91

+ ans2 =0
and so on. These results gives values of
Sn, Sn+ 1, Sn+ 2, · · · ·

EXAMPLE 1.. Find

4
the sum of the cubes oif th
3 2 e roots 2
of the equatzon x + ax + bx +ex+ d = O. Multiplying both sides of given equation by x
x 5 + px 3 + qx 2 = 0
SOLUTION Let ai, a2, a3, _a4 be the roots of the
Putting x = a, p, y in succession and adding
- equation. Here, ao = 1, a1 = a, a2 = b, a3 = c, a4 = d. _ss + ps3 + qs2 = 0
aa51 + a1 =0 ⇒ s1 + a = o or s5 +p(-3q)+q(-2p)=0
S1 = -a ss=~s=Spq.
⇒ a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = - a
Now, aos2 + a1s1 + 2a 2 = 0 E~AMPLE 4. If a, p, y be the roots of the equation
⇒ s2 + a(-a) + 2b = o x -7x + 7 = 0. Find a- 4 + p- 4 + y- 4 .
s2 = a 2 - 2b SOLUTION Roots -of the equation x 3 - 7 x + 7 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = a - 2b are a, P, y. Changing x to 1/x and multiplying by
3
Now, aos3 + a1s2 + a2s1 + 3a3 = 0 x , we get 7x 3 -7x 2 + 1 = 0 ... (1)
⇒ s3 + a(a - 2b) + b(-a) + 3c = o
2
Its roots being the reciprocals of the roots of
s3 = - a3 + 3ab - 3c· given equation are 1/a, 1/P, 1/y.
⇒ a{ + ai + a~ + a! = 3ab - a3 - 3c. Let us denote them by a' , P' , y'
We have to find
4
EXAMPLE 2. Fi_nd th: sum ~f the fifth powers of the a- + p- 4 + y- 4 =(a' )4 + (P' )4 + (y' )4 =S 4 1

rots of the equation x - 7 x + 4x - 3 = o. Here, a0 = 7, a1 = - 7, a2 = 0, a3 = 1

SOLUTION a0 = 1, a1 = 0, a2 = - 7, a3 = 4, a4 = - 3 a05i + a1 = 0 ⇒ 7 s' 1 - 7 = 0
s' 1 = 1
a05i + a 1 = O ⇒ s1 = O a0s' 2 + a1s' 1 + 2a 2 = 0 ⇒ 7 s - 7 = 0
a0s2 + a1s1 + 2a2 = 0 ⇒ s2 -14 = 0 s'·2 = 1
S2 =14 aos' 3 + a1s' 2 + a2s' 1 + 3a3 = 0
a0s3 + a1s2 + a 25i + 3a3 = 0 ⇒ s3 + 12 = 0 I'
⇒ 7s' 3 -7+3=0
S3 = -12 1
S 3=4/7
Let a, p, y, 8be the roots of the given equation. Multiplying (1) by x, we get
x 4 -7x 2 +4x-3=0 ... (1) 7x4 - 7x 3 + x = 0
Multiplying both sides of (1) by x Putting x = a' , P' , y' in succession and adding
x 5 - 7 x 3 + 4x 2 - 3x = 0 7s' 4 - 7s3_+ Si = 0 ⇒ 7s'4 - 4 + 1 = 0
Putting x = a , p, y, o·in succession and add.ing Hence, a-4 + p-4 + y- 4 = 3 / 7
s5 - 7 s3 + 4s2 - 3s1 = 0 S4 = 3 I 5
S5 - 7(-12) + 4(14).:... 0 = 0
EXAMPLE 5. If a , P, y are the roots of the equation
S5 = - 84 - 56 = - 140
s5 =-140 x 3 + 2x 2 - 3x -1 = 0, find Ia- 5 •
[ a 5 + pS + y5 + 05 = - 140] SOLUTION Roots of the equation
E~AMPLE 3. If a , p, y be the ro~ts of the equation x 3 +2x 2 -3x-l=0 ... (1)
x + px + q = 0, find value of Ix . are a, P, y.
Changing x to 1/x and multiplying by x 3
SOUJTION a0 = 1, a1 = 0, a2 = p, a3 =q
x 3 + 3x 2 - 2x - 1 = 0 ... (2) ·
a05i + a1 = 0 ⇒ s1 = 0 Its roots being the reciprocals of the roots of ( 1)
a0s2 + a15i + 2a 2 = 0 ⇒ s2 = - 2p 1 1 1
aas3 + a1s2 + a 2s1 + 3a3 = 0 ⇒ s3 = - 3q are- , -,-.
a p Y

