THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS AN

ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PAPER

An Investigatory Project Presented to the Science Department of Cebu City Don Carlos

A. Gothong Memorial National High School

C. PadillaSt. Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements

In Research II

S.Y.2013-2014

By:

ROBINSON G. CABARDO JR.

MICHELLE L. DAÑO

FARRAH I. EQUIPELAG

MARA K. GABILAN

SUWANEE GONZALES

MARA K. GABILAN

RICHIE B. SOLOMON

September 2013
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The investigatory project entitled “THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus

caballus) MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PAPER” is prepared and

submitted by Group 3 in partial fulfillment of the course requirements in Research II and

has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW COMMITTEE:

______________________
CHAIRMAN

______________________ ______________________
Member Member

Accepted an approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

RESEARCH II

ROMMEL C. VILLAHERMOSA
Science Department Head Teacher

ii
 PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with grade of _______

______________________
CHAIRMAN

______________________ ______________________
Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

Research II

ROMMEL C.VILLAHERMOSA
Science Department Head Teacher

Date of Oral Defense:September 19, 2013

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers want to express their gratitude to the following persons who

contributed a part of this piece of work:

Mr. Calessa Driver, for providing the needed amount of horse manure which was

the raw material of the study.

Mr. John Paul Lesondato, for letting the researchers borrow the book

“Papermaking Techniques”, for being a good research adviser, the understanding and

patience in helping the researchers with their write-ups.

Ms. Fe Valderama, for letting the researchers use her classroom where the

researchers conducted their experiment.

Mr. Albert Encorporado, for letting the researchers borrow his laptop to encode

their research paper and make their PowerPoint presentation.

Ms. Doraine Nicole Sarino, for the procurement of camias which were used in the

whitening process of the experiment.

Mrs. Delia Gonzales, for her generosity in providing the mold and deckle which

are necessary for papermaking.

Mr. Jimmy Villamor, for the time he willingly gave to the researchers in encoding

their research paper.

iv
 Mrs. Dinna Carangue, for unselfishly helping the researchers as their English

adviser, in providing the needed materials, moral support and for checking the

researchers` write-ups.

Mrs. Rosario Fuego, for letting the researchers make their display board and

finishing touches during her time.

IV- Science classmates of the researchers, for the everlasting support and

company.

Researcher’s parents, for the understanding and time they have given for the

accomplishment of this work.

GOD, for the wisdom and hope He has given to the researchers to achieve the

success they are aiming for in their investigatory project.

THE RESEARCHERS

v
 ABSTRACT

In areas where horses abound in livelihood use, horse manure is one of the

abundant solid wastes, while trees are critically threatened due to their uses in industry

especially in paper companies. In response, this study intends to help solve these

problems by utilizing horse manure as an alternative source of paper instead of trees. The

study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High

School during the months of July to August 2013.

Experiments were conducted by preparing set-ups of horse manure. These were

soaked in a liter of alkaline solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). With this, each was

added with different amount of chlorine with 50, 100, and 150 grams for the three set-ups

respectively. The sheets were pressed using different materials, one pressed with hand,

the second with iron and the other with rolling pin. The sheets were then tested for

durability by using 5 peso coins as weight on the paper.

It was concluded that horse manure is a suitable alternative source of paper aside

from trees. Adding a large amount of chlorine will produce whiter results. Using hand,

rolling pin or iron as primary equipments for flatting does not improve the texture of the

paper. Mass production is recommended to determine the feasibility of the developed

products in large scale production. Commercialization of these products may solve the

trees-threatening problems and even create job.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

ABSTRACT vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER I:

INTRODUCTION

 Rationale 1

 Objectives of the Study 2

 Significance of the Study 3

vii
  Scope and Delimitation 3

 Definition of Terms 3

 Review of Related Literature 4

 Conceptual Framework 17

CHAPTER II:

METHODOLOGY

 Materials 19

 Procedures 20

CHAPTERIII:

Results and Discussions 24

CHAPTER IV:

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 Conclusion 28

 Recommendations 30

Bibliography 31

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 The effect of chlorine to the color of the Horse Manure Paper 23

