11.

Bus topology has a network arrangement where nodes make use of a single
communication line for data transmission.

Many networks at the beginning of computer networking era made use of this topology due
to easy implementation.

Tree topology-This network topology is ideal for when you have a device acting as
the root device on the network.

Note this this topology works with the design of a star and bus topology combined.
This has to do with linking star topologies together to form a single network topology,
which is linked using a bus topology.

The disadvantage of using this topology is the multiple points of failures that are
created, i.e. both the star and bus topology needs to be up at all times.

12.

 The main disadvantage of using this topology is that it has a single point of
failure, i.e. when the central switch node is down, there will be a break in
communication for all connected devices.
 More cabling is needed since you connect each individual devices to the
central node.
 Performance of the whole network depends on the performance of the central
node.

13. NETWORK GOALS:

 The main goal of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is to make all
programs, data and equipment available to anyone on the network
without the regard to the physical location of the resource and the user.
 A second goal is to provide high reliability by having alternative sources
of supply. For example, all files could be replicated on two or three
machines, so if one of them is unavailable, the other copies could be
available.
14. 1. Email Programs

2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

3. Terminal Emulation (TELNET)

4. Groupware
15. DNS resolution. Each web server (and indeed any host connected to
the internet) has a unique IP address in textual form, translating it to an
IP address (in this case, 207.142.131.248) is a process known asDNS
resolution

16.same as question 4

17. i. Advantages of Optical Fiber

Greater Bandwidth & Faster Speed—Optical fiber cable supports extremely high
bandwidth and speed. The amount of information that can be transmitted per unit of optical
fiber cable is its most significant advantage.
Cheap—Several miles of optical fiber cable can be made cheaper than equivalent lengths
of copper wire. With numerous vendors swarm to compete for the market share, optical
cable price would sure to drop.
Thinner and Light-weighted—Optical fiber is thinner, and can be drawn to smaller
diameters than copper wire. They are of smaller size and light weight than a comparable
copper wire cable, offering a better fit for places where space is a concern.

Disadvantages of Optical Fiber

Limited Application—Fiber optic cable can only be used on ground, and it cannot leave
the ground or work with the mobile communication.
Low Power—Light emitting sources are limited to low power. Although high power emitters
are available to improve power supply, it would add extra cost.
Fragility—Optical fiber is rather fragile and more vulnerable to damage compared to copper
wires. You’d better not to twist or bend fiber optic cables.

ii. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable

The advantages of coax include the following:

 Broadband system—Coax has a sufficient frequency range to support multiple channels,

which allows for much greater throughput.
  Lower error rates—Because the inner conductor is in a Faraday shield, noise immunity is
improved, and coax has lower error rates and therefore slightly better performance than
twisted-pair. The error rate is generally 10 (i.e., 1 in 1 billion) bps.
–9

 Greater spacing between amplifiers—Coax's cable shielding reduces noise and crosstalk,
which means amplifiers can be spaced farther apart than with twisted-pair.

The main disadvantages of coax are as follows:

 Problems with the deployment architecture—The bus topology in which coax is deployed is
susceptible to congestion, noise, and security risks.
 Bidirectional upgrade required—In countries that have a history of cable TV, the cable
systems were designed for broadcasting, not for interactive communications. Before they can
offer to the subscriber any form of two-way services, those networks have to be upgraded to
bidirectional systems.

iii. Twisted Pair

Advantages : 1. Cheaper and far easier to splice

2. Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby equipment or
wires.
3. In turn are less likely to cause interference themselves.
4. Because it is electrically "cleaner", STP wire can carry data at a faster speed.

Disadvantages : 1. STP wire is that it is physically larger and more expensive

than twisted pair
wire.
2. STP is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.

iv. An advantage for radio waves is that it's able to bounce off
the ionosphere (region in the Earth's atmosphere) so it could
travel around the world. It's also a cheap form of communication
and it travels through the air so no wires are needed for
communication.

A disadvantage for radio waves is that it has low frequency so it

can't transmit (send) a lot of data at one time.

v. Advantages:

 No cables needed
 Multiple channels available
 Wide bandwidth
Disadvantages:

 Line-of-sight will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as new buildings, are in the
way
 Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from attenuation due to
atmospheric conditions.
 Towers are expensive to build

vi.