BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN &

DRAFTING

Engineer : AMJED OSMAN ELSAYED

INTRODUCTION
design of the electrical installation in building used to be
simple and straight forward . Such installations generally
included electrical service from an electricity board company
, power distribution within the building for sockets
(receptacles ), air conditioniong and other electrical loads ,
lighting and few specialty system such as fire alram and
telephone .
Generation , transmission and distributions
of electrical energy
Transmission of Electricity
 From power station to consumer

Power Station

High Voltage
Generation Distribution
Primary Secondary
Transmission Transmission

11kV, 17kV, 330kV, 60kV, 11kV, 230/400V

22kV, 23kV 500kV 132kV 33kV

Yard Regional Zone Distribution

transformer Substation Substation Substation
 Distribution of Power
High Voltage and low voltage distribution system
Consumer 1 and 2: 230V two wire
Consumer 3 : 230/400V three wire
Bulk Supply Consumer
Consumer 4 : 230/400V four wire

1 2 3 4

Delta/Star
transformer
Line 1(A)
Line 2(B)
Three phase, high
voltage distribution Line 3(C)
Neutral
Three phase four wire distribution
Three Phase low voltage 230/400V

Star System
5
Types of phase:-
 There are 3 phase types:
1. Red phase or phase (A)
2. Yellow phase or phase (B)
3. Blue phase or phase (C)

 Phase system:
There are 3 types of phase system :
1. One ø system or 1 phase system
2. Tow ø system or 2 phase system
3.Three ø system or 3 phase system
ELECTRICAL CODES AND STANDARDS:
Electrical codes :- the principles used in electrical design and
installation are know as electrical codes.
Examples :
UK- UAE- QATAR- OMAN- SUDAN:-
UK, UAE, Qatar ,Oman,Sudan follow B.S (British standards) know
IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission)
USA-KSA:-
USA,KSA follow NEC codes (National electrical codes) which is
chapter no 70 in NFPA book (National fire protection association )
European countries:
European countries follow IEC standards (international electrical
technical commission ).
 Voltages and codes around the world
 U.K → U.K follow B.S codes (also know as IEE regulation )
Normal voltages 230/400V 50Hz.
 USA→ USA follow NEC (NFPA 70)
Normal voltage 110/220 60Hz
220/380 60Hz
 KSA→ KSA follow NEC (NFPA 70)
Before 2010 KSA was having 2 voltages
127/220 V 60Hz
220/380 V 60 Hz
In 2010 the ministry of electricity decided that new project after
2010 will have only one voltage through out KSA 220/380 60Hz
Voltages and codes around the world
 UAE → UAE follow B.S
Normal voltage 230/400v 50 Hz

 SUDAN → Sudan follow B.S

Normal voltage 240/415v 50 Hz

 Qatar → Qatar follow B.S

Normal voltage 240/415v 50Hz
SWITCH
 used for on or off purpose of small equipment like light – ceiling fan
–exhaust fan - socket – water heaters – washing machine – cooking
range- window and split A/C – small water pumps.etc
 Rating of switch : the maximum current which can flow through
switch safety without any damages for switch is know as rating of
switch
Standard Rating of Switch

 5A
 10 A
 15 A
 20 A
 25 A
 30A or 32 A
Note
 In Gulf we used 10 A switch for light only
 In Gulf we used 20 A switch for W/H – W/M etc
Types of Switch
 One way switch

 Two way switch

 Intermediate switch
back box
In Gulf they are 2 standard back box size
1. 3×3
2. 6×3

Gang : represents no. of switch in back box

1 Gang 2 gang 3 gang
Gang

four gang five gang six gang

4G 5G 6G
Sockets
Types of S/O in BS (Sudan , Oman, Qatar, UAE )
 3pin → 13A general s/o
→ 15A s/o for A/C
→ 45A flex outlet for W/H , W/M , C/R

 K.S.A : S/Os in NEC standard are know as receptacles

Receptacles → 15A/20A , 220 V
Receptacles →15A or 20A , 127 V
Sockets
 Other classification
1. Single S/O outlet : The back box has only one s/o inside .the
back box size is used 3×3.

