15 6.487E+06
188 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 7783-06-4 85.584 −3,839.9 −11.199 1.8848E-02 1 187.68 2.29E+04 373.53 8.999E+06
189 Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 79-31-2 110.38 −10,540 −12.262 1.4310E-17 6 227.15 7.82E−02 605 3.683E+06
190 Isopropyl amine C3H9N 75-31-0 136.66 −7,201.5 −18.934 2.2255E-02 1 177.95 7.73E+00 471.85 4.540E+06
191 Malonic acid C3H4O4 141-82-2 122.92 −16,258 −13.113 2.0609E-18 6 407.95 7.03E+01 805 5.652E+06
192 Methacrylic acid C4H6O2 79-41-4 109.53 −10,410 −12.289 3.1990E-06 2 288.15 5.86E+01 662 4.812E+06
193 Methane CH4 74-82-8 39.205 −1,324.4 −3.4366 3.1019E-05 2 90.69 1.17E+04 190.56 4.590E+06
194 Methanol CH4O 67-56-1 82.718 −6,904.5 −8.8622 7.4664E-06 2 175.47 1.11E−01 512.5 8.146E+06
195 N-Methyl acetamide C3H7NO 79-16-3 79.128 −9,523.9 −7.7355 3.1616E-18 6 301.15 2.86E+01 718 4.997E+06
196 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 79-20-9 61.267 −5,618.6 −5.6473 2.1080E-17 6 175.15 1.02E+00 506.55 4.695E+06
197 Methyl acetylene C3H4 74-99-7 50.242 −3,811.9 −4.2526 6.5326E-17 6 170.45 4.15E+02 402.4 5.619E+06
198 Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 96-33-3 107.69 −7,027.2 −13.916 1.5185E-02 1 196.32 4.07E+00 536 4.277E+06
199 Methyl amine CH5N 74-89-5 75.206 −5,082.8 −8.0919 8.1130E-06 2 179.69 1.77E+02 430.05 7.414E+06
200 Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 93-58-3 84.828 −9,334.7 −8.7063 6.1723E-18 6 260.75 1.81E+00 693 3.590E+06
201 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene C5H8 598-25-4 66.575 −5,213.4 −6.7693 4.8106E-06 2 159.53 7.28E−01 490 3.831E+06
202 2-Methylbutane C5H12 78-78-4 71.308 −4,976 −7.7169 8.7271E-06 2 113.25 1.21E−04 460.4 3.366E+06
203 2-Methylbutanoic acid C5H10O2 116-53-0 85.383 −9,575.4 −8.6164 5.6124E-18 6 193 6.94E−05 643 3.887E+06
204 3-Methyl-1-butanol C5H12O 123-51-3 121.85 −10,976 −13.869 1.4283E-17 6 155.95 8.67E−09 577.2 3.916E+06
205 2-Methyl-1-butene C5H10 563-46-2 93.131 −5,525.4 −11.852 1.4205E-02 1 135.58 2.05E−02 465 3.465E+06
206 2-Methyl-2-butene C5H10 513-35-9 83.927 −5,640.5 −9.6453 1.1121E-05 2 139.39 1.94E−02 470 3.394E+06
207 2-Methyl-1-butene-3-yne C5H6 78-80-8 95.453 −5,448.8 −12.384 1.5643E-02 1 160.15 2.92E+00 492 4.469E+06
208 Methylbutyl ether C5H12O 628-28-4 60.164 −5,621.7 −5.53 1.8629E-17 6 157.48 2.99E−02 512.74 3.377E+06
209 Methylbutyl sulfide C5H12S 628-29-5 96.344 −7,856.3 −11.058 7.3080E-06 2 175.3 4.61E−03 593 3.464E+06
210 3-Methyl-1-butyne C5H8 598-23-2 69.459 −5,250 −7.1125 7.9289E-17 6 183.45 4.36E+01 463.2 4.199E+06
211 Methyl butyrate C5H10O2 623-42-7 71.87 −6,885.7 −7.0944 1.4903E-17 6 187.35 1.34E−01 554.5 3.480E+06
212 Methylchlorosilane CH5ClSi 993-00-0 95.984 −5,401.7 −11.829 1.8092E-05 2 139.05 4.12E−01 442 4.170E+06
213 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 108-87-2 92.684 −7,080.8 −10.695 8.1366E-06 2 146.58 1.52E−04 572.1 3.486E+06
214 1-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 590-67-0 134.63 −10,682 −16.511 8.4427E-06 2 299.15 2.57E+02 686 3.994E+06
215 cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 7443-70-1 125.1 −10,288 −15.157 1.0918E-05 2 280.15 4.56E+01 614 3.808E+06
216 trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 7443-52-9 54.179 −7,477.2 −4.22 3.5225E-18 6 269.15 1.62E+01 617 3.767E+06
217 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 96-37-7 55.368 −5,149.8 −5.0136 3.2220E-06 2 130.73 2.25E−04 532.7 3.759E+06
218 1-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 693-89-0 52.732 −5,286.9 −4.4509 1.0883E-17 6 146.62 3.98E−03 542 4.130E+06
219 3-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 1120-62-3 52.601 −5,120.3 −4.4554 1.3288E-17 6 115 2.12E−06 526 4.129E+06
220 Methyldichlorosilane CH4Cl2Si 75-54-7 79.788 −5,420 −9.0702 1.1489E-05 2 182.55 2.58E+01 483 3.964E+06
221 Methylethyl ether C3H8O 540-67-0 78.586 −5,176.3 −8.7501 9.1727E-06 2 160 7.85E+00 437.8 4.433E+06
222 Methylethyl ketone C4H8O 78-93-3 72.698 −6,143.6 −7.5779 5.6476E-06 2 186.48 1.39E+00 535.5 4.120E+06
223 Methylethyl sulfide C3H8S 624-89-5 79.07 −6,114.1 −8.631 6.5333E-06 2 167.23 2.25E−01 533 4.261E+06
224 Methyl formate C2H4O2 107-31-3 77.184 −5,606.1 −8.392 7.8468E-06 2 174.15 6.88E+00 487.2 5.983E+06
225 Methylisobutyl ether C5H12O 625-44-5 57.984 −5,339.6 −5.2362 2.0767E-17 6 150 2.13E−02 497 3.416E+06
226 Methylisobutyl ketone C6H12O 108-10-1 80.503 −7,421.8 −8.379 1.8114E-17 6 189.15 6.99E−02 574.6 3.272E+06
227 Methyl Isocyanate C2H3NO 624-83-9 57.612 −5,197.9 −5.1269 2.1702E-17 6 256.15 7.28E+03 488 5.480E+06
228 Methylisopropyl ether C4H10O 598-53-8 53.867 −4,701 −4.7052 2.8791E-17 6 127.93 3.32E−03 464.48 3.764E+06
229 Methylisopropyl ketone C5H10O 563-80-4 45.242 −5,324.4 −3.2551 3.0363E-18 6 180.15 2.95E−01 553.4 3.792E+06
230 Methylisopropyl sulfide C4H10S 1551-21-9 52.82 −5,437.7 −4.442 9.5103E-18 6 171.64 1.80E−01 553.1 4.022E+06
231 Methyl mercaptan CH4S 74-93-1 54.15 −4,337.7 −4.8127 4.5000E-17 6 150.18 3.15E+00 469.95 7.231E+06
232 Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 80-62-6 107.36 −8,085.3 −12.72 8.3307E-06 2 224.95 1.91E+01 566 3.674E+06
233 2-Methyloctanoic acid C9H18O2 3004-93-1 105.7 −12,458 −11.234 4.4629E-18 6 240 4.19E−04 694 2.545E+06
234 2-Methylpentane C6H14 107-83-5 53.579 −5,041.2 −4.6404 1.9443E-17 6 119.55 2.07E−05 497.7 3.044E+06
235 Methyl pentyl ether C6H14O 628-80-8 61.907 −6,188.9 −5.706 1.1767E-17 6 176 6.33E−02 546.49 3.041E+06
236 2-Methylpropane C4H10 75-28-5 108.43 −5,039.9 −15.012 2.2725E-02 1 113.54 1.21E−02 407.8 3.630E+06
237 2-Methyl-2-propanol C4H10O 75-65-0 172.27 −11,589 −22.113 1.3703E-05 2 298.97 5.88E+03 506.2 3.957E+06
238 2-Methyl propene C4H8 115-11-7 78.01 −4,634.1 −8.9575 1.3413E-05 2 132.81 6.45E−01 417.9 4.004E+06
239 Methyl propionate C4H8O2 554-12-1 70.717 −6,439.7 −6.9845 2.0129E-17 6 185.65 6.34E−01 530.6 4.028E+06
240 Methylpropyl ether C4H10O 557-17-5 67.942 −5,419.1 −6.8067 4.7778E-17 6 133.97 2.90E−03 476.25 3.802E+06
241 Methylpropyl sulfide C4H10S 3877-15-4 83.711 −6,786.9 −9.2526 6.6666E-06 2 160.17 4.26E−03 565 3.972E+06
242 Methylsilane CH6Si 992-94-9 37.205 −2,590.3 −2.5993 6.0508E-06 2 116.34 1.43E+01 352.5 4.702E+06
 243 -Methyl styrene C9H10 98-83-9 56.485 −6,954.2 −4.7889 2.7753E-18 6 249.95 9.23E+00 654 3.341E+06
244 Methyl tert-butyl ether C5H12O 1634-04-4 57.1511 −5,201.7 −5.1429 1.6529E-17 6 164.55 4.93E−01 497.1 3.285E+06
245 Methyl vinyl ether C3H6O 107-25-5 51.085 −4,271 −4.307 3.0530E-17 6 151.15 3.37E+00 437 4.583E+06
246 Naphthalene C10H8 91-20-3 62.964 −8,137.5 −5.6317 2.2675E-18 6 353.43 9.91E+02 748.4 4.069E+06
247 Neon Ne 7440-01-9 29.755 −271.06 −2.6081 5.2700E-04 2 24.56 4.38E+04 44.4 2.665E+06
248 Nitroethane C2H5NO2 79-24-3 75.632 −7,202.3 −7.6464 1.8250E-17 6 183.63 3.18E-02 593 5.159E+06
249 Nitrogen N2 7727-37-9 58.282 −1,084.1 −8.3144 4.4127E-02 1 63.15 1.25E+04 126.2 3.391E+06
250 Nitrogen trifluoride F3N 7783-54-2 68.149 −2,257.9 −8.9118 2.3233E-02 1 66.46 1.86E−01 234 4.500E+06
251 Nitromethane CH3NO2 75-52-5 57.278 −6,089 −4.9821 1.2154E-17 6 244.6 1.47E+02 588.15 6.309E+06
252 Nitrous oxide N2O 10024-97-2 96.512 −4,045 −12.277 2.8860E-05 2 182.3 8.69E+04 309.57 7.278E+06
253 Nitric oxide NO 10102-43-9 72.974 −2,650 −8.261 9.7000E-15 6 109.5 2.20E+04 180.15 6.516E+06
254 Nonadecane C19H40 629-92-5 182.54 −17,897 −22.498 7.4008E-06 2 305.04 1.59E−02 758 1.208E+06
255 Nonanal C9H18O 124-19-6 337.71 −18,506 −50.224 4.7345E-02 1 255.15 3.42E−01 658 2.743E+06
256 Nonane C9H20 111-84-2 109.35 −9,030.4 −12.882 7.8544E-06 2 219.66 4.31E−01 594.6 2.305E+06
257 Nonanoic acid C9H18O2 112-05-0 137.6 −14,948 −15.618 5.5660E-18 6 285.55 4.71E−02 710.7 2.502E+06
258 1-Nonanol C9H20O 143-08-8 162.854 −15,205 −19.424 1.0722E-17 6 268.15 8.55E−02 670.9 2.522E+06
259 2-Nonanol C9H20O 628-99-9 146.46 −13,813 −17.158 8.6279E-40 14 238.15 4.32E−03 649.5 2.551E+06
260 1-Nonene C9H18 124-11-8 63.313 −7,040.4 −5.8055 7.5753E-18 6 191.91 2.04E−02 593.1 2.427E+06
261 Nonyl mercaptan C9H20S 1455-21-6 106.2 −10,982 −11.696 8.8955E-18 6 253.05 1.47E−01 681 2.330E+06
262 1-Nonyne C9H16 3452-09-3 114.77 −9,430.8 −13.631 8.1918E-06 2 223.15 4.50E−01 598.05 2.620E+06
263 Octadecane C18H38 593-45-3 157.68 −16,093 −18.954 5.9272E-06 2 301.31 3.39E−02 747 1.256E+06
264 Octanal C8H16O 124-13-0 83.601 −8,865.8 −8.5711 7.9446E-18 6 246 1.46E+00 638.9 2.951E+06
265 Octane C8H18 111-65-9 96.084 −7,900.2 −11.003 7.1802E-06 2 216.38 2.11E+00 568.7 2.467E+06
266 Octanoic acid C8H16O2 124-07-2 140.16 −14,813 −16.004 6.4239E-18 6 289.65 1.83E−01 694.26 2.761E+06
267 1-Octanol C8H18O 111-87-5 144.111 −13,667 −16.826 9.3666E-18 6 257.65 9.60E−02 652.3 2.782E+06