2 The effect of camias extract to the color of the Horse Manure Paper 24

3 Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color of the

Horse Manure Paper 24

4 The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to the durability

of the Horse Manure Paper 25

5 The effect of different materials in pressing to the texture of the

Horse Manure Paper 26

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution 10

2 Papermaking Process- Sheet forming 13

3 Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical- 16

Conceptual Framework of the Study

4.1 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-

effect of chlorine to the horse manure paper 20

4.2 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-

effect of camias extract and chlorine-camias

solution to the Horse Manure Paper 20

5 Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper 22

6 Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper 22

x
 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Paper is an important thing not only to people because of its contribution to

History, Science, Literature and other branches of knowledge .It is commonly used by

people in data gathering as well as data preservation, in making researchers and

expressing people`s thoughts. It became an important medium in our communication and

serves as a connection between past and present events. Not only students are the ones

using papers but also the educators, businessmen, doctors and even normal citizens. It

becomes a great demand for everyone.

In recent times, the economic state of each country is already developing. But this

development requires many changes in the environment. One of these changes observed

is the rapid decreasing numbers of trees due to their uses for business specifically its use

as a main source of paper. Even some are illegally cutting trees for money.

The illegal way of using trees such as kaingin, deforestation and illegal logging

may lead to certain calamities which will surely affect people’s daily living. Even with

tree planting, it is hard to restore lost resources and has to wait for centuries for these

trees to grow.
 2

One of the uses of trees is paper production. To help conserve nature, alternative

source of paper instead of trees should be used. The research study was conducted to

examine the potential of horse manure as an alternative source of paper and control

ecological threat of trees. Horse manure is a good source of fiber, which is the main

ingredient for papermaking.

The researches chose horse manure because it is ecologically friendly and

isfinancially affordable. Aside from these, horse manure is freely available in the

environment and is easy to get due to the improper defecation of horses in the

community.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to determine the feasibility of horse manure as an alternative

source of paper.

Specifically, this research aimed to determine the following properties of the

horse manure paper.

A. Color

B. Texture

C. Durability
 3

Significance of the Study

It is needed and important to search for alternative source of paper, which is not

only affordable but is also ecological friendly and not harmful to our nature nor

threatening to its rich biodiversity. The biological method of using horse manure as an

alternative source of paper can be a promising strategy to control the unlawful destruction

of our environment and the ecological harming of trees. This study will help businessmen

in engaging a new product in their business. This study also will help the residents of

Barangay San Nicolas in lessening waste brought about by the improper defecation of

horse in their community.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial

National High School during the months of August to September, 2013 to determine the

efficacy of horse manure as paper.

Definition of Terms

 Manure- waste secreted by an animal

 Alkaline Solution- a basic solution which is necessary for papermaking, used to

make fibers soften and disperse

 4

 Chlorine- an element commonly used as a bleaching agent; a chemical used to kill

germs

 Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)- a basic compound used as an alkaline solution for

papermaking

 Camias- a fruit distinguished for its sour and acidic and bleaching properties

 Bleaching Agent- a chemical that removes or whitens color

 Defecation- the process of secreting waste of animals

 Texture- the feel and appearance of a surface, especially how rough or smooth it

is ; the structure of a substance or material when touched

 Durability- the property of a material to resist pressure and last for a long time

 Commercialization- the process by which a product was sold in the local market

or used as a business

 Herbivore- an animal that feeds only or mainly on grass and other plants

 Procurement- supplement or addition

Review of Related Literature

Cattle, sheep, horse, deer and other herbivores house a special community of the

bacteria. These have large digestive organ, the rumen, in which tough cellulose fibers

and other plant materials are digested. The rumen is an anaerobic setting, where

temperatures are at a constant 39( C. It supports cellulose decomposers of the genus

Clostridium, starch decomposers auch as Streptococcus and Selenomonas, and methane

producers (methanobacteria). Food entering the rumen becomes mixed with its microbial

residents, some of which have enzymes that can hydrolyze cellulose into disaccharides
 5

and monosaccharides. The organic acids resulting from microbial fermentation of these

and other sugars are the main source of energy for the animal host. Also, the enormous

numbers of bacterial cells moving with partially digested plant material through the

gastro-intestinal tract undergo digestion, too. When they do, the fibers in the manure were

much more finer and are thread-like structures compared to its original state. (Starr, C., et

al., 1987)

The word “paper” comes from the word “papyrus”. Papyrus was into really paper.