2.Double or twin S/O outlet : The back box has two s/o , the
back box size is used 6×3

3.Shaver outlet : (110_ 220 v)

WIRES AND CABLES:-
 Wire : conductor + insulation (small size)
 Cables : conductor + insulation + sheath (large size )
 Bare conductor : only conductor (no insulation). Ex, over
head lines in Sudan
Units of wires and cables :
 mm² → Sudan and B.S countries (UAE, K.SA,Qatar)
OR
 AWG →(American Wire Gnage )
 mm² : it is cross sectional area of conductor without
insulation
Equivalent of mm² to AWG

MM² AWG REMARK

1.0 mm² 18 AWG AWG For KSA
1.5 mm² 16 AWG AWG For KSA
2.5 mm² 14 AWG AWG For KSA
4 mm² 12 AWG AWG For KSA
6 mm² 10 AWG AWG For KSA
10 mm² 8 AWG AWG For KSA
16 mm² 6 AWG AWG For KSA
25 mm² 4 AWG AWG For KSA
35 mm² 2 AWG AWG For KSA
50 mm² 1 1/0 AWG AWG For KSA
70 mm² 2/0 AWG AWG For KSA
95 mm² 3/0 AWG AWG For KSA
120 mm² 4/0 AWG AWG For KSA
150 mm² 250 kc MIL AWG For KSA
185 mm² 350 kc MIL AWG For KSA
240 mm² 400 kc MIL AWG For KSA
300 mm² 500 kc MIL AWG For KSA
CORE OF CABLES
Core (c) represents the numbers of conductors in the cable , there are two
types of the cable based on the cores of cables
1. Single core cable (1c)

2. Multi core cable

(a) 2 core cable (2c)

CORE OF CABLES
(b) Three core cable (3c)

(c)Four core cable (4c)

(d)3 ½ core or 3.5 core

Run of cable:-
Run of cable represents the no .of single core or multi core
 Always the earth is separate run and 1c only . no multi core for earth
wire
 We prefer multi core cables above 6mm², avoid single cables above
6mm²
1.5 mm² → single core (1c)
2.5 mm² → single core (1c)
4 mm² → single core (1c)
6 mm² → single core (1c)

10 mm² → (2c ,3c , 4c, 3.5c)

16 mm² → (2c ,3c , 4c, 3.5c)
25 mm² → (2c ,3c , 4c, 3.5c)
:
:
300 mm² → (2c,3c , 4c, 3.5c)
Earth wire sizing
Earth wire is dependent on phase size
Wire or cable size for phase and N Earth wire or cable size

1.0mm² 1.0 mm²

1.5 mm² 1.5 mm²
2.5 mm² 2.5 mm²
4 mm² 4 mm²
6 mm² 6 mm²
10 mm² 10 mm²
16 mm² 16 mm²
25 mm² 16 mm²
35 mm² 16 mm²
50 mm² 25 mm²
70 mm² 35 mm²
95 mm² 50 mm²
120 mm² 70 mm²
150 mm² 95 mm²
185 mm² 95 mm²
240 mm² 120 mm²
300 mm² 150 mm²
Conductor materials :

1. Copper (cu)

2. Aluminum (al)
Insulation materials
1. PVC :(Poly-Viny Chloride)
PVC insulated wires are used for smaller
loads like light , fans , s/o , w/m , w/h , c/r
 They can with stand up to 60 C,

 2. LSOH : Low Smoke zero Holagen

LSOH insulated wires are used for smaller
loads like lights , fans , s/o , w/h , w/m . c/r .
Insulation materials
 XLPE : cross linked polyethylene
 XLPE insulated cables are used as main
feeder cable (service wire) for DB OR SMDB
OR MCC OR T/F etc. and for heavy mechanical
load like chiller – AHU – Boilers
 XLPE cables can with stand up to 90º c

