HISTORICAL ROOTS WITH CURRENT ISSUES

 Analysis of the past can provide full import of the present come into focus.
 From the past we gain a sense of meaning and reliability of the present and can lead to some inklings of the
future.
 Promotes better understanding of CP is a discipline
 The quest for insights through psychotherapy became enduring through the years.
 Greek Philosophers: ANTECEDENTS OF NEARLY ALL PROFESSION, MOVEMENT, SYSTEM OF THOUGHTS in
Western society.
- Hippocrates
- Aristotle
- Thales
 16th Century – Asylum/ Shrine
 19th Century – roots of MODERN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT
THE EFFORTS OF THESE PEOPLE LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE FIELD OF
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY.
Philippe Pinel
- French Physician who introduce human care in French asylums.
- Mental patients must be treated with KINDNESS AND CONSIDERATIONS NOT AS VICIOUS BEAST OR
ANIMAL.
- Removing chains, sunny rooms, exercise on the hospital grounds and kindness was extended.
Eli Todd
- Developed retreat for the mentally ill.
- He emphasized the role of CIVIL CARE, RESPECT, and MORALITY
- He believed that mental patients can be cured.
William Tuke
- Englishman devoted himself to the establishment of a model hospital for the humane treatment of the
sick and troubled.
Dorothy Dix
- Campaigned for better facilities, more humane treatment for the insane and mentally retarded
 19 Century : CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SOCIAL FORCES
th

- Philosophers and writers were proclaiming the dignity and equity to all.
- Government were beginning to respond
- An atmosphere of “knowledge” through experimentation began to prevail.
- A feeling that people can PREDICT, UNDERSTAND, and CONTROL human conditions, which began to
replace older wisdom.

THE FERMENT/ DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE, POLITICS, LITERATURE, GOVERNMENT AND REFORM

COMBINED TO PRODUCE THE THE NEW PROFESSION REFERRED AS MENTAL HEALTH.

INHUMANE TREATMENT OF MENTAL PATIENTS IN THE PAST:

 Shackled to the walls. Dark unlighted cells by iron collars, which held them flat against the wall and permitted
little movement.
 Iron hoops around the waist, both hands and feet are chained.
 Patients were presumed to be animals. Food was either bad or good.
 Filthy cells thus they remained in the midst of all accumulated odor
 No one visited the cell except during feeding time. There was no provision of warmth and even the most
elementary gesture of humanity.
CURRENT ISSUES IN CP
 The history and dev’t of the field of CP examines the important event in the areas of: (DAPRI)
DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
PSYCHOTHERAPY
PROFESSION
RESEARCH
INTERVENTIONS
 The review helped us to appreciate the roots of CP as well as to put current activities in the appropriate
historical context.
 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES:
o Best TRAINING MODELS
o Best way to ENSURE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE
 o Issues about Private Practice
o Maintaining independence and economic variability
o Responding to increasing diversity of population
o Prescription Privileges
o Ethical Standards

 TRAINING MODELS
1. Produce own research that can contribute to the body of knowledge and consume work/research of
others.
2. CP is both a scientist and a practitioner with skill and sensitivity on diagnosis, therapy and testing and
must have an enormous pleasure of seeing patients.
3. Psy.D. is a degree with an emphasis on the dev’t of clinical skills.
COURSEWORK: INCREASED EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY & ASSESSMENT.
4. Ph.D graduates: more scholarly activities, identified as educators and researchers
 TRAINING FOR PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY (PAC)
1. Professional regulation protects the public interest by developing explicit standards of CP
2. American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) offers certification of professional competence: (FISH
BCCC)
- Forensic
- Industrial
- School
- Health
- Behavioral
- Clinical
- Counseling
- Cognitive Neuro

