Steel Structures

M.Sc. Structural Engineering

SE-505

Lecture # 5
Composite Steel-Concrete
Construction
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors
“Mechanical shear connectors are required for the full
transfer of longitudinal shear except for concrete encased
beam”.
1. Shear Studs Head to avoid
vertical lifting
of slab

Hs
ds

Hs /ds ≥ 4
Shear Connector [AISC I1.3]
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
2. Channel Connectors
Lc

Lc = Length of channel section

AISC suggests only studs and channels

Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
3. Spiral Connectors

Not suggested by AISC

Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
4. Angle Connectors

Not suggested by AISC

Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
Horizontal Shear Force for which Connectors are to be
Designed For Positive Moment Sections
AISC I3 Shear force shall be smallest of the following limit states

1. Concrete crushing V   0.85 f c ' Ac

2. Tensile Yielding of the steel section V   As F y
3. Strength of shear connectors V    Qn
Ac = Area of concrete slab within effective width
As = Area of concrete steel cross section
Qn = nominal strength of one connector
Σ Qn = strength of total number of connectors between the point of
max. positive moment and the point of zero moment.
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
Horizontal Shear Force for which Connectors are to be
Designed For Negative Moment Section
AISC I3 Shear force shall be lesser of the following limit states:

1. V   Ar Fyr Tensile yielding of the slab reinforcement.

2. V    Qn Strength of shear connectors

Ar = Area of reinforcement in slab parallel to beam with in effective

width of slab
Fyr = minimum specified yield strength of steel reinforcement.
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
AICS I3 Strength of Stud Connector

Q n  0.5 Asc f c ' E c  R g R p Asc Fu H s/ d s  4

Asc = Area of shear connector

Ec = M.O.E of concrete in MPa
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of a stud shear
connector
Usually, dia of stud = 12 to 25 mm, Hs = 50 to 200 mm
Rg and Rp are equal to 1.0 in case no decking is used. For different
types of decking, the values are given in AISC specification.
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
AISC I3 Strength of Channel Connector

Q n  0.3 t f  0.5t w L c f c ' Ec

Lc = Length of channel connector

tf and tw are for the channel
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
AICS I3.2d.(5) Required Number of Shear Connector
(between max. and zero moment section)

Horizontal Shear Force

Number of Shear
Connectors

Qn
Steel Structures
Shear Connectors (contd…)
AICS I3.2d.(6) Shear Connector Placement and Spacing
Shear connectors required on each side of maximum BM (+ve or –ve)
shall be distributed uniformly between that point and the adjacent
point of zero moment.

• Minimum cover for the shear connector is 25 mm.

• Diameter of stud should not be greater than 2.5 tf
• smin = 6ds (longitudinal direction)
• smax = lesser of 8ts and 915 mm (all directions)
smin = 4ds (transverse direction) ≥ 4ds
•
Steel Structures
Spans and Proportions of Composite Sections
For steel building frames economical span = 7.5 m to 15 m
Bridges
• For Simple span, > 12m is economical
• For Continuous span, > 18 m is economical

Steel plate may be attached with bottom flange of steel beam to

increase tensile capacity.

Approximate Minimum Depth of Steel Beam (Not AISC requirement)

• Steel beams without cover plate, L/24 for static load
• Steel beams without cover plate, L/20 for moving
load
Steel Structures
Example:
Design an interior composite beam for the floor plan shown in fig.
assuming that no shoring will be used during construction. Use A36
steel, fc’ = 20 MPa, 100 mm slab thickness, flooring, false ceiling and
partition load = 155 kg/m2, live load = 750 kg/m2 and construction live
load = 100 kg/m2. The beam is having shear connection with the main
beam. Try minimum depth section.