 FR : Fire Retardant or MICC (Mincal Insulated Cable

Conductor )
FR cable are professed for emergency load like
lights fire fighting pumps , emergency lights
,fire alarms cables
Types power cable :
1.Un armoured cable

2. Armoured cable
a) SWA (Steel Wire Armour )
b) AWA(Aluminum Wire Armour)
c) SSA (Steel Strip Armour )
d) ASA (Aluminum Strip Armour)
Voltage classification :-

1. H.V → High Voltage (above 1000 v)

2. M.V → Medium Voltage (250 to 1000v)
3. L.V → Low Voltage (30 to 250 v)
4. ELV → Extra Low Voltage (voltage less
than 30 ac or 54 v dc)
Grade of cable :
 means the with stand voltage whether the
cable is for LV or MV or HV.
Color codes of cable

PHASE In sudan or gulf New color code

countries in europe

Phase (A) or (1) Red Brown

Phase (B) or (2) Yellow Black
Phase (C) or (3) Blue Grey
Neutral Black Blue
Earth Green or Y/G Y/G
Final representation of cables :
1×4c×10mm² ,XLPE/SWA/PVC.Cu,0.6/1kv + 1×1c×10mm², pvc /pvc ,cu Y/G
 1 → run
 4c→ core
 10mm²→size
 XLPE → insulation
 SWA→ armour
 PVC→ sheath
 Cu → conductor material
 0.6/1kv → M.V /L.V grade
 Earth
 1 → run
 1c→ core
 10mm²→ size
 PVC → insulation
 PVC→ sheath
 Cu → conductor material
 Y/G → Earth
Electrical faults

 Types of electrical faults :

Over load
Short circuit
Earth –fault or shock
Over voltage
Under voltage
1. Over load
Over load mean current more than rated current of
equipment
 Ex : 10 A rated switch
2A→ safe
6A→ safe
10A→ safe
11A→ un safe (over load current)
 When over load current passes then the s/w gets
damage.
2. Short circuit
 When any phase of neutral or any two phase meet
each other then infinite current flows through them.
Usually thousands of current in 1 ms (KA of current
in 1ms ), this increase the temperature is know as
short- circuit condition
3.Earth – fault or shock
 When any phase meet earth wire or any conducting materials eg
(metals – human body – water – etc. ) some a mount of current
passes in to ground through the earth wire or any conducting material
 This current passing to earth from phase wire is know as earth –
leakage current and the fault is know as earth – fault .

Good conductor Bad conductor

Silver (best) wood
Cu and AL Rubber
All metals expect few Plastic – paper – glass
semi- conductor

Human body porcelain

Water Air
Summary
 P + N → Short circuit
 P – P → Short circuit
 P – E or human body → earth fault –
shock
 N – E or human body → No effect
 E – human body → No effect
Productive devices
The devices which protected from electrical faults are knows
as protective devices
Types of protective devices
1. Fuse → protective from over load only
2. Circuit breaker → protects from over load and s.c faults
3. RCB or ELCB or GFCI→ protects from earth faults or
shock
4. RCBO or RCCB → protects from over load , s.c and
earth faults
5. UVR (Under Voltage Relay)→ protects from under
voltage
Circuit Breaker : The CB is protective devices which can be
operated manually and automatically it trips in case of over load and
short- circuit condition
Standard C.B Rating
5 A to 40 A MCB (Miniature circuit breaker )

50 A to 600 A MCCB
(Modulate Case circuit breaker )

800 A to 3500 A ACB

(Air Circuit Breaker)
Standard short – circuit rating of C.B :
1. 6KA
2. 10KA
3. 6KA
4. 25KA
5. 35KA
6. 50KA
Example
TYPES OF C.B

1.MCB → Miniature Circuit Breaker

2.MCCB→ Modulate Case Circuit Breaker
3.ACB → Air Circuit Breaker
other breaker used in H.V (power plants and s/s )
4.VCB → Vacuum C.B
5. OCB → Oil C.B
6.SF6
Types of MCB
 B curve MCB

 C curve MCB

 D curve MCB
Application of B,C,D curve MCB
1. B curve MCB is preferred for lighting circuit.

