An

Educational Visit Report

To

Hydropower Generation Plant

At Pawna Dam, Pune

Under the guidance of

PROF. S. P. Bijwe
In Partial fulfilment of
T.E. Civil, Sem-V
Savitribai Phule Pune University
2017-2018

Civil Engineering of Department

Dr. D. Y. Patil School Of Engineering, Lohgaon, Pune-412 105
 An educational site visit to hydropower plant at Pawna Dam,
Pune was organized by department of civil engineering of Dr. D. Y. Patil
School Of Engineering, Lohegaon, Pune on 18th Sept. 2017. As per Pune
University guidelines and recommendations regarding syllabus of T.E.
civil engineering the site visit was organized. The visit was organized
successfully with the prior permission and guidance of honorable
principal of Dr. D. Y. Patil S.O.E. Dr. S. S. Sonavane sir and by the
initiative and hard effort of Prof.S.P Bijwe and Prof.T.V.Salunke.

Class : T.E. Civil

Date : 18/09/2017
Time : 10.00-4.00
 HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Aim : To study about hydroelectric power plant at pawana dam.

INTRODUCTION :
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In
2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of
all renewable electricity, and was expected to increase about 3.1% each year
for the next 25 years.
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-
Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013. China is
the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013,
representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use.
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a
competitive source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no
water, unlike coal or gas plants. The average cost of electricity from a hydro
station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With
a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity since the amount
produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to
changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the
project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level
of greenhouse gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
HYDROPOWER :
Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water in motion.
It can be seen as a form of solar energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic
cycle which gives the earth its water. In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric
water reaches the earths surface as precipitation. Some of this water
evaporates, but much of it either percolates into the soil or becomes surface
runoff. Water from rain and melting snow eventually reaches ponds, lakes,
reservoirs, or oceans where evaporation is constantly occurring.
Moisture percolating into the soil may become ground water
(subsurface water), some of which also enters water bodies through springs
or underground streams. Ground water may move upward through soil during
dry periods and may return to the atmosphere by evaporation. Water vapor
passes into the atmosphere by evaporation then circulates, condenses into
clouds, and some returns to earth as precipitation. Thus, the water cycle is
complete. Nature ensures that water is a renewable resource.

COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER

PLANT :
The water flowing in the river comprises of kinetic energy& potential
energy. In hydroelectric power plant and the potential energy of water
is utilized to produce electricity. There are 8 important components of
hydroelectric power plant as below.

1) Impeller
2) Shaft
3) Runner
4) Casing
5) The penstock
6) Water turbine
7) Generators
WORKING OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT :
To produce hydroelectricity, three things must be present;
moving water, a turbine, and a generator. Hydropower stations are designed
to harness the kinetic energy from moving water. Ideally, they are factories
that convert the energy of falling water into the flow of electrons, commonly
known as electricity. In most scenarios, a dam is constructed across a river to
elevate the water level and offer the fall needed to develop a driving force.
The falling water is then channeled to a turbine wheel at a lower level. The
flowing water turns a turbine wheel that is connected to a generator. The
generator has a rotor, which is turned by the turbine. The turning of the
generator rotor produces electricity.

The functioning of a generator is pegged on the principles

revealed by Faraday. His discovery states that when a magnet is moved past a
conductor, it triggers electrons to flow. In a large-scale hydroelectric
generator, electromagnets are created by circulating direct current via wire
loops that are wrapped around heaps of magnetic steel laminations known as
field poles. The field poles are mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The
rotor is connected to the turbine shaft and spins at a set speed. When the rotor
spins, it triggers the electromagnets (field poles) to go beyond the conductors
mounted in the stator, causing electrons (electricity) to flow and a voltage to
occur at the output terminals of the generator.

The electricity produced is then stepped up in voltage through the

hydroelectric power station transformers and sent across transmission lines.
The used water having performed its intended purpose is channeled out of the
power generation station to the mainstream of the river to continue the cycle
of power generation.
SELECTION OF SITE FOR A HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWERPLANT :
Some point that should be given importance while selecting a site for
hydroelectric power stations given below.

Availability of water:-
Since the primary requirement for a hydroelectric power station
is the availability of huge amount of water such a plant should be built at a
place (ex. River and Canal) where adequate water is available at a good head.

Storage of water:-
There are wide variations in water supply form a river or canal
during the year. This makes its necessary to store water by constructing a
dam in order to insure the generation of power throughout the year. The
storage help in equalizing the flow of water so that any excess quantity of
water at a certain period of the year can be made available during times of
very low flow in the river. This leads to the conclusion that site selected for
hydroelectric plant should provide adequate facility for erecting a dam and
storage of water.

Cost and type of land:-

The land for the construction of plant should be available at the
reasonable price. Further the bearing capacity of the soil should be adequate
to withstand the installation of heavy equipment.

Transportation facilities:-
The site selected for the hydroelectric plant should be accessible
by rail and road so that necessary equipment and machinery could be easily
transported. It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal choice of
site for such a plant is near a river in hilly areas where dam can be
conventionally built at large reservoir can be obtained.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT :
1) Renewable source of energy there by saves scares fuel reserves.
2) Economical source of power.
3) Non-polluting and hence environment friendly
4) Reliable energy source with approximately 90% availability.
5) Low generation cost compare with other energy sources.
6) Indigenous inexhaustible perpetual and renewable energy source.
7) Low operation and maintenance cost.
8) Possible to build power plant of high capacity.
9) Plant equipment is simple.
10) Socio economic benefits being located usually remote areas.
11) Higher efficiency, 95%-98%.
12) Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution.
13) Water to run the power plant is provided free by nature.
14) Its renewable rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is
almost always their.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT :

1) Susceptible to vagaries of nature such a draught.
2) Longer construction period and high initial cost.
3) Lose of large land due to reservoir.
4) Non availability of suitable size of sites for the construction of time.
5) Displacement of large population from reservoir area and rehabilitation.
6) Environment takes aspect reservoir verses river ecology.
7) High cost of transmission system for remote site.
8) They use up valuable and limited natural resources.
9) They can produce a large of pollution.
10) Companies has a dig up the earth or drill wells to get the coal, oil, and
gas.
11) For nuclear power plants there are waste disposal problems.