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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The implementation of the Anti-Jaywalking Ordinance under RA 4136 that

encloses all traffic violations has become one of the things people have been

talking about. It is because they were used to crossing roads anywhere, sometimes

not minding of putting their lives at risk. But as time passes by, they grew

accustomed to the change and they slowly understood the importance of following

this law. This can be associated to people’s self-discipline, as this pertains to

people’s ability to control and choose their choices wisely and justly. But of course,

people have diverse minds and not all would really follow what they need to do.

There are still a lot who does not use intended pedestrian lanes or overpasses and

even traffic enforcers would just let this pass. According to Kraete, since jaywalking

has become one of the causes of road accidents here in the Philippines which may

lead to major problems for the country to face, the researchers will conduct a study

regarding the implementation of Anti-Jaywalking ordinance to somehow lessen the

problems it causes.

As stated by Mattord (2018), eliminating jaywalking and similar offenses

will not lead to anarchy on American roads for it is not illegal in some countries like

Netherlands and the United Kingdom, for example, and both countries were

marked with fewer traffic problems than the United States. It’s not clear how much

money flows from pedestrian tickets, but it’s likely far less than traffic tickets for

drivers. Any lost income may also be offset by the savings for police departments.
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Fewer unnecessary contacts between officers and citizens mean fewer costly

lawsuits and officer dismissals. The greatest benefit, however, would be to over-

policed communities who bear the brunt of jaywalking enforcement. No one should

be beaten, or lose their life, just for crossing the road.

Brown (2015) said that pedestrians are a major contributor to traffic, and a

lot are injured or even killed on Metro Manila roadways every year. In fact, most

enforcers seem to consider pedestrians a non-traffic element. Some testimonies

would say that enforcers rarely stop traffic to allow waiting pedestrians to cross

safely or they almost never stop pedestrian violators. In addition to being invisible

to traffic enforcers, pedestrians are also ignored by drivers. It is common to see

pedestrians, in the middle of the pedestrian lane, being forced to stop to avoid

getting hit by passing vehicles. Since pedestrians see that the designated

pedestrian lanes don’t offer safety anymore, they would just choose to cross the

street anywhere than walk all the way to an overpass or a pedestrian lane, forcing

them to jaywalk.

As Ateneo de Davao Universities Social Research Training and

Development Office expressed, the Anti-Jaywalking ordinance was the most highly

complied ordinance according to the survey conducted with eighty-four point one

percent, followed by Anti-Nuisance Ordinance with seventy-three percent, and

Garbage Segregation and Waste Disposal with seventy-one point three

percent(Efren,2000). Aside from this, the strict implementation of the Anti-

Jaywalking ordinance made ninety-one point six percent of Dabawenyos happy as

revealed in the survey. The survey was labeled as City Wide Social Survey Series
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8 (CWSS-8) and it was funded by the University Research Council. It is essential

for the researchers to study this issue to know the importance of implementing the

ordinance and its effects to the society. The citizens also need to be aware and

increase their knowledge on this issue to be able to share their own opinion or

stand. Also, to tell how strict law enforcers are when it comes to implementing the

said ordinance and to know the approach of the drivers when they encounter

jaywalkers. Lastly, it is necessary to know the side of jaywalkers as well since they

are the main people involved in this issue.

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Purpose of the Study

This study aims to describe and to know the views of teachers on the Anti-

Jaywalking Ordinance under RA 4136 in Davao City. Their experiences with

jaywalkers are necessary in order to find out whether the investigated ordinance is

effective. Since the ordinance was implemented not too long ago and the citizens

are used to not using the pedestrian lane or overpass, it would most likely lead to

more jaywalkers causing traffic and therefore affecting the drivers themselves.

In this generation that there are more cars than ever road accidents rooting

from the improper crossing of pedestrians are a really timely problem. From

children to teen to adults road accidents and hit and runs don’t pick a particular

victim. A particular aim of this study is to find out if the implementation of this

ordinance has really impacted the increasing number of these accidents. Another

is if the number of people caught for jaywalking is actually lessening as time goes

by from the moment that the Anti-Jaywalking ordinance has been implemented.

This study wishes to find out what actions does the enforcers take to make the

citizens follow the said ordinance and what does the peoples point-of-view thinks

of these actions.

First, this study could largely benefit the safety of the citizens especially the

commuters who, most of the time, crosses roads when going to their destinations.

Through this, they could also asses themselves if they are aware about the Anti-

Jaywalking Ordinance, its consequences and if they follow it. Next, the traffic

enforcers would check if they are doing their jobs well and for them to realize the

importance of following the law. It would also benefit the drivers since they are the
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once who are actually penalized whenever they bump on jaywalkers though it was

the jaywalker's fault. And lastly, for the government to know how necessary it is to

implement the Anti-Jaywalking ordinance for it is not something simple but it

greatly requires thorough discussion because it doesn’t only affect the people but

the country as a whole.

Research Questions

1. What are the views of the drivers regarding their encounter with

jaywalkers?

2. How do the drivers take the implementation of the Anti-Jaywalking

ordinance?

3. What emerging themes can be drawn out to strengthen the

implementation of the Anti- Jaywalking Ordinance?

Theoretical Lens

Anti-Jaywalking law is an ordinance wherein people should cross through

pedestrian lanes and was implemented for everyone to follow. But, just like any

other, this ordinance also has its pros and cons which led to different issues such

as the debate whether the said ordinance should be implemented for long. Thus,

the study was related to different theories to support or contradict the arguments

of different people and for better understanding regarding the roots of the said

issue.
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Theory of Planned Behavior

Started as the theory of reasoned action, Icek Ajzen proposed the theory of

planned behavior (TPB) which was used to predict an individual's intention to

engage in a behavior at a specific setting or situation in 1980. It was intended to

explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control. As

stated in this theory, one's behavioral intention is greatly influenced by its expected

outcome, putting into consideration the risks and benefits of that outcome. In

addition, behavioral achievement depends on both motivation or intention and

ability or control. TPB is composed of sixconstructs that represent a person's actual

control over the behavior namely attitudes (degree to which a person evaluates

the behavior of interest), behavioral intention (motivational factors that influence a

given behavior), subjective norms (belief about whether most people approve or

disapprove of the behavior), social norms (customary codes of behavior in a group

or people or larger cultural context), perceived power (perceived presence of

factors that may facilitate or impede performance of a behavior), perceived

behavioral control (person's perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the

behavior of interest). This theory may also contain limitations depending on the

given situation. Lastly, it has been used to successfully explain a wild range of

health behaviors and intentions such as smoking, drinking, substance use and

others.

Since the study is about determining the effectiveness of implementing the

Anti-jaywalking ordinance, part of it which greatly affects the study is also to identify

the factors why pedestrians jaywalk in the first place. Stated in the theory are some
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of these behavioral factors and through this, we could determine the citizens' stand

why they do such act. It can be simply because of the behavior of a person for it

plays a big part in making decisions that would have a positive or negative impact,

or they were highly influenced by other people because once they see someone

do the act and was not caught, they imitate what they do and make it a habit, and

lastly, is it the lack of tightness of rule implementation so some pedestrians ignore

authorities. These situations are committed by people depending on their way of

thinking and how fast they comprehend the given setting because when given a

tight situation, a person is forced to violate the rules in order to fulfill a certain

objective.

