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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
CHAPTER 8
n 1 5 10 20
n
2
0.6667 0.1316872428 0.01734152992 0.00030072866
3
n
2
We observe that as n becomes larger and larger, becomes closer and closer to
3
n
2
zero. Mathematically, we say that as n becomes sufficiently large, becomes
3
n
2
sufficiently small. In other words as n → ∞ , → 0. Consequently, we find that the
3
sum of infinitely many terms is given by S ∞ = 3 .
358 MATHEMATICS
Now, for a geometric progression, a, ar, ar2, ..., if numerical value of common ratio r
is less than 1, then
a (1 − r n ) a ar n
Sn = = −
(1 − r ) 1− r 1− r
In this case as n →∞, rn → 0 since |r| < 1. Therefore
a
Sn →
1− r
Symbolically sum to infinity is denoted by S ∞ or S.
a
Thus, we have S = 1 – r .
For examples,
1 1 1 1
(i) 1+ + 2 + 3 + . .. = = 2.
2 2 2 1
1−
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
(ii) 1− + 2 − 3 + ... = = =
2 2 2 −1 1+
1 3
1−
2 2
Exercise 8.3
CHAPTER 12
Fig. 13.11
Fig. 13.12
ex – 1
In order to prove the result lim = 1 , we make use of an inequality involving
x→ 0 x
ex −1
the expression which runs as follows:
x
1 ex – 1
≤ ≤ 1 + (e – 2) |x| holds for all x in [–1, 1] ~ {0}.
1+ x x
ex − 1
Theorem 6 Prove that lim =1
x→ 0 x
Proof Using above inequality, we get
1
≤ e − 1 ≤ 1 + | x| (e – 2), x Î [–1, 1] ~ {0}
x
1+ x x
1 1 1
lim = = =1
Also x→ 0 1+ x 1 + lim x 1+ 0
x→ 0
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 361
e xy − 1
⇒ lim lim y = 1 (s in c e x → 0 g iv e s x y → 0 )
xy → 0 xy x→ 0
e xy − 1
⇒ li m y = 1 a s l i m = 1
x→ 0 xy → 0 xy
lo g e (1 + x )
⇒ lim =1
x→ 0 x
e3x − 1
Example 5 Compute lxi→m0
x
Solution We have
e3x − 1 e3x − 1
lim = lim ⋅3
x→ 0 x 3x→0 3x
ey −1
= 3 lim , w h ere y = 3 x
y→0 y
= 3 .1 = 3
362 MATHEMATICS
e x − sin x − 1
Example 6 Compute lim
x →0 x
e x − sin x − 1 e x − 1 sin x
lim = lim −
Solution We have x→0 x x →0
x x
ex −1 sin x
= lim − lim = 1 −1 = 0
x →0 x x → 0 x
log e x
Example 7 Evaluate lim
x →1 x −1
Solution Put x = 1 + h, then as x → 1 ⇒ h → 0 . Therefore,
log e x log e (1 + h ) log e (1 + x )
lim = lim = 1 since lim = 1 .
x→1 x −1 h→ 0 h x→0 x
Exercise 13.2
lo g e (1 + 2 x ) lo g (1 + x 3 )
7. lim (Ans. 2) 8. lim (Ans. 1)
x→ 0 x x→ 0 s in 3 x
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 363
Notes
364 MATHEMATICS