Slab, h = 100 mm

8.5 m

4 @ 2.5m
Steel Structures
Solution Slab, h = 100 mm

L 8500 8.5 m
d    354 mm
24 24

Use W 360
4 @ 2.5m
 100  2400   2.5  600 kg / m
Slab Weight  
 1000 

Other dead loads  155  2.5  388 kg / m

Assumed Self weight = 10% of other dead loads

 0.1(600  388 )  99 kg / m
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Total Dead Load  600  388  99  1087 kg / m

Live Load  750 kg / m 2

 750  2.5  1875 kg / m

Total Factored Load  1.2 1087  1.6 1875  9.81

1000
wu  42.23 kN/m

42.23  8.5 2
Mu   381.41kN - m
8
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
 M u ( N  mm ) 
   0 .00785 kg / m
Approximate Self weight

 d  Y conc .
 2
 a 
2 F y 

 
381 .41  10 6   0.00785
 

 2 2

 360  100  50 0 .90  250 


 52 .18 kg / m  99 kg / m
We are on safer side, can be revised also.
Assuming N.A. to lie within the slab
 Mu 
  
( A s ) req


  b F y d  t s.  a
2 2



 381 .41  10 6 
   6648 mm 2


 0 .90  250  360  100  50
2 2


Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)

Trial Section
W 360 x 57.8, A = 7230 mm2
d = 358 mm, I = 16000 x 104 mm4, bf = 172 mm

Effective Slab Width

bE is smaller of
1. L/4 = 8500/4 = 2125 mm
2. s = 2500 mm
bE = 2125 mm
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Checking the Position of N.A
As F y 7230  250 Coincidently same as
a   50mm
0.85f c 'bE 0.85 20  2125 assumed value

a 50
c   58.9mm  ts O.K. N.A. is within slab
β1 0.85
d a
b M n  b As Fy   ts  
2 2
358 50 
 0.90  7230  250 100   106
 2 2

 413.2kN  m  M u  381.41kN  m O.K.

Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Local Stability Check
h
 39.6   p  107 O.K. (For flexure stress in web)
tw
For A36 Steel

h
 39.6   p  69.5 O.K. (To get maximum Shear Strength)
tw
bf
 6.6   p  10.8 O.K. Not compulsory to be checked
2t f
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Shear Strength Check
42.238.5
Vu   179.5kN
2
vVn  v 0.6Fy d t w
 0.90.6 250 358  7.9 /1000

 381.8kN  179.5kN O.K.

Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Flexural Strength Check at Construction Stage

Actual Self Weight = 57.8 kg/m

Wet slab weight = 600 kg/m (included in Live Load)
Construction live load = 100 x 2.5 = 250 kg/m

wu  1.2 57.8 1.6  850

9.81
1000
14.02kN / m O.K.

14.028.52
Mu   126.7kN m
8
bM p  0.9Z x  Fy  225KN  m  M u O.K.
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Design of Shear Connectors
V’ is lesser of
0.85 f c ' Ac  3612.5kN
As Fy  1807.5kN

Vuh  1807.5kN
If we use 20mm Φ x 80mm, cover at the top will be 20 mm,
which is less than 25 mm so, let we use

15mm  60mm
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)

Asc 
 152  176.7mm2
4
E  21019 MPa
Qn  0.5Asc f c ' Ec  Asc Fu Rg = Rp = 1.0

0.5 176.7 20  21019 176.7  400

Qn  
1000 1000
 57.28kN  70.6kN

Qn  57.28kN
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Number of Shear Connectors b/w Mmax &  moment
Vzero 1807.5section.
   32
Transverse Spacing Qn 57.28
bf = 172 mm

smin = 4ds = 4 x 15 = 60 So two rows are easily possible

Longitudinal Spacing
8500 2 smin  6ds  90mm  265 O.K.
s  265 mm
32 2 smax  lesser of 8ts and 915 mm
 800mm  265 O.K.
Total no. of connectors = 2 x 32 + 2 = 66 2 additional
Steel Structures
Example:
Design an interior composite and simply supported beam
to span 12 m with a beam spacing of 2.5m. Minimum
number of 20mmΦ x 80 mm stud connectors of A36 steel
are to be used. ts = 125 mm and slab is poured without
shores. Live load = 750 kg/m2, grade 345 steel, fc’ = 20MPa.
Other dead loads are 155 kg/m2.