Social Action Theory

The social action theory was founded by Max Weber. Max Weber is one of

the founders of sociology, and is credited for creating the social action theory. In

the social action theory there are two main types of sociological theories which are

structural or macro theory and the interpretive or micro perspectives. Structuralism

is a top-down perspective that examines society as a whole and how the parts of

society functions together as a whole. Examples of which are Functionalism and

Marxism, these two perspectives views human activities as the result of the social

structure. On the other hand, the micro or interpretive perspective examines the

smaller groups of society. Unlike Structuralism, this perspective dwells within the

subjective states of individuals. In this perspective their view is that the society or

social structure is the product of human activity, which is the total opposite in
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structuralism. Basically in this theory, there are two views; the human activities as

a result of the social structure, and the social structure as the result of the human

activities.

In line with our study, the effectiveness of the Jaywalking Ordinance in

Davao City, this theory also discusses about the actions of the citizens and how it

affects the social structure, and vice-versa. Similar to the second idea “The social

structure as the result of the human activities”, in our study Davao City didn’t have

the Jaywalking Ordinance to begin with. But, it was implemented due to the high

casualties and accidents caused by the jaywalking citizens. That is why the social

structure which is the Jaywalking Ordinance, was implemented due to the actions

of the citizens which is Jaywalking. Also comparable to the first idea “the human

activities as a result of the social structure”, the objective of our research is to

determine if there is any significant change after the implementation of the

Jaywalking Ordinance. This is like determining if there were any human activities

or actions in response to the social structure provided to the citizens.

Adaptation-Level Theory

Adaptation-Level theory describes the phenomenon in which an individual

becomes desensitized to the effects of certain reoccurring situations. The said

theory was speculated by Harry Nelson, an American Psychologist and a professor

of psychology. Nelson's research found that the initial effects that one experiences

upon being exposed to an unchanging sensory stimulus quickly dissipate with time.

For example, when a person smells something rancid upon entering a room,
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his/her body registers that smell for a short period of time. However, after a few

moments in that room, he or she will no longer register the said smells. This change

in the customer’s sensory experiences occurred because the smell-inducing

stimulus is constant. That is, the molecules that produced the initial sensory

experience are still present in the air, but the customer has adapted to their

constant presence. Likewise, this theory also has it's scopes on the habitual

aspects of a person. It explains that when a person is subjected to a reoccurring

stimuli, that person eventually adapts to the said stimuli and in turn the induction

of the stimuli becomes habitual.

In line to the research which studies the effects of the anti-jaywalking

ordinance, the adaptation-level theory would explain the psychology behind the

habitual methods of a human being. The researchers would like to use the theory

as a variable in order to find out whether jaywalking is already habitual and

therefore can be commonly considered as "normal".

Definition of Terms

Ordinance. Pertains to a law set forth by a governmental authority.

Diverse. Corresponds to being different from one another.

Anarchy. Refers to the type of governance in which the authority is absent.

Testimonies. It is a solemn declaration usually made by a witness under oath in

response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official.

Implemented. It means to put a plan or decision to action.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODS

Research Design

In this study, the proponents used qualitative research particularly the

Descriptive-Qualitative approach.

Qualitative research is concerned with the subjective world and offers

insight into social, emotional, and experiential phenomena (Zahg, 2009). The aim

is to draw out understandings and perceptions, to explore the features of settings

and culture and to understand the linkages between process and outcomes. As

stated by (Poar, 2016), most qualitative studies are small scale, focusing on a

single or small number of cases, and they provide depth and contextualized detail.

Qualitative research is not a single method but includes a range of designs such

as interviews, direct observation, and analysis of texts/documents or of audio/video

recorded speech or behavior.

Specifically, Descriptive-Qualitative is the study of identifying the

characteristics of an observed phenomenon or exploring possible associations

amount two or more phenomena (Leedy & Omrod, 2015). A study designed to

depict the participants in an accurate way (Kravitz). It involves collecting

information through data review, surveys, interviews and

observation.The researcher does not start with a hypothesis, but usually develop

s one after collecting the data.

Descriptive studies are also called observational studies because without

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intervening otherwise you observe the subjects. It can describe events, persons

and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data.

Research Participants

The City Transportation and Traffic Management Office (CTTMO)

announced that jaywalkers and other violators of the traffic law will be facing

stricter penalties starting September 11. Previously, pedestrians who violated the

Anti-Jaywalking Ordinance, which was enforced in December, were only made to

undergo a seminar. But with the approval of the City Traffic Citation Ticket (CTCT),

jaywalkers will now be fined P100 or undergo a compulsory 4-hour community

service.

The participants were a sample of three teachers who possessed vehicles.

Having a vehicle means having a license and in order to possess this, citizens

need to undergo a series of tests involving traffic rules. Also, these adults might be

the ones who clearly saw the difference before and after implementing the Anti-

Jaywalking ordinance and since they are drivers, they most likely have firsthand

experiences on road mischief and they encounter scenarios in which the ordinance

is involved. Those were the chosen participants because the proponents believe

that they could get their sides on jaywalking.

The researchers got the data by interviewing the participants who should

have used their car on the roads of Davao City. They used the research questions

that they provided in order to get the answers needed for their data. The interview

method used was the In-depth Interview which involved conducting intensive
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individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their

perspectives on a particular idea, program, or situation. The proponents asked the

participants associated with a program about their experiences and expectations

related to the program, the thoughts they had concerning program operations,

processes, and outcomes, and about any changes they perceive in themselves as

a result of their involvement in the program.

Data Sources

Interview is the process in which the data was collected. In this study, the

proponents chose to use the IDI (In-Depth Interview) to make the data as diverse

and original as possible. Crinson and Leontowitsch said that IDI aims to acquire a

more elaborate and rich understanding on the topic chosen. These kinds of

interview usually consist of an ethnographic approach which complements the

participant’s observations and actions. To generate an understanding about the

topic, the researchers looked into the participants experience, behaviour, feelings,

and/or attitudes. IDI is more structured than other interviews and rarely include

stories and life history, however it does allow the respondent to communicate more

freely than semi-structured interviews. As Joan Sargeant mentioned, the

participants could be chosen according to experience, background, role,

perspective, diversity, and gender. This allows the proponents to document

different perspectives and themes that can be overlooked. To do the Interview, Dr.

Rita Berry made mentioned three types on interviewing people. First is the informal

interview, it resembles a chat and the questions asked will flow naturally. The
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second method is the general interview guide approach, which employs a kind of

‘checklist’ to make sure all the sub-topics are covered. And the last method, the

standardized open-ended interview where-in the proponents prepares a set of

open-ended questions to make probing possible. In this study, the proponents

made use of the last method which was the use of open-ended question to

interview participants.

Data Collection

The researchers formulated research questions which are essential in

guiding them for the interview or data gathering. They used In-Depth Interview (IDI)

in collecting the data needed which was helpful in having a more efficient research

for the answers are more focused and detailed. For the interview, the researchers

allotted two days so that the participants scheduled for the day were given enough

time to process their answers without time pressure. Since there are three

participants, there were three sessions in conducting the IDI. The researchers

record the interview so that they can provide a transcription of it. From the

transcription that was made, the researcher compared and contrast the answer of

the participants for them to find the themes they needed. Moreover, the members

were distributed and assigned to different participants to be able to utilize the time

given for the interview. The participants involved in the study were the teachers

possessing vehicles. Having a vehicle means having a license and in order to

posses this, citizens need to undergo a series of tests involving traffic rules. Also,

these adults might be the ones who clearly saw the difference before and after
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implementing the Anti-Jaywalking ordinance and since they are drivers, they most

likely have first-hand experiences on road mischief.