268 2-Octanol C8H18O 123-96-6 133.41 −12,630 −15.369 2.9939E-41 14 241.55 4.04E−02 629.8 2.754E+06
269 2-Octanone C8H16O 111-13-7 63.775 −7,711.3 −5.7359 3.0902E-18 6 252.85 4.68E+00 632.7 2.647E+06
270 3-Octanone C8H16O 106-68-3 72.382 −8,054.8 −7.0002 5.8276E-18 6 255.55 7.84E+00 627.7 2.705E+06
271 1-Octene C8H16 111-66-0 74.936 −7,155.9 −7.5843 1.7106E-17 6 171.45 2.98E−03 566.9 2.663E+06
272 Octyl mercaptan C8H18S 111-88-6 78.368 −8,855.4 −7.8202 5.6629E-18 6 223.95 3.05E−02 667.3 2.523E+06
273 1-Octyne C8H14 629-05-0 64.612 −6,802.5 −6.0261 1.1013E-17 6 193.55 1.04E−01 574 2.880E+06
274 Oxalic acid C2H2O4 144-62-7 122.04 −16,050 −12.986 2.0871E-18 6 462.65 2.15E+03 804 7.060E+06
275 Oxygen O2 7782-44-7 51.245 −1,200.2 −6.4361 2.8405E-02 1 54.36 1.48E+02 154.58 5.021E+06
276 Ozone O3 10028-15-6 40.067 −2,204.8 −2.9351 7.7520E-16 6 80.15 7.35E−01 261 5.566E+06
277 Pentadecane C15H32 629-62-9 135.57 −13,478 −16.022 5.6136E-06 2 283.07 1.29E−01 708 1.474E+06
278 Pentanal C5H10O 110-62-3 149.58 −8,890 −20.697 2.2101E-02 1 182 5.23E−02 566.1 3.969E+06
279 Pentane C5H12 109-66-0 78.741 −5,420.3 −8.8253 9.6171E-06 2 143.42 6.86E−02 469.7 3.364E+06
280 Pentanoic acid C5H10O2 109-52-4 101.7 −10,955 −10.829 7.1880E-18 6 239.15 3.28E−02 639.16 3.589E+06
281 1-Pentanol C5H12O 71-41-0 114.748 −10,643 −12.858 1.2491E-17 6 195.56 5.48E−04 588.1 3.896E+06
282 2-Pentanol C5H12O 6032-29-7 122.26 −10,774 −13.943 1.0700E-42 15 200 4.15E−03 561 3.709E+06
283 2-Pentanone C5H10O 107-87-9 84.635 −7,078.4 −9.3 6.2702E-06 2 196.29 7.52E−01 561.08 3.706E+06
284 3-Pentanone C5H10O 96-22-0 44.286 −5,415.1 −3.0913 1.8580E-18 6 234.18 7.34E+01 560.95 3.699E+06
285 1-Pentene C5H10 109-67-1 46.994 −4,289.5 −3.7345 2.5424E-17 6 108.02 3.70E−05 464.8 3.562E+06
286 2-Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 2084-19-7 58.985 −6,193.1 −5.2746 7.3986E-18 6 160.75 1.77E−03 584.3 3.537E+06
287 Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 110-66-7 67.309 −6,880.8 −6.4449 1.0148E-17 6 197.45 2.01E−01 598 3.474E+06
288 1-Pentyne C5H8 627-19-0 82.805 −5,683.8 −9.4301 1.0767E-05 2 167.45 2.40E+00 481.2 4.170E+06
289 2-Pentyne C5H8 627-21-4 137.29 −7,447.1 −19.01 2.1415E-02 1 163.83 2.05E−01 519 4.020E+06
290 Phenanthrene C14H10 85-01-8 72.958 −10,943 −6.7902 1.0850E-18 6 372.38 2.93E+01 869 2.902E+06
291 Phenol C6H6O 108-95-2 95.444 −10,113 −10.09 6.7603E-18 6 314.06 1.88E+02 694.25 6.059E+06
292 Phenyl isocyanate C7H5NO 103-71-9 86.779 −8,101.8 −9.5303 6.1367E-06 2 243.15 4.33E+00 653 4.063E+06
293 Phthalic anhydride C8H4O3 85-44-9 126.5 −12,551 −15.002 7.7521E-06 2 404.15 7.90E+02 791 4.734E+06
294 Propadiene C3H4 463-49-0 57.069 −3,682.7 −5.5662 6.5133E-06 2 136.87 1.83E+01 394 5.218E+06
295 Propane C3H8 74-98-6 59.078 −3,492.6 −6.0669 1.0919E-05 2 85.47 1.68E−04 369.83 4.214E+06
296 1-Propanol C3H8O 71-23-8 84.6642 −8,307.2 −8.5767 7.5091E-18 6 146.95 4.28E−07 536.8 5.170E+06
297 2-Propanol C3H8O 67-63-0 96.094 −8,575.4 −10.292 1.6665E-17 6 185.26 1.95E−02 508.3 4.783E+06
298 Propenylcyclohexene C9H14 13511-13-2 64.268 −7,298.9 −5.9109 4.8482E-18 6 199 2.48E−02 636 3.130E+06
299 Propionaldehyde C3H6O 123-38-6 80.581 −5,896.1 −8.9301 8.2236E-06 2 170 1.31E+00 504.4 4.919E+06
300 Propionic acid C3H6O2 79-09-4 54.552 −7,149.4 −4.2769 1.1843E-18 6 252.45 1.31E+01 600.81 4.608E+06
301 Propionitrile C3H5N 107-12-0 82.699 −6,703.5 −9.1506 7.5424E-06 2 180.26 1.69E−01 564.4 4.191E+06
302 Propyl acetate C5H10O2 109-60-4 115.16 −8,433.9 −13.934 1.0346E-05 2 178.15 1.71E−02 549.73 3.366E+06
303 Propyl amine C3H9N 107-10-8 58.398 −5,312.7 −5.2876 1.9913E-06 2 188.36 1.30E+01 496.95 4.738E+06
2-59

304 Propylbenzene C9H12 103-65-1 91.379 −8,276.8 −10.176 5.6240E-06 2 173.55 1.81E−04 638.35 3.202E+06
305 Propylene C3H6 115-07-1 43.905 −3,097.8 −3.4425 9.9989E-17 6 87.89 1.17E−03 364.85 4.599E+06
2-60

TABLE 2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids, ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa (Concluded)
No. Name Formula CAS no. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Tmin, K P at Tmin Tmax, K P at Tmax
306 Propyl formate C4H8O2 110-74-7 104.08 −7,535.9 −12.348 9.6020E−06 2 180.25 2.11E−01 538 4.031E+06
307 2-Propyl mercaptan C3H8S 75-33-2 60.43 −5,276.9 −5.6572 2.6039E−17 6 142.61 9.73E−03 517 4.752E+06
308 Propyl mercaptan C3H8S 107-03-9 62.165 −5,624 −5.8595 2.0597E−17 6 159.95 6.51E−02 536.6 4.627E+06
309 1,2-Propylene glycol C3H8O2 57-55-6 212.8 −15,420 −28.109 2.1564E−05 2 213.15 9.29E−05 626 6.041E+06
310 Quinone C6H4O2 106-51-4 48.651 −7,289.5 −3.4453 1.0068E−18 6 388.85 1.17E+04 683 5.925E+06
311 Silicon tetrafluoride F4Si 7783-61-1 272.85 −9,548.9 −40.089 6.3699E−15 6 186.35 2.21E+05 259 3.748E+06
312 Styrene C8H8 100-42-5 105.93 −8,685.9 −12.42 7.5583E−06 2 242.54 1.06E+01 636 3.823E+06
313 Succinic acid C4H6O4 110-15-6 128.65 −16,958 −13.872 2.1559E−18 6 460.65 8.85E+02 806 4.727E+06
314 Sulfur dioxide O2S 7446-09-5 47.365 −4,084.5 −3.6469 1.7990E−17 6 197.67 1.67E+03 430.75 7.860E+06
315 Sulfur hexafluoride F6S 2551-62-4 29.16 −2,383.6 −1.1342 223.15 2.30E+05 318.69 3.771E+06
316 Sulfur trioxide O3S 7446-11-9 180.99 −12,060 −22.839 7.2350E−17 6 289.95 2.09E+04 490.85 8.192E+06
317 Terephthalic acid C8H6O4 100-21-0 248.72 −32,238 −30.009 4.7950E−06 2 700.15 4.57E+03 1113 3.943E+06
318 o-Terphenyl C18H14 84-15-1 110.52 −14,045 −11.861 2.2121E−18 6 329.35 4.14E−01 857 2.974E+06
319 Tetradecane C14H30 629-59-4 140.47 −13,231 −16.859 6.5877E−06 2 279.01 2.53E−01 693 1.569E+06
320 Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O 109-99-9 54.898 −5,305.4 −4.7627 1.4291E−17 6 164.65 1.96E−01 540.15 5.203E+06
321 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene C10H12 119-64-2 137.23 −10,620 −17.908 1.4506E−02 1 237.38 1.33E−01 720 3.624E+06
322 Tetrahydrothiophene C4H8S 110-01-0 75.881 −6,910.6 −7.9499 4.4315E−06 2 176.99 1.54E−02 631.95 5.117E+06
323 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane C8H18 594-82-1 57.963 −5,901.5 −5.2048 9.1301E−18 6 373.96 8.69E+04 568 2.871E+06
324 Thiophene C4H4S 110-02-1 93.193 −7,001.5 −10.738 8.2308E−06 2 234.94 1.86E+02 579.35 5.702E+06
325 Toluene C7H8 108-88-3 76.945 −6,729.8 −8.179 5.3017E−06 2 178.18 4.75E−02 591.75 4.080E+06
326 1,1,2-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 79-00-5 54.153 −6,041.8 −4.5383 4.9833E−18 6 236.5 4.47E+01 602 4.447E+06
327 Tridecane C13H28 629-50-5 137.45 −12,549 −16.543 7.1275E−06 2 267.76 2.51E−01 675 1.679E+06
328 Triethyl amine C6H15N 121-44-8 56.55 −5,681.9 −4.9815 1.2363E−17 6 158.45 1.06E−02 535.15 3.037E+06
329 Trimethyl amine C3H9N 75-50-3 134.68 −6,055.8 −19.415 2.8619E−02 1 156.08 9.92E+00 433.25 4.102E+06
330 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 526-73-8 78.341 −8,019.8 −8.1458 3.8971E−06 2 247.79 3.71E+00 664.5 3.447E+06
331 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 95-63-6 85.301 −8,215.9 −9.2166 4.7979E−06 2 229.33 6.93E−01 649.1 3.212E+06
332 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane C8H18 540-84-1 84.912 −6,722.2 −9.5157 7.2244E−06 2 165.78 1.71E−02 543.8 2.550E+06
333 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane C8H18 560-21-4 83.105 −6,903.7 −9.1858 6.4703E−06 2 172.22 1.68E−02 573.5 2.812E+06
334 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene C6H3N3O6 99-35-4 506.33 −37,483 −69.22 2.7381E−05 2 398.4 8.50E+00 846 3.410E+06
335 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene C7H5N3O6 118-96-7 302 −24,324 −40.13 1.7403E−05 2 354 9.36E−01 828 3.019E+06
336 Undecane C11H24 1120-21-4 131 −11,143 −15.855 8.1871E−06 2 247.57 4.08E−01 639 1.949E+06
337 1-Undecanol C11H24O 112-42-5 182.571 −17,112 −22.125 1.12835E−17 6 288.45 1.26E−01 703.9 2.120E+06
338 Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 108-05-4 57.406 −5,702.8 −5.0307 1.1042E−17 6 180.35 7.06E−01 519.13 3.930E+06
339 Vinyl acetylene C4H4 689-97-4 55.682 −4,439.3 −5.0136 1.9650E−17 6 173.15 6.69E+01 454 4.887E+06
340 Vinyl chloride C2H3Cl 75-01-4 91.432 −5,141.7 −10.981 1.4318E−05 2 119.36 1.92E−02 432 5.750E+06
341 Vinyl trichlorosilane C2H3Cl3Si 75-94-5 54.571 −5,561.5 −4.712 1.0702E−17 6 178.35 3.54E−01 543.15 3.058E+06
342 Water H2O 7732-18-5 73.649 −7,258.2 −7.3037 4.1653E−06 2 273.16 6.11E+02 647.096 2.193E+07
343 m-Xylene C8H10 108-38-3 85.099 −7,615.9 −9.3072 5.5643E−06 2 225.3 3.18E+00 617 3.528E+06
344 o-Xylene C8H10 95-47-6 90.405 −7,955.2 −10.086 5.9594E−06 2 247.98 2.18E+01 630.3 3.741E+06
345 p-Xylene C8H10 106-42-3 88.72 −7,741.2 −9.8693 6.0770E−06 2 286.41 5.76E+02 616.2 3.501E+06
Vapor pressure Ps is calculated by
Ps = exp(C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4T C5)
where Ps is in Pa and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7.
Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of
AIChE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Danner,
DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007).
The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calcula-
tions from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
2-176
TABLE 2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol
K)]
Cmpd. C1 C2 C3 C4 Cp at Tmin Cp at Tmax
no. Name Formula CAS no. Mol. wt. × 1E-05 × 1E-05 × 1E-03 × 1E-05 C5 Tmin, K × 1E-05 Tmax, K × 1E-05
1 Acetaldehyde C2H4O 75-07-0 44.053 0.4451 1.0687 1.6141 0.6135 737.8 200 0.4660 1500 1.2994
2 Acetamide C2H5NO 60-35-5 59.067 0.342 1.294 1.075 0.64 502 100 0.3448 1500 1.4997
3 Acetic acid C2H4O2 64-19-7 60.052 0.402 1.3675 1.262 0.7003 569.7 50 0.4020 1500 1.5756
4 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 108-24-7 102.089 0.713 2.222 1.6203 1.676 746.5 200 0.7665 1500 2.5675
5 Acetone C3H6O 67-64-1 58.079 0.5704 1.632 1.607 0.968 731.5 200 0.6049 1500 1.8820
6 Acetonitrile C2H3N 75-05-8 41.052 0.41914 0.8876 1.5818 0.5032 699.8 100 0.4192 1500 1.1285
7 Acetylene C2H2 74-86-2 26.037 0.3199 0.5424 1.594 0.4325 607.1 200 0.3566 1500 0.7575
8 Acrolein C3H4O 107-02-8 56.063 0.48449 1.2546 1.3979 0.87243 633.26 200 0.5467 1500 1.5620
9 Acrylic acid C3H4O2 79-10-7 72.063 0.6059 1.3703 1.6475 1.0446 751.49 250 0.6984 1500 1.7424
10 Acrylonitrile C3H3N 107-13-1 53.063 0.4678 1.0366 1.3998 0.6536 629.35 200 0.5156 1500 1.3464
11 Air Mixture 132259-10-0 28.960 0.28958 0.0939 3.012 0.0758 1484 50 0.2896 1500 0.3496
12 Ammonia H3N 7664-41-7 17.031 0.33427 0.4898 2.036 0.2256 882 100 0.3343 1500 0.6647
13 Anisole C7H8O 100-66-3 108.138 0.7637 2.9377 1.6051 2.17 751.2 300 1.1302 1200 3.0226
15 Benzamide C7H7NO 55-21-0 121.137 1.9581 1.7019 1.3257 −37.417 41.232 298.15 1.2745 1500 3.2501
16 Benzene C6H6 71-43-2 78.112 0.44767 2.3085 1.4792 1.6836 677.66 200 0.5358 1500 2.4157
17 Benzenethiol C6H6S 108-98-5 110.177 0.6895 2.3275 1.512 1.7516 697.9 200 0.7689 1500 2.6739
18 Benzoic acid C7H6O2 65-85-0 122.121 0.77594 2.6455 1.7925 2.2382 835.9 200 0.8126 1500 2.9712
19 Benzonitrile C7H5N 100-47-0 103.121 0.7186 2.27 1.4669 1.693 680.77 200 0.8053 1500 2.6706
20 Benzophenone C13H10O 119-61-9 182.218 1.0099 4.4898 1.311 2.8395 627.4 300 1.8001 1500 4.9311
21 Benzyl alcohol C9H8O 100-51-6 108.138 0.84115 3.1428 1.9539 2.5743 850.06 298.15 1.1198 1500 3.2880
22 Benzyl ethyl ether C9H12O 539-30-0 136.191 0.9521 2.8868 0.70207 1.6385 2002.6 300 1.5501 1500 4.3445
23 Benzyl mercaptan C7H8S 100-53-8 124.203 0.99192 2.9633 1.5583 2.2116 719.16 300 1.4156 1200 3.2957
24 Biphenyl C12H10 92-52-4 154.208 1.0759 4.2105 1.9041 4.1785 828.81 200 1.1481 1500 4.5557
25 Bromine Br2 7726-95-6 159.808 0.30113 0.08009 0.7514 0.1078 314.6 100 0.3090 1500 0.3794
26 Bromobenzene C6H5Br 108-86-1 157.008 0.721 2.064 1.6504 1.687 765.3 200 0.7679 1500 2.4628
27 Bromoethane C2H5Br 74-96-4 108.965 0.47191 1.2787 1.5957 0.85166 703.87 200 0.5089 1500 1.5121
28 Bromomethane CH3Br 74-83-9 94.939 0.3377 0.715 1.578 0.4175 691.4 100 0.3378 1500 0.9107
29 1,2-Butadiene C4H6 590-19-2 54.090 0.575 1.6476 1.527 0.99 677.3 200 0.6269 1500 1.9202
30 1,3-Butadiene C4H6 106-99-0 54.090 0.5095 1.705 1.5324 1.337 685.6 200 0.5756 1500 1.9555
31 Butane C4H10 106-97-8 58.122 0.7134 2.43 1.63 1.5033 730.42 200 0.7673 1500 2.6602
32 1,2-Butanediol C4H10O2 584-03-2 90.121 1.0478 2.549 1.8776 1.875 833 298.15 1.2667 1500.1 3.0289
33 1,3-Butanediol C4H10O2 107-88-0 90.121 1.066 2.575 1.967 1.951 860.5 298.15 1.2679 1500.15 3.0311
34 1-Butanol C4H10O 71-36-3 74.122 0.7454 2.5907 1.6073 1.732 712.4 200 0.8162 1500 2.8509
35 2-Butanol C4H10O 78-92-2 74.122 0.90878 2.5508 1.893 1.852 832.13 298.15 1.1257 1500 2.8730
36 1-Butene C4H8 106-98-9 56.106 0.64257 2.0618 1.6768 1.3324 757.06 250 0.7571 1500 2.2898
37 cis-2-Butene C4H8 590-18-1 56.106 0.5765 2.115 1.6299 1.2872 739.1 200 0.6199 1500 2.2715
38 trans-2-Butene C4H8 624-64-6 56.106 0.6592 2.07 1.6733 1.251 742.2 200 0.7004 1500 2.2904
39 Butyl acetate C6H12O2 123-86-4 116.158 1.1684 3.769 1.956 2.818 811.2 300 1.5358 1200 3.6724
40 Butylbenzene C10H14 104-51-8 134.218 1.138 4.454 1.5507 3.0497 708.86 200 1.2659 1500 4.8435
41 Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 109-79-5 90.187 0.92478 2.7795 1.6837 1.5974 758.68 200 0.9714 1500 3.1008
42 sec-Butyl mercaptan C4H10S 513-53-1 90.187 0.92367 2.5166 1.6109 1.5641 739.2 200 0.9763 1500 2.9615
43 1-Butyne C4H6 107-00-6 54.090 0.5587 1.6694 1.5328 1.07 656 200 0.6238 1500 1.9209
44 Butyraldehyde C4H8O 123-72-8 72.106 0.89657 2.3731 1.9754 1.5866 904.13 200 0.9119 1500 2.6775
45 Butyric acid C4H8O2 107-92-6 88.105 1.488 1.3522 1.146 −678 6.98 298.15 1.1533 1500 2.5905
46 Butyronitrile C4H7N 109-74-0 69.105 0.6906 1.9996 1.5494 1.3146 675 200 0.7607 1500 2.3273
47 Carbon dioxide CO2 124-38-9 44.010 0.2937 0.3454 1.428 0.264 588 50 0.2937 5000 0.6335
48 Carbon disulfide CS2 75-15-0 76.141 0.301 0.3338 0.896 0.2893 374.7 100 0.3100 1500 0.6148
49 Carbon monoxide CO 630-08-0 28.010 0.29108 0.08773 3.0851 0.084553 1538.2 60 0.2911 1500 0.3521
50 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 56-23-5 153.823 0.37582 0.7054 0.5121 0.485 236.1 100 0.4730 1500 1.0662
51 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 75-73-0 88.004 0.92004 0.16446 1.0764 −5083.8 2.3486 298 0.6106 1500 1.0465
52 Chlorine Cl2 7782-50-5 70.906 0.29142 0.09176 0.949 0.1003 425 50 0.2914 1500 0.3793
53 Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 108-90-7 112.557 0.8011 2.31 2.157 2.046 897.6 200 0.8219 1500 2.5327
54 Chloroethane C2H5Cl 75-00-3 64.514 0.4568 1.2967 1.5992 0.859 708.8 100 0.4569 1500 1.5112
55 Chloroform CHCl3 67-66-3 119.378 0.3942 0.6573 0.928 0.493 399.6 100 0.4048 1500 1.0063
56 Chloromethane CH3Cl 74-87-3 50.488 0.3409 0.7246 1.723 0.448 780.5 150 0.3424 1500 0.9097
57 1-Chloropropane C3H7Cl 540-54-5 78.541 0.621 1.843 1.629 1.2337 724 200 0.6674 1500 2.1126
58 2-Chloropropane C3H7Cl 75-29-6 78.541 0.61809 1.8023 1.5438 1.1893 685.93 200 0.6768 1500 2.1023
59 m-Cresol C7H8O 108-39-4 108.138 0.7515 2.09 0.6666 1.212 2214 200 0.8701 1500 3.2075
60 o-Cresol C7H8O 95-48-7 108.138 0.7988 2.853 1.4765 2.042 664.7 200 0.9158 1500 3.2163
 61 p-Cresol C7H8O 106-44-5 108.138 0.7384 2.908 1.4559 2.091 650.42 200 0.8707 1500 3.2102
62 Cumene C9H12 98-82-8 120.192 1.081 3.7932 1.7505 3.0027 794.8 200 1.1480 1500 4.1808
63 Cyanogen C2N2 460-19-5 52.035 0.3545 0.5015 1.057 0.452 396 100 0.3648 1500 0.8100
64 Cyclobutane C4H8 287-23-0 56.106 0.44004 2.3074 1.6283 1.5571 744.9 200 0.4903 1500 2.3234
65 Cyclohexane C6H12 110-82-7 84.159 0.432 3.735 1.192 1.635 530.1 100 0.4366 1500 3.6516
66 Cyclohexanol C6H12O 108-93-0 100.159 0.9043 2.5771 0.7882 1.3068 1952.2 200 0.9648 1500 3.8251
67 Cyclohexanone C6H10O 108-94-1 98.143 0.67384 3.2598 1.3955 2.0209 677.33 200 0.7802 1500 3.4743
68 Cyclohexene C6H10 110-83-8 82.144 0.58171 3.1717 1.5435 2.1273 701.62 150 0.5978 1500 3.2132
69 Cyclopentane C5H10 287-92-3 70.133 0.416 3.014 1.4617 1.8095 668.8 100 0.4165 1500 2.9298
70 Cyclopentene C5H8 142-29-0 68.117 0.48074 2.5159 1.5803 1.7454 718.37 150 0.4918 1500 2.5619
71 Cyclopropane C3H6 75-19-4 42.080 0.338 1.6894 1.6135 1.1768 722.8 100 0.3381 1500 1.7213
72 Cyclohexyl mercaptan C6H12S 1569-69-3 116.224 0.54305 3.9962 1.3575 2.5623 618.54 300 1.2644 1200 3.7236
73 Decanal C10H20O 112-31-2 156.265 1.9641 5.1412 1.8989 4.1278 862.51 200 2.0192 1500 6.0539
74 Decane C10H22 124-18-5 142.282 1.672 5.353 1.6141 3.782 742 200 1.7967 1500 6.0932
75 Decanoic acid C10H20O2 334-48-5 172.265 0.24457 6.546 1.0899 4.8642 424 298.15 2.5232 1500 6.1099
76 1-Decanol C10H22O 112-30-1 158.281 1.6984 5.392 1.568 3.938 720.5 200 1.8502 1500 6.2186
77 1-Decene C10H20 872-05-9 140.266 1.7101 5.2089 1.7265 3.5935 782.92 298.15 2.2304 1500 5.8745
78 Decyl mercaptan C10H22S 143-10-2 174.347 1.931 5.4815 1.6085 3.74 754.75 200 2.0434 1500 6.4613
79 1-Decyne C10H18 764-93-2 138.250 1.5045 4.3794 1.3291 2.5557 632.01 298 2.1938 1500 5.2794
80 Deuterium D2 7782-39-0 4.032 0.3029 0.0975 2.515 −0.0275 368 100 0.3020 1500 0.3425
81 1,1-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2 557-91-5 187.861 0.5927 1.158 1.4931 0.8428 655.5 200 0.6442 1500 1.5673
82 1,2-Dibromoethane C2H4Br2 106-93-4 187.861 0.74906 1.2725 1.981 0.9437 845.2 200 0.7635 1500 1.7041
83 Dibromomethane CH2Br2 74-95-3 173.835 0.391 0.648 1.194 0.42 501 100 0.3929 1500 0.9599
84 Dibutyl ether C8H18O 142-96-1 130.228 1.6122 4.4777 1.6831 2.918 781.6 200 1.6841 1500 5.2145
85 m-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 541-73-1 147.002 0.7 2.0746 1.3664 1.5983 620.16 200 0.8245 1500 2.5161
86 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 95-50-1 147.002 0.6948 2.0804 1.3632 1.594 619.2 200 0.8198 1500 2.5161