Slab, ts = 125 mm

12 m

2.5m each
Steel Structures
Solution:
L 12000
d   500mm
24 24
We can try W 460 or W 530
125
Dead Load of Slab   2400  300 kg / m 2
1000
Other dead loads (assumed)  155kg / m2

Assumed self weight  0.1300 155  45kg / m2

Total dead load  300 155  45  500kg / m2

Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Live Load, wL  750kg / m2

wu  1.2 500 1.6  750 9.81  2.5

1000
wu  44.15kN m
w L2 44.15122
Mu  u 
8 8
 794.7kN m
Mu
Approx. self weight   0.00785  60.9kg / m
d a
  t s  b Fy
2 2
60.9
  24.4kg / m 2  45kg /m 2
2.5
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Assuming N.A. to lie with in the slab

As req 
Mu
d a
  ts  bFy
2 2

794.7106
 460 50 

 125   0.9345
 2 2 

As req  7756 mm 2

Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Trial Section: W 460 x 68

As = 8710 mm2, d = 459 mm, Ix = 29,600 x 104 mm4
bf = 154 mm, tf = 15.4 mm, tw = 9.1 mm, h/tw = 44.6

Local stability of web

For the case if N.A. is E
λ  3.76  90
within the steel section, Fy
some part of web may be
in compression. h
 λ  90 O.K.
tw
Plastic stress distribution is also allowed now.
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Effective Width, bE
bE is smaller of
1. L/4 = 12000/4 = 3000 mm
2. s = 2500 mm

bE = 2500 mm

Minimum Number of Shear Connectors

smax  8ts  8125  1000mm
Two connectors at a section
 12000 
Minimum Number of Shear Connectors   1   2  26
 1000 
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Strength Provided by Connectors in Half Span

Qn  0.5Asc fc ' Ec  Rg Rp AscFu

0.5   2
 2  400
   20  20 21019   20 
1000  4  4  1000

 101.84  125.6kN Qn  101.84kN

26
Qn  101.84 1323.92kN
2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Tmax  As Fy  8710 3451000  3004.95kN

Qn  Tmax
Maximum value of Cc will be equal to Qn for equilibrium at the interface.

Since the force in the slab based on connector strength is

less than the maximum steel force so P.N.A lie within
steel section
The section will be partially composite
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Location of P.N.A
Assuming P.N.A. to be at the junction of flange and web.

Remaining tensile force  Tmax  C f

 3004.95  b f t f Fy bE = 2500 mm

Cc
15415.4345
 3004.95 Cf
1000
Fy
 3004.95  818.2  2186.75kN
Tmax- Cf

Fy
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Location of P.N.A
Total compressive force is:
Qn  C f  1323.92  818.2  2142.12kN
Tmax  C f  Qn  C f bE = 2500 mm
Cc
So P.N.A. has gone into the web Cf
Total Compressive force = Total tensile force dw Cw

Qn  C f  Cw  Tmax  C f  Cw Fy
Tmax- Cf - Cw

2Cw  Tmax  Qn 2C f Fy

Tmax  Qn
Cw  Cf
2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Location of P.N.A
3004.95 1323.92
Cw   818.20
2
 22.32kN 149.5 mm

 twdwFy 7.11mm
434.1 mm
345
22.32  9.1 d w
1000
d w  7.11mm Depth of web in
compression
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Portion of Steel Section in Tension

Area  8710 154 15.4  9.1 7.11 24.9 mm

 6273.7 mm2 7.12mm 434.1 mm

yb

8710 459 2 154 15.4459 15.4 2 7.119.1459 15.4  7.11 2

yb 
6273.7

yb  143.48mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Moment Capacity
Cc is lesser of

