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1.4electrical Capacity Sakshi Material
1.4electrical Capacity Sakshi Material
com
Electrical Capacity
Synopsis
1. Electrical Capacity
i) Electrical capacity of a conductor is its ability to store electric charge.
m
ii) The potential acquired by a conductor is directly proportional to the charge
given to it i.e., V ∝ Q.
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i.e., Q ∝V or Q = CV where the constant of proportionality ‘C’ is called the
electrical capacity of the conductor.
n.
iii) Thus the capacity of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the charge to the
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potential.
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iv) Its SI unit is farad.
v) 1 milli farad (1 mF) = 10-3 farad
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1 micro farad (1 μ F) = 10-6 farad
ed
vii) If we imagine Earth to be a uniform solid sphere then the capacity of earth
6400 × 10 3
C= ≅ 1 mF
a
4πε 0R = = 711μF
9 × 10 9
.s
ii) Capacitance of a capacitor or condenser is the ratio of the charge on either of its
plates to the potential difference between them.
iii) Capacity of a parallel plate condenser without medium between the plates
ε0 A
C0 =
d
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Iv) With a medium of dielectric constant K completely filling the space between the
plates
ε0 A
K
C= d
m
C
K= = Capacity
Capacity of the condenser with dielectric medium between plates
co
C0 of the same condeser with air as medium between plates
vi) When a dielectric slab of thickness ’t’ is introduced between the plates
n.
ε0 A ε0 A
C= =
d−t+
t ⎛ 1⎞
d − t⎜ 1 − ⎟
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k ⎝ k⎠
⎛ 1⎞
at
vii) In this case the distance of separation decreases by t⎜ 1 − ⎟ and hence the
⎝ k⎠
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capacity increases
viii) To restore the capacity to original value the distance of separation is to be
ed
increased by t⎛⎜1 − 1 ⎞⎟
⎝ k⎠
hi
ε0 A
ix) a) If a metal slab of thickness t is introduced between the plates C =
d−t
ks
∈0 A
C= .
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
w
1
d − t1⎜⎜1 − ⎟ − t 2 ⎜1 −
⎟ ⎜
⎟........... − tn ⎜1 −
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟
⎝ K1 ⎠ ⎝ K2 ⎠ ⎝ Kn ⎠
w
If those slabs completely fill up the gap between the plates leaving without any
w
ε0 A
air gap C= .
⎛ t1 t2 tn ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ K + K + ......... + K ⎟
⎝ 1 2 n⎠
x) In a parallel plate capacitor, the electric field at the edges is not uniform and
that field is called as the fringing field.
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xi) Electric field between the plates is uniform electric intensity
σ Q Q
E= = = . Here σ is the surface charge density on the plates = Q/A.
ε 0 Aε 0 Cd
Q
xii) Potential difference between the plates V = E.d = .d
ε0 A
1 1 Q 2 1 CV 2 Q2
xiii) Force on each plate F= EQ = = =1 1
= ε 0 AE 2
2 2 Cd 2 d 2 ε0 A 2
m
1
xiv) Energy stored per unit volume of the medium = ε 0E2
2
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3. Combination of Condensers
i) When condensers are connected in series
n.
1) All plates have the same charge in magnitude
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2) Potential differences between the plates are different +q –q +q –q +q –q
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1 1 1 C1 C2 C3
3) V1 : V2 : V3 = : :
C1 C 2 C3
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1 1 1 1
4) Equivalent capacity is C then, = + +
C C1 C 2 C 3
ed
1 1 1
= : :
C1 C 2 C 3
ks
+ C –
1
1) P.D. across each condenser is same
.s
+ C –
2
2) Charge of each condenser is different Q1 : Q2 : Q3 = C1 : C2 : C3
w
+ C –
3
3) Equivalent capacity of the combination C = C1 + C2 + C3
w
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3) Ratio of the effective capacities Cs:Cp= 1: n2
iv) Mixed group: If there are N capacitors each rated at capacity C and voltage V,
by combining those we can obtain effective capacity rated at C1 and voltage V1.
For this n capacitors are connected in a row and m such rows are connected in
parallel.
V1 nC1
Then n = and m = where mn = N
m
V C
co
capacity C1 and C2 in parallel and series respectively then V1 V2
1⎡ ⎤
C1 = CP + Cp2 − 4CP CS ⎥ and V
n.
2 ⎢⎣ ⎦
1⎡
C2 = CP − CP2 − 4CPCS ⎤
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2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
vi) Two capacitors are connected in parallel to a battery as shown in the figure.
i) V1= VC 2
ii) V2 =
VC1
at
uc
C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
vii) Two capacitors are connected in parallel to a battery as shown in the figure.
ed
qC1 qC 2
i) q1 = ii) q2 =
C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
hi
C2
a) The resultant capacity between any two adjacent corners A and B V q
a
4C V
=
.s
nC
a) The resultant capacity between any two adjacent corners =
n −1
w
4C
b) The resultant capacity between any two opposite corners =
n
x) a) If n identical capacitors are given then they can be connected in 2n–1 different
ways by taking all the condensers at a time (n > 2).
b) In n different capacitors are given then they can be connected in 2n different
ways by taking all the condensers at a time.
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xi) In a parallel plate capacitor, if n similar plates at equal distance d are
arranged such that alternate plates are connected together, the capacitance (C)
(n − 1)ε 0 A (n − 1)ε 0 AK
of the arrangement is for air or vacuum and it becomes in a
d d
m
+ –V1
Q2 CV 2 QV C2
V= or or . + –V2
co
2C 2 2
ii) This energy is stored in the uniform electric field that is present between the
n.
plates of the capacitor.
5. Combination of charged capacitors
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i) If two condensers of capacities C1 and C2 are charged to potentials V1 and V2
at
respectively and are joined in parallel (+ve plate connected to +ve plate), then
the common potential
uc
ed
Q1 + Q 2
V = C1V1 + C 2 V2
C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
.
ii) The loss of energy in this process (manifested as heat) is given by
hi
C1C 2
U= ( V1 − V2 ) 2 . C1
ks
2(C1 + C 2 ) + –
C2
the figure.
w
Q1 − Q 2 C1V1 − C 2 V2
a) Common potential V = ⇒
C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
w
b) Loss of energy
w
C1C 2
= 1
C1V12 + C 2 V22 − (C1 + C 2 )V 2
1 1
=1 (V1 + V2 )2
2 2 2 2 C1 + C 2
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6. Capacitance of spherical condenser
m
a−b (a − b )
co
4πε 0 ε r a 2 4πε 0 Ka 2
C= =
a−b a−b
n.
7. Introduction of dielectric in a charged capacitor
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A dielectric slab (K) is introduced between the plates of the capacitor.
at
With battery
Physical
uc With battery
S.No permanently
quantity disconnected
connected
ed
5.
constant decreases
.s
Remains K times
w
constant decreases
w
K times K times
w
increases decreases
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8. The distance between the plates of condenser is increased by n times.
With battery
Physical With battery
S.No. permanently
quantity disconnected
connected
1. Capacity n time n times decreases
m
2. Charge decreases Remains constant
n times
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3. P.D. n times increases
4. Electric decreases Remain constant
n.
Intensity Remains
5. Energy constant n times increases
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stored in n time
at
condenser ucdecreases
n times
ed
decreases
hi
When ‘n’ identical charged small spherical drops are combined to form a big
drop
a
For each
.s
drop
R = n1/3r
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a. Radius r
b. Charge q Q=n×q
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c. Capacity C C1 = n1/3 × C
d. Potential V V1 = n2/3 × V
e. Energy ν ν1 = n5/3 ν
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