Data Analysis

In this part of the study, the researchers breakdown data using thematic

analysis, a method in which the find patterns or themes within qualitative data that

can be linked to other information in order to broaden the scope of information as

well as the understanding of the researchers of the study. The aim of a thematic

analysis was to identify links or patterns that may be deemed imperative yet at the

same time, interesting and use there said links to manipulate the research or to

address an issue. Their analysis is flexible in which it can be used in any research

design and it is perfect for both experts and movies in the field of research since it

has easy and detailed steps.

As stated by Braun and Clarke (2013), there are six phases of thematic

analysis. One of these phases is familiarization. The said phase is the process of

becoming acquainted with the findings through rigorously rereading the interview

transcript. The purpose of this step is to have the researcher analyze the

responses of the participants and to note the common grounded replies. These

notes can help with the next step in the analysis. The second step in a thematic

analysis is generating the initial codes. The process of coding continues for every

transcript. This will leave the researcher with a list codes. The third step is the

creation of the initial themes. In this step, the researcher takes the list of codes

and begins ID group codes together that have similar meanings or have a
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relationship from one another. The groups will then be labeled based on

meaning/relationships. This process continues until there is no further assembling,

reassembling, or clustering possible. The fourth step is the review of the initial

themes. In this step, the researcher takes the theme and begins to review them

against the data. This process makes sure to capture meaningful parts of the data

without missing any important details. The fifth step is naming and defining the

themes. This process involves using the labels created for the theme and providing

an understandable name that summarizes the content of what is discussed within

the theme. The sixth step, which is writing the final report, the researchers present

the findings and interpretation of the data during this phase.

Thematic analysis is suitable for this research simply because it widened

the scope of the research and in turn enriched the study by using patterns to link

the said study to other studies.

Trustworthiness of the Study

For the researchers to be able to produce a quality research paper, we

made sure to document, continuously recheck, and verify all data presented by the

participants. Through specifically stating and considering its credibility,

transferability, dependability and confirmability, the trustworthiness of the paper

was guaranteed.

Credibility. The credibility criteria involves establishing that the results of

qualitative research are believable from the perspective of the participant in the

research. (William, 2006). In order to achieve credibility in the study, both the
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participants and the researchers are knowledgeable about the study. In addition,

the interviewers are aware of the proper steps and procedures to be taken in

conducting the interview and we should provide guide questions for the

participants to have an overview on what is the study all about. We also made sure

to choose participants who are well suited for the study and record all their answers

properly.

Transferability. As defined by William (2006), transferability refers to the degree

to which the results of qualitative research can be transferred to other settings. To

enable achieving transferability, all files and documents of the research were

attached and compiled for these information are deemed essential as a guide or

basis for other researchers in conducting their study related to ours.

Dependability. Dependability includes the aspect of consistency. (Korstjens &

Moser, 2018) To check the dependability of a qualitative study, one looked to see

if the researcher has been careless or made mistakes in conceptualizing the study,

collecting the data, interpreting the findings and reporting results. In addition, we

made sure that all data only came from the participants, themselves, and that the

researchers did not intervene during the interview process for this may affect the

results of the study.

Confirmability. Guba and Lincoln (1989) defined confirmability as the quality of

the results supported by the participants or members. It is an action on the findings

on how the collected data must be accurate. The research paper underwent peer

reviewing for verification if the data was true and valid. It passed through a series

of consistent checking to address all errors and unclear interpretations. Also,

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experts from various fields related to the study took part in double checking the

entire process done by the researchers for the study to be more credible.

Role of the Researcher

The researchers acted as interviewer, transcriber, chronicler, and editor.

Since the research is qualitative, the data was collected through interviewing. The

interviewer set out to discover certain things about the participants and got

answers for a certain question. The researchers maintained firm control and kept

initiative as well. Whatever the participants said are more or less direct response

to the question or statement. After the interview, the data gathered were encoded

through the process of transcribing. The transcriber was the one who translated

and at the same time transcribed the data collected from the interview.

The chronicler organized the ideas extracted from the research. These

ideas were written and summarized, applying the techniques used in scholarly

writing. Then, the editor edited and corrected the structure of the text. Having an

important role in sustaining integrity, they were the one responsible for the

accuracy, grammar and checking of the overall content of the study.

Ethical Considerations

As the researcher of this study, we gave prior attention to the avoidance of

possible physical, social, psychological and economic risks on the part of the

participants. Physical risks that made the participants felt any physical discomfort,

pain, injury, illness or disease brought about by the methods and procedures of
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the research. Social risks that may affect the participant’s social work, their

professional discipline, code of ethics, or research foci are expected to

demonstrate particular sensitivity to vulnerable populations, issues of social

justice, conflicts of interest, and respect for dignity and privacy. Psychological risks

that may cause undesired changes in thought processes and emotion including

episodes of depression, confusion, and hallucination that brought by the methods

and procedures of the research. Lastly, the Economic risks that leads to

circumstances that resulted in significant loss for a business. These conditions

include inflation, exchange rates, new government regulations and other decisions

that may adversely affect profits.

As we conduct this research, we made sure that the process certainly did

not cause any harm to the participants. We protected them from any abominable

circumstances during the interview. We highly appreciated and honored the

answers and opinions shared to us, and we were also obliged to keep their names

confidential throughout the process. Moreover, this research benefited the

participants as well as they gained more awareness regarding the issues in our

society. Before conducting the study, we ensured the permission of the authorities

to proceed with this research study without facing any problem.

Furthermore, we did not force the participants to answer the questions that

made them feel uncomfortable and uneasy. The participants should not feel

offended in any way by the interviewer's approach. We explained clearly our

objectives and on how this research will benefit the society. In case the participants

cannot take part in this research due to their own personal reasons, we did not
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disturb them and respected their decision. Lastly, since they exerted effort and

time to participate in this research, we gave a simple token of gratitude and we

made sure to acknowledge their part in helping us throughout the study.

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CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the results of the study is presented based on the data

gathered by the researchers and also its discussions which are incorporated

along with its interpretations in each table to further elaborate the ideas

presented. These ideas are then anchored to related studies and concepts which

are significant in supporting the responses.

Table 1. Views of the Drivers on the Encounter of Jaywalkers

MAJOR THEMES CORE IDEAS AND RESPONSES

 Overall, officials are not

implementing the ordinance
strictly.
 There are some areas in the
city that are not monitored.
Driver’s Experiences on the
Ordinance  The ordinance will discipline the
people when it comes to traffic
rules.
 A lot of people are not following
the ordinance.

 There are not enough

pedestrian lanes.
Driver’s Observed Insufficiency in
terms of resources  Lack of CCTV cameras on
some streets.

Table 1 shows the perception of the participants towards the

implementation of the Anti-Jaywalking Ordinance. Based on their answers, three

major themes were found dominant related to the question. Since the participants
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are licensed drivers who always encounter scenarios in which the ordinance is

involved, their observations on the implementation is very important to the study.

The common responses of the participants were anchored to each other, thus

arriving with the major themes of the responses then aligning these themes to their

corresponding core ideas. This only means that the citizens know what the

ordinance is all about.

As stated by Ocampo (2017), this implementation serves as a wake-up

call for all pedestrians who at times think they own the roads and just cross

whenever and wherever they wish, unmindful of the consequences. Being in a

hurry does not excuse anybody. People need to take full responsibility and abide

with the traffic laws. He also stated that since Dabawenyos are known for their

discipline, with all the landmark legislations that are already in effect such as the

non-smoking ordinance, firecracker ban, and speed limit, then jaywalking will just

be another bad habit easy to break if only we put our hearts into it.