1- 0.85 f c 'bEt s  0.85 20 2500125

1000
 5312.5kN
2- Qn 1323.92kN

Cc  1323.92kN
As Cc < 0.85fc’bEts it is partially composite beam
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
0.85fc’

Cc
a a Cc
0.85fc 'bE
1323.921000

0.85202500

a  31.2 mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
bE = 2500 mm a
d1 d2 d3
Cc
ts
Cf
dw Cw

d Fy

Tmax- Cf - Cw

Fy
yb
a d = 459 mm
d1  d  t s  yb   424.92mm ts = 125 mm
2
tf yb = 143.48 mm
d 2  d  yb   307.82mm a = 31.2
2d tf = 15.4 mm
d 3  d  yb  t f w
 296.56mm dw = 7.11
2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

b M n  b Ccd1  C f d 2  Cwd 3 
 1323.92 424.92  818.2 307.82  22.32 296.56
0.90

1000

 738.93kN  m  Mu  794.61kN  m Not O.K.

Revise
The section has failed because in the beginning we
assumed the section to be fully composite and considered
the N.A with in the Slab
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Trial # 2, W 530 x 66

A = 8390 mm2, d = 525 mm, bf = 165 mm, tf = 11.4 mm,

tw = 8.9 mm, h/tw = 53.6

Location of P.N.A.
Tmax  AsFy  8390 345 1000  2894.55kN
Qn  1323.92kN  Tmax
So N.A. is with in the steel section
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Location of P.N.A.

C f  b f t f Fy  16511.4  345 1000  648.95kN

Qn  C f  1309.23  778.87  20881.1kN  Tmax

So N.A. is in the web
Tmax  Qn
Cw   Cf
2
2894.55 1323.92
 648.95
2
Cw  136.36kN
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Location of P.N.A.
Cw  t w d w F y
136.36  8.9 d w 345 1000
d w  44.4mm

Area in Tension = 6113.84 mm2 55.8 mm

yb = 168.7 mm 44.4 mm 469.2 mm

yb
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
a
d1  d  t s  yb   465.7mm
2
tf
d 2  d  yb   350.6mm
2
 dw
d 3  d  yb  t f  322.7mm
2
b M n  b Cc  d1  C f  d2  Cw  d3 
0.901323.92 465.7  648.95350.6 136.36322.7

1000
 799.3kN  m  M u  794.61kN  m O.K.
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Check at the Construction Stage

Self weight of beam = 66 kg/m = 26.4 kg/m2
125
Self weight of slab   2400 2.5  750kg / m
1000
Construction Live Load = 100 kg/m2 = 100 x 2.5 = 250 kg/m

wu  1.266 1.6750  250

9.81
1000
16.47kN / m
16.4712 2
Mu   296.51kN m
8
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Check at the Construction Stage

bM p  0.9ZxFy

 0.9156310 3
345
106
 485.31 kN  m  Mu O.K.

Final Selection W 530 x 66

Steel Structures
Composite Columns
“A steel column fabricated from rolled or built-up steel shapes
and encased in structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipes
or HSS and filled with structural concrete”

Encased Composite Column

“A steel column fabricated from rolled or built-up shapes and
encased in structural concrete”

Filled Composite Column

“Structural Steel HSS or pipe that are filled with structural
concrete”
Steel Structures
Composite Columns (contd…)

Filled Composite Column Encased Composite Column

Steel Structures
I2.1 Limitations
To qualify as Encased Composite Column, the following
limitations shall be met
1. Steel section area ≥ 1% of Ag.
2. Concrete encasement of a steel core shall be reinforced
with longitudinal load-carrying bars to restrain
concrete and lateral ties. Minimum longitudinal
reinforcement must be 0.4% of the gross area of the
composite member.
Asr
sr 
Ag
where
Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars, mm2
Ag = gross area of composite member, mm2
Steel Structures
3. The minimum transverse reinforcement is
to be 0.23 mm2/mm of tie spacing.
4. 21 MPa ≤ fc’ ≤ 70 MPa
5. Fy ≤ 525 MPa