It was Egyptians, from the fibers of the papyrus plant. The paper is made of millions of

tiny fibers. The fibers are cellulose, a substance from the cell walls of the plants. The

average length of the cellulose fiber is about 1/20 inch (1.3 mm). The fibers have been

mixed in water and treated with chemicals, matted into sheet and dried to form paper.

(The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)

A sheet of paper, whether made by the hands or in large mill is a mass of

interlocking fibers held together by cellulose which is naturally occurring substance

found in plant fibers. A sheet of paper is formed by suspending these fibers in water and

immersing a mold with deckle on top into the water. As it is lifted out, a layer of

interlocking fibers is left on the surface of the mold. The water enables the cellulose in

the fibers to expand, so aiding their bonding together. When using plant fiber, first task is

to cook it in an alkaline solution; this facilitates the breaking down of the fibers, enabling

them to absorb water and remove impurities. (Plowman, 2001)

 6

Pulp is the fiber source which makes a sheet of paper. Fibrous plants make a good

paper as well as fiber readily available. It can be already mixed up or digested. You can

also dry beaten plant fiber for long-term storage. When adding the fibers, stir first and

leave for a while for these fibers to separate and disperse equally, avoiding lumps of pulp

embedded on the surface. (The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)

Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a "hindgut fermenter."

This means that horses have only one stomach, as do humans. However, unlike humans,

they also have to digest plant fiber (largely cellulose) that comes from grass and hay.

Therefore, unlike ruminants, which digest fiber in plant matter by use of a multi-

chambered stomach, horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the digestive system

known as the cecum (or caecum) to break down the cellulose.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)

Alkaline solution is a great factor in papermaking when using about plant fiber as

your source. This will help in separating clustered fibers as well as in fabricating these

fibers. In using this, high basicity should be implied. Alkaline solution can be made by

dissolving sodium carbonate in water with a specific ratio or by simply the soaking pulp

in sodium hydroxide. (Plowman, 2007)

Herbivores are animals with herbaceous and fibrous plants as their only food.

These plants pass through their digestive system but secreting the undigested fiber. (The

New Book of Knowledge, 2007)

 7

In practical terms, horses prefer to eat small amounts of food steadily throughout

the day, as they do in nature when grazing on pasture. [2] Although this is not always

possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules that favor feeding horses

twice a day, it is important to remember the underlying biology of the animal when

determining what to feed, how often, and in what quantities.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)

Different types of fibers can be used for producing paper. The most well-known is

the wood fiber. In the beginning of papermaking mostly fibers from cotton and silk were

used. A notorious fiber that at one time was used for producing a specific paper grade

was asbestos. Pulp from wood is the most important raw material for paper. Another, less

correct name, which is used for pulp is cellulose.

(/en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper)

Paper can only be made with this fiber if it’s soft enough to be beaten into pulp.

To get the fiber ready for the next stage of pulping, it is cooked in water for over 4-5

hours with salt and then washed with hydrogen peroxide to complete the first stage of

making the paper bacteria free.Once it’s dry, it is sorted and any non-usable fiber is

removed. The fiber goes through the process of being beaten into very fine pulp and also

being washed again. (Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL)

Foods derived from plants, including fruits, vegetables and grains; contain fiber,

the portion of the plant the human body cannot digest. The stomach produces enzymes

and acid that continue the chemical digestion, and enzymes in the small intestine
 8

complete the process. Foods that contain fiber go through this digestive process, but the

actual fiber molecules remain intact. Insoluble fiber, such as lignin, cellulose and

hemicelluloses, found in the cell walls of plants, cannot dissolve in water. Because

insoluble fiber remains undigested, it adds bulk to your stool. Insoluble fiber attracts

water, making stool softer so it can move through the colon with ease.

(http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-fiber-digested-body-4829.htmL)

Chlorine-based bleaches are found in many household cleaners. The concentration

of chlorine-based bleaches is often expressed as percent active chlorine where one gram

of 100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as one gram of chlorine.

These bleaches can react with other common household chemicals like vinegar and

ammonia to produce toxic gases. Labels on sodium hypochlorite bleach warn about these

interactions.