87 p-Dichlorobenzene C2H4Cl2 106-46-7 147.002 0.6978 2.078 1.3635 1.5965 619.37 200 0.8228 1500 2.5175
88 1,1-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 75-34-3 98.959 0.5521 1.205 1.502 0.8719 653.5 200 0.6061 1500 1.5615
89 1,2-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 107-06-2 98.959 0.65271 1.1254 1.7376 0.878 795.45 200 0.6722 1500 1.5743
90 Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 75-09-2 84.933 0.3628 0.6804 1.256 0.4275 548 100 0.3637 1500 0.9543
91 1,1-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 78-99-9 112.986 0.7145 1.7344 1.524 1.223 674.2 150 0.7268 1500 2.1609
92 1,2-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 78-87-5 112.986 0.78658 1.7429 1.7157 1.2627 765.1 200 0.8217 1500 2.1894
93 Diethanol amine C4H11NO2 111-42-2 105.136 1.208 3.066 2.089 2.343 891 298.15 1.4197 1500.1 3.4674
94 Diethyl amine C4H11N 109-89-7 73.137 0.9102 2.674 1.719 1.7926 794.94 200 0.9502 1500 3.0519
95 Diethyl ether C4H10O 60-29-7 74.122 0.8621 2.551 1.5413 1.437 688.9 200 0.9316 1500 2.9244
96 Diethyl sulfide C4H10S 352-93-2 90.187 0.91273 2.41 1.6686 1.652 771.08 200 0.9567 1500 2.8724
97 1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 75-37-6 66.050 0.49653 1.2546 1.5394 0.87561 694.17 200 0.5373 1500 1.5424
98 1,2-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 624-72-6 66.050 0.51889 1.2431 1.5048 0.76269 697.51 200 0.5536 1500 1.5510
99 Difluoromethane CH2F2 75-10-5 52.023 0.35489 0.71002 1.5936 0.4622 762 200 0.3681 1500 0.9419
100 Di-isopropyl amine C6H15N 108-18-9 101.190 1.1384 2.5747 0.7384 1.62 2143 300 1.5995 1500 4.1941
101 Di-isopropyl ether C6H14O 108-20-3 102.175 1.093 3.683 1.6057 2.342 699 298.15 1.5669 1500 4.0535
102 Di-isopropyl ketone C7H14O 565-80-0 114.185 1.0869 4.054 1.7802 2.9786 791.6 300 1.5102 1500 4.3093
103 1,1-Dimethoxyethane C4H10O2 534-15-6 90.121 1.1556 1.8305 0.95919 0.99605 2826.3 298.15 1.2777 1500 3.0678
104 1,2-Dimethoxypropane C5H12O2 7778-85-0 104.148 1.0113 3.2393 1.5611 2.1501 689.3 298.15 1.4638 1500 3.6669
105 Dimethyl acetylene C4H6 503-17-3 54.090 0.6534 1.6179 1.7837 1.0242 821.4 200 0.6721 1500 1.9148
106 Dimethyl amine C2H7N 124-40-3 45.084 0.5565 1.6384 1.7341 1.0899 793.04 200 0.5812 1500 1.8585
107 2,3-Dimethylbutane C6H14 79-29-8 86.175 0.7772 4.032 1.544 2.508 649.95 200 0.9363 1500 4.0353
108 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 590-66-9 112.213 1.0776 4.6718 1.654 3.3397 792.5 200 1.1535 1500 4.9543
109 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 2207-01-4 112.213 1.1039 4.6445 1.6943 3.3949 798.35 200 1.1777 1500 4.9243
110 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 6876-23-9 112.213 1.0991 4.6401 1.6679 3.3736 781.97 200 1.1820 1500 4.9275
111 Dimethyl disulfide C2H6S2 624-92-0 94.199 0.7843 1.4364 1.5836 0.871 730.65 200 0.8155 1500 1.9523
112 Dimethyl ether C2H6O 115-10-6 46.068 0.5148 1.442 1.6034 0.7747 725.4 200 0.5436 1500 1.6581
113 N,N-Dimethyl formamide C3H7NO 68-12-2 73.094 0.722 1.783 1.532 1.31 762 200 0.7594 1500 2.2596
114 2,3-Dimethylpentane C7H16 565-59-3 100.202 0.85438 4.5772 1.5181 2.974 641.01 200 1.0550 1500 4.5983
115 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 131-11-3 194.184 1.396 4.78 2.19 3.9705 900.6 300 1.7481 1200 4.4740
116 Dimethylsilane C2H8Si 1111-74-6 60.170 0.61453 1.7438 1.3418 1.0102 592.09 200 0.7095 1500 2.0944
117 Dimethyl sulfide C2H6S 75-18-3 62.134 0.6037 1.3747 1.641 0.7988 743.5 200 0.6298 1500 1.6949
118 Dimethyl sulfoxide C2H6OS 67-68-5 78.133 0.6949 1.524 1.6514 1.0658 722.2 200 0.7355 1500 1.9255
119 Dimethyl terephthalate C10H10O4 120-61-6 194.184 1.174 5.32 2.105 4.1 818 298.15 1.6816 1000.15 4.1139
120 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 123-91-1 88.105 0.56184 2.7034 1.5171 1.7658 700.76 200 0.6403 1500 2.8174
121 Diphenyl ether C12H10O 101-84-8 170.207 1.0985 4.3412 1.6222 3.6455 743.62 300 1.7298 1200 4.5143
2-177

122 Dipropyl amine C6H15N 142-84-7 101.190 1.2114 2.6127 0.78956 1.6903 2394.4 300 1.5900 1500 4.2484
123 Dodecane C12H26 112-40-3 170.335 2.1295 6.633 1.7155 4.5161 777.5 200 2.2442 1500 7.4325
2-178
TABLE 2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol
K)] (Continued )
Cmpd. C1 C2 C3 C4 Tmin, Cp at Tmin Tmax, Cp at Tmax
no. Name Formula CAS no. Mol. wt. × 1E-05 × 1E-05 × 1E-03 × 1E-05 C5 K × 1E-05 K × 1E-05
124 Eicosane C20H42 112-95-8 282.547 3.2481 11.09 1.636 7.45 726.27 200 3.5235 1500 12.2110
125 Ethane C2H6 74-84-0 30.069 0.40326 1.3422 1.6555 0.73223 752.87 200 0.4256 1500 1.4562
126 Ethanol C2H6O 64-17-5 46.068 0.492 1.4577 1.6628 0.939 744.7 200 0.5224 1500 1.6576
127 Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 141-78-6 88.105 0.9981 2.0931 2.0226 1.803 928.05 200 1.0126 1500 2.6594
128 Ethyl amine C2H7N 75-04-7 45.084 0.594 1.618 1.812 1.078 820 200 0.6139 1500 1.8528
129 Ethylbenzene C8H10 100-41-4 106.165 0.7844 3.399 1.559 2.426 702 200 0.8912 1500 3.6147
130 Ethyl benzoate C9H10O2 93-89-0 150.175 1.0944 4.1794 0.88375 −1.609 1183.1 300 1.4598 1500 4.2540
131 2-Ethyl butanoic acid C6H12O2 88-09-5 116.158 1.0455 2.3148 0.71 1.471 2061.6 300 1.5102 1200.15 3.6330
132 Ethyl butyrate C6H12O2 105-54-4 116.158 1.115 3.391 1.6705 2.518 733.6 298 1.5583 1200 3.6213
133 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 1678-91-7 112.213 1.1059 4.6306 1.6628 3.299 781.1 200 1.1875 1500 4.9184
134 Ethylcyclopentane C7H14 1640-89-7 98.186 0.82052 4.0342 1.567 2.6697 715.52 200 0.9272 1500 4.1472
135 Ethylene C2H4 74-85-1 28.053 0.3338 0.9479 1.596 0.551 740.8 60 0.3338 1500 1.0987
136 Ethylenediamine C2H8N2 107-15-3 60.098 0.7286 1.8436 1.688 1.199 767.3 300 0.9178 1500 2.2016
137 Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 107-21-1 62.068 0.63012 1.4584 1.673 0.97296 773.65 300 0.7800 1500 1.8095
138 Ethyleneimine C2H5N 151-56-4 43.068 0.343 1.427 1.638 1.037 744.7 150 0.3480 1500 1.5178
139 Ethylene oxide C2H4O 75-21-8 44.053 0.3346 1.2116 1.6084 0.8241 737.3 50 0.3346 1500 1.3297
140 Ethyl formate C3H6O2 109-94-4 74.079 0.537 1.886 1.207 0.864 496 100 0.5412 1500 2.1485
141 2-Ethyl hexanoic acid C8H16O2 149-57-5 144.211 1.5777 4.4017 1.7494 3.2378 792.34 298.15 2.0279 1500 5.1201
142 Ethylhexyl ether C8H18O 5756-43-4 130.228 1.634 4.5119 1.7532 3.1032 809.75 298.15 2.0360 1200 4.8744
143 Ethylisopropyl ether C5H12O 625-54-7 88.148 1.0953 3.0032 1.7988 2.1311 817.35 298.15 1.3620 1200 3.2289
144 Ethylisopropyl ketone C6H12O 565-69-5 100.159 1.24 3.2 1.967 2.346 896 298.15 1.4479 1200 3.4234
145 Ethyl mercaptan C2H6S 75-08-1 62.134 0.5576 1.3617 1.5221 0.8073 687.5 200 0.5970 1500 1.6729
146 Ethyl propionate C5H10O2 105-37-3 102.132 0.937 2.829 1.648 2.155 724.7 300 1.3377 1200 3.0569
147 Ethylpropyl ether C5H12O 628-32-0 88.148 1.132 2.94 1.827 2.055 852 298.15 1.3538 1500 3.4535
148 Ethyltrichlorosilane C2H5Cl3Si 115-21-9 163.506 0.85105 1.0378 0.59737 0.94745 2122.7 167 0.8926 1500 2.2349
149 Fluorine F2 7782-41-4 37.997 0.29122 0.10132 1.453 0.094101 662.91 50 0.2912 1500 0.3812
150 Fluorobenzene C6H5F 462-06-6 96.102 0.62653 2.1646 1.564 1.7278 724.29 200 0.6914 1500 2.4736
151 Fluoroethane C2H5F 353-36-6 48.060 0.44373 1.3119 1.6422 0.85441 738.77 200 0.4726 1500 1.5008
152 Fluoromethane CH3F 593-53-3 34.033 0.33289 0.73989 1.8639 0.46079 891.16 50 0.3329 1500 0.9024
153 Formaldehyde CH2O 50-00-0 30.026 0.3327 0.49542 1.8666 0.28075 934.9 50 0.3327 1500 0.7113
154 Formamide CH3NO 75-12-7 45.041 0.3822 0.93 1.845 0.69 850 150 0.3833 1500 1.1203
155 Formic acid CH2O2 64-18-6 46.026 0.3381 0.7593 1.1925 0.318 550 50 0.3381 1500 0.9933
156 Furan C4H4O 110-00-9 68.074 0.3727 1.6606 1.5112 1.3145 686 200 0.4376 1500 1.7940
158 Heptadecane C17H36 629-78-7 240.468 2.7878 9.5247 1.6935 6.6651 744.57 200 3.0034 1500 10.4160
159 Heptanal C7H14O 111-71-7 114.185 1.404 2.5907 0.8315 1.312 2201 200 1.4479 1500 4.2863
160 Heptane C7H16 142-82-5 100.202 1.2015 4.001 1.6766 2.74 756.4 200 1.2828 1500 4.4283
161 Heptanoic acid C7H14O2 111-14-8 130.185 1.3135 2.3317 0.67567 1.824 1846 300 1.8497 1500 4.2941
162 1-Heptanol C7H16O 111-70-6 116.201 1.2215 3.991 1.58 2.835 717.7 200 1.3330 1500 4.5346
163 2-Heptanol C7H16O 543-49-7 116.201 1.4569 2.8252 0.81695 1.766 2537.2 298.15 1.8136 1500 4.6604
164 3-Heptanone C7H14O 106-35-4 114.185 1.2768 3.381 1.3831 1.888 650.3 200 1.3968 1500 4.1386
165 2-Heptanone C7H14O 110-43-0 114.185 1.2507 2.148 0.6912 1.619 1759.3 150 1.2688 1200 3.8446
166 1-Heptene C7H14 592-76-7 98.186 1.1851 3.6362 1.7359 2.5048 785.73 298.15 1.5434 1500 4.0836
167 Heptyl mercaptan C7H16S 1639-09-4 132.267 1.442 4.1603 1.6603 2.6572 759.39 200 1.5191 1500 4.7831
168 1-Heptyne C7H12 628-71-7 96.170 1.0712 3.0258 1.5273 2.0975 689.62 200 1.1721 1500 3.5985
169 Hexadecane C16H34 544-76-3 226.441 2.6283 8.9733 1.6912 6.264 744.41 200 2.8312 1500 9.8182