2. C curve MCB is preferred for small heavy like W/H –

W/M – C/R

3.D curve MCB is preferred for machine like (backing

machine ).
MCCB(Modulate Case circuit breaker )

 Rating 50 to 600A
Types of MCCB
1. Adjustable MCCB:
here we can set the tripping value normally

2. Fixed or un adjustable MCCB

ACB : Air Circuit Breaker
Rating 800 to 3500A
1.Motorized with drawable ACB :
Here the start and stop push buttons are
operated by a motor which is required to
be energized and after it is off we can with
draw the ACB to avoid are flash
2.Motorized non_ with draw able ACB
Here the start and stop push buttons are
operated by a motor which is required to
be energized and after it is off/on we need
to with raw ACB
RCD or ELCB or GFCI
 B.S (Sudan and UAE,Qatar)
→RCD (Residual Current Devices )

→ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)

 NEC (KSA)

→ GFCI : Ground fault Circuit Breaker

Working principle of RCD

 The RCD continuously monitors the current difference

between phase and neutral . if the leakage current is
equal to sensitivity of RCD then the RCD is trip
 Recommended sensitivity of RCD :
 For lights use 100mA RCD (0.1A)
 For sockets use 30 Ma RCD (0.03A)
 For W/H- W/M- C/R use 30 ma (0.03A)
 For A/C use 100ma RCD (0.1A)
 For under water lighting use 10ma RCD (0.001A)
Note: the RCD is provide with a test buttons to verity that RCD
is working propyl
Working principle of RCD
 No .of poles :
Since neutral is compulsory in RCD we have
1. Two poles RCD

2. Four poles RCD

Examples
RCCB or RCBO :
 RCCB
Residual Current Circuit Breaker

 RCBO
Residual CB with over current
protection (over load & S.C)
 Note
 RCCB or RCBO protects from all 3 faults (over load , S.C and
earth fault)Since this technology is now they are very less used
RCCB or RCBO
 Ex : (C 40A - 100ma - 10KA)
C → type of MCB
40 A→ rating of RCBO
100ma → sensitivity of MCBO
10KA→ short- circuit rating
 Note
 In UAE they have both CB and RCD for all lights and W/H.
S/O , A/C
 In Qatar RCD are minatory for S/O , W/H , W/M only not
require for lights and A/C.
 In KSA RCD are not used GFCI are minatory only for
equipment inside bath room and kitchen.
Isolator or disconnect switch (D/S):
 Isolator or D/S is not a protective devices is it doesn’t trip in case of
any fault it is only meant for on and off purpose
 It can look similar to CB with handle side handle or rotary
handle
Important note :
 In sudan and B.S countries the isolator is
used as main breaker knows as (main isolator )
inside the DB or final DB
 Always install D/S near to every heavy
mechanical equipment such as chiller , AHU ,
Motor and pumps , lights for maintains
and repair purpose
STANDARD ISOLATOR RATING
 NO .OF POLES FOR ISOLATOR DB:
2P 4P

 No.of poles D/S near the heavy mechanical equipment

 SPN for single phase equipment

 TPN for three phase equipment

Wires and cables insulation methods

 Majorly the wires of cables are said to be installed in two methods

 Cable in air (2) Cable in ground

No Methods for cable in Methods for cable in

Air
1 Free in Air
2 conduit
3 Cable trunking
4 Cable tray
5 Cable ladder
ground
Directly buried or directly
laid under ground cable
Duct bank or electrical
ducts
Cable tranch
Conduit: (electrical pipe)
 Material of conduit :
 PVC

 Metallic

 GI/GS→ Galvanized Iron/

Galvanized Steel
Conduit: (electrical pipe)
 Material of conduit :
 EMT→ Electrical Metallic Tubes

