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Was there

history of Plan is illegal


discrimination? no

City of Richmond v. Croson Company


(1989)
Jurgens v. Thomas (1982)
yes

Does plan
benefit only people
Plan is probably legal
who were actual victims
yes
of discrimination?

no Firefighters v. Cleveland (1986)

What
population
was used to establish Plan is illegal
Area
goals?
populations Wards Cove v. Antonio (1989)
Janowiak v. City of South Bend
Qualified (1987)
workforce

Did
affirmative action
method trammel rights of Plan is illegal
nonminorities? yes
Firefighters v. Stotts (1984)
Williams v. New Orleans (1984)
University of California v. Bakke
no
(1978)
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Is
there an
ending point to Plan is illegal
the plan? no

yes

Figure 3.4 Plan is legal

Determining the Long v. City of Saginaw (1988)


Johnson v. Santa Clara (1987)
Higgins v. City of Vallejo (1987)
Ledoux v. District of Columbia (1987)
legality of an U.S. v. Phillip Paradise (1987)
Youngblood v. Dalzell (1986)
Smith v. Harvey (1986)
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education (1986)
affirmative action Steel Workers v. Weber (1979) Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

plan

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