Table 2. Drivers Side on the Implementation of the Anti-jaywalking

Ordinance
MAJOR THEMES CORE IDEAS AND RESPONSES
 The local government were able
to establish orderliness and
lessen accidents
Traffic discipline is more
noticeable  The citizens became more
discipline.
 People learned how to discipline
themselves.
 The ordinance became effective
because the authorities followed
strict implementation.
Adherence
 The community are following the
rules and regulations of the
ordinance.
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Table 2 shows the participant's take about the implementation of the Anti-

Jaywalking Ordinance and they were knowledgeable enough about the said

ordinance. The results were interpreted using Thematic Analysis, where it is

summarized to extract the theme that would simplify the participant's answers. The

participants have observed changes after implementing the ordinance in terms of

discipline and adherence. It guided the citizens to instill discipline among

themselves by strictly following the law. Also, both officials and citizens observed

adherence by following the rules and becoming law abiding citizens for they are

the ones expected to build a better society who are responsible to do what is right.

The common implied response of the participants was that the Anti-Jaywalking

Ordinance has a positive effect in our city.

Incentives are positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate

people's behavior. In reference to B. F. Skinner's Incentive theory, people are

pulled to behaviors that offer positive incentives and stray away from behaviors

that offer negative incentives. In this case, the study focuses on the negative

incentives and how it would influence the citizens to follow the ordinance. These

influences; namely the penalties and consequences, are variables in which, when

implemented strictly, becomes the leading factor to the success of the enforced

act. Moreover, this theory alone is likely to support the whole study simply because

it showcases the role of the established statute. The whole purpose of the

ordinance is to be an incentive to practice discipline and management for both the

citizens and the enforcers. Taking into account the answer of the study's
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participants, there has been an obvious change since the ordinance took hold.

That being said, the ordinance has not only made itself known, but also served its

purpose.

Another theory that would most likely fortify this study is Kelman's Social

Influence theory. It explains that a person experiences social influences, accepts

it and in turn complies to it in the hopes that the said person would either gain

rewards or avoid punishments. Thus, “the satisfaction derived from compliance is

due to the social effect of accepting influence." (Kelman, 1958). In the first theory,

it is mainly focused on the individual incentive where the person in question looks

at the variables to their advantage whereas Social Influence theory focuses on the

external aspects, and there by extension, social constructs that could affect the

way of thinking of other individuals. It supports the first theory given that the

incentives stated are the implications of society on rule breakers. As a result, the

individual is subconsciously forced to follow the rules in other to maintain his

carefully built reputation.

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Table 3. Strengthening the Implementation of the Anti-jaywalking Ordinance

MAJOR THEMES CORE IDEAS AND RESPONSES

 The authorities should always

implement it strictly , not just in
the beginning of the ordinance.
Consistency in implementing the
ordinance  The citizens should follow the
ordinance consistently and not
have this “ningas-kugon”
attitude.

 The authorities should commit

no favoritisms especially when
the violator is someone he/she
Fairness in the implementation of knew.
the ordinance
 Authorities should not accept
money from people who violated
the ordinance.

Table 3 shows that through proper consistency and fair implementation,

the Anti-Jaywalking Ordinance will be strengthened. The participants suggested

that the city traffic officers must be consistent in doing their jobs. Not only should

they be consistent in following the rules but the citizens as well. Together with

consistency, both parties should also observe fairness in terms of the

consequences one should face when caught jaywalking.

Festinger (1957) discussed about the Cognitive Consistency Theory,

which discusses about the dissonance or the inconsistency of two cognitive

elements. As Festinger expressed it can be stated as “x and y are inconsistent, if

not x follows from y”. Alike to this, as stated at the table, the authorities are in the

same boat as the citizens; wherein they followed this inconsistent attitude following

and implementing the ordinance strictly only at the beginning of the

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implementation. The participants only stated the inconsistencies of the authorities

and citizens, but did not state who started the inconsistency first. As Festinger said

both are inconsistent or x follows from y. This also pertains to the result that both

are inconsistent or the other followed the inconsistency of the other. Either the

authorities followed the inconsistency of the citizens, or the citizens became

inconsistent as they took advantage of the inconsistency of the authorities.

Another thing to support the table is the In-Group Favoritism by Tajfel,

Billig, & Flament (1971). It discusses about how people treat other people inside

their group or “circle”, and often commit biases against other people outside their

so-called group. This connects to the table since a participant stated that the

authorities often commit biases when he/she catches someone within his/her

family while they reprimand other people who violated the ordinance. Moreover,

the study explains that it is in people’s psychological mind how to treat people

within groups. Thus, if we want to stop or lessen the cases of biases and

favoritisms, we need to control and hold ourselves where the line of right and wrong

is.
 26

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:

1. The reason why the citizens jaywalk is because there were no enough

pedestrian lanes in the city. Every time a person caught violating the

ordinance, there will be a penalty that will be given to him/her. Another

reason why there are still people who jaywalk, is because the enforcers are

not that strict enough in implementing the ordinance. The citizens should

follow the ordinance so that the accidents will be lessened, and the

enforcers should implement it strictly and without bias. This ordinance will

help the citizens to be discipline in following the traffic rules.

2. The participants of this study have stated that there are changes in the

present implementation of the Anti-Jaywalking Ordinance versus before it

was implemented which the people can greatly benefit from. During the

implementation of the ordinance, the citizens became disciplined and

eventually followed the rules set for them. In addition, because of the

implementation of this ordinance, the participants of this study noticed

positive changes brought by the ordinance such as less car accidents

involving pedestrians. Because of these findings, the researchers can say

that the ordinance is a success despite its setbacks.

3. The answer to solve issues of both inconsistency of authorities and citizens,

and the biases that some authorities commit, lies on the people themselves.
 27

They need to have a stronger hold of themselves and know when something

is right or wrong. In addition, if we see the other side being inconsistent, we

should not follow them but instead tell them or be truthful to your side and

never follow them.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were

offered:

1. To be able to address the monitoring of the jaywalkers who violates the

ordinance, the City Government of Davao should put more CTTV cameras

in roads all over the city. The government should deploy many traffic

enforcers near malls, churches, markets and other public areas since these

places has a lot of people so the possibilities of jaywalking is high. They

also need to provide citation tickets which will be given to jaywalkers once

apprehended, before the year ends. Once the citation tickets will be

distributed, the violators will have to either pay the penalty or defend

themselves at the CTTMO office.

2. To be able to address awareness on jaywalking, the government should

conceptualize an extensive symposium or seminar about City ordinance

especially jaywalking and other traffic rules which affects the citizens

gravely wherein methods will be introduced and they will know what are the

do’s and don’ts which they can use in their everyday lives and to be a good

citizen of their respective places. The government should conduct

 28

symposiums in different schools all over the country so that students will

become educated about the contents and consequences of jaywalking at

an early age.