Compressive Strength
The design compressive strength, cPn, and allowable
compressive strength, Pn/c, for axially loaded
encased composite columns for the limit state of
flexural buckling based on column slenderness is
evaluated as follows:
Steel Structures
(a) When Pe ≥ 0.44Po
  
P 
o
 P
Pn  P o 0.658    e

 
 
(b) When Pe < 0.44Po

Pn  0.877Pe
c = 0.75 (LRFD) c = 2.00 (ASD)

Po  As Fy  Asr Fyr  0.85 Ac fc

Steel Structures
 2 (EI eff )
Pe 
(KL) 2
As = area of the steel section, mm2
Ac = area of concrete, mm2
Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars, mm2
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete

= 0.043w1.5
c f c , MPa

Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200, GPa

fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
Steel Structures

Fy = specified minimum yield stress of steel

section, MPa
Fyr = specified minimum yield stress of reinforcing
bars, MPa
Ic = moment of inertia of the concrete section,
mm4
Is = moment of inertia of steel shape, mm4
Isr = moment of inertia of reinforcing bars, mm4
Steel Structures
K= the effective length factor
L= laterally unbraced length of the member, mm
wc = weight of concrete per unit volume
(1500 ≤ wc ≤ 2500 kg/m3)

EIeff = effective stiffness of composite section, N-mm2

EIeff = Es Is + 0.5Es Isr + C1Ec Ic
 As 
C1  0.1 2   0.3
 Ac  As 
Steel Structures
Shear Strength
The available shear strength is calculated based on
either the shear strength of the steel section alone plus
the shear strength provided by tie reinforcement, if
present, or the shear strength of the reinforced concrete
portion alone.
Load Transfer
Loads applied to axially loaded encased composite
columns must be transferred between the steel and
concrete. The shear connectors must satisfy the
following requirements:
Steel Structures
(a) When the external force is applied directly to the
steel section, shear connectors are provided to
transfer the required shear force, V, as follows:

V = V(1 − As Fy/Po)

V= required shear force

As = area of steel cross section, mm2
Po = nominal axial compressive strength without
consideration of length effects, N
Steel Structures

(b)When the external force is applied directly to the

concrete encasement, shear connectors must be provided
to transfer the required shear force, V, as follows:
V = V(As Fy/Po)

(c)When load is applied to the concrete of an encased

composite column by direct bearing the design
bearing strength, B Pp, and the allowable bearing
strength, Pp/B, of the concrete is as given below:
Steel Structures
Pp = 1.7 fc AB
B = 0.65 (LRFD) B = 2.31 (ASD)
AB = loaded area of concrete, mm2
Detailing Requirements
At least four continuous longitudinal reinforcing bars
are to be used in encased composite columns.
Transverse reinforcement must be spaced at the smallest
of 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar diameters or
0.5 times the least dimension of the composite section.
Steel Structures

A minimum clear cover of 38 mm to the reinforcing

steel must be maintained.
Shear connectors are provided to transfer the required
shear force.
The shear connectors are distributed along the length
of the member at least a distance of 2.5 times the depth
of the encased composite column above and below the
load transfer region.
Steel Structures

The maximum connector spacing is to be 405 mm.

