DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Final Internship Report” submitted to the

UCET, is a record of original work done by me under the guidance of my esteemed mentor

Engr. Mubshar Ajmal . And this project work is submitted in the

Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the internship session of 2015/19 held for 4th year

Students of BS Civil Engineering Technology, University College of Engineering and Technology,

University of Sargodha. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any

Other University or Institute for the award of any type of work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all I would like to thank my family and friends who participate in my life and get me

in this intensity and individuals who support and share idea and also help me to be like this. I

am very thankful to “UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE”

for giving me opportunity to undertake my four month internship class in their working area.

It was a very good learning experience for me to work at this area. I would like to convey my

heartiest thanks to resident engineer Muhammad Sarfarz and Supervisor Engineer Muhammad
Mudsar and all staff members who work in construction office of UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERIG AND
TECHNOLOGY LAHORE. I would also thank my mentor ENGR. MUBSHAR for his endless

support at site and in his office by consulting me how do things in the site and how to write

this report in outstanding manner, all teachers of civil and urban engineering who brought me

to my present performance and shape me like this during the last three successive years. Before

I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from contractor and the consultant

side starting from engineers to daily labours. Also for those who are not listed above but

support me in different areas I would like to thank all.

ABSTRACT:

architecture and building. Now a days there is so much advancement in construction

technology that structures are designed for the specific desired functions.

In Civil Engineering field, construction play a vital role. In fact Civil engineering is

totally related to construction. So for the purpose of internship in Civil Engineering, we decided

to move to building construction field. In this aspects, we contact to Engr. Zulfiqar Ali who is The
internship report consist of 5 chapters in which I explain the whole experience that

I gained during this 4 months of internship at University of Engineering and Technology lahore. The

topic enlisted is the content are explained in detail in upcoming pages.

In start chapter, I explained the mission/objective of the company and the general

introduction of the project upon which I worked during this internship session. A detailed

explanation of the project background, its location and site selection techniques and its

importance in future.

In second chapter, all technical details related to the project is explained in detailed. Its

plinth area, its location, its brief specification, design specification, its estimated cost etc. a;;

are mentioned. Which show the complete data of the project.

In third chapter, I explained the development of project that how site had been selected,

and what kind of criteria required for site selection. As well what two things should be kept in

mind during selection of site and site plan and planning of building is mentioned i.e. hiw

construction of hospital building will proceed and what things we have to construct during this

construction.

While in the fourth chapter, the properties and brief description of materials used in this

project. It includes the steel, Cement, sand and coarse aggregates etc.

While in 5th chapter, the activities and the work done by me during this 4 months

internship is explained detailed in order to understand the experience that I gained in this
While in last and final chapter conclusion and recommendation of this whole internship

is explained. In which I explained the difficulties I faced, the faults and the lack of things on

the site and other that I think will posed a threat on this project. At the end, I explained the

recommendation for this project because it is easy for person who is working on a site, to give

the possible solution for the betterment of the project.

OBJECTIVE/AIM:

The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by us from

On-going project activities during this internship duration.

INTRODUCTION:

Building is a structure that is designed for the purpose of protection, enclosure or

giving shelter to a person, animal or a property in the form of permanent roof supported by

columns/walls. While building constructions is ancient human activity. Human shelters were

at first very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days or months. Over time, however, even

temporary structures evolved into such highly refined forms as the houses made with the help

of ice blocks in the colder region of earth like Antarctica etc. gradually more durable structure

began to appear, particularly after the advent of agriculture, when people began to stay in one

place for long periods.

TECHANICAL REPORT:
1. General:

1.1 Name of Work: Construction of workshop

1.2 Name of Zone: UET Lahore.

1.3 Name of Division: Lahore.

1.4 Name Of Contractor: Process Dynamic Limited.

1.5 Name of Supervisor: Muhammad Mudsar

2. Location of the land:

2.1UET Lahore .

3. Brief Specification: As receive from the designer.

3.1 Foundation Concrete: Mix design Concrete (1:4:8).

3.2 Foundation: Shallow foundation – Strip Foundation.

3.3 Columns: Ground floor and 1st floor columns of RCC in cement concrete.

3.4 Walls: Ground floor and 1st floor walls of RCC in cement concrete and brick masonry

in cement mortar.