3. To be able to address further details regarding the Anti-Jaywalking

Ordinance, the future researchers must conduct further research on the

topic and asses all data properly. If possible, it is better to have jaywalkers

as participants for they are the main subject in the study. Also, they should

widen the scope and not limit their research within the school premises.
 29

REFERENCES

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for- pedestrians-but- not-vehicles
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Communication/theory-planned-behavior/
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b.pdf
Bhasin, H. (2018). Adaptation level theory. Retrieved from https://www.marketing91.
com/adaptation-level-theory/
Brown, M. (2015). The problem with Metro Manila’s pedestrians. Retrieved from
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Carr, A. & Ryan, S.(2010). Applying the biopsychosocial model to the management of
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/neuroscience/theory-of-planned-behavior
Festinger (1957). Cognitive consistency theory. Retrieved from https://pure.uva.nl/ws/
files/2564891/164939_Nohlen_binnenwerk_FINAL_complete.pdf
Fink, A. S. (2000). The role of the researcher in the qualitative research process. A
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qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1021/2201
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Korstjens, I. & Moser, A. (2017). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research.
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Tinsley, A. L. (2016). Summer 2014 – Reinforcement theory case study. Retrieved from
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+Reinforcement+Theory+Case+Study
Tribdino, R. G. (2016). Road safety issue no.5: Protecting the Filipino pedestrian.
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SAFETY-ISSUE-NO-5-Protecting-the- Filipino-pedestrian
Trueman, C. N. (2015). Social action theory. Retrieved from https://www.
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William, M. K. (2006). Qualitative validity. Retrieved from
https://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualval.php
 30

APPENDIX A
LETTER OF APPROVAL
 31

APPENDIX B
INFORMED CONSENT
32
 33

APPENDIX C
RESEARCH AND PROBING QUESTIONS
Research Question 1
What are the views of the drivers regarding their encounter with jaywalkers?
Interview Questions:
a. What do you know about the implementation of the ordinance such as its
contents and consequences?
b. How strict were the authorities in implementing the ordinance?
c. What do you consider as the downfalls of the ordinance? Justify why you
consider that as a downfall.

Research Question 2
How do the drivers take the implementation of the Anti-Jaywalking ordinance?
Interview Questions:
a. What are the positive changes caused by the ordinance?
b. What are the negative changes caused by the ordinance?
c. Are the changes mostly caused by the authorities implementing the
ordinance strictly or from the civilians following the ordinance?

Research Question 3
What emerging themes can be drawn out to strengthen the implementation of the
Anti-Jaywalking Ordinance?
Interview Questions:
a. Do you think the ordinance was effective and followed by the citizens?
Why do you say so?
b. Why do you think some authorities commit biases or favoritisms wherever
they catch someone violating the ordinance?
c. What can you suggest in order to further strengthen the Anti-Jaywalking
Ordinance?
 34

APPENDIX D
TRANSCRIBED DATA

Participant 1
(background noise)
Interviewer: Okay, so here we have (mentions name), which have an active
license and an active driver. Participating in the study; A study on the
implementation of the Anti-Jaywalking ordinance in the Philippines.
: So we will proceed to the first question; What do you know about the
implementation of the ordinance such as its content and consequences?
Participant:[Ahh], the implementation is very -- is a very good rule ad regulation
that’s -- that [uhh] -- citizen must follow in order to have orderliness and discipline
in Davao City. And this is -- this implement -- this -- this rules and regulation is
intended to teach people in Davao City to become -- to become disciplined
person and responsible citizen.
Interviewer: So what do you know about the consequences of the ordinance?
(Indistinct chatter)
Participant: Consequence of the ordinance is –[uhh]-- I don’t think that there’s
consequences in terms of -- in terms -- in the part of the -- in the part of the
people in Davao City because this ordinance is merely intended to establish
order, discipline and to avoid –[uhh] -- accident in the road, so for me as a driver
- as a licensed driver, I -- I see it as a very good move, a very good ordinance
that would help people to become disciplined, to know how to follow rules and
regulation and to –[uhh] -- to have order.
Interviewer: So, how strict where the authorities in implementing the ordinance.
Participant: [Ahh], in terms of the authorities –[uhh] -- well actually the people
that are assigned to implement this ordinance have so many thing to be
accomplished, so to the extent that – [uhh] -- often times they have neglected –
[uhh] -- apprehending those people who violate the ordinance.
Interviewer: So, what do you think are the reasons why the government
implemented the ordinance?
Participant: wha- [ahh], the main reason here is for the people to- to- to be
disciplined, to be- to be- to become –[uhh] -- ordered, and of course orderliness
in the city is very, very important for us to have a peaceful and meaningful and
produc- -- [uhh] -- what we call that? -- productive community.
Interviewer: So what do you consider as the downfalls of the ordinance? And
why do you consider it as a downfall?
 35

Participant: The downfall of the ordinance is maybe the inconsistency of the

implementation because of the fact that the people who implemented this one,
ther- they have so many things to that- that- --[uhh]-- that- that they need to- to
work on, so the tendency there is they often neglect or maybe they have
forgotten that we have this ordinance, because of the fact that they have so
many thing to be- to be looked for or to look for. So the downfall of this is
inconsistency.
Interviewer: So what can you- what- what suggestion can you give the
authorities to do about your stated weak points?
(Background noise): Sshhh
Participant:[Ahh], I think it’s all about- it’s all about ah being st- (clearing of
throat) being strong, it’s all about reminding the people implementing this
ordinance that they need to- to be consistent in terms of implementing the
ordinance, because –[umm]-- the people are- the people are seems to forget this
ordinance if this is not implemented consistently.
Interviewer: Okay sir, so how about the civilians, what actions can you suggest
for civilians to do about--
Participant: [Ahh], for civilians like me it’s for al- it- it’s - it’s all about our- it’s all
about –[uhh]-- having a peaceful and ordered community, so for us to an- and
our- our s- our- --[uhh]-- what do you call that?-- contribution for the- for the
implementation of this, is to follow, simple, follow the ordinance, we have to –
[uhh]-- if you want to, say for example cross mak- make sure that you are
crossing the- the road in the proper place. So that’s it.
Interviewer: So did the ordinance have positive effects sir?
Participant: yes, ofc-
Interviewer:[Ahh], like state examples.
Participant: Yes ofcourse, this ordinance have positive effect, because of this
ordinance we-- the-- the local government were able to establishorderliness,
establish discipline and, I think there is- I don’t think if it is- if it’s- if they have this
data that there is what we call –[uhh]-- decrease of cases of road accident.
Interviewer: How about negatives- negative effects sir?
Participant: Negative effects, I don’t think that this ordinance –[umm]-- bring
about negative effects, because this ordinance is all about giving- is all about –
[uhh]-- it’s all about –[uhh]-- orderliness, so I don’t think that there’s negative
effect.
(sniffling)
(pause)
 36

Interviewer: Okay sir, so are th- --[uhh]-- you have stated positive effects---
Participant: Yes..
Interviewer: Sir, so are the positive effects mostly caused by the authorities
implementing the ordinance strictly or from the citizens who--
Participant: Well, actually it’s a two way process. –[Uhh]-- the ordinance will be--
will not become effective if only one side is implementing it. It is always a two
way process. The ordinance will become effective if the- the- what we call that?--
the people implementing are consistent and the community are following the
rules and regulations-- or following this- this ordinance.
Interviewer: So do you think the ordinance was effective and followed by the
citizens?
Participant: Yes, ofco--
Interviewer: And why do you say so?
Participant: Yes ofcourse, because if this ordinance is- is followed by- by the
community religiously, so definitely we can establish among our community- in
our community or a- as what I’ve said, --[uhh]-- discipline, orderliness, and we
can avoid –[uhh]-- road accidents.
Interviewer: Why do you think some authorities commit biases or favouritisms
whenever they catch someone violating the ordinance?
Participant: Favoritism, I-- it’s just-- I think-- i think it’s only special it’s –[uhhmm]-
- it an isolated case maybe if there are cases like that but then as far as-- as what
I have observed-- as far as I know that the people implementing this one really
implemented it, regardless if they-- if the people caught are their relative or
member of the family.
Interviewer:[Mm], last question sir, what can you suggest in order to further
strengthen the Anti-Jaywalking--
Participant: It’s all about cons-- being consistent in- in implementing the
ordinance, so it’s not just –[uh]-, we will not follow this man-- this –[uhh]--
“ningas-kugon” attitude that we are only good for- for- a-- the beginning, but then
towards the end we a-- we forget this ordinance. I think from the start up to-- up
to the end we have to be consis-- we have to be very consistent in implementing
anyway this ordinance is intended to help people on- on-- to help people –[uhh]--
to have a peaceful community
Interviewer: Okay sir, so thank you for participating in our study sir, please
accept simple token of gratitude
Participant: Wow, I have this one
(background)
Interviewer: And Happy Valentines sir
 37

