Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering

Energy Department

DeralocK Hydropower plant

name of student: Abdullah edris salah

supervisor: mr harwan and mr firas
Date:11/11/2023

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Aim:

The goal of this trip is to learn one of the ways to renewable energy

Introduction:

Hydropower is a fantastic source of renewable energy that uses the force

of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It's been around for
centuries and has played a significant role in powering communities
worldwide.The process starts with a dam, which creates a reservoir by
blocking the flow of a river. When the water is released from the dam, it
flows through turbines, which are like giant waterwheels. As the water
spins the turbines, they generate electricity through a generator. One of
the great things about hydropower is that it's clean and doesn't produce
harmful greenhouse gas emissions. It's also reliable since water is a
constant and renewable resource. Plus, hydropower plants can store water
in the reservoirs for later use during peak demand periods. Hydropower
has numerous benefits, including providing a reliable source of electricity,
contributing to energy independence, and reducing dependence on fossil
fuels. It also creates jobs and helps support local economies.

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Equipment:

1-Reservoir: A hydroelectric reservoir is a large collection of water behind

a hydroelectric dam that makes use of potential energy of water for
generating electricity. This water is held back by the dam and a small
amount is allowed to fall down the base of the dam to generate electricity
when it is needed.

2-Control gate: A barrier that regulates water released from a reservoir to

the power generation unit.

3-Trash-racks: are installed in the intake system of hydroelectric power

plants to prevent entrance of large debris which can damage turbine parts
and cause serious problems in power plant operation.

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4-Intake: The water intake structure is used to get water from the reservoir
and deliver it through a special channel called penstock to the
hydroturbines.

5- The penstock: is used to drain the water from the source to the hydro
turbine in the powerhouse

6-trasformer: converts the alternating current that the hydroelectric

power is generating into a high voltage current

7-Powerhouse: The structure that houses generators and turbines at a

hydropower facility.

8-generator: water flows through a pipe—also known as a penstock—and

then spins the blades in a turbine, which, in turn, spins a generator that
ultimately produces electricity.

9-turbine: A hydroturbine is a rotating machine that transform the energy

of the water flow into the energy of the rotating shaft

10-draft tube: It permits a negative or suction head to be established at

the runner exit, thus making it possible to install the turbine above the
tailrace level without loss head. It is used to convert kinetic energy at the
exit of the turbine to the pressure energy.

11-outflow: the volume of water that pass through a hydroelectric power

plant per unit time

12-spillway: a structure constructed in a hydroelectric dam to provide a

safe path for floodwaters to escape to some downstream area

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13-fish ladder: allows for safe and quite easy navigation alongside the dam,
but still requires an effort to pass it

14-transmission: carry electric energy from one point to another in an

electric power system

Procedure:
HOW DO WE GET ENERGY FROM WATER?

Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is a renewable source of energy that

generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural
flow of a river or other body of water. Hydropower relies on the endless,
constantly recharging system of the water cycle to produce electricity,
using a fuel—water—that is not reduced or eliminated in the process.
There are many types of hydropower facilities, though they are all powered
by the kinetic energy of flowing water as it moves downstream.
Hydropower utilizes turbines and generators to convert that kinetic energy
into electricity, which is then fed into the electrical grid to power homes,
businesses, and industries.

HOW EXACTLY IS ELECTRICITY GENERATED AT HYDROPOWER PLANTS?

Because hydropower uses water to generate electricity, plants are usually

located on or near a water source. The energy available from the moving
water depends on both the volume of the water flow and the change in
elevation—also known as the head—from one point to another. The

greater the flow and the higher the head, the more the electricity that can
be generated.

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At the plant level, water flows through a pipe—also known as a penstock—
and then spins the blades in a turbine, which, in turn, spins a generator
that ultimately produces electricity. Most conventional hydroelectric
facilities operate this way, including run-of-the-river systems and pumped
storage systems.

Data and Calculation:

the easiest way to explain how much power you could generate is to look
at the equation for calculating hydropower:

P = m x g x Hnet x η

Where:

power, measured in Watts (W).

mass flow rate in kg/s (numerically the same as the flow rate in
litres/second because 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg)

the gravitational constant, which is 9.81m/s2

Hnet

the net head. This is the gross head physically measured at the site, less
any head losses. To keep things simple head losses can be assumed to be
10%, so Hnet=Hgross x 0.9

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η

the product of all of the component efficiencies, which are normally the
turbine, drive system and generator so our efficiency is 0.8

Now you are ready to calculate the hydropower power:

m=262560 Kg

g=9.81

H=18m

η =0.8

Power (W) = m x g x Hnet x η = 252560 x 9.81 x 18 x 0.8 = 37.1 MW

Discussion:

Hydropower depends on the availability of water: is that a problem?

Faced with a water supply that can vary over time, which naturally presents
potential problems, hydropower plants are becoming increasingly flexible.
Today, even a large plant can go from being at a total standstill to full
power, and vice versa, in a matter of minutes. The variability of weather
and climatic conditions can therefore be compensated by storage
reservoirs held upstream, such as dams. What is potentially a drawback
then becomes a strength: water flow can easily be regulated based on
energy needs. And thanks to more specific innovations like flow
optimization, water can be pumped back up to the higher level in order to
have energy ready and available when needed.

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Do hydropower have an impact on people health?

No peer-reviewed medical or scientific study has ever established a

connection between hydropower plants and negative effects on human
health. On the contrary, the transition to renewable energy that
hydropower contributes to will avoid additional emissions of climate-
altering gases and other atmospheric pollutants linked to public health
problems, in addition to reducing the consumption of water often
necessary to operate fossil fuel-powered energy plants.

What is the average lifespan of a hydropower plant?

In the case of hydropower plants, we rarely talk about the total dismantling
of a facility, but rather about a modernization of structures such as dams
and pipelines. The elements that need to be changed most often are the
hydraulic turbines that operate as generators, transforming the power of
water into electricity. The lifespans of these turbines range from 40 to 80
years, but sometimes they can be replaced earlier if new, more efficient
technologies become available. Some large hydropower plants have
already been running for more than 120 years and are still fully
operational. In other cases, however, climate change – with the increasing
frequency and severity of droughts or the reduction in available water it
can bring – has led to the closure of plants.

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Does hydropower receive energy incentives?

All forms of energy – including oil, gas, coal, nuclear and renewables –
receive or are eligible to receive government incentives. On average, fossil
fuels have received far more incentives than renewable energies.
According to the Nuclear Energy Institute, between 1950 and 2016, 70% of
all energy subsidies went to fossil fuels in the form of tax credits and other
programs, while only 17% rewarded green energies like solar, wind power
and geothermal. Hydropower received 10% of total funding; however,
three quarters of these funds were not true incentives but simply
government investments to build the plants.

Conclusion:

In short hydropower has the potential to contribute significantly to the

global energy mix. With its renewable nature and ability to provide a
consistent and reliable source of electricity, hydropower can help reduce
dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. It also offers
opportunities for job creation, economic growth, and improved access to
electricity in many regions. Hydropower is a fascinating and promising
energy solution for a sustainable future

Reference:
Bartle, Alison. "Hydropower potential and development activities."
Energy policy 30.14 (2002): 1231-1239.
APA
Bartle, A. (2002). Hydropower potential and development activities.
Energy policy, 30(14), 1231-1239.

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Some photo of our trip and the project

At the end big thanks to mr harwan and mr firas for

preparing this benefital trip

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