Chlorine is used to prepare sodium and calcium hypochlorite. It is used as a

disinfectant in water treatment, especially to make drinking water and in large public

swimming pools. Chlorine was used extensively to bleach wood pulp, but this use has

decreased significantly due to environmental concerns.

The bleaching process has been known for thousands of years,[1] but the

chemicals currently used for bleaching resulted from the work of several 18th century

scientists. Chlorine is the basic for the most commonly used bleaches, for example, the

solution of sodium hypochlorite, which is so ubiquitous that many people just call it

"bleach", and calcium hypochlorite, the major compound in "bleaching powder".

 9

Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to similar results: high energy

photons of light, often in the violet or ultraviolet range, can disrupt the bonds in the

chromospheres, rendering the resulting substance colorless. Extended exposure often

leads to massive discoloration usually reducing the colors to white and typically very

faded blue spectrums. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-based_bleaches)

Formed from wood pulp or plant fiber, paper is chiefly used for written

communication. The earliest paper was papyrus, made from reeds by the ancient

Egyptians. Paper was made by the Chinese in the second century, probably by a Chinese

court official named Cai Lun. His paper was made from such things as tree bark and old

fish netting. Recognized almost immediately as a valuable secret, it was 500 years before

the Japanese acquired knowledge of the method. Papermaking was known in the Islamic

world from the end of the eighth century A.D.

Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or by the most careful, delicate

hand methods, is made up of connected fibers. The fibers can come from a number of

sources including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most notably, trees. The

use of cloth in the process has always produced high-quality paper. Today, a large

proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix create many excellent papers for special

uses, from wedding invitation paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings.

The method of making paper is essentially a simple one—mix up vegetable fibers,

and cooks them in hot water until the fibers are soft but not dissolved. The hot water also

contains a base chemical such as lye, which softens the fibers as they are cooking. Then,
 10

pass a screen-like material through the mixture, let the water drip off and/or evaporate,

and then squeeze or blot out additional water. A layer of paper is left behind. Essential to

the process are the fibers, which are never totally destroyed, and, when mixed and

softened, form an interlaced pattern within the paper itself. Modern papermaking

methods, although significantly more complicated than the older ways, are developmental

improvements rather than entirely new methods of making paper.

Raw Materials

Figure 1: Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution

 11

Probably half of the fiber used for paper today comes from wood that has been

purposely harvested. The remaining material comes from wood fiber from sawmills,

recycled newspaper, some vegetable matter, and recycled cloth. Coniferous trees, such as

spruce and fir, used to be preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in the

pulp of these species are longer, therefore making for stronger paper. These trees are

called "softwood" by the paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar and

elm) are called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand for paper, and improvements

in pulp processing technology, almost any species of tree can now be harvested for paper.

Some plants other than trees are suitable for paper-making. In areas without

significant forests, bamboo has been used for paper pulp, as has straw and sugarcane.

Flax, Most paper is made by a mechanical or chemical process.

hemp, and jute fibers are commonly used for textiles and rope making, but they can also

be used for paper. Some high-grade cigarette paper is made from flax.

Cotton and linen rags are used in fine-grade papers such as letterhead and resume paper,

and for bank notes and security certificates. The rags are usually cuttings and waste from

textile and garment mills. The rags must be cut and cleaned, boiled, and beaten before

they can be used by the paper mill.

Other materials used in paper manufacture include bleaches and dyes, fillers such

as chalk, clay, or titanium oxide, and sizings such as rosin, gum, and starch.
 12

The Manufacturing Process

Making pulp

Several processes are commonly used to convert logs to wood pulp. In the

mechanical process, logs are first tumbled in drums to remove the bark. The logs are then

sent to grinders, which break the wood down into pulp by pressing it between huge

revolving slabs. The pulp is filtered to remove foreign objects. In the chemical process,

wood chips from de-barked logs are cooked in a chemical solution. This is done in huge

vats called digesters. The chips are fed into the digester, and then boiled at high pressure

in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The chips dissolve into pulp in the

solution. Next the pulp is sent through filters. Bleach may be added at this stage, or

colorings. The pulp is sent to the paper plant.

