Nama : Muhammad Naufal

NIM : 2005102061
Kelas : MI-3A
Mata Kuliah : Komdat. & Jarkom.

1. right of way. noun plural rights of way. the right of one vehicle or vessel to take precedence
over another, as laid down by law or custom. the legal right of someone to pass over another's
land, acquired by grant or by long usage. the path or road used by this right.

3. Propagation speed is the amount of time it takes for one particular signal to get from one point
to another. Transmission Rate is the total amount of data that can be sent from one place to
another in a given period of time.

5. Types of costs of conducted media

In conducted media, there are different types of costs associated with different types of media.
There are different types of conducted media such as:
Twisted pair cable:
• Twisted pair wire is an ordinary copper wire which is intertwining with two or more wires
twisted around each other.
• The name twisted pair is depicts that the cable is containing one more pair of wires.
Coaxial cables:
• Coaxial cable consists of center wire, a plastic wire is insulted over it, and then braided metal
shield is grounded over it.
• Coaxial cables can carry signals for wide range of frequencies, and hence, it is used for long-
distance telephone communication.
Fiber-optic cables:
• The wire is made up of ultrathin filaments of glass or plastic material, which is as thin as
human hair, and it can carry beam of light.
• The glass fiber is covered with aramid yarn and plastic covered strongly over it.
• Fiber optic cable is light based, which can carry information optically at the speed of light.

7. Working of FSO is similar to OFC (optical fiber cable) networks but the only difference is that
the optical beams are sent through free air instead of OFC cores that is glass fiber. FSO system
consists of an optical transceiver at both ends to provide full duplex (bidirectional) capability.

 9. 802.11a Protocol− This protocol supports very high transmission speeds of 54Mbps. It
has a high frequency of 5GHz range, due to which signals have difficulty in penetrating
walls and other obstructions. It employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM).
 802.11b Protocol − This protocol operates within the frequency range of 2.4GHz and
supports 11Mbps speed. It facilitates path sharing and is less vulnerable to obstructions. It
 uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) with Ethernet
protocol.
 802.11g Protocol − This protocol combines the features of 802.11a and 802.11b
protocols. It supports both the frequency ranges 5GHz (as in 802.11a standard) and
2.4GHz (as in 802.11b standard). Owing to its dual features, 802.11g is backward
compatible with 802.11b devices. 802.11g provides high speeds, varying signal range,
and resilience to obstruction. However, it is more expensive for implementation.
 802.11n Protocol − Popularly known as Wireless N, this is an upgraded version of
802.11g. It provides very high bandwidth up to 600Mbps and provides signal coverage. It
uses Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO), having multiple antennas at both the
transmitter end and receiver ends. In case of signal obstructions, alternative routes are
used. However, the implementation is highly expensive.

 11. Data and voice access points. Bluetooth facilitates real-time voice and data
transmissions by providing effortless wireless connection of portable and stationary
communications devices.
 Cable replacement. Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable
attachments for connection of practically any kind of communications device. Connections
are instant and are maintained even when devices are not within line of sight. The range of
each radio is approximately 10 m, but can be extended to 100 m with an optional amplifier.
 Ad hoc networking. A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant
connection to another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range.

13. There are some important advantages of Bluetooth are given below,

o It avoids interference from other wireless devices.
o It has lower power consumption.
o It is easily upgradeable.
o It has range better than Infrared communication.
o The Bluetooth is used for voice and data transfer.
o Bluetooth devices are available at very cheap cost.
o No line of sight hence can connect through any obstacles.
o Free to use if the device is installed with Bluetooth.
o The technology is adopted in many products such as head set, in car system, printer, web
cam, GPS system, keyboard and mouse.
There are some important disadvantages of Bluetooth are given below,
o It can lose connection in certain conditions.
o It has low bandwidth as compared to Wi-Fi.
o It allows only short range communication between devices.
o Security is a very key aspect as it +can be hacked.
15. Faster wireless broadband connections enable wireless carriers to support higher-level data
services, including business applications, streamed audio and video, video messaging, video
telephony, mobile TV, and gaming.
 17. Advantages and disadvantages of zigbee
 The zigbee has flexible network structure.
 It has a very long battery life.
 It is low power consumption.
 It is easy to install.
 It can be easily implemented.
 It supports large number of nodes i.e. 6500 nodes approximately.
 It has a very low cost.

19. Infrared wireless is used for medium and short range communications and control. Infrared
technology is used in instruction detectors; robot control system, medium range line of sight
laser communication, cordless microphone, headsets, modems, and other peripheral devices.

23. WiMAX was sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids" and can be used for a number of
applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to
Long-range Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.

25. the line between two points specifically : the straight path between a transmitting antenna (as
for radio or television signals) and a receiving antenna when unobstructed by the horizon.

27. Differences between 2.5 generation and UMTS cell phone services

29. It does not rely on analog technologies

31. AMPS uses frequency division multiplexing while D-AMPS is a digital equivalent of the
original analog AMPS. It uses time division multiplexing along with frequency division
multiplexing and provides greater signal clarity and security than AMPS