AIM

TO STUDY MUTUAL INDUCTION

 INTRODUCTION
Self-induction in coil or conductor is actually an induced
back emf, which is generated when the magnetic field caused by
the current flow cuts the coil or conductor. If the flux lines
from the expanding and contracting magnetic field of one coil
were to cut the windings of another nearby coil, a voltage
would also be induced in that coil. The amount of emf induced
in this way depends on the relative positions of the two coils.
Also, the more turns of the second coil that are induced. This
inducing of an emf in a coil or conductor by magnetic flux lines
generated in another coil or conductor is called the primary, or
primary winding, and the one in which the emf is induced is
called the secondary. Similarly, the current that flows through
the primary is the primary current, and if the secondary is
connected to a load so that current flows, this current is called
secondary current.
 When current flows in the secondary, it sets u its own
magnetic field, which induces a voltage back into the primary
winding. Thus, when mutual induction occurs between two
coils, there are four voltages present. These are (1) are applied
voltage in the primary, (2) the self-induced emf in the primary,
(3) the induced emf in the secondary, and (4) the emf induced
back into the primary by the secondary current. Therefore, the
actual or effective overall, inductance of two coils that are
mutually coupled is complex because of the complex
interactions between the magnetic fields. This effective
inductance of two coils that are mutually coupled is called
mutual inductance.
 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Mutual inductance can be considered as the amount or degree
of mutual induction that exists between two coils or winding.
The mutual inductance of any two coils depends on the flux
linkage between the coils, which is turn depends on their
positions relative to each other. The degree of flux linkage is
expressed by a factor called the coefficient of coupling. When
all of the flux lines from each coil cut, or link, the other coil,
the coefficient of coupling is 1, which is maximum value. If
only some of the flux lines from each coil cut the other, the
coefficient of coupling has some value less than 1. You can see
then that when no mutual inductance exists between two coils,
the coefficient of coupling is close to 1, the two coils are said
to have tight coupling; and when the value is much less than 1,
the coils have loose coupling. The term critical coupling is
used to describe line between loose the tight coupling.
 When the coefficient of coupling between two coils is
known, the total inductance of the coils is found by multiplying
the values of inductance of the coils, taking the square root of
the result, and multiplying it by the coefficient of coupling. As
an equation, this is given by:

M = k - L1 X L2

Where M is the total inductance of the mutually coupled

coils, in henrys; k is the coefficient of coupling; and L 1 and
L 2 are the individual inductances of the coils, in henrys.
 THE TRANSFORMER
When mutual induction exists between two coils or
windings, a change in current through one induces a voltage in
the other. Devices which make use of this principle are called
transformer. Every transformer has a primary winding and one
or more secondary windings. The primary winding receives
electrical energy from a power source and couples this energy
to the secondary winding by means of a changing magnetic
field. The energy appears as an emf across the secondary
winding, and if a load is connected to the secondary, the energy
is transferred to the load.

By means of transformers, electrical energy can be

transferred from one circuit to another, with no physical
connection between the two. The transformer thus acts as a
coupling device. Transformers are also indispensable in a-c
power distribution, since they can convert electrical power at a
given current and voltage into the equivalent power at some
other current and voltage.
TRANSFORMER OPERATION WITH
OPEN SECONDARY
You will remember that when mutual induction exists
between two coils, not only does the current in the primary coil
induce a voltage in the secondary coil, but the resulting current
in the secondary coil, in turn, induces a voltage back into the
primary coil. This occurs in a transformer, and it is in large
part responsible for how a transformer works. However, for
ease of understanding, transformer having an open secondary.
No current flows in the secondary in this case, and so no
voltage is induced back into the primary. After the description
of how a transformer with an open secondary works, a
complete transformer, with current flowing in both the primary
and the secondary, will be described.

In a transformer having an open secondary, the primary

operates essentially the same as an inductor. This means that
the primary current lags the applied voltage by 90 degrees and
at the same time lead the back emf are thus of opposite
polarity. Most transformers are designed to have large back
emf ’s in the primary when the secondary is open, so the
primary current is therefore very low. As the magnetic field
around the primary winding, caused by the changing current
current through the primary, alternately expands and collapses,
it cuts the turns of the secondary winding, thereby inducing a
voltage in the secondary. The voltage induced in the secondary
is maximum when the rate of change of the primary
current is greatest (0, 180, and 360 degrees), and zero when the
primary current is not changing (90 and 270 degrees). When
this relationship is plotted, that the secondary voltage lags the
primary current by 90 degrees. Since the primary applied
voltage leads the primary current, the secondary voltage is
therefore 180 degrees out of phase with the primary voltage. It
is also in phase with the back emf in the primary.
Usually, the letter T designates a transformer, with P as the
primary, and S as the secondary, or secondaries.

Sometimes, dots are used to indicate the in-phase terminal of the

two windings. The schematic symbols alone do not show phase
relationships because external wires can be crossed to make the output
in phase with the input.

OBSERVATION & WORKING

In this given model of Mutual Induction we observe that

step down transformer provides 6V ac to Ist coil connected
directly to it. It provides the source voltage to this coil. The
second coil, identical to the first coil, is not physically or
electrically connected to coil-1 (primary). The primary flux is
providing a source induce voltage to coil-2 (Secondary) due to
Mutual Induction & LED connected to it will lit up. The
distance between coil-1&2 changes the intensity of LED.
 COMPONENT USED

1. Step down Transformer 6V dc ...................... 1

2. Ferrite Rods with enamelled ........................ 2

coil windings (200 turns each)

3. Light Emitting Diode.....................................1

4. Main Cord, wires, spares etc .........................1

 MUTUAL INDUCTION
INTRODUCTION : Self-induction in coil or conductor is actually an
induced back emf, which is generated when the magnetic field caused by
the current flow cuts the coil or conductor. If the flux lines from the
expanding and contracting magnetic field of one coil were to cut the
windings of another nearby coil, a voltage would also be induced in that
coil. The amount of emf induced in this way depends on the relative
positions of the two coils. Also, the more turns of the second coil that
are induced. This inducing of an emf in a coil or conductor by magnetic
flux lines generated in another coil or conductor is called the primary,
or primary winding, and the one in which the emf is induced is called
the secondary. Similarly, the current that flows through the primary is
the primary current, and if the secondary is connected to a load so that
current flows, this current is called secondary current.
When current flows in the secondary, it sets u its own magnetic
field, which induces a voltage back into the primary winding. Thus,
when mutual induction occurs between two coils, there are four voltages
present. These are (1) are applied voltage in the primary, (2) the self-
induced emf in the primary, (3) the induced emf in the secondary, and
(4) the emf induced back into the primary by the secondary current.
Therefore, the actual or effective overall, inductance of two coils that
are mutually coupled is complex because of the complex interactions
between the magnetic fields. This effective inductance of two coils that
are mutually coupled is called mutual inductance.
OBSERVATION & WORKING : In this given model of Mutual
Induction we observe that step dowN transformer provides 6V ac to Ist
coil connected directly to it. It provides the source voltage to this coil.
The second coil, identical to the first coil, is not physically or
electrically connected to coil-1 (primary). The primary flux is providing
a source induce voltage to coil-2 (Secondary) due to Mutual Induction
& LED connected to it will lit up. The distance between coil-1&2
changes the intensity of LED.
COMPONENT USED :

1.Step down Transformer 6V dc 1

2.Ferrite Rods with enameled 2 coil windings (200 turns each)
3.Light Emitting Diode 1
4.Main Cord, wires, spares etc. 1