Participant: Thank you very much

Participant 2
Interviewer: On the implementation of the anti-jaywalking ordinance
Participant: Yes
Interviewer:So first question sir, what do you know about the implementation of
the ordinance such as its content and consequences?
Participant: (chuckles) [um] what I know. So I just— I have a limited— not that
limited but I just know something that when you’re going to go to different places
in Davao should pass by to the pedestrian lane— such that if you’ll not follow such
rules, you’ll be—will be— not abducted [hahaha] but you’ll be—[uhh]—sanctioned
or fined with ano—I think 100 pesos? Or somehow about—you’re going to have
a—tawag niyan—a—a community service and seminar also for that purpose. So,
that’s what I know about the ordinance.
Interviewer: Okay sir.
: Next question sir. How strict were the authorities in implementing the ordinance?
Participant: [Umm] so how strict—example in—if you are dealing with ano—into
a scale of 1 to 10, I think it’s around—7—Why? Since it’s a city ordinance it—It
does not follow in the other areas. So for example, It’s—it’s in the city that is very
strict but while on the other areas like in the— (momentary silence) (chuckles)
while in the area away from the city—maybe somehow not that strict. So maybe
that’s why I—I-- rated its only 7 on that but still [uhh]—that ordinance is a good
ordinance so that—citizens or people in that particular area will follow such rules
in the city.
Interviewer: Then next sir, what do you think are the reasons why the government
implemented the ordinance?
Participant: [Ahh]—Well probably because it’s the road—of course one is safety,
security and of course discipline—that’s one of the ano—that’s one of the—what I
think [ahh]-- the ordinance has been passed.
Interviewer: what do you consider as the downfalls of the ordinance?
Participant:What— ?
Interviewer:And justify why you consider—
Participant: What-- what downfall?
Interviewer: Like those points—
 38

Participant: [Ahh] okay what will be the weak points of this ordinance? So possible
weak points for that maybe [ahh]—selective process such that—if one person—
one person is charged, sanctioned but the same—the same violation but one is
not sanctioned so that will be a probable cause for-- the downfall of the ordinance
or probably—[ahh]—[ahh]—maybe probable of corruption if there will be. For
example instead of going to seminar, one person will act like—okay you just pay
for this so that you will not go for—for for—ano for that ano—sanction.
Interviewer: What suggestion can you give the authorities about your stated weak
points?
Participant: [Ahh]—suggested authorities is that—there are—there are cases
that—there are case that ano-- people can ano--people cannot follow set of
directions so—if there’s a person or authority in front of it—on that—on that said
lane, they will follow. Probably if there is no—if there is no in charge, then probably
they won’t follow. Better is to put CCTV cameras also to check—CCTV cameras—
then aside from that—is the full—it has been fully implemented but it should not be
on mainland but in the—the—city proper because in other countries, you are really
called and you are asked for example in Dubai, you’re asked to [ahh]—get your
ID. The ID is very essential in your work, essential in every part of the place
because—[ahh]—if you will—if you will ano—if you will violate that one, they will
get your ID and of course it will be—not will be a—good record for you.
Interviewer: And what actions can you suggest for civilians to do about the weak
points?
Participant: [Ahh] what actions—is that simply—actually—it’s not actually more in
civilians but it’s more on the authority kasi what I said is—they—the—the
ordinance is already there. Maybe if they wanted it to make it more—so I will say
na more effective maybe they can post—[ahh] they can post—[ahh] information—
they can post it in the Facebook—or they can—they can—make an information
drive about—or even not only for the city, not even for the police but also maybe
the barangay—barangay captain because for example they have—they have a
overpass but their overpass was not used but since—people are still moving on
land and still—there are—[ahh]- policemen watching it but they—they have no
action for it so probably that will be a good cause so just an information designation
lang din after that it’s not only the policeman will do the work but—even the LGU—
the local government unit the barangay itself.
Interviewer: Then, did the ordinance have positive effects?
Participant: Positive effects? Yes, because people become disciplined and of
course—I don’t know the statistics of the number of—the number of acc—the
number of individual pedestrians that has been hit by a car or anything that
happens or—I think it has reduced and I think helps around the city—in terms of
discipline because you will be reminded this is the ordinance I should follow it—so
that in other country, if there’s an ordinance I will follow also.
Interviewer: Then how about the negative effects sir. Did it have negative effects?
 39

Participant:Ahh negative effects—I don’t know if there’s—there are people whose

saying it’s--there’s a negative—because they are fined for that so—ahh—they are
sanctioned for that so—I don’t think so—there is a [door creaking] there is a
negative effect for that in my—in my area [person shouting] in my point of view but
I think—all of it is for good.
[Indistinct Chatter]
Interviewer: Then, are the negative effects mostly caused by the authorities’ lack
of tightness in implementing the ordinance or the civilians breaking the ordinance?
Participant: So far I don’t heard any ano—any ano—so dar I don’t heard any
nega—any violation made by authorities about it. So what I knew—what I—it’s just
my own perception so ahh, maybe—maybe in the area—in the area of people who
have been caught for that—the—the suggestions that I could make is simply—
follow the pedestrian rules, follow the—these symbols—that symbol—that
particular ordinance is not for the government’s sake but for the people’s sake.
Interviewer:Then for the ano sir—are the positive effects caused with the
authorities implementing the ordinance strictly or the civilians following it?
Participant: Yes, they are simply following it. They are doing it naman but we
didn’t know ano—we didn’t know what I said is that on the other part, I didn’t know
if they are doing well also. But there cases kasinaano—there are case like this is
one of the problems that somehow we need to address like for example—we have
different parts to load and unload—load passengers so—in other countries they
have their what they’re called—stations—so that the only part of the area you can
reload—load—deload or load—passengers and after that ahh—just near to a
pedestrian lane then—that’s one thing because of—ahh—far part also of the ano—
far part also of—tawagniyan of—of loading and unloading so that’s why we have
different kinds of roads—so if one—one idea that would be good enough is that
there should be a loading--one loading and unloading area per ano—per barangay,
per parts so that everyone could really follow.
Interview: Okay sir, then do you think the ordinance was effective and followed by
citizens? Why do you say so?
Participant:Ahh it’s effective because—everyone is reminded now that if you go
to cities—you should follow this because you will be caught up—and if you will be
caught up then you will go to—to pay for these, to fall in line and you somehow it
will—be a problem in your time—so you go there for inconvenience already so—
people will be following for it because it has been—tawagniyan—it has been an
ordinance already to follow.
Interviewer: Then, why do you think some authorities commit biases or favoritisms
whenever they catch someone violating the ordinance?
Participant: So, because—because ahh—maybe there are authorities like that
maybe because—human as we are—we are just ano—we are just also na—
example if the one—if you are the one—example if you are the one—the
 40