 13

Figure 2: Papermaking Process- Sheet forming

Beating

The pulp is next put through a pounding and squeezing process called,

appropriately enough, beating. Inside a large tub, the pulp is subjected to the effect of

machine beaters. At this point, various filler materials can be added such as chalks, clays,

or chemicals such as titanium oxide. These additives will influence the opacity and other

qualities of the final product. Sizings are also added at this point. Sizing affects the way

the paper will react with various inks. Without any sizing at all, a paper will be too

absorbent for most uses except as a desk blotter. A sizing such as starch makes the paper
 14

resistant to water-based ink (inks actually sit on top of a sheet of paper, rather than

sinking in). A variety of sizings, generally rosins and gums, is available depending on the

eventual use of the paper. Paper that will receive a printed design, such as gift wrapping,

requires a particular formula of sizing that will make the paper accept the printing

properly.

Pulp to paper

In order to finally turn the pulp into paper, the pulp is fed or pumped into giant,

automated machines. One common type is called the Fourdrinier machine, which was

invented in England in 1807. Pulp is fed into the Fourdrinier machine on a moving belt of

fine mesh screening. The pulp is squeezed through a series of rollers, while suction

devices below the belt drain off water. If the paper is to receive a water-mark, a device

called a dandy moves across the sheet of pulp and presses a design into it.

The paper then moves onto the press section of the machine, where it is pressed

between rollers of wool felt. The paper then passes over a series of steam-heated

cylinders to remove the remaining water. A large machine may have from 40 to 70 drying

cylinders.

Finishing

Finally, the dried paper is wound onto large reels, where it will be further

processed depending on its ultimate use. Paper is smoothed and compacted further by
 15

passing through metal rollers called calendars. A particular finish, whether soft and dull

or hard and shiny, can be imparted by the calendars.

The paper may be further finished by passing through a vat of sizing material. It

may also receive a coating, which is either brushed on or rolled on. Coating adds

chemicals or pigments to the paper's surface, supplementing the sizings and fillers from

earlier in the process. Fine clay is often used as a coating. The paper may next be super

calendered, that is, run through extremely smooth calendar rollers, for a final time. Then

the paper is cut to the desired size. (http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html)

In the Philippines, where it is commonly found in backyards, the fruits are eaten

either raw or dipped on rock salt. It can be either curried or added as a souring agent for

the common Filipino dish sinigang. The uncooked bilimbi is prepared as relish and

served with rice and beans in Costa Rica. In the Far East, where the tree originated, it is

sometimes added to curry. Bilimbi juice (with a pH of about 4.47) is made into a cooling

beverage. In Indonesia, it is added to some dishes, substituting for tamarind or tomato.

Additionally, the fruit can be preserved by pickling,[1] which reduces its acidity.

The flowers are also sometimes preserved in sugar.

In another part of Indonesia, Aceh, it is preserved by sun-drying, the sun-dried

bilimbi is called asam sunti. Bilimbi and asam sunti are popular inAcehnese culinary. It

can replace mango in making chutney. In Malaysia, it also is made into a rather sweet

jam.
 16

In Kerala, India, it is used for making pickles, while around Karnataka,

Maharashtra and Goa the fruit is commonly eaten raw with salt and spice.

In Seychelles, it is often used as an ingredient to give a tangy flavor to many

Seychellois creole dishes, especially fish dishes. It is often used in grilled fish and also

(almost always) in a shark-meat dish, called satini

reken.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi)
 17

Conceptual Framework

Community
Problems

Deforestation Improper defecation of

horses

Utilization of Horse
manure as alternative
source of paper

Lessening of waste
Conservation of Production of a
brought about by
trees new product in
improper defecation
business
of horses

Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical-Conceptual Framework of the

Study
 18

This aimed to help solve the environmental problems specifically with

deforestation and waste brought by the improper defecation of horses. Through utilizing

horse manure as an alternative source of paper, conservation of trees, lessening of wastes

and production of products which will be engaged will be the benefits assured.
 19

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Materials

The horse manure which was one of the study’s experimentalunit was obtained

from a calessa driver near Colon. The horse manure was still fresh and moist. Before it

was used, it was dried first. The manure was fine in texture and has threads of undigested

grass. Through analysis, the horse manure was composed mainly of fiber, making it a

good source of paper. Waste product, organic impurities and cellulose-decomposing

bacteria were also present in its composition. Thus, it was dark in color in the raw form.