3.5 D.P.C. : PCC (1:1.5:3).

4. Other Specification: Expansion and contraction joints are proved.

5. Estimated Cost: the estimated cost is 8 Crore for the construction of 2 storey.

6. Plinth Area: 57967 Sq. ft.

BUILDING MATERIALS:

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either called as
building

material. The material use in the building on basis of the availability and cost. For construct a building
the

essential building material are as follow:

Cement:

Cement is well-known building material and has occupied an indispensable place in

construction works. There are a variety of cements available in the market and each type is

under certain conditions due to its special properties. A mixture of cement and sand when

mixed with water to form a paste is known as cement mortar whereas the composite product

obtained by mixing cement, water and an inert matrix of sand and gravel or crushed stone is

called cement concrete.The mostly used cement is Ordinary Portland Cement of

“Best Way Cement Company”. Its standard consistency is 31% and its initial final setting time

is 168 minutes and 317.5 minutes. While according to “ASTM C-786”, the percentage of

passing of this cement from sieve no. 200 is less than 10%. So this cement is totally fine. The

cement is stored in the room and covered with the plastic sheet so that no moisture will harm

the cement in hydration form.

Sand:

It is the aggregate who passes the sieve no. 4.75mm and these are cohesion less

aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub-angular or flat fragments of more or

less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and

less than 2 mm. alternatively these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived

from the disintegration of rock.

The sand used on the UET “Chenab Sand”. It is most commonly

used sand in the LAHORE city and its surrounding areas. This sand is easily available in

Lahore. On this sand various test were performed like Fineness Modulus, Specific Gravity

test. The specific gravity of Chenab sand is “2.56” and its bulk density is “1650 Kg/m3”. And

the Fineness Modulus of Chenab Sand is find by Sieve Analysis i.e.

Weight of Sample: 2000g

Coarse Aggregates:

The coarse aggregate were used on the site of UET is obtained from the

quarries located and 11 pull. It is very good type of aggregates in Punjab

. It is mostly used aggregate in Lahore area and its surrounding areas. There are

various tests that were used to find the properties of this type of aggregate like Specific gravity,

Aggregate Impact value (AIV). It has been found that the Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

used on this site is “2.62” and AIV value is “10.7”. This aggregate is using in concrete used for

foundation. These aggregate have good strength as it is cleared from the test results that were

conducted to find the properties of these aggregates. These aggregates are light blackish in

Colour. The main purpose of using these coarse aggregate was that it is easily available in

Lahore area.
Bricks:

Bricks are used for building and pavement all throughout the world. In the Pakistan,

bricks were once used as a pavement material, and now it is more widely used as a decorative

surface rather than a roadway material. Bricks are usually laid flat and are usually bonded

forming a structure to increase its stability and strength.

There are many advantages when bricks are used as part of the construction. The

following list presents some of the most common advantages when using bricks instead of

other construction materials.

Aesthetic – Bricks offer natural and a variety of colours, including various textures.

Strength – Bricks offer excellent high compressive strength.

Porosity – The ability to release and absorb moisture is one of the most important and

useful properties of bricks, regulating temperatures and humidity inside structures.

Fire Protection – When prepared properly a brick structure can give a fire protection

maximum rating of 6 hours.

Insulation – Bricks can exhibit above normal thermal insulation when compared to

other building materials. Bricks can help regulate and maintain constant interior
temperatures of a structure due to their ability to absorb and slowly release heat. This

way bricks can produce significant energy savings, more than 30% of energy saving

when compared to wood.

Wear Resistant – A brick is so strong, that its composition provides excellent

wear resistance.

Efflorescence – Efflorescence forms on concrete structures and surfaces when

soluble salts dissolved in water are deposited and accumulated on surfaces

forming a visible scum.

Durability – Brick is extremely durable and perhaps is the most durable man-

made structural building material so far.

Efflorescence - Efflorescence forms on concrete structures and surfaces when

soluble salts dissolved in water are deposited and accumulated on surfaces

forming a visible scum.