170 Hexanal C6H12O 66-25-1 100.159 1.232 2.2146 0.84 1.219 2205 200 1.2672 1500 3.7314
171 Hexane C6H14 110-54-3 86.175 1.044 3.523 1.6946 2.369 761.6 200 1.1117 1500 3.8620
172 Hexanoic acid C6H12O2 142-62-1 116.158 1.1622 2.0708 0.68661 1.5355 1932.5 298.15 1.6107 1500 3.7636
173 1-Hexanol C6H14O 111-27-3 102.175 1.0625 3.521 1.5835 2.462 715.75 200 1.1607 1500 3.9726
174 2-Hexanol C6H14O 626-93-7 102.175 1.2615 3.5964 1.8445 2.594 819.17 298.15 1.5829 1500 4.0672
175 2-Hexanone C6H12O 591-78-6 100.159 1.094 1.807 0.689 1.474 1772 200 1.1815 1200 3.3207
176 3-Hexanone C6H12O 589-38-8 100.159 1.1237 2.936 1.401 1.601 650.5 150 1.1443 1500 3.5874
177 1-Hexene C6H12 592-41-6 84.159 1.0434 3.0749 1.7459 2.0728 793.53 298 1.3301 1500 3.4819
178 3-Hexyne C6H10 928-49-4 82.144 0.9376 3.015 1.9057 1.986 817 300 1.1909 1500 3.1889
179 Hexyl mercaptan C6H14S 111-31-9 118.240 1.2662 3.7294 1.6574 2.308 757.8 200 1.3340 1500 4.2483
180 1-Hexyne C6H10 693-02-7 82.144 0.9129 2.5577 1.529 1.737 683 200 1.0004 1500 3.0371
181 2-Hexyne C6H10 764-35-2 82.144 1.036 3.009 2.116 2.106 902.4 300 1.2215 1500 3.1894
182 Hydrazine H4N2 302-01-2 32.045 0.38711 0.8576 1.7228 0.56635 733.53 200 0.4070 1500 1.0571
183 Hydrogen H2 1333-74-0 2.016 0.27617 0.0956 2.466 0.0376 567.6 250 0.2843 1500 0.3225
 184 Hydrogen bromide HBr 10035-10-6 80.912 0.2912 0.0953 2.142 0.0157 1400 50 0.2912 1500 0.3479
185 Hydrogen chloride HCl 7647-01-0 36.461 0.29157 0.09048 2.0938 −0.00107 120 50 0.2914 1500 0.3406
186 Hydrogen cyanide CHN 74-90-8 27.025 0.30125 0.3171 1.6102 0.2179 626 100 0.3014 1500 0.5522
187 Hydrogen fluoride HF 7664-39-3 20.006 0.29134 0.093252 2.905 1.95E−03 1.33E+03 50 0.2913 1500 0.3224
188 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 7783-06-4 34.081 0.33288 0.26086 0.9134 −0.17979 949.4 100 0.3329 1500 0.5143
189 Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 79-31-2 88.105 0.74694 2.4356 1.715 1.8484 757.75 298.15 1.0427 1200 2.5383
190 Isopropyl amine C3H9N 75-31-0 59.110 0.68545 2.1876 1.5831 1.3855 691.76 200 0.7510 1500 2.4540
191 Malonic acid C3H4O4 141-82-2 104.061 0.49522 1.8718 1.2958 1.4852 569.96 300 0.9790 1200 2.0517
192 Methacrylic acid C4H6O2 79-41-4 86.089 0.7251 2.089 1.8516 1.6483 798.43 298.15 0.9475 1200.1 2.2057
193 Methane CH4 74-82-8 16.042 0.33298 0.79933 2.0869 0.41602 991.96 50 0.3330 1500 0.8890
194 Methanol CH4O 67-56-1 32.042 0.39252 0.879 1.9165 0.53654 896.7 200 0.3980 1500 1.0533
195 N-Methyl acetamide C3H7NO 79-16-3 73.094 0.6116 2.029 1.7683 1.3302 835.5 300 0.7698 1500 2.2209
196 Methyl acetate C3H6O2 79-20-9 74.079 0.555 1.782 1.26 0.853 562 298 0.8489 1500 2.0754
197 Methyl acetylene C3H4 74-99-7 40.064 0.4478 1.0917 1.5508 0.675 658.2 200 0.4882 1500 1.3293
198 Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 96-33-3 86.089 0.1206 2.3766 1.0543 1.8186 418.8 298.15 0.9908 1200.1 2.1663
199 Methyl amine CH5N 74-89-5 31.057 0.41 1.0578 1.708 0.6836 735 150 0.4136 1500 1.2388
200 Methyl benzoate C8H8O2 93-58-3 136.148 0.9396 2.559 0.825 1.36 3000 300 1.2586 1200 3.3569
201 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene C5H8 598-25-4 68.117 0.671 2.222 1.421 1.194 614.7 150 0.6931 1500 2.5028
202 2-Methylbutane C5H12 78-78-4 72.149 0.746 3.265 1.545 1.923 666.7 200 0.8546 1500 3.3792
203 2-Methylbutanoic acid C5H10O2 116-53-0 102.132 1.8458 1.743 1.22 −56.11 31.2 300 1.2793 1500 3.2262
204 3-Methyl-1-butanol C5H12O 123-51-3 88.148 0.92165 3.3371 1.8365 2.4645 757.99 298.15 1.3135 1500 3.4856
205 2-Methyl-1-butene C5H10 563-46-2 70.133 0.87026 2.5556 1.7757 1.7636 807.82 200 0.9060 1500 2.8923
206 2-Methyl-2-butene C5H10 513-35-9 70.133 0.81924 2.6038 1.7593 1.7195 800.93 200 0.8559 1500 2.8709
207 2-Methyl -1-butene-3-yne C5H6 78-80-8 66.101 0.7906 1.656 1.6926 1.2167 788.4 298.15 0.9632 1500.15 2.1502
208 Methylbutyl ether C5H12O 628-28-4 88.148 0.82051 3.0869 1.3864 1.7886 613.87 300 1.3300 1200 3.1994
209 Methylbutyl sulfide C5H12S 628-29-5 104.214 1.0785 2.7388 1.5885 1.9067 749.6 273.15 1.3173 1200 3.1687
210 3-Methyl-1-butyne C5H8 598-23-2 68.117 0.8274 2.1377 1.755 1.5149 782 200 0.8646 1500 2.5255
211 Methyl butyrate C5H10O2 623-42-7 102.132 0.894 2.91 1.57 2.073 678.3 298 1.3461 1200 3.0766
212 Methylchlorosilane CH5ClSi 993-00-0 80.589 0.59895 1.1636 1.565 0.81581 690.39 200 0.6380 1500 1.5593
213 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 108-87-2 98.186 0.9227 4.115 1.6504 2.9006 779.48 200 0.9953 1500 4.3180
214 1-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 590-67-0 114.185 0.7959 2.596 0.6213 2.288 1698.6 300 1.5302 1200 4.1359
215 cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 7443-70-1 114.185 0.92279 2.6709 0.68784 1.9847 1732.4 300 1.5099 1200 4.1467
216 trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol C7H14O 7443-52-9 114.185 0.92279 2.6709 0.68784 1.9847 1732.4 300 1.5099 1200 4.1467
217 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 96-37-7 84.159 0.66456 3.507 1.5892 2.3526 727.13 200 0.7510 1500 3.5495
218 1-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 693-89-0 82.144 0.69411 3.0209 1.6903 2.1209 781.56 200 0.7464 1500 3.1496
219 3-Methylcyclopentene C6H10 1120-62-3 82.144 0.6422 3.0711 1.6387 2.1298 750.25 200 0.7083 1500 3.1549
220 Methyldichlorosilane CH4Cl2Si 75-54-7 115.034 0.7283 1.0307 1.5429 0.7811 668.94 200 0.7717 1500 1.5893
221 Methylethyl ether C3H8O 540-67-0 60.095 0.68681 1.9959 1.5534 1.1168 692.04 200 0.7396 1500 2.2931
222 Methylethyl ketone C4H8O 78-93-3 72.106 0.784 2.1032 1.5488 1.1855 693 200 0.8397 1500 2.4816
223 Methylethyl sulfide C3H8S 624-89-5 76.161 0.75083 1.9577 1.6424 1.1949 749.19 273.16 0.9004 1500 2.3178
224 Methyl formate C2H4O2 107-31-3 60.052 0.506 1.219 1.637 0.894 743 250 0.5888 1500 1.5109
225 Methylisobutyl ether C2H12O 625-44-5 88.148 0.7284 3.1713 1.352 1.8948 585.14 300 1.3200 1200 3.1987
226 Methylisobutyl ketone C6H12O 108-10-1 100.159 1.227 2.195 0.842 1.191 2460 298.15 1.4755 1500.15 3.6532
227 Methyl Isocyanate C2H3NO 624-83-9 57.051 0.474 1.226 2.188 0.85983 1008.2 298.15 0.5195 1500 1.3595
228 Methylisopropyl ether C4H10O 598-53-8 74.122 0.89232 2.4765 1.696 1.5598 791.4 200 0.9280 1500 2.8696
229 Methylisopropyl ketone C5H10O 563-80-4 86.132 1.5914 1.764 1.2076 −407.4 10.503 300 1.1291 1500 2.9991
230 Methylisopropyl sulfide C4H10S 1551-21-9 90.187 0.99247 2.7275 2.003 1.8974 849.64 273 1.1377 1500 2.9952
231 Methyl mercaptan CH4S 74-93-1 48.107 0.4146 0.8307 1.589 0.4612 716.7 200 0.4329 1500 1.0781
232 Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 80-62-6 100.116 0.864 1.811 0.7543 0.8 2160 298.15 1.1621 1500 2.8637
233 2-Methyloctanoic acid C9H18O2 3004-93-1 158.238 1.7483 4.9288 1.7384 3.5897 788.01 298.15 2.2567 1500 5.7177
234 2-Methylpentane C6H14 107-83-5 86.175 0.903 3.801 1.602 2.453 691.6 200 1.0192 1500 3.9617
235 Methyl pentyl ether C6H14O 628-80-8 102.175 0.94326 3.5965 1.3533 2.0569 599.92 300 1.5600 1200 3.7409
236 2-Methylpropane C4H10 75-28-5 58.122 0.6549 2.4776 1.587 1.575 706.99 200 0.7218 1500 2.6656
237 2-Methyl-2-propanol C4H10O 75-65-0 74.122 0.7704 2.539 1.5502 1.669 679.3 200 0.8567 1500 2.8508
238 2-Methyl propene C4H8 115-11-7 56.106 0.6125 2.066 1.545 1.2057 676 200 0.6763 1500 2.2814
239 Methyl propionate C4H8O2 554-12-1 88.105 0.7765 2.442 1.714 1.818 716 300 1.1242 1200 2.5276
240 Methylpropyl ether C4H10O 557-17-5 74.122 0.92151 2.3943 1.6936 1.4896 797.79 298 1.1251 1200 2.6391
241 Methylpropyl sulfide C4H10S 3877-15-4 90.187 0.93775 2.6178 1.7291 1.6236 783.23 298.15 1.1728 1500 2.9904
242 Methylsilane CH6Si 992-94-9 46.144 0.46149 1.2781 1.4565 0.79115 643.23 200 0.5141 1500 1.5253
243 alpha-Methyl styrene C9H10 98-83-9 118.176 0.78548 3.5969 1.4342 2.5336 651.69 200 0.9445 1500 3.8592
244 Methyl tert-butyl ether C5H12O 1634-04-4 88.148 0.9779 3.091 1.643 2.099 731.191 298 1.3522 1500 3.4779
2-179

245 Methyl vinyl ether C3H6O 107-25-5 58.079 0.60865 1.5965 1.619 0.93783 739.55 300 0.7748 1500 1.8871
246 Naphthalene C10H8 91-20-3 128.171 0.6805 3.5494 1.4262 2.5984 650.1 200 0.8454 1500 3.7359
2-180

TABLE 2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol
K)] (Concluded)
Cmpd. C1 C2 C3 C4 Cp at Tmin Cp at Tmax
no. Name Formula CAS no. Mol. wt. × 1E-05 × 1E-05 × 1E-03 × 1E-05 C5 Tmin, K × 1E-05 Tmax, K × 1E-05
248 Nitroethane C2H5NO2 79-24-3 75.067 0.54619 1.6492 1.4803 1.0635 666.94 200 0.6062 1500 1.9237
249 Nitrogen N2 7727-37-9 28.013 0.29105 0.086149 1.7016 0.0010347 909.79 50 0.2911 1500 0.3484
250 Nitrogen trifluoride F3N 7783-54-2 71.002 0.33284 0.49837 0.7093 0.23264 372.91 100 0.3404 1500 0.8092
251 Nitromethane CH3NO2 75-52-5 61.040 0.42267 1.0842 1.4885 0.68603 683.57 200 0.4571 1500 1.3280