 RGS/RGI →Rigid Galvanized Steel/

Rigid Galvanized Iron

 Note
 PVC conduits are used as connected conduit inside the wall , slabs ,
and floor screed.
 GI/GS or RGI/RGS are used as exposed conduits or the wall , or slab
in India and B.S countries (Qatar , UAE ,Oman)
 EMT conduits are used as exposed conduits on the wall or slab in
KSA
Standard size of conduits
 ½ ´´ → 16 mm
 ¾´´ → 20 mm
 1´´ → 25mm
 1¼´´→ 32 mm
 2´´ → 50 mm
 3´´ → 75 mm
 4´´ → 100 mm
 Note
 ½ ´´ conduits are not recommended
 ¾´´ (20 mm) 0r 1´´ (25 mm) conduit can be use for wiring
lighting
 1´´ (25 mm) or (32mm) conduit can be used for wiring of s/o ,
w/h , w/m , c/r , pumps and low current system like fire alarms
wires , CCTV telephone and TV wires.
Conduits accessories:

 Coupler : coupler used to join 2conduts

 Bends : In gulf countries bends are made

at site in the same coduit using PVC bending

 Junction box (JB) or pull box (PB) :

 There are 2 types of JB
1. Circular JB (used mostly in Sudan and BS)
2. Octagonal JB (used in KSA)
circular JB
is fixed near to every light point , ceiling and exhaust and smoke electors

 Types of JB circular JB
 One way two way through two way angle

two way U three way four way

Junction box
 octagonal JB

 back bax : are used for s/o flex outlet etc

 adapter : use for fixing conduit to the back box

Standard mounting heights of wiring
accessories

 All switches → 1250 mm AFFL (After Finish Floor

Level) Light , fan , w/h , w/m .
 Sockets →450 mm AFFL
 Tel/sockets →450 mm AFFL
 Sockets in kitchen → 250 mm above kitchen plat
form
 s/o for w/h , w/m , A/C , near the equipment
conduiting
 laying of conduit is knows as coduiting there are three stages for
conduiting .
 conduiting in slab

 conduiting in wall

 conduiting in floor
Cable trunking
 Cable trunking is used to carry branch of wires (many wires )

 Materials' :
1. PVC cable trunking
2. Metallic cable trunking
Standard size of cable trunking
1. 50mm ×50mm (5cm×5cm)
2. 100mm ×100mm (10cm×10cm)
3. 150mm ×150mm (15cm×15cm)
4. 200mm ×200mm (20cm×20cm)
5. 250mm ×250mm (25cm×25cm)
6. 300mm ×300mm (30cm×30cm)
7. 400mm ×400mm (40cm×40cm)
8. 500mm ×500mm (50cm×50cm)
Note: other combination are also available
ex : 300mm×100mm
Installation methods of cable trunking
 The cable trunking can be installed is three method as per
requirements
 On the surface of the wall

 Hanging from slab

 Under floor trunking

CABLE TRAY
Cable tray is used to carry heavy cable
 Types of cable tray:
1. Perforated cable tray :
is preferred for carraying power cables

2. Plain cable tray :

can be used for low current system
like TV , CCTV ,FF
Materials of cable tray:
1. No PVC
2. Metallic

(a) Galvanized cable tray (b) Hot dip galvanized cable

Standard cable tray size
1) 50mm ×50mm (5cm×5cm)
2) 150mm ×150mm (15cm×15cm)
3) 200mm ×100mm (20cm×10cm)
4) 250mm ×100mm (25cm×10cm)
5) 300mm ×100mm (30cm×10cm)
6) 400mm ×100mm (40cm×10cm)
7) 500mm ×100mm (50cm×10cm)
8) 600mm×100mm (60cm×10cm)
9) 800mm×100mm (80cm×10cm)
10) 900mm×100mm (90cm×10cm)
Note: if more than 900mm cable tray is required then use two
cable tray parally
Cable tray installation
 Cable tray can be installed in three methods :
1. On the surface of wall

2. Hanging from cable

3.Floor mounted (on the floor )