*Oral Exams & Case Managements are observed; record of previous cases,
*5 years post-doctoral experience before exams from ABPP
*Public can be assured that clinician with ABPP credentials to a careful scrutiny of a panel of peers.
3. Certifications: cannot offer services for a fee unless they are certified by state board of examiners
*CERTIFICATIONS: review of applicants training and professional experience. It is given to non-medical
specialty
*LICENSING: stronger form of legislation. It specifies the nature of title and training required by defining a
specific professional activity that may be offered to the public for a fee.
 PRIVATE PRACTICE
1. An increasing trend
2. The “good Samaritan” image often appears more concerned with economic privileges than the welfare of
the patient.
3. Training clinician doing private practice as a response to the nation’s mental health need.
4. Psychotherapy is a form of medical intervention that faded into obscurity and now legally accorded to
clinicians and clinical psychologist.
5. CP have now become fully independent practitioners that could compete in the marketplace on equal terms
with psychiatry.
 Maintaining independence and economic variability
1. Need to develop mental health services that effectively serves the need of cultural, racial and ethnic
minorities
2. Considerations of appropriate cultural factors in their clinical work with culturally diverse client, gender,
age differences, et al.
 Diversity of population
1. Need to develop mental health services that effectively serves the needs of cultural, racial and ethnic
minorities
2. Consideration of appropriate cultural factors in their clinical work with culturally diverse client, gender
differences, age differences, et. al
3. Rural population, minorities have been given underserved treatment. Clinician must respond to their needs.
  Prescription Privileges
1. ISSUE: to ensure that CP can practice autonomously as health service provider and can enable them to
continuity of care.
2. Far reaching implications in terms of role definition, training required and actual practice.
3. On Philosophical ground: There is a need for professional boundaries. CP should not incorporate medical
interventions to its treatment repertoire.
 Health Care Cost
1. High cost of mental health services
2. Long term therapy becomes short term therapy
3. Sessions are delivered in group format and community resources will be utilized to a great extent
4. Employment of master level professional and paraprofessional to do the same treatment and services
because it is cheaper.
 Ethical Standards
1. The yardstick by which to measure the maturity of a profession: COMMITMENT TO SET OF ETHICAL
STANDARDS
2. 1951: APA establish a tentative code
3. 1953: ETHICAL STANDARDS OF PSYCHOLOGIST
4. GENERAL PRINCIPLE INCLUDES PIRCCS
 PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESPONSIBILITY (AID)
*Assessment are based on scientific phenomenon
*Intervention
*Diagnosis
 INTEGRITY (GHST)
*Genuine
*Honesty
*Sincere
*Trustful
 RESPECT FOR PEOPLE’S RIGHTS AND DIGNITY
 COMPETENCE (SELES)
*Supervised Training
*Educational Completion
*License to Practice
*Expertise
*Skills
 CONCERN FOR THE WELFARE OF OTHERS
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: BE A GOOD EXAMPLE

ISSUES IN CONFIDENTIALITY
 Ethical duty to respect and protect client information because releasing it without due consent could
irreparably harm trusting relationship
 Vital to the client-counselor trusting relationship
 Confidentiality can only be broken:
IN CASE OF: (CPMP)
Child Abuse
Potential Suicide
Murder
Potential threatening situation/ Dangerous Client
NO CONSENT IS NEEDED.

SITUATIONS THAT BRINGS COMPLICATION IN THE REALM OF CONFIDENTIALITY

1. Working with children
2. Treating with AIDS PATIENT
3. School records that involves assessment data
4. Client’s therapy being paid by insurance would demand periodic access to record for purposes of review.

ISSUES OF CLIENT WELFARE

 Sexual activity with clients
 Employing a client
 Selling a product to a client
 Becoming friends with a client after the termination of a therapy
*all these can lead to exploitation and harm to the client.
 Sexual intimacies are condemned in no uncertain terms
 Willingness of the therapist to terminate therapy when it is no longer helping the client or when the client
request for termination.

CLIENTS 7 RIGHTS (RPM RRRL)

 Right to change therapist
 Possibilities of referral to other therapists
 Mention of community services as another option
 Right to end therapy
 Risk of experiencing unpleasant emotions during therapy
 Risk of changes in personal relationship
 Limits of confidentiality

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH

INFORMED CONSENT
 Good ethical practice demands that participants give their formal informed consent usually in writing prior to
their participation in research.
 Inform participants of any risks, discomforts, limits on confidentiality and any compensation for their
participation.
 Researcher agrees to guarantee participant’s privacy, safety and freedom to withdraw from counseling or
therapy.
CONFIDENTIALITY
 Individual data and response must be confidential and guarded from public scrunity.
 Instead of names, codes or numbers are typically used to protect anonymity especially when research is open
to the public.
 Obtain consent before disclosing any confidentiality or personally identifiable information in writing, lectures
or presentation in public medium.
DECEPTION
 Sometimes the purpose of the research or meaning of a participant’s responses is withheld.
 Deception can be employed only when there is no alternative or when verdical/truthful info would
compromise the participant’s data
 When used, extreme care must be taken so that participant’s do not leave the research setting feeling
exploited or disillusioned.
 Careful debriefing should be undertaken so that participants know why deception was necessary to avoid the
interpersonal trust to be shaken.
DEBRIEFING
 Participants have the right to know why researchers are interested in studying their behavior. It is mandatory
to debrief at the end of the research.
 Explain why the research is carried out, why it is important, what the results have been
 Participants can be told what kind of results are expected and that they may return later date for a complete
debriefing.
FRAUDULENT DATA
 Honesty of reporting the data
 Under no circumstances that obtained data results are not altered in any way. This can bring charges of fraud
and create enormous legal, professional and ethical problems for the researcher.
 There is no quicker way to lose the trust of the public than through fraudulent practices.