252 Nitrous oxide N2O 10024-97-2 44.013 0.29338 0.3236 1.1238 0.2177 479.4 100 0.2948 1500 0.5828
254 Nonadecane C19H40 629-92-5 268.521 3.1062 10.575 0.76791 −4.5661 912.03 200 3.3533 1500 11.6130
255 Nonanal C9H18O 124-19-6 142.239 1.7347 4.5115 1.712 3.3256 810.96 200 1.8005 1500 5.4439
256 Nonane C9H20 111-84-2 128.255 1.5175 4.915 1.6448 3.47 749.6 200 1.6257 1500 5.5407
257 Nonanoic acid C9H18O2 112-05-0 158.238 0.1266 6.011 1.0815 4.5946 418.2 298.15 2.2953 1500 5.5267
258 1-Nonanol C9H20O 143-08-8 144.255 1.54 4.936 1.578 3.588 721.11 200 1.6777 1500 5.6606
259 2-Nonanol C9H20O 628-99-9 144.255 1.8197 3.5542 0.81514 2.1974 2508.8 298.15 2.2720 1500 5.8526
260 1-Nonene C9H18 124-11-8 126.239 1.5352 4.6844 1.7288 3.2304 783.67 298.15 2.0014 1500 5.2776
261 Nonyl mercaptan C9H20S 1455-21-6 160.320 1.7646 5.044 1.6182 3.3857 755.48 200 1.8658 1500 5.9082
262 1-Nonyne C9H16 3452-09-3 124.223 1.6289 3.9708 1.8928 3.2136 855.52 298.15 1.9693 1500 4.7924
263 Octadecane C18H38 593-45-3 254.494 2.9502 10.034 0.77107 -4.3012 916.73 200 3.1800 1500 11.0160
264 Octanal C8H16O 124-13-0 128.212 1.6088 4.218 1.9126 3.278 869 200 1.6504 1500 4.9286
265 Octane C8H18 111-65-9 114.229 1.3554 4.431 1.6356 3.054 746.4 200 1.4529 1500 4.9764
266 Octanoic acid C8H16O2 124-07-2 144.211 1.4082 4.3436 1.4662 2.7687 659.38 298.15 2.0652 1500 5.0411
267 1-Octanol C8H18O 111-87-5 130.228 1.3805 4.459 1.5751 3.2016 718.8 200 1.5055 1500 5.0965
268 2-Octanol C8H18O 123-96-6 130.228 1.6383 3.1897 0.81595 1.9814 2521.3 298.15 2.0428 1500 5.2565
269 2-Octanone C8H16O 111-13-7 128.212 1.3901 3.806 1.3717 2.2573 660.96 150 1.4162 1500 4.6547
270 3-Octanone C8H16O 106-68-3 128.212 1.4952 4.4103 0.80211 −2.0958 981.95 200 1.5775 1500 4.9067
271 1-Octene C8H16 111-66-0 112.213 1.3599 4.1605 1.7317 2.8675 784.47 298.15 1.7723 1500 4.6807
272 Octyl mercaptan C8H18S 111-88-6 146.294 1.5981 4.6063 1.6295 3.0301 756.28 200 1.6881 1500 5.3549
273 1-Octyne C8H14 629-05-0 110.197 1.2307 3.4942 1.528 2.4617 694.81 200 1.3448 1500 4.1604
274 Oxalic acid C2H2O4 144-62-7 90.035 0.25751 1.1734 2.7969 0.65788 878.91 298.15 0.3201 1000.1 0.6502
275 Oxygen O2 7782-44-7 31.999 0.29103 0.1004 2.5265 0.09356 1153.8 50 0.2910 1500 0.3653
276 Ozone O3 10028-15-6 47.998 0.33483 0.29577 1.5217 0.27151 680.35 100 0.3349 1500 0.5928
277 Pentadecane C15H32 629-62-9 212.415 2.4679 8.4212 1.6865 5.8537 743.6 200 2.6586 1500 9.2209
278 Pentanal C5H10O 110-62-3 86.132 1.0743 2.8363 1.9549 2.0146 890.44 200 1.0960 1500 3.2404
279 Pentane C5H12 109-66-0 72.149 0.8805 3.011 1.6502 1.892 747.6 200 0.9404 1500 3.2927
280 Pentanoic acid C5H10O2 109-52-4 102.132 2.836 1.08 2.107 −3.56 283 298.15 1.3824 1500 3.2952
281 1-Pentanol C5H12O 71-41-0 88.148 0.906 3.062 1.6054 2.115 717.97 200 0.9890 1500 3.4133
282 2-Pentanol C5H12O 6032-29-7 88.148 1.0853 3.0747 1.8672 2.2271 825.4 298.15 1.3539 1500 3.4701
283 2-Pentanone C5H10O 107-87-9 86.132 0.90053 2.7085 1.6592 1.8012 743.96 200 0.9591 1500 3.0797
284 3-Pentanone C5H10O 96-22-0 86.132 0.96896 2.4907 1.4177 1.301 646.7 200 1.0536 1500 3.0358
285 1-Pentene C5H10 109-67-1 70.133 0.82523 2.5943 1.7291 1.768 778.7 298.15 1.0856 1500 2.8897
286 2-Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 2084-19-7 104.214 1.1327 2.947 1.7418 2.0987 795.78 298 1.4202 1500 3.4994
287 Pentyl mercaptan C5H12S 110-66-7 104.214 1.0974 3.2959 1.6761 1.9486 757.67 200 1.1547 1500 3.6956
288 1-Pentyne C5H8 627-19-0 68.117 0.753 2.0905 1.5307 1.378 672.8 200 0.8276 1500 2.4754
289 2-Pentyne C5H8 627-21-4 68.117 0.70737 2.2229 1.557 1.3125 690.78 200 0.7700 1500 2.5052
290 Phenanthrene C14H10 85-01-8 178.229 0.9374 4.758 1.382 3.485 627.4 200 1.1959 1500 5.0645
291 Phenol C6H6O 108-95-2 94.111 0.434 2.445 1.152 1.512 507 100 0.4401 1500 2.6045
292 Phenyl isocyanate C7H5NO 103-71-9 119.121 0.59683 2.5533 1.2397 1.5519 576.78 298.15 1.1054 1500 2.8390
293 Phthalic anhydride C8H4O3 85-44-9 148.116 0.7364 2.544 1.0852 0.808 573 298.15 1.0745 1000.15 2.6737
294 Propadiene C3H4 463-49-0 40.064 0.426 1.1194 1.5772 0.7546 680.8 200 0.4646 1500 1.3376
295 Propane C3H8 74-98-6 44.096 0.5192 1.9245 1.6265 1.168 723.6 200 0.5632 1500 2.0556
296 1-Propanol C3H8O 71-23-8 60.095 0.619 2.0213 1.6293 1.2956 727.4 200 0.6665 1500 2.2458
297 2-Propanol C3H8O 67-63-0 60.095 0.73145 2.0313 1.9375 1.4815 843.37 298.15 0.8966 1500 2.2760
298 Propenylcyclohexene C9H14 13511-13-2 122.207 1.0563 4.3397 1.6098 3.181 729.66 300 1.6392 1500 4.6527
299 Propionaldehyde C3H6O 123-38-6 58.079 0.7174 1.914 2.0144 1.1708 930.6 200 0.7266 1500 2.1149
300 Propionic acid C3H6O2 79-09-4 74.079 0.6959 1.7778 1.7098 1.2654 763.78 298.15 0.8938 1500 2.1248
301 Propionitrile C3H5N 107-12-0 55.079 0.5357 1.4617 1.553 0.91197 678.2 200 0.5832 1500 1.7235
302 Propyl acetate C5H10O2 109-60-4 102.132 1.7994 1.753 1.196 −4.12 108.2 298.15 1.3594 1500 3.2024
303 Propyl amine C3H9N 107-10-8 59.110 0.76078 2.1049 1.7256 1.3936 789.03 200 0.7933 1500 2.4353
 304 Propylbenzene C9H12 103-65-1 120.192 0.96885 3.7954 1.5168 2.6618 694.3 200 1.0927 1500 4.1613
305 Propylene C3H6 115-07-1 42.080 0.43852 1.506 1.3988 0.74754 616.46 130 0.4436 1500 1.6817
306 Propyl formate C4H8O2 110-74-7 88.105 0.871 2.447 1.9254 1.888 821.3 298.15 1.1022 1500 2.7484
307 2-Propyl mercaptan C3H8S 75-33-2 76.161 0.73815 1.9529 1.5954 1.2356 730.5 200 0.7825 1500 2.3287
308 Propyl mercaptan C3H8S 107-03-9 76.161 0.7474 1.9523 1.631 1.2112 750.92 200 0.7848 1500 2.3216
309 1,2-Propylene glycol C3H8O2 57-55-6 76.094 2.0114 0.8082 1.8656 −2.4404 279.98 298.15 1.0218 1000.15 2.1175
310 Quinone C6H4O2 106-51-4 108.095 0.6487 2.1227 1.3491 1.514 614.8 200 0.7711 1500 2.4969
311 Silicon tetrafluoride F4Si 7783-61-1 104.079 0.3681 0.71245 0.65201 0.46721 286.03 100 0.4182 1500 1.0537
312 Styrene C8H8 100-42-5 104.149 0.893 2.1503 0.772 0.999 2442 100 0.8931 1500 3.2416
313 Succinic acid C4H6O4 110-15-6 118.088 0.71806 2.2669 1.2739 1.7342 537.65 300 1.3370 1200 2.5823
314 Sulfur dioxide O2S 7446-09-5 64.064 0.33375 0.25864 0.9328 0.1088 423.7 100 0.3354 1500 0.5695
315 Sulfur hexafluoride F6S 2551-62-4 146.055 0.35256 1.227 0.67938 0.78407 351.27 100 0.3872 1500 1.5397
316 Sulfur trioxide O3S 7446-11-9 80.063 0.33408 0.49677 0.87322 0.28563 393.74 100 0.3408 1500 0.7967
317 Terephthalic acid C8H6O4 100-21-0 166.131 0.945 2.526 0.829 0.5 2010 298.15 1.2478 1500 3.4444
318 o-Terphenyl C18H14 84-15-1 230.304 2.0719 6.2668 2.4044 6.345 967.71 298.15 2.4763 1500 6.6947
319 Tetradecane C14H30 629-59-4 198.388 2.3082 7.8678 1.6823 5.4486 743.1 200 2.4864 1500 8.6225
320 Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O 109-99-9 72.106 0.46905 2.5314 1.5998 1.7051 740.64 200 0.5259 1500 2.5538
321 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene C10H12 119-64-2 132.202 0.8145 4.395 1.471 3.065 666.4 200 0.9881 1500 4.5348
322 Tetrahydrothiophene C4H8S 110-01-0 88.171 0.51848 2.4535 1.5018 1.6871 665.31 200 0.6147 1500 2.5679
323 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane C8H18 594-82-1 114.229 1.1352 5.6331 1.6211 3.3829 681.9 200 1.3069 1500 5.5784
324 Thiophene C4H4S 110-02-1 84.140 0.40399 1.627 1.4562 1.322 648.81 200 0.4886 1500 1.8098
325 Toluene C7H8 108-88-3 92.138 0.5814 2.863 1.4406 1.898 650.43 200 0.7016 1500 3.0029
326 1,1,2-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 79-00-5 133.404 0.66554 1.1257 1.5454 0.97196 717.04 298.15 0.8496 1500 1.6433
327 Tridecane C13H28 629-50-5 184.361 2.1496 7.3045 1.6695 4.9998 741.02 200 2.3156 1500 8.0251
328 Triethyl amine C6H15N 121-44-8 101.190 1.2766 2.5559 0.80937 1.4829 2231.7 200 1.3278 1500 4.2046
329 Trimethyl amine C3H9N 75-50-3 59.110 0.7107 1.5051 0.79662 0.84537 2187.6 200 0.7439 1500 2.4322
330 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 526-73-8 120.192 1.052 3.79 1.4814 2.331 667.3 200 1.1832 1500 4.1983
331 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene C9H12 95-63-6 120.192 1.0106 3.8314 1.501 2.395 678.3 200 1.1354 1500 4.1854
332 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane C8H18 540-84-1 114.229 1.139 5.286 1.594 3.351 677.94 200 1.3139 1500 5.3769
333 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane C8H18 560-21-4 114.229 0.982 5.402 1.531 3.493 639.9 200 1.2194 1500 5.3754
334 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene C6H3N3O6 99-35-4 213.105 2.0367 1.8181 1.2089 0.79777 1060.8 298.15 2.1054 1500 3.7585
335 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene C7H5N3O6 118-96-7 227.131 2.154 2.4432 1.1126 0.58651 950.59 298.15 2.2726 1500 4.3560
336 Undecane C11H24 1120-21-4 156.308 1.9529 6.0998 1.7087 4.1302 775.4 200 2.0594 1500 6.8342
337 1-Undecanol C11H24O 112-42-5 172.308 1.859 5.869 1.5718 4.326 722.7 200 2.0232 1500 6.7834
338 Vinyl acetate C4H6O2 108-05-4 86.089 0.536 2.119 1.198 1.147 510 100 0.5404 1500 2.3750