authority—then your son has been one of the ano—one of the violators then—I
think there is what you called another reason for humanitarian reason or just for—
favorable reason because it’s part of ano—it’s part of—it’s part of our—our system.
Interviewer: Last question sir.
Participant: Yes thank you [chuckles]
Interviewer: What can you suggest in order to further strengthen the anti –
jaywalking ordinance?
Participant: That’s what I said earlier example—maybe the government next time
could have—a situated loading and unloading area and that should be strictly
followed and beside the—beside that loading and unloading area is the pedestrian
lane kasi—somehow it will help us in the traffic, somehow it will help us in the—
in—in giving the information drive so if there is one loading area, then the
information is there na—use the pedestrian lane then therefore everyone will be
aware. So if there are different kinds of loading and unloading area, they will go—
they will just simply pass because it’s just near—that’s the thing there because it’s
near and nobody’s watching and I can go. But if I have a situated loading and
unloading area that I can read the--instruction that I will use the pedestrian then
therefore I will not go anymore to other place but rather—to use the pedestrian
lane.
Interviewer: Thank you sir.
Participant: Yes, you’re welcome.

Participant 3
Interviewer: Good afternoon. We are here with (mentions name), our research
participant for the study: On the Implementation of the Anti-jaywalking Ordinance
of the Philippines.
: Commencing the interview. First question, what do you know about the
implementation of the ordinance such as its contents and consequences?
Participant: I only knew about the ordinance that [uhh] somebody would violate,
[uhh] there would be a corresponding sanction and punishment, but I do not know
[uhh] really is the sanction and punishment is all about, but I just heard it from the
news that there are corresponding sanctions depending on how many times the
person violated the, the, the that particular anti-ordinance.
Interviewer: Okay, so next question. How strict were the authorities in
implementing the ordinance?
Participant: At first, there were so strict for in fact if you’re going to look at the
news and even I experienced once I saw student, [uhh] one of the students here
 41

in Davao, [uhm] he experienced to have, to violate that the jaywalking at the very
beginning their so strict but after that [uhh] they are it seems that, that they’re that
they do not implement anymore or they still implement but [uhh] somehow they are
not strict enough to have it again.
Interviewer: What do you think are the reasons why the government implemented
the ordinance?
Participant: Of course for the public safety also and for the people also. As we all
know that the before they can cross [uhh] the street from time-to-time anywhere
and that is not safety, and that not safe for the people especially for those [uhm]
people who are driving so fast. Now if there’s no proper way of crossing the street
that is also [uhh] difficult for the drivers and the safety of the people. [uhm] It’s good
to have that but the only problem is that [uhm] people are not following them too.
Interviewer: So, what do you consider as the downfalls of the ordinance? Justify
why you consider that as a downfall.
Participant: The downfall of the ordinance is that people are not following it and
at the same time [uhm] the people who were in-charge to, to facilitate that
ordinance are not that active then. In fact, [uhh] I went to [uhh] one of the places
in Davao yesterday, then I saw there an official of the government the, the CTTMO.
I saw also student crossing the street but [uhh], I saw the student and at the same
time the officer but there was no calling of the attention on the part of the student.
And that is one of the downfalls, when the officer and the person who are in-charge
of it are not also doing their task.
Interviewer: [uhh] Referring to your downfall, what suggestions can you give the
authorities about your stated weak points?
Participant: First, is the strict and the consistent, the consistency of [uhh]
implementing the, the ordinance. Then second, [uhh] I saw also one problem, I
observe also one problem. People are tend to violate is simply because there is
no enough [uhh] pedestrian lane and if there is pedestrian lane that’s not enough
for the people to have it that’s why [uhh] they didn’t use it anymore because that
the pedestrian lane is not enough.
Interviewer: What actions can you suggest for civilians to do about the weak
points?
Participants: Well of course considering the weak points that I said awhile ago as
part of the citizen and civilian of this city. I think it would be best if we are going to
follow that a practice of [uhh] the obedience of the rules and policy especially if you
are living in a particular area, that would be nice if [uhh] you learn how to follow
and obey.
Interviewer: Did the ordinance have positive effects? Please cite examples.
Participant: Yes, there is positive effect like for example, [uhm] people learn how
to discipline themselves but not all and at the same time also drivers, also in our
part me as a [uhm] person who drive also. [uhm] We are also somehow being
 42

reminded if we can see pedestrian lane to slower down to lower down [uhm] our
vehicles because of [uhh] knowing that there is that ordinance that people can
cross time-to-time to the pedestrian lane.
Interviewer: Did the ordinance have negative effects? Can you cite examples?
Participant: For me there is no such thing as negative effect of the ordinance, it
is something like a positive ordinance but the truth is that people are not following
it and somehow the officers are not consistent also in implementing it.
Interviewer: Are the negative effects mostly caused by the authorities’ lack of
tightness in implementing the ordinance or from the civilians breaking the
ordinance?
Participant: It is both. I mentioned awhile ago that [uhh] the officers are not that
[uhm] consistent in implementing it and at the same time also civilians are not
following it.
Interviewer: Are the positive effects mostly caused by the authorities
implementing the ordinance strictly or from the civilians following the ordinance?
Participant: It is also both. [uhm] If the officers will implement it consistently and
if the civilian will also follow it consistently.
Interviewer: Do you think the ordinance was effective and followed by the
civilians? Why do you say so?
Participant: It is effective at the very beginning because [uhh] the officers, [uhh]
the one who implement it are somehow strict but what I’ve said if they will not
going to do [uhh] do it consistently then it will not be effective then.
Interviewer: So we all know about the rumours stating that you can pay the
authorities so that they won’t [uhm] how do you call that catch you [uhh] yeah so
that they won’t sanction you so. Why do you think some authorities commit
biases or favouritisms whenever they catch someone violating the ordinance?
Participant: Actually, I didn’t [uhh] observe that one in actual but I heard rumours
about there are officers who accept a [uhh] fee if somebody violate it or somebody
ask to pay it in –[hh] in a certain action. [uhm] Maybe because of, also the, in the
part of the officers those who are not honest in their work.
Interviewer: What can you suggest in order to further strengthen the Anti-
jaywalking Ordinance?
Participant: i suggest that [uhh] first in the part of the civilian we should follow that
particular anti-ordinance which is jaywalking, because whether we like it or not that
is also good for us and second one is I suggest that the officers will strengthen in
terms of implementing it, guarding the city and checking the people who are
passing the street time-to-time, and of course do not commit biases in terms of
accepting, accepting payment if [uhh] somebody would violate the, the ordinance
 43

Interviewer: And we’re done. Thank you, (mentions name), for participating in our
study please accept our token of appreciation, so that was (mentions name)- an
active driver and that has a license so...
 44

APPENDIX E

THEMATIC ANALYSIS RAW TABLE (STAGE 1)

Interview Question Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

A
What do you know [Ahh], the (chuckles) um I only knew The
about the implementation what I know. about the implementation of
implementation of is very -- is a So I just— I ordinance that the ordinance of
the ordinance such very good rule have a [uhh] the anti-jaywalking
as its content and and regulation limited— not somebody ordinance is very
consequences? that’s -- that that limited but would violate, good and the
[uhh] -- citizen I just know [uhh] there people must
must follow in something that would be a follow the rules
order to have when you’re corresponding strictly. If they
orderliness going to go to sanction and cannot follow,
and discipline different places punishment, sanctions would
in Davao City. in Davao but I do not be made.
And this is – should pass by know [uhh]
this implement to the really is the
-- this -- this pedestrian sanction and
rules and lane— such punishment is
regulation is that if you’ll not all about, but I
intended to follow such just heard it
teach people in rules, you’ll from the news
Davao City to be— will be— that there are
become -- to not abducted corresponding
become [hahaha] but sanctions
disciplined you’ll be— depending on
person and [uhh]— how many
responsible sanctioned or times the
citizen. fined with person
ano—I think violated the,
100 pesos? Or the, the that
somehow particular anti-
about—you’re ordinance.
going to have
a—tawag
niyan—a—a
community
service and
seminar also
for that
purpose. So,
that’s what I
 45

know about the

ordinance.