One kilogram of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used in making alkaline

solution and was commercially available and obtained from Far Eastern Drugstore.

Chlorine and bleach for the whitening process were obtained from a sari-sari store near

their school.

Camias which was extracted and used in the whitening process was obtained from

a student living near the school. The mold and deckle used in sheet forming are procured

through improvising two silk screens, one with silk and the other with silkless frame.

These were later used in the sheet forming and drying of the product.
 20

Procedure

Two hundred fifty grams of horse manure was dried first to lessen bacteria and to

avoid moisture. After drying, the manure was filtered by using an unused cloth to remove

organic impurities and waste products, leaving the fiber alone.

The researchers then made an alkaline solution by dissolving 250 grams of

sodium carbonate (NaCo3) in one liter of water. The manure was then soaked in the

solution for one day to soften the fibers and to hasten its separation process. This was an

important part of papermaking for the fibers to be equally dispersed for it to be

interlocked when formed into sheets.

Whitening Process

The researchers prepared five set-ups of horse manure. Three of which are soaked

in chlorine solutions with 50g: 200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL chlorine to

water ratio on the first, second and third set-ups, each having 250 grams of horse manure.

One set-up was composed of camias extract of 200 mL, while the remaining set-up was

composed of two solutions: 100 mL of camias extract and 100 mL of chlorine solution,

made by mixing 100 grams of chlorine in 100 mL of water. Each the solution was then

added with 250 grams of horse manure to determine their effects at different variations.
 21

a b c
50g 100g 150 g
chlorine: chlorine: chlorine:
200 mL 200 mL 200 mL
water water water
+ 250 g + 250 g + 250 g
manure manure manure

Figure 4.1: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect of chlorine to the horse

manure paper

a b
200 mL 100 mL
camias camias +
extract + 100 g
250 g chlorine:
manure 100 mL
water
+250g
manure

Figure 4.2: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect of camias extract and

chlorine-camias solution to the horse manure paper

 22

Sheet Forming

The pulp was then transferred to the basin filled with water and was left for a few

minutes for the fibers to disperse equally. Sheet forming was done by placing the deckle

with the mold at the top at the bottom of the basin with the pulp dispersed. The mold and

deckle were gradually risen up, scraping the pulp. The mold and the deckle where then

moved back and forth for the fibers to spread equally on the screen. The mold was then

removed, leaving the sheet on the deckle.

Drying

The sheet was transferred to a felt cloth and was dried under the sun’s heat for one

day. The sun serves as a natural bleaching agent which can add to the paper’s white color.

Rolling and Pressuring

Pressing and rolling are the last steps in papermaking. The researchers used three

set-ups of horse manure paper and pressing devices: iron, rolling pin and hand. Each was

used manually to test their efficacy in improving the sheets’ texture and quality as a

writing paper. Pressure is needed in doing these steps for the fibers to be compact and

durable enough for it not to be torn easily.

 23

a b c
by hand by rolling pin by iron

Figure 5: Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper

Durability Testing:

The researchers prepared four sheets of the horse manure paper to test its

durability and quality. Using the dimensions 10x20x.3 cm, each f the two ends was

flattened using two books to make it elevated 5 cm above the ground. 5 peso coins were

placed on the sheet at the ratio 4:6:8:10 coins for the four set-ups respectively. Results

were then recorded.

a b c d
10x20x.3 10x20x.3 10x20x.3 10x20x.3
cm paper cm paper cm paper cm paper
+4 5-peso +6 5-peso +8 5-peso +10 5-peso
coins coins coins coins

Figure 6: Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper

 24

Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Color of the paper

Table 1: The effect of chlorine to the color of the horse manure paper

Amount of Chlorine Amount of Water Amount of Manure Color

50 grams 200 mL 250 grams Brown

100 grams 200 mL 250 grams Light Brown

150 grams 200 mL 250 grams White

The researchers found out that when more chlorine was used, the more the color

of the manure whitened. The researchers used 50g: 200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200

mL chlorine to water ratio on the first, second and third samples of 250 grams horse

manure respectively. The effect of the 50g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution to the 250

grams of horse manure made its color brown while light white to the set-up containing

100 g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution while the 150 g: 200 mL chlorine to water

solution made its color white.