339 Vinyl acetylene C4H4 689-97-4 52.075 0.55978 1.2141 1.6102 0.89079 710.4 200 0.5967 1500 1.5590
340 Vinyl chloride C2H3Cl 75-01-4 62.498 0.42364 0.8735 1.6492 0.6556 739.07 200 0.4457 1500 1.1423
341 Vinyl trichlorosilane C2H3Cl3Si 75-94-5 161.490 0.84894 1.1471 1.38 0.9 644.61 298.15 1.0788 1500 1.8595
342 Water H2O 7732-18-5 18.015 0.33363 0.2679 2.6105 0.08896 1169 100 0.3336 2273.15 0.5276
343 m-Xylene C8H10 108-38-3 106.165 0.7568 3.3924 1.496 2.247 675.9 200 0.8759 1500 3.5920
344 o-Xylene C8H10 95-47-6 106.165 0.8521 3.2954 1.4944 2.115 675.8 200 0.9643 1500 3.5965
345 p-Xylene C8H10 106-42-3 106.165 0.7512 3.397 1.4928 2.247 675.1 200 0.8710 1500 3.5923
Constants in this table can be used in the following equation to calculate the ideal gas heat capacity C0p.

   
C3/T 2 C5/T 2
C0p = C1 + C2  + C4 
sinh(C3/T) cosh(C5/T)
where C0p is in J/(kmol·K) and T is in K. All substances are listed by chemical family in Table 2-6 and by formula in Table 2-7.
Values in this table were taken from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), copyright 2007 AIChE and reproduced with permission of
AICHE and of the DIPPR Evaluated Process Design Data Project Steering Committee. Their source should be cited as R. L. Rowley, W. V. Wilding, J. L. Oscarson, Y. Yang, N. A. Zundel, T. E. Daubert, R. P. Dan-
ner, DIPPR® Data Compilation of Pure Chemical Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties, AIChE, New York (2007).
The number of digits provided for values at Tmin and Tmax was chosen for uniformity of appearance and formatting; these do not represent the uncertainties of the physical quantities, but are the result of calcula-
tions from the standard thermophysical property formulations within a fixed format.
2-181
24-10 ENERGY RESOURCES, CONVERSION, AND UTILIZATION
FIG. 24-2 Thermal conductivity of petroleum liquids. The solid lines refer to density expressed as degrees API; the broken lines
refer to relative density at 288 K (15°C). (K = [°F + 459.7]/1.8)
Commercial Considerations Fuels are sold in gallons and in
multiples of the 42-gal barrel (0.159 m3) in the United States, while a
weight basis is used in other parts of the world. Transactions exceed-
ing about 20 to 40 m3 (5000 to 10,000 U.S. gal) usually involve volume
corrections to 288 K (60°F) for accounting purposes. Fuel passes
through an air eliminator and mechanical meter when loaded into or
dispensed from trucks. Larger transfers such as pipeline, barge, or
tanker movements are measured by fuel depth and strapping tables
(calibration tables) in tanks and vessels, but positive-displacement
meters that are proved (calibrated) frequently are gaining acceptance.
After an appropriate settling period, water in the tank bottom is mea-
sured with a plumb bob or stick smeared with water-detecting paste.
Receipts of tank-car quantities or larger are usually checked for
gravity, appearance, and flash point to confirm product identification
and absence of contamination.
Safety Considerations Design and location of storage tanks,
vents, piping, and connections are specified by state fire marshals,
underwriters’ codes, and local ordinances. In NFPA 30, Flammable
and Combustible Liquids Code, 2003 (published by the National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, Ma.), liquid petroleum fuels are
placed in Class I through Class III B based on their flash point, boil-
ing point, and vapor pressure.
NFPA 30 details the design features and safe placement of handling
equipment for flammable and combustible liquids.
Crude oils with flash points below 311 K (100°F) have been used in
place of No. 6 fuel oil. Different pumps may be required because of
low fuel viscosity.
Nonpetroleum Liquid Fuels
Tar Sands Canadian tar sands either are strip-mined and extracted
with hot water or employ steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for
in situ recovery of heavy oil (bitumen). The bitumen is processed into
naphtha, kerosine, and gasoline fractions (which are hydrotreated), in
addition to gas (which is recovered). Current production of syncrude
from Canadian tar sands is about 113,000 T/d (790,000 B/d) with
expected increases to about 190,000 T/d (1.7 MB/d) by 2010.
Oil Shale Oil shale is nonporous rock containing organic kero-
gen. Raw shale oil is extracted from mined rock by pyrolysis in a sur-
face retort, or in situ by partial combustion after breaking up the rock
with explosives. Pyrolysis cracks the kerogen, yielding raw shale oil
high in nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Shale oil has been hydrotreated
and refined in demonstration tests into relatively conventional fuels.
Refining in petroleum facilities is possible with significant pretreat-
ment or by incorporating upgrading units into the refinery.
Coal-Derived Fuels Liquid fuels derived from coal range from
highly aromatic coal tars to liquids resembling petroleum. Raw liquids
from different hydrogenation processes show variations that reflect
the degree of hydrogenation achieved. Also, the raw liquids can be
further hydrogenated to refined products. Properties and cost depend
on the degree of hydrogenation and the boiling range of the fraction
selected. A proper balance between fuel upgrading and equipment
modification is essential for the most economical use of coal liquids in
boilers, industrial furnaces, diesels, and stationary gas turbines.
Coal-tar fuels are high-boiling fractions of crude tar from pyrolysis
in coke ovens and coal retorts. Grades range from free-flowing liquids
to pulverizable pitch. Low in sulfur and ash, they contain hydrocar-
bons, phenols, and heterocyclic nitrogen and oxygen compounds.
Being more aromatic than petroleum fuels, they burn with a more
luminous flame. From 288 to 477 K (60 to 400°F) properties include:
Heat capacity 1.47–1.67 kJ/(kg⋅K) (0.35–0.40 Btu/[lb⋅°F])
Thermal conductivity 0.14–0.15 W/(m⋅K) (0.080–0.085 Btu/[h⋅ft⋅°F])
Heat of vaporization 349 kJ/kg (150 Btu/lb)
Heat of fusion Nil
Table 24-7 shows representative data for liquid fuels from tar sands,
oil shale, and coal.
GASEOUS FUELS
RESERVE AND PRODUCTION INFORMATION: DOE/EIA-0216(2003), November
2004; U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves: 2003 Annual
Report, Table 2, Table 8, Table 12; Annual Energy Review 2003, DOE/EIA-0364,
September 2004; Natural Gas Annual 2003, DOE/EIA-0131(03), December 2004,
Table 9.
Natural Gas Natural gas is a combustible gas that occurs in
porous rock of the earth’s crust and is often found with accumulations
of crude oil or coal. Natural gas termed dry has less than 0.013 dm3/m3
(0.1 gal/1000 ft3) of gasoline. Above this amount, it is termed wet.
Proven reserves of conventionally reservoired natural gas in the
United States total about 5.35 Tm3 (189 Tft3). An additional 0.53
Tm3 (18.7 Tft3) of proven reserves are in coal bed methane deposits.
Production in 2003 was about 0.54 Tm3 (19.1 Tft3), over 75 percent
 FUELS 24-11

TABLE 24-7 Characteristics of Typical Nonpetroleum Fuels

Synthetic crude
Conventional coal-tar fuels Typical coal-derived fuels with oils, by
from retortinga different levels of hydrogenationb hydrogenation
Oil Tar
CTF 50 CTF 400 Minimal Mild Mildc Severe shale sandsd
Distillation range, °C 175–280 280–500 160–415 175–400 125–495
Density, kg/m3, 15°C 1.018 1.234 0.974 1.072 0.964 0.9607 0.914 0.817 0.864
lb U.S. gal, 60°F 8.5 10.3 8.1 8.9 8.0 8.0 7.6 6.8 7.2
Viscosity, mm2/s 2–9 9–18 3.1–3.4 50–90 3.6 — 2.18
At 38°C At 121°C At 38°C At 38°C At 38°C — At 38°C
Ultimate analysis, %
Carbon 87.4 90.1 86.0 89.1 87.8 89.6 89.0 86.1 87.1
Hydrogen 7.9 5.4 9.1 7.5 9.7 10.1 11.1 13.84 12.69
Oxygen 3.6 2.4 3.6–4.3 1.4–1.8 2.4 0.3 0.5 0.12 0.04
Nitrogen 0.9 1.4 0.9–1.1 1.2–1.4 0.6 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.07
Sulfur 0.2 0.7 <0.2 0.4–0.5 0.07 0.004 0.04 0.02 0.10
Ashe Trace 0.15 <0.001 f

C/H ratio, weight 11.0 16.5 9.4 11.9 9.1 8.9 8.0 6.2 6.9
Gross calorific value, MJ/kg 38.4–40.7 36.8–37.9
Btu/lb 16,500–17,500 15,800–16,300
a
CTF 50 and 400 indicate approximate preheat temperature, °F, for atomization of fuel in burners (terminology used in British Standard B.S. 1469).
b
Properties depend on distillation range, as shown, and to a lesser extent on coal source.
c
Using recycle-solvent process.
d
Tar sands, although a form of petroleum, are included in this table for comparison.
e
Inorganic mineral constituents of coal tar fuel:
5 to 50 ppm: Ca, Fe, Pb, Zn (Na, in tar treated with soda ash)
0.05 to 5 ppm: Al, Bi, Cu, Mg, Mn, K, Si, Na, Sn
Less than 0.05 ppm: As, B, Cr, Ge, Ti, V, Mo
Not detected: Sb, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Ni, Sr, W, Zr
f
Inherent ash is “trace” or “<0.1%,” although entrainment in distillation has given values as high as 0.03 to 0.1%.