Connectors to transfer axial load are placed on at least
two faces of the steel shape in a configuration
symmetrical about the steel shape axes.
If the composite cross section is built up from two or
more encased steel shapes, the shapes are
interconnected with lacing, tie plates, batten plates or
similar components to prevent buckling of individual
shapes due to loads applied prior to hardening of the
concrete.
Steel Structures
Strength of Stud Shear Connectors
The nominal strength of one stud shear connector
embedded in solid concrete is:

Qn  0.5Asc f cEc  AscFu

Asc = cross-sectional area of stud shear connector, mm2

Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of a stud shear
connector, MPa
Steel Structures
Composite Columns (contd…)

I2.1 Limitations
To qualify as Filled Composite Column, the following
limitations shall be met
1. Steel section area ≥ 1% of Ag.
2. The maximum b / t ratio for a rectangular HSS is to be
2.26 E Fy .
3. The maximum D / t ratio for a round HSS is to be
0.15 E Fy .
4. 21 MPa ≤ fc’ ≤ 70 MPa
5. Fy ≤ 525 MPa
Steel Structures

Compressive Strength
The design compressive strength, cPn, and allowable
compressive strength, Pn/c, for axially loaded
encased composite columns for the limit state of
flexural buckling based on column slenderness is
evaluated as follows:
Steel Structures
  
P 
o
 P
(a) When Pe ≥ 0.44Po Pn  P o 0.658   e

 
 
(b) When Pe < 0.44Po

Pn  0.877Pe
c = 0.75 (LRFD) c = 2.00 (ASD)
 2 (EI eff )
Po  As Fy  Asr Fyr  C2 Ac fc Pe 
(KL) 2

C2 = 0.85 for rectangular section and 0.95 for circular

sections.
Steel Structures

EIeff = effective stiffness of composite section, N-mm2

EIeff = Es Is + Es Isr + C3Ec Ic
 As 
C3  0.6  2   0.9
 Ac  As 
Steel Structures
Shear Strength
The available shear strength is calculated based on
either the shear strength of the steel section alone plus
the shear strength provided by tie reinforcement, if
present, or the shear strength of the reinforced concrete
portion alone.
Load Transfer

Loads applied to filled composite columns are to be

transferred between the steel and concrete.
Steel Structures
When the external force is applied either to the steel
section or to the concrete infill, transfer of force from the
steel section to the concrete core is required from direct
bond interaction, shear connection or direct bearing.

When load is applied to the concrete of an encased or

filled composite column by direct bearing the design
bearing strength, B Pp, and the allowable bearing
strength, Pp/B, of the concrete is as follows:
Steel Structures
Pp = 1.7 fc AB
B = 0.65 (LRFD) B = 2.31 (ASD)
AB = loaded area of concrete, mm2
Detailing Requirements
Where required, shear connectors transferring the
required shear force are distributed along the length of
the member at least a distance of 2.5 times the width of
a rectangular HSS or 2.5 times the diameter of a round
HSS both above and below the load transfer region.
The maximum connector spacing is to be kept equal to
405 mm.
Steel Structures
Composite Columns (contd…)
Advantages of Composite Columns
1. Better fire rating, less rusting.
2. Better appearance, improved by concrete.
3. Better performance than steel column against impact
load.
4. Composite sections are smaller than RCC sections,
specially important in high rise building.
5. Light columns so small foundations.
6. Advantage of both materials is utilized, M.O.I
increases.
7. Construction time can be reduced.
Steel Structures
Composite Columns (contd…)
Disadvantages of Composite Columns
1. To predict shortening is more difficult because of two
different materials in the same member.
2. Differential shortening of different columns may
cause complete failure of structure.
3. If some columns are of steel and some are composite,
concrete in composite section has creep while in steel
columns there is no creep. This causes differential
settlement.
4. Lack of knowledge about bond between steel and
concrete.
Steel Structures
Encased Beams
“A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with
the slab may be assumed to be interconnected to the
concrete by natural bond, without additional
anchorage” provided that
1. Concrete cover over the beam sides and soffit is at least
50 mm.
2. The top of the beam is at least 38 mm below the top and
50 mm above the bottom of the slab.
3. Concrete encasement contains adequate mesh or other
reinforcing steel to prevent spalling of concrete
Steel Structures
Encased Beams
≥ 38 mm

≥ 50 mm

≥ 50 mm

Also study ACI 318-05 Chapter # 17 and ACI 318-10.16.8

Concluded