Cable laying methods on cable tray
 There are three methods of cable laying on cable tray
 Flat formation – touching
 Flat formation – spacing
 Trefoil formation (only for single core cables )
Cable ladder
 Cable ladder are preferred only for vertical installation only in
electrical shaft or riser

 Cable installation in ground :

there are three methods of cable tray installation in ground
1.Directly buried or directly laid under ground
2.Duct bank or electrical duct
3.Cable trench
Coordination with mechanical system

1. HAVC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning )

2. Plumbing
a) water supply
b) drainage
3. Fire fighting
4. Conveyors like ,lifts scalolar
5. Swimming pool.
Types of HVAC system
1. Window A/C

2. Split A/C

3.VRV or VRF system

Types of HVAC system
4. Package A/C

5. Central A/C – VAV system

6. Chilled water system

Plumbing system
1. Water supply

2. Central hot water system

3. Drainage system
Plumbing system
 Fire fighting system

 Duty and stand by pumps

Plumbing system
Lift :
 The installation works of lift etc is done by separate
contractor know as lift contractor
 The elect.engineer has to provide a D/S inside the lift
room for supply to the lift system
 Summing pool : are usually done by separate contractor
knows as swimming pool contractor .
 Sometimes the elec. Engineer has to supply electricity to
under water lights which is done at voltage not greater
than 30 v a.c the lights shall be provide with 10ma RCD.
Panel board
 An enclosure with protection devices such as C.B and
RCD knows as panel board .
 Ex : DB – SMDB – MCC – MDB (All are panel board)
 Switch gear : a panel board including instruments is
knows as switch gear.
 Ex : MDB – MCC
MCC (motor control center )
 MCC is a panel board to which major mechanical motors
or loads are connected.
 MCC has measuring indicating remote start indicates.
 Ex : MCC panel has ammeter voltmeter frequency meter
power factor meter , phase indicators motor run off trip
indicating lamps auto , manual selector switch CB and
motor starters with remote terminal blocks.
Panel board
The panel board and switch gear (DB- SMDB – MDB –
MCC ) are manufactured in separate factories knows as
switch gear manufacturing company and these panel
boards are delivered at site for installation
Well – know switch gear companys :
1. ABB
2. Schneider electric
3. Mitsubishi
4. Merlin gerin
5. Siemens
6. L&T
Bus duct system
 Note : bus duct has a housing with bus bar insulated , bus bar is used
to carry current of very high ratings ,
ex : above 600A only
 STANDARD BUS DUCT RATING:
 600A
 800A
 1000A
 1230A
 1500A
 2000A
 2500A
 3000A
 3500A
 Bus way or bus duct riser : is used for power distribution inside
the high building for each house
IP PROTECTION
 IP →Ingress Protection or International Protection
IP is the number assigned to the electrical equipment and
motors installed outside the building or in wall areas to protection
from water and dust and object
No Protection form object and Protection form water
dust
0 Not protect Not protect
1 Hand protect Vertical water
2 Finger protect 15º
3 Tool protect 60º
4 Wire protect Splashing of water
5 Dust protect Low jets of water
6 Complete protect High jets of water
7 Immession
8 Complete submersible
TRANSFORMES
 Types of transformer
1. steps up transformer
2. step down transformer
Types base on phase system
 single phase
 three phase
Types of transformer base on poling
 oil cooled transformer
 air cooled transformer
TRANSFORMES
 Note:
for indoor transformer use air cooled transformer
for outdoor transformer use oil cooled transformer
in gulf countries the transformer are indoor type
installed in separate room ex substation room or
transformer room
 oil cooled transformer are not referred inside the
building .
 air cooled transformer are used inside building
 unit of transformer is KVA
TRANSFORMES
 STANDARD RATING OF TRANSFORMER
1) 50 KVA
2) 60KVA
3) 80KVA
4) 100KVA
5) 150KVA
6) 250KVA
7) 315KVA
8) 500KVA
9) 630KVA
10) 800KVA
11) 1000KVA
12) 1500KVA
13) 2000KVA
14) 2500KVA
15) 3000KVA
16) 3500KVA
TRANSFORMES
 Need of transformer
Gulf countries
Transformer is not require for building whose
total max demand less than 400kva
If the total max demand is greater than 400kVA
then we require transformer
Max permit transformer size 2500kVA
Sometimes is 3000kVA
TRANSFORMES
 Steps to calculate the transformer size :
1.Consider
Total max demand of MDB = KW
2.Total max demand of MDB in KVA = KW/cosø = KVA
3.Add 10% as future load
Total max demand with future load in KVA = kVA ×1.10
4. Transformer size = Total max demand with future load in KVA
Transformer load (90%)
Then select the standard size
TRANSFORMES
 Ex : calculate the Transformer size for project inside whose max demand is
100kw
 Solution :
Total max demand of MDB = 100 KW
1.Total max demand of MDB in KVA = KW/cosø = 100/0.8=125KVA
2. Add 10% as future load
3. Total max demand with future load in KVA =125 kVA ×1.10=137.5KVA
4. Transformer size = Total max demand with future load in KVA
Transformer load (90%)
= 137.5Kva/.90 = 157.7Kva
 Standard T/F size = 250KVA / oil cooled
 11kv/440v / outdoor T/F
 Y/▲ / z% = 5%
 3ø, 4 wires 50 Hz
Capacitor bank
 Types of load:
1.Resistive load: current is in phase with voltage
2.Inductive load: current lags voltage
3.Capacitive load: current leads voltage
 Phase angle: angle between voltage and current
 Note: All loads in our daily life are resistive – inductive loads, ex
(tube light,bulb, motor and pumps ,w/h, w/m , r/c).