from nonassociated gas wells. Conventional proven reserves have Commodity natural gas is substantially free of sulfur compounds;
declined about 0.03 Tm3 (0.9 Tft3) per year from 1977 through 2003. the terms sweet and sour are used to denote the absence or presence
Net gas imports in 2003 were 0.09 Tm3 (3.3 Tft3), about 15 percent of H2S. Some wells, however, deliver gas containing levels of hydrogen
of consumption. Imports as LNG were 0.4 Tft3, about 2 percent of sulfide and other sulfur compounds (e.g., thiophenes, mercaptans,
gas consumption. and organic sulfides) that must be removed before transfer to com-
Natural gas consists of hydrocarbons with a very low boiling point. mercial pipelines. Pipeline-company contracts typically specify maxi-
Methane is the main constituent, with a boiling point of 119 K mum allowable limits of impurities; H2S and total sulfur compounds
(−245°F). Ethane, with a boiling point of 184 K (−128°F) may be seldom exceed 0.023 and 0.46 g/m3 (1.0 and 20.0 gr/100 std ft3),
present in amounts up to 10 percent; propane, with a boiling point of respectively. The majority of pipeline companies responding to a 1994
231 K (−44°F), up to 3 percent. Butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, survey limited H2S to less than 0.007 g/m3 (0.3 gr/100 std ft3), but a
and octane may also be present. Physical properties of these hydro- slightly smaller number continued specifying 0.023 g/m3, in accord
carbons are given in Sec. 2. with an American Gas Association 1971 recommendation.
Although there is no single composition that may be called “typical” Supercompressibility of Natural Gas All gases deviate from
natural gas, Table 24-8 shows the range of compositions in large cities the simple gas laws to a varying extent. This deviation is called super-
in the United States. compressibility and must be taken into account in gas measurement,
particularly at high line pressure. For example, since natural gas is
more compressible under high pressure at ordinary temperatures
TABLE 24-8 Analysis of Natural Gas* than is called for by Boyle’s law, gas purchased at an elevated pressure
gives a greater volume when the pressure is reduced than it would if
Range†
the gas were ideal.
Low High The supercompressibility factor may be expressed as
Composition, vol % Z = (RT/PV)1/2 (24-13)
Methane 86.3 95.2
Ethane 2.5 8.1 where Z = supercompressibility factor; R = universal gas constant,
Propane 0.6 2.8 8.314 kPa⋅m3/(kmol⋅K); T = gas temperature, K; P = gas pressure, kPa;
Butanes 0.13 0.66 V = molar gas volume, m3/kmol.
Pentanes 0 0.44 For determining supercompressibility factors of natural gas mix-
Hexanes plus 0 0.09 tures, see Manual for the Determination of Supercompressibility Fac-
CO2 0 1.1 tors for Natural Gas, American Gas Association, New York, 1963; and
N2 0.31 2.47
He 0.01 0.06 A.G.A Gas Measurement Committee Report No. 3, 1969.
Heating value 38.15(1024) 40.72(1093) Liquefied Natural Gas The advantages of storing and shipping
MJ/m3 (Btu/ft3) natural gas in liquefied form (LNG) derive from the fact that 0.035 m3
Specific gravity 0.586 0.641 (1 ft3) of liquid methane at 111 K (−260°F) equals about 18 m3 (630
Ref.: Air at 288 K (60°F) ft3) of gaseous methane. One cubic meter (264 U.S. gal) weighs 412 kg
*Adapted from Gas Engineers Handbook, American Gas Association, Indus- (910 lb) at 109 K (−263°F). The heating value is about 24 GJ/m3
trial Press, New York, 1965. (86,000 Btu/U.S. gal). The heat of vaporization of LNG at 0.1 MPa is
†Ranges are the high and low values of annual averages reported by 13 utili- 232 MJ/m3 of liquid. On a product gas basis, the heat required is about
ties (1954 data). 0.3 kJ/m3 (10 Btu/std ft3) of gas produced.
24-12 ENERGY RESOURCES, CONVERSION, AND UTILIZATION
LNG is actively traded in international commerce. In 2003 LNG
was about 13 percent of gas imports to the United States but only 2
percent of gas consumption. The Energy Information Administration
(EIA) projects (Annual Energy Outlook 2004) that gas imports will
grow to 5.5 Tft3 in 2010 and to 7.2 Tft3 in 2025, with nearly all the
increased volume being LNG.
Specialized ships are used to transport LNG. Receiving terminals
have storage tankage and reevaporization facilities. Several new ter-
minals have been proposed, but none has advanced to construction at
this writing.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas The term liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) is applied to certain specific hydrocarbons which can be lique-
fied under moderate pressure at normal temperatures but are gaseous
under normal atmospheric conditions. The chief constituents of LPG
are propane, propylene, butane, butylene, and isobutane. LPG pro-
duced in the separation of heavier hydrocarbons from natural gas is
mainly of the paraffinic (saturated) series. LPG derived from oil-
refinery gas may contain varying low amounts of olefinic (unsaturated)
hydrocarbons.
LPG is widely used for domestic service, supplied either in tanks or
by pipelines. It is also used to augment natural gas deliveries on peak
days and by some industries as a standby fuel.
Other Gaseous Fuels
Hydrogen Hydrogen is used extensively in the production of
ammonia and chemicals, in the refining of petroleum, in the hydro-
genation of fats and oils, and as an oven reducing atmosphere. It is also
used as a fuel in industrial cutting and welding operations. There are
no resources of uncombined hydrogen as there are of the other fuels.
It is made industrially by the steam reforming of natural gas; as the by-
product of industrial operations such as the thermal cracking of
hydrocarbons; and, to a small extent, by the electrolysis of water.
Hydrogen is seen as the ultimate nonpolluting form of energy;
when electrochemically combined with oxygen in fuel cells, only
water, heat, and electricity are produced. Means for transforming the
world’s fossil energy economy into a hydrogen economy are being
considered as a long-term option. Hydrogen can be stored in gaseous,
liquid, or solid forms; however, currently available technologies are
not suited to meet mass energy market needs. Technologies for eco-
nomically producing, storing, and utilizing hydrogen are being
researched in the United States, Europe, and Japan.
Acetylene Acetylene is used primarily in operations requiring
high flame temperature, such as welding and metal cutting. To trans-
port acetylene, it is dissolved in acetone under pressure and drawn
into small containers filled with porous material.
Miscellaneous Fuels A variety of gases have very minor market
shares. These include reformed gas, oil gases, producer gas, blue
water gas, carbureted water gas, coal gas, and blast-furnace gas. The
heating values of these gases range from 3.4 to 41 MJ/m3 (90 to 1100
Btu/ft3). They are produced by pyrolysis, the water gas reaction, or as
by-products of pig-iron production.
Hydrogen sulfide in manufactured gases may range from approxi-
mately 2.30 g/m3 (100 gr/100 ft3) in blue and carbureted water gas to
several hundred grains in coal- and coke-oven gases. Another impor-
tant sulfur impurity is carbon disulfide, which may be present in
amounts varying from 0.007 to 0.07 percent by volume. Smaller
amounts of carbon oxysulfide, mercaptans, and thiophene may be
found. However, most of the impurities are removed during the
purification process and either do not exist in the finished product or
are present in only trace amounts.
FUEL AND ENERGY COSTS
Fuel costs vary widely both geographically and temporally. Oil and gas
markets have been highly volatile in recent years while steam coal
markets have not. Much combustion equipment is designed for a spe-
cific fuel, limiting the potential for fuel switching to take advantage of
price trends. The costs given in Table 24-9 are U.S. averages not nec-
essarily applicable to a specific location; they do provide fuel cost
trends.
TABLE 24-9 Time-Price Relationships for Fossil Fuels
Wellhead natural Crude oil, domestic
Bituminous coal, $/Mg gas, $/1000 m3 first purchase price,
Year ($/U.S. ton) ($/1000 scf) $/m3 ($/bbl)
1975 21.81 (19.79) 15.54 (0.44) 48.24 (7.67)
1985 33.93 (30.78) 88.64 (2.51) 151.52 (24.09)
1995 28.17 (25.56) 54.74 (1.55) 91.96 (14.62)
2000 26.51 (24.05) 129.96 (3.68) 168.06 (26.72)
2003 29.29 (26.57) 175.87 (4.98) 173.35 (27.56)
SOURCE: Annual Energy Review 2003, DOE/EIA-0384, September 2004,
Tables 7.8, 6.7, and 5.18, respectively.
COAL CONVERSION
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, and it will be available long after
petroleum and natural gas are scarce. However, because liquids and
gases are more desirable than solid fuels, technologies have been,
and continue to be, developed to economically convert coal into liquid
and gaseous fuels.
Bodle, Vyas, and Talwalker (Clean Fuels from Coal Symposium II,
Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, 1975) presented the chart in
Fig. 24-3, which shows very simply the different routes from coal to
clean gases and liquids.
Coal Gasification
GENERAL REFERENCES: Fuel Gasification Symp., 152d American Chemical
Society Mtg., Sept. 1966. Chemistry of Coal Utilization, suppl. vol., Lowry (ed.),
Wiley, New York, 1963; and 2d suppl. vol., Elliot (ed.), 1981. Coal Gasification
Guidebook: Status, Applications, and Technologies, Electric Power Research
Institute, EPRI TR-102034, Palo Alto, Calif., 1993. Riegel’s Handbook of Indus-
trial Chemisty, 10th ed., Kent (ed.), Chap. 17, 2003. Gasification by Higman and
van der Burgt, Elsevier, 2003. “The Case for Gasification” by Stiegel and
Ramezan, EM, Dec. 2004, pp. 27–33.
Background The advantages of gaseous fuels have resulted in an
increased demand for gas and led to the invention of advanced
processes for coal gasification. Converting coal to combustible gas
has been practiced commercially since the early 19th century. Chapter
17 of Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 10th ed., provides a
good summary of the early history of coal gasification. Coal-derived
gas was distributed in urban areas of the United States for residential
and commercial uses until its displacement by lower-cost natural gas,
starting in the 1940s. At about that time, development of oxygen-
based gasification processes was initiated. An early elevated-pressure
gasification process, developed by Lurgi Kohle u Mineralöltechnik
GmbH, is still in use. The compositions of gases produced by this
and a number of more recent gasification processes are listed in
Table 24-10.
Theoretical Considerations The chemistry of coal gasification
can be approximated by assuming coal is only carbon and considering
the most important reactions involved (see Table 24-11). Reaction
(24-14), the combustion of carbon with oxygen, which can be assumed
to go to completion, is highly exothermic and supplies most of the
thermal energy for the other gasification reactions. The oxygen used
in the gasifier may come from direct feeding of air or may be high-
purity oxygen from an air separation unit. Endothermic reactions (24-
16) and (24-17), which represent the conversion of carbon to
combustible gases, are driven by the heat energy supplied by reaction
(24-14).
Hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced by the gasification reaction
react with each other and with carbon. The hydrogenation of carbon to
produce methane, reaction (24-15), is exothermic and contributes heat
energy. Similarly, methanation of CO, reaction (24-19), can also con-
tribute heat energy. These reactions are affected by the water-gas-shift
reaction (24-18), the equilibrium of which controls the extent of reac-
tions (24-16) and (24-17).
Several authors have shown [cf. Gumz, Gas Producers and Blast
Furnaces, Wiley, New York, 1950; Elliott and von Fredersdorff,
Chemistry of Coal Utilization, 2d suppl. vol., Lowry (ed.), Wiley, New