I
,J
 or 'l.x" - xy - 2 -== o ~rn~t
~,., ~ ( ~· Subtracting (2) from twice of (1 · ~i
~ , ( 1 ) i , e,, <i, I• (6 + Y) X + 6 = Q ) ·.\
6 J

f) , ~1 or a - 2fJ + r o x=---
2 6+y
~ one roor of (2) is zer?,
prod•"' of rhe root·s of (2) • 0
Putting this value of x in (1), we
216 18 &et
~ 27k+ 162==0
k == - 6 (6:Yl- 6+y +2=0
EXAMPLE 13, If a, p, y are the roots of the cubic or (y + 6)3-9(y + 6)2-I08::::o
x' + 3x + 2 • o, find the equation whose roots are 2
y 3 + 9y - 216 = 0
(a -P)(o - y), (P- r)(P- a), (Y - a)(y -P). Show
chat the given cubic has two imaginary roots. which is required equation.
S~LUTION a, p, y are the · roots of the equatio Now,
(a -P)(a -y)(P -y)(P- a)(y- a)(r-p
x 3 + 3x+ 2•0 n =product of roots of the transformed eq )_
:. a + P+ Y== 0, aP + PY + 'ya == 3' aA,_,y -- - 2 = 216 Uation
ety be a root of the required equati
I y,(a-P)(a-r)=a'-" or -(a -PJ2(p-y)2(y - a)2 = 216
2 a,_,- ay +on,then
py
(a-PJ2(p-y)2(y-a)2 =-216
==a -a(p+y)+py
RHS being -ve, one of the factors on LHs
= a2 a ( - a) + py
-
(a - P) 2 is -ve, i.e., a - Pis purely imaginary. say
[·. a A
== 2a 2 + apy = 2 2 2
+ ,_, + y = O] :. Two of the roots are imaginary.
a a - a [·: apy = - 2] [·: Imaginary roots occur in pairs]

y = 2xz - 2
X

N eNJ ~ ) S jtJf\\J:~_x./vu
Concept: To find the sum of the integral power
....J.-1---
~ex., ~
'J

i / x
a0 x' + a1x' - 1 + a2 x' -
2
-
of the roots of an equation. r - n+I r- n O ... (S)
+ ... + an - l X + all =
a0x 11 + a1x n- 1 + a 2x 11 - 2 +... + an = O .. . (A)
Putting x = a 1, a 2 , ... , all in succession.
If a 1, a 2 , a 3 ... , are the roots of the polynomial r r- 1 r- 2 r - 11+]
aoa1 + a1a1 + a2a1 + ... +all _ Jal
equation, then let us represents, = :Ea~
+ a11 a" - ll =0
i.e. , · s1 =La 1 =a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... r r- 1 r- 2 r ]
s2 = Let 12 = a 12 + a 22 + a 33 + .. . aoa 2 + a1a2 + a2a2 + .. . +an - 1a2 - 11+

= La 31 = a 13 + a 32 + a 33 .... . . . an d so on
/' - II
s3 +a11 a 2 =0
The following results will help us to find our
the value of s1, s2, s3 , .. . , s,.
aa5i + a1 = 0 ... (1)
ao52 + a1s1 + 2a2 = 0 ... (2) r r- 1 r - 2 J
aoa n + al CX n + azCX n + ... + an - rv r - II +
ao5 3 + a1s2 + a2s1 + 3a 3 = 0 ... (3) 1'-'n
ao5, + a1s, _ 1 + a 2s, _ 2 + ... + a, _ 1s + ra, = 0 +aa' - n=O
n n
... (4) Adding, we have
From (1), we can find the value of s1 and by ao5, + a1s, _1 + a2s, - 2 + .. • + an _ 1s, _ n +
purring its value in (2) we can find s2 • Proceeding in 1
the same way we can find the value of s,, provided + ans, _ n
Putting r = n, n + l, n + 2 etc, we get
=0
r < n. Ifhoweverr ~ n then multiply equation (A) by ao5n + al Sn - I +~ 2 + ··•+ an _ s
r - n 11
X
+ na11 = 0