Hence capacitor bank are required which are connected to MDB

,which improves the over all power factor of the system .
 Sudan PF = 0.80 (low PF)
 Final PF = .98 or .96 (improve p.f)
Capacitor bank
Note
 Capacitor bank is not require for single phase equipment or for
small project
 Capacitor bank required for project involving three phase
equipment or here phase motors or MCC panels and this
capacitor bank is connected to MDB.
 Unity of capacitor bank:
KVAR (Kilo – Volt – Ampere – Reactive)
Formula to calculate capacitor bank:
 Capacitor bank (KVAR)
 Max demand of MDB in KW {tan(cos-¹ø1) – tan (cos-¹ø2)}
 Where
 Ø1 → initial power factor = 0.8
 Ø2 → final power factor = 0.98
Capacitor bank
standard capacitor bank
 Types of capacitor bank:
1.Fixed capacitor bank
2.APFC (Automatic Power Factor Corrector)
 APFC: in this types the capacitor
are automatic , they become on
and off depending on the load
 Ex: If full load then all capacitor are on
If half load then few capacitor are on
If no load then very few capacitor on
EMERGENCY BACK UP SYSTEM
 UPS / Inverter
(Un interrupted Power Supply)

 DG (Disel Generator )
or stand by generator
UPS / Inverter
 UPS →Un interrupted Power Supply
 UPS is used for back up of electronic equipment
,ex(computer, CCTV)

 Inverter is used for back up of electrical and

electronic equipments
 Ex → electrical (fans – lights - w/m )
 Ex → electronic (computer – CCTV )
 Unit of UPS/Inverter → KVA (Kilo – Volt – Ampere )
UPS / Inverter
Standard of UPS /Inverter
Step to calculate UPS/inverter size:
1.Calculate the total load in KW
2.Calculate the total load in KVA
3. UPS/Inverter size = total load in KVA
UPS/Inverter loading
= total load in KVA
0.80 (80% or 85% loading)
4. select the standard size
UPS / Inverter
 Wattages of load:
1. Tube lights = 40 w
2. Ceiling fans = 80 w
3. Computer
(a)CRT computer = 300 w
(b)LCD computer = 200 w
(c)LED computer = 160 w
4. printer = 200 w
5. router = 50 w
6. (6) EPBAX = 50 w
7. (7) CCTV = 50 w
Diesel generator
The diesel generator can be connected in two methods
1.C.O.S (Change Over Switch ) manually operated
switching
2. A.T.S (Auto Transformer Switch ) automatic switching
Units of generator → KVA
Diesel generator
Standard generator size