The bricks used on the site of UET Lahore are bought from the nearby

area. These bricks are moderate burnt clay bricks, having a depression like cavity

on top side called frog. Which is used for the bonding purpose. These have fine

edges and produced a metallic sound on striking with each other. The size of

these bricks are 8 5/8” x 4 1/8” x 2 5/8”.

FOUNDATION OF BUILDING.

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth.
Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time.

Shallow Foundation

Types of shallow foundations

There are two types.

 Isolated Footings
 Combined Footings

Isolated Footing.

Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The 'open' refers to the
fact that the foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing,
and then constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire footing is visible to
the eye, and is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each footing takes the
concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the actual weight
on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
 Combined Footings.

Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it is
called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the economical.

Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as

1. When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings

2. Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings

3. Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building column.

: Reinforced Cement Concrete Foundation

As we are working on the Educational building i.e UET Lahore. So its

foundation must be strong against loading condition. It is a 2 storey building with a

lot functions

like Workshop ,Labs, , Class room etc. so the structure required a firm and flexible

foundation against all kind of loading types. So by keeping this thing in mind
designer design

the RCC foundation to make the structure more durable and strengthened against
loading.
There are foundation beams and columns that are also provided in addition to the
foundation steel.

Plinth Beam

Plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its
foundation. Plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks
from the foundation into the wall above when the foundation suffers from settlement.
Plinth beams distributes the load of the wall over the foundation evenly.

Column.
Column is a vertical structural member that carries loads mainly in compression. It might
transfer loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.
Beam.
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points.
Slab.
Concrete slab, a very common and important structural element, is constructed to provide flat,
useful surfaces. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or
near so. The depth of a concrete slab floor is very small compared to its span.

Stairs.
Stairs give access from floor to floor. The space/room housing stairs is called staircase. Stairs
consists of a number of steps arranged in a single flight or more number of flights.
The requirements of good stairs are.
a) Width: 0.9 m in residential buildings and 1.5 m to 2.5 m in public buildings.
(b) Number of Steps in a Flight: Maximum number of steps in a flight should be limited to 12 to
14, while minimum is 3.
(c) Rise: Rise provided should be uniform. It is normally 150 mm to 175 mm in residential
buildings while it is kept between 120 mm to 150 mm in public buildings. However in
commercial buildings more rise is provided from the consideration of economic floor area.
(d) Tread: Horizontal projection of a step in a stair case is called tread. It is also known as going.
In residential buildings tread provided is 250 mm while in public buildings it is 270 mm to 300
mm.

Brick Masonry Work.

Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud mortar may be used but
for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are used.
The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond.
4. Flemish bond

Damp proof Course (D.P.C.):

Damp proofing is defined as a material that resists the passage of water with

no hydro-static pressure and waterproof as a treatment that resists the passage of water under

pressure. Generally damp proofing keeps moisture out of a building.

A damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier through the structure by capillary

action such as through a phenomenon known as rising damp. Rising damp is the effect of water

rising from the ground into property. The damp proof course may be horizontal or vertical. A

DPC layer is usually laid below all masonry walls, regardless if the wall is a load bearing wall

or a partition wall.
CONCLUSION:

During the internship of this 4 months, many odds things were observed by me on site.

This includes following

The curing was improper on the site. The curing process on the site was running in

spasmodic way by labour and the supervisor hired by contractor. They do curing of concrete

on their will rather than standard mention in drawing by designer.

The bent of the steel bars in foundation, beams, columns was not according to the bent as

per mentioned in the drawing. This might be happened due to the lack of the interest of

supervisor in the design drawing. I think he didn’t study the requirement mentioned in the

drawing.

The most important thing is that the whole site is out of angle. This is due to that the internal

layout was started before the construction of the toe wall. And this caused the building to

shift outward from one side’s Corner and inward from other site Corner.

RECOMENDATIONS:

For this Workshop project, I will give following suggestions/recommendations that will

help for proceeding with the project in future:

Curing of concrete must be done with time to time.

The surface of concrete must make rough before going to break. Because it will helps the

next concreting to properly bonded with the concrete placed after the break.
 The steel should be bent according to the specifications mentioned in the drawing. So that

the design must meet the requirement upon which it has been designed.

The site is out of angled now but with the proper guidance from some expert it can be sort

out.