\ ~~...,.
92 Olympiad Math
Let us denote them by ct' , B' , y'. 5 5~ t ' t ) < l t i ~ .
EXAMPLE 7. Findx + y + z\itbeingoh,. ~~
a-s + 1rs + Y- s = (a' )s + CW )s+ (y' )s = s's given th
X +y + Z = 1; x2 + y 2 + Z 2 :::: 2; Cit
Oo = 1, al = 3, a2 = - 2, a3 = - 1 3 3 3
a 0 s1+ a 1 = 0 ⇒ s1+ 3 = 0 x +y +Z = 3.
S1 =- 3 SOLUTION Let x, y, z be the roots of the e
a 0s2 + a 1s1+ 2a2 = 0 ⇒ s2 + ·3(-3)-4= 0 3 2 quation
ao t + a1t + a2 t + a3 == 0 Cao ;c 0) . .
s'2 = 13
We are given that s1 = 1, s2 = 2, s3 :::: 3 ·•Oj
a0S3 + CT1S2 + CT2S1 + 3a3 = 0 a 0s1 + a 1 = 0 ⇒ a0 + a1 = O
⇒ S3 + 3(13) -2(-3)- 3 = 0
a1 ~ - ao
S3 =-42
aos2 + a1s1 + 2a2 = 0 ⇒ 2ao - ao + 2a2:::: 0
Multiplying both sides of (2) by x, putting ao
x = a' , P' , y' in succession and adding, we get CT2 =- -
2
S4, + 3S3 - 2S2 - S1 = 0
I I I

ao5 3 + a1s2 + a 2s1 + 3a3 = 0

S4 - 126 - 26 + 3 = 0 . a
⇒ 3a0 - a 0 (2) - _Q_. 1 + 3a3 == O
S4 =149 2 .
Multiplying both sides of (2) by x2, putting a
3a3 + _Q_ = 0
.x = a' , W, y' in succession and adding, we get . ⇒
2
s's+ 3S4 -2S3 -S~ =0 ao
s's+ 447 + 84-13 =0 a3 = - -
6
s'5 =- 518 Putting these values of a1 , a 2 , a 3 in (1) and
Hence, "2:a-s = - 518. . 3 2 1 1
dividing by a0 , we gett - t - t - = 0
2
EXAMPLE 6. If a+ p + y = 6; a + p + y2 = 14
2 2 6
or 6t 3 -6t 2 -3t-1=O ... (2)
an d a 3 + ..,r:i.3 + y 3 = 36. Prove that
Multiplying both sides of (2) by t
a 4 + p4 + Y4 = 98. 6t 4 -6t 3 -3t 2 -t=O
SOLUTION Let a, p, y be the roots of the equation Putting t = x, y, z in succession and adding
a0 x3 + a 1 x 2 + a 2 x + a 3 = 0 (a 0 * 0) ... (1) 6s 4 - 6s3 - 3s2 - s1 == 0
or 6s 4 - 6(3)-3(2)-1==0
We are given that s1 = 6, s 2 = 14 and s3 = 36 25
.',CT0S1 + CT1 = 0⇒ 6ao + a 1 = 0 S4 = -
6
a 1 = - 6a0 2
Multiplying both sides of (2) by t
.•. a 0s2 + a1s1 + 2a2 = 0 6t5 - 6t4 - 3t3 - t2 = 0
⇒ 14a0 - 6a0(6) + 2a2 = 0
a 2 = lla0
Putting t = x, y , z in succession and adding
6s5 - 6s4 - 3s3 - s 2 == 0
Now, ao5 3 + a 1s2 + a 2s1 + 3a3 = 0 25') .
⇒ 36a0 - 6a0 (14) + lla0(6) + 3a3 = 0 6s5 - 6 )- 3(3) - 2 = 0
a 3 = - 6a0
( 6
Putting these values of a1 , a 2 , a 3 in (1) and s5 = 6
Hence, XS + y5 + ZS = 6.
dividing by a0 , we get
x 3 - 6x 2 + llx - 6 = 0 .. . (2) EXAMPLE 8. ·If a , 13, y are the roots of
Multiplying both sides of (2) by x, we get x 3 + px + q = 0. Prove that
x 4 - 6x 3 + l lx 2 - 6x = 0
. as+pS+y5 a3+l33+y3 a2+p2 +y2
Putting x = a , p, yin succession and adding (1) _ __.;..._ _;__ = _ __.:...-- . ~ 2
5 3
s4 - 6s3 + 11s2 - 6s1 = 0
(ii) 3(a.2 + p2 + y2)(a5 + 13s + y5)
S4 - 6(36) + 11(14) - 6(6) = 0
S4 =216-154+ 36=98 = 5(a.3 + p3 + y3)(a.4 + p4 + y4)
4 4 [RMO 1975]
Hence a + 13 + y4 = 98.