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Table 2: The effect of camias extract to the color of the horse manure paper

Amount of camias Amount of manure Color

200 mL 250 grams Dark Brown

Using the extract of the camias which was of the same volume compared to the

chlorine solution does not greatly affect the color of the paper.

Table 3: Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color of the horse manure paper

Amount of Amount of Amount of Water Amount of Color

camias extract Chlorine Manure

100 mL 100 grams 100 mL 250 grams White

Results show that the 100 mL of the camias extract combined with 100 mL of

chlorine solution containing 100 grams chlorine made the color of the paper white which

was similar to the effect of the 150g: 200mL ratio of chlorine and water to the same

amount of horse manure.

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B. Durability of the paper

Table 4: The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to the durability of the paper

No. of books Dimension of the No. of five peso Effect

paper

2:2 10” x 20” x .3” cm 4 Nothing happened

2:2 10” x 20” x .3” mm 6 Nothing happened

2:2 10” x 20” x .3” mm 8 Nothing happened

2:2 10” x 20” x .3” mm 10 Torn apart

 With the results indicated, the paper can only resist the pressure exerted by the ten

pieces of 5-peso coins. The number of 5-peso coins less than this will not affect the

paper.

27

C. Texture of the Paper

Table 5: The effect of different materials in pressing

Materials used in Effect

pressing

Iron Rough

Rolling pin Rough

By hand Rough
 Using different materials in pressing did not change the texture of the paper for it

is still rough. The pressure contributes to the effect of the paper’s texture. The materials

used in this experiment gave insufficient pressure for the paper to be smoother.

28

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

With the process, alkaline solution and chlorine are good factors in papermaking.

Alkaline solution is used to separate clusters of undigested fibers from the manure,

making it fine and applicable for paper making.

Adding 150 grams of chlorine for obtaining white and good quality of paper from

horse manure is a good implication. Adding less than this amount of chlorine will

produce product of darker color.

At the same volume, camias extract does a less effect on the whiteness of the

paper. However, when added with chlorine, the effect is much more transparent and is

comparable to the chlorine solution’s effect to the horse manure.

 The use of camias extract and the chlorine solutions are of good insinuation in

whitening the color of the horse manure and thus improving its quality as a writing

material usable for the students.

Using hand, rolling pin nor iron as pressing devices does not affect the texture of

the paper. The pressure exerted by the said materials was not enough to enhance the

paper’s texture and writing potential. Using materials of vast pressure is highly

recommended.

29

With the data indicated, it could therefore be concluded that horse manure was a

suitable alternative source of paper aside from trees. The horse manure paper was also

applicable in terms of color, durability, texture as well as in writing ability.

If realized, this product may engage locally and will help the students in having

an educational which is financially available and ecologically friendly.

 30

Recommendations

The researchers recommend the future researchers who will use this investigatory

project as their basis to use a binding agent to make the paper more durable and compact.

The researchers also recommend using a calendaring machine to enhance its

texture hence, improving its potential as a writing paper.

Using another source of herbivore manure which is of a common problem to the

society is also recommended.

The future researchers can also add some designs or colors while in the stage of

sheet-forming to be able to produce a product which can be used as designing papers

which can be commercially available.

Mass production is highly recommended to determine the feasibility of the

developed products in large scale production

 Commercialization of these products is also a good implication to help solve

trees-threatening problems and even create job

31

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Plowman J. (2001).Papermaking Techniques Book. Blundell, London: Quatro Publishing

Plc.

Starr C., et al. (1984). Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 3rd ed. Belmont,

California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Online sources

http://Suite101.com/article/make-handmade-paper-textured-with-horsemanure-a268537

Retrieved on August 29, 2013

http://Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL Retrieved on August 29, 2013

http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-fiber-digested-body-4829.htmL Retrieved on

September 2, 2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food Retrieved on September 2, 2013

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper Retrieved on September 2,

2013

32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-based_bleaches Retrieved on September 3,

2013

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html Retrieved on September 15, 2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi Retrieved on September 15, 2013