Step to calculate generator size:

1. Calculate the total load in kw = (SMDB Comm)

2. Total load in KVA = kw /cosø = KVA
3. Generator size = = total load in KVA
generator loading (0.80)

4. Select the standard generator size

Electrical instruments (testing and commission):

1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Energy meter or Kwh meter
4. P.F meter
5. Frequency
6. Phase indicators
7. Multi meter
Earthing and lighting protection system
 Earthing : connection of wire to the ground is knows as
earthing
 Types of earthing conductor:
1.Earth continuity conductor (ECC) or protection earth conductor
2.Main earth conductor
3.Equipment bonding conductor

1.Earth continuity conductor (ECC) or protection earth

conductor:
 The earth wire passing to final loads and DB to SMDB or
MDB is knows as ECC.
2.Main earth conductor:
 The earth wire connected to ground is knows as main earth
conductor usually it is connected to MDB.
Earthing and lighting protection system
3.Equipmential bonding conductor:
 Every metallic part in the electrical installation shall be
connected to ground (earth)
 Types of earth pits:
1.Pipe earthing
2.Electrode earthing
3.Plate earthing
Lighting protection system
 lighting protection system is building above 15 meter
 lighting system:
 lamp → any device which gives light is knows as lamp
 types of lamp:
1.Incandescent lamps

2.Fluorescent lamps
a) CFL (compact Fluorescent lamps)
b)tube
Types of lamp
3.Mercury vapor lamps

4.Metal halide lamps

5.HPS(High Pressure Sodium)

6.Halogen lamps
Types of lamp
Note:
 Incandescent lamps are not recommended as their
efficiency is very low (high input current , low output
current
 For indoor purpose the best lamps are fluorescent lampsas
their efficiency is very good (less input current or power
high out put light
 The M.V lamps and metal ,HPS lamps are preferred for
out door street light.
Lamp input: is measured in watts
 Ex : tube light(40w,36w) or CFL (24w , 36w)
Lamp output: lamp output is measured in lumens .
Luminaire or lighting fixture
 Lamp fixed on a frame or reflectors is knows as luminaire
Illumination:
The lumen output of any luminaire falling on asq.meter
room area is knows as illumination
 It is measured is
1.Lux (Lx) if the room dimensions are in meter
2.Foot candle (F.C) if the room dimension are in feets
Relation between LUX and F.C:
1 LUX = 0.1 F.C
1F.C = 10 LUX
Recommended lux level for different
rooms by IENSNA
 IENSNA: Illumination Engineer Society North America

 Bedroom = 50 lux = 5 FC
 Hall = 150 lux = 15 FC
 Kitchen = 300 lux = 30 FC
 Bathroom =100 lux = 10 FC
 Coefficient of utilization (Cu):
The Cu depends on the reflection factors of ceiling wall
and floor colors . also it depends on the work plane height
Note:
 for manual calculation consider cu= 0.45%
Lamp lumen factor (LLF)
 Lamp lumen factor (LLF) or lumen loss factor(LLF)
or maintenance factor (MF):
 Ex : tube light (40 w)
 Today → 2450 lumens
 After 3 years→ less than 2450 lumens
 The LLF depends on cleaning of luminaire
Note
 For manual calculation for 3 years maintence consider
LLF= 0.67
Formula
 Formula to calculate no.of luminaire in room:
No.of luminaires = illumination (lux or FC)× room area
( No .of lamps /luminaire )×(luminaire×cu×LLF)
 Cu = .45
 LLF = 0.67

Arrangement of luminaire: (x=2x)

 X → distance from wall to luminaire
 2X→distance between luminaire to luminaire