~
Mathet"t-ieit·
~ E'it; "~ of Equations
:nggive 11 ~ 1r,t:OrJ.__--
'1qt
_:..----_N
LUTIO Here no = 1, a1 == 0, a2 == p, a3 == q
SO a0 s1 + a1 = 0 ==> s1 === O 93
::::,
aa52 + a15i + 2a2 = O==:, s2::::: - 2p _ 2a 2
S2 - -
1e eqt1atiol'I aa53 + a1s2 + a2s1 + 3a3 = 0 Uo
S3 =- 3q U0S3 + U1S2 + U2S1 + 3a3 =Q
o ;t: 0) . ···(l)
::::: 3
2
NMultiplying both sides of given equation by ::::,
S3 ==--3
-3a

Uo
X· 5 3 Multiply'mg b oth sides
. of the equation ( 1) by x 2
x + px + qx 2 =0
putting x = a, 0, y in succession and_adding UoXS + U2X3 + U3X2 =Q
2a 2 ::::: O Putting x -_ a, b, c m
. succession
. and adding
s5 • + ps 3 .+ qs 2 = O
or s 5 - 3pq - 2pq=O UoSs + U2S3 + U3S2 =0
s5 = 5pq or aass - 3a2a3 - 2a2a3 == 0
s ... (1) ao ao
Now, ; = pq ; :. S5 = Sa2a3 or' a+
s bs s Sa2a 3
2 +c = - -
ao a~
S3 . S2 = (-q) ( _ p) == pq
3 2 Also be + ca + ab = ~1 and abc = - a 3
~i = S3 ~1. ao - ao
5
as+ 0s+ys
3 . 2
a3+ 03+y3
:. -Sabc(bc +ca ~ ab)= - s(-::J(::)
1 O) and Hence , - - =---- _ Sa 2a 3
5 3
- ~-
a 2 +02+y2
2 Hence , as + bs + cs = - Sabe (be+ ca+ ab) .
.. . (2) (ii) Multiplying both sides of the given equation EXAMPLE l 0 . If a+ p+ y + 8 = 0. Prove that
by x. as + P5 + ys + 85 = - 5 I: ap. I: apy.
4 2
x + px + qx = 0
jding SOLUTION ·: a + p + y + 8 == 0
Putting x = a , 13, Y in succession and adding
s4 + ps2 + qs1 = 0 or s 4 - 2p = o
2 Let a, p, y, 8 be roots of the equation
a 0x 4 + a 2x 2 + a 3x + a 4 = 0 .. . (1)
S4 = 2p2 a -a 3
Also s5 = Spq [From (l)] fop = _£ ' fopy = -
ao ao
3( a 2 + 13 2 + y2) (a 5 + 13 5 + y5) = 3s 2s5 Sa a 3
2 so that, -Sfop. Iapy =~ ... (2)
= 3( - 2p)(Spq) = - 30p q ao
S(a3 + 133 + y3)(a.4 + 134 + y4) = 5s3S4 s1 = 0, .'. a1 = 0
jing -2a 2
= 5( - 3q)(2p 2 ) a0s2 + a 1s1 + 2a 2 = O ⇒ s2 = - -
ao
= - 30 p2q
5 5 Also, aa5 2 + a 1s 2 + a 2s 1 + 3a 3 = 0
Hence , 3(a 2 + 13 2 + y2 )(a. y5)
+ 13 + -3a 3
.I = S(a 3 + 133 + y3)(a.4 + 134 + y4)
⇒ S3

Multiplying both sides of (1) by x

= --
ao

EXAMPLE 9. If a + b + c = 0, show that aoX 5 + a2X 3 + U3X 2 + a4 X -- 0 I

of a 5 + b 5 + c 5 = - Sabc(bc +_ca+ ab) Putting x = a, ~' y, 6 in succession and adding

y2
SOLUTION Let a, b, c be the roots of the equation
a 0 x 3 + a2 x + a 3 == 0
[ 2nd term is missing ·:
we are given that s1 == O;
a+ b + c = O]
... (1)
aa55 + a2S3 + U3S2 + U4S1 = 0
( -3a 3 \ ( - 2a 2 \
aoSs + a2~ ~ ) + a3( ~ ) + 0 - 0
_

Sa 2a 3
S5 =--2-
Uo
I I
i
a1 == 0

I
as+ ~s + y5 =-SI:al3•I:a~y(From (2)]
975J a0s2 + a 1s1 + 2a2 == 0