Interview Question Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

B

How strict where the [Ahh], in terms [Umm] so how At first, there At first, this city
authorities in of the strict—example were so strict ordinance of
implementing the authorities – in—if you are for in fact if implementing anti-
ordinance? [uhh] -- well dealing with you’re going to jaywalking is so
actually the ano—into a look at the strict but
people that scale of 1 to news and unfortunately
are assigned 10, I think it’s even I afterwards, there
to implement around—7— experienced are so many to
this ordinance Why? Since it’s once I saw accomplish that
have so many a city student, [uhh] the officials
thing to be ordinance it—It one of the neglected it. These
accomplished, does not follow students here ordinance was not
so to the in the other in Davao, followed strictly by
extent that – areas. So for [uhm] he people.
[uhh] -- often example, It’s— experienced to
times they it’s in the city have, to
have that is very violate that the
neglected – strict but while jaywalking at
[uhh] -- on the other the very
apprehending areas like in beginning their
those people the— so strict but
who violate [momentary after that [uhh]
the ordinance. silence] they are it
[chuckles] seems that,
while in the that they’re
area away from that they do
the city— not implement
maybe anymore or
somehow not they still
that strict. So implement but
maybe that’s [uhh]
why I—I-- rated somehow they
its only 7 on are not strict
that but still enough to
[uhh]—that have it again.
ordinance is a
good ordinance
so that—

Interview Question C
What do you consider as the
downfalls of the ordinance?
Justify why you consider that
as a downfall.
citizens or
people in that
particular area
will follow such
rules in the city.
Participant 1 Participant 2
The downfall of the [Ahh] okay what will
ordinance is maybe be the weak points of
the inconsistency of this ordinance? So
the possible weak points
implementati for that maybe [ahh]
on because of the selective process
fact that the people such that—if one
who implemented person—one person
this one, is charged,
ther- they have so sanctioned but the
many things to that- same—the same
that [uhh] that- that violation but one is
they need to- to not sanctioned so
work on, so the that will be a
tendency there is probable cause for--
they often neglect the downfall of the
or ordinance or
maybe they probably [ahh] [ahh]
have forgotten that maybe probable of
we have this corruption if there
ordinance, because will be. For example
of the fact instead of going to
that they have so seminar, one person
many thing to be- to will act like—okay
be looked for or to you just pay for this
look for. so that you will not
So the go for—for for—ano
downfall of this is for that ano—
inconsistency. sanction.
46
Participant 3
The downfall of the
ordinance is that
people are not
following it and at
the same time
[uhm] the people
who were in-charge
to, to facilitate that
ordinance are not
that active then. In
fact, [uhh] I went to
[uhh] one of the
places in Davao
yesterday, then I
saw there an official
of the government
the, the CTTMO. I
saw also student
crossing the street
but [uhh], I saw the
student and at the
same time the
officer but there
was no calling of
the attention on the
part of the student.
And that is one of
the downfalls, when
the officer and the
person who are in-
charge of it are not
 47

also doing their

task.
 48

APPENDIX F

THEMATIC ANALYSIS RAW TABLE (STAGE 2)

Interview Question Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

A

What are the Yes, of [Uhh ]positive Yes, there is The respondents
positive effects course, this effects yes, positive were asked about
caused by the ordinance because people effects. Like the positive effects
ordinance? have positive become for example of the anti-
effect. disciplined and [uhhm] people jaywalking
Because of of course [uhh] I learn how to ordinance. They
this ordinance, don’t know discipline have quite a few
the local what’s that the themselves, similar answers,
government statistics of the but not all and that the ordinance
were able to number of acci- at the same have a positive
establish the number of of time also effect. People
orderliness, individual drivers also. become disciplined
establish pedestrian that We’re part because of the
discipline, and has been hit by also me as an implementation of
I think there is, a car or me as a the ordinance,
I don’t know if anything that person who though not all, at
it is, if they happened so I drive also, we least it is a start.
have this data think it has are also Also, road
that there is reduce and I somehow accidents prior to
what we call think it helps being the implementation
decrease of around the city reminded if we was a lot more than
cases of road in terms of can see after it was
accidents. discipline pedestrian implemented.
because you will lane to slower
be reminded down, to lower
[uhh] this is the down our
ordinance I vehicle
should follow so because of
that in the other knowing that
country there is there is that
an ordinance I ordinance that
would follow people can
also. cross from
time to time
 49

the pedestrian
lane.

Interview Question Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

B
What are the Negative So far I don’t It is both. I Based on the
negative changes effects, I don’t heard any mentioned participants’
caused by the think that this ano—any ano— awhile ago that answers, there
ordinance? ordinance so dar I don’t [uhh] the officers are no negative
[umm] bring heard any are not that effects.
about nega—any [uhm] consistent However, if there
negative violation made in implementing are some, it is
effects, by authorities it and at the mostly caused
because this about it. So same time also by both the
ordinance is what I knew— civilians are not authorities and
all about what I—it’s just following it. the civilians.
giving- is all my own
about perception so
[uhh] it’s all [ahh], maybe—
about [uhh] maybe in the
orderliness, so area—in the
I don’t think area of people
that who have been
there’s caught for
negative that—the—the
effect. suggestions that
I could make is
simply—follow
the pedestrian
rules, follow
the—these
symbols—that
symbol—that
particular
ordinance is not
for the
government’s
 50

sake but for the

people’s sake.
 51
Interview Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation
Question C
Are the Well, actually Yes, they are It is also both. According to
changes it’s a two way simply [uhm] If the the
mostly caused process. [Uhh] following it. officers will participants,
by the the ordinance They are doing implement it the positive
authorities will it naman but consistently effects are
implementing be-- will we didn’t know and if the caused by both
the ordinance not become ano—we didn’t civilian will also the authorities
strictly or from effective if only know what I follow it and the
the civilians one side is said is that on consistently. civilians.
following the implementing the other part, I Therefore the
ordinance? it. It is didn’t know if law is more
always a they are doing efficient if the
two way well also. But authorities are
process. The there cases more strict in
ordinance will kasinaano— observing it.
become there are case And for the
effective if the- like this is one civilians, if they
of the were to follow it
the- problems that there is more
what we call somehow we harmony in the
that?-- the need to community.
people address like for
implementing example—we
are consistent have different
and parts to load
the and unload—
community are load
following the passengers
rules and so—in other
regulations-- or countries they
following have their what
this- this they’re
ordinance. called—
stations—so
that the only
part of the area
you can
reload—load—
deload or
load—
passengers
and after that
[ahh] just near
to a pedestrian
lane then—
that’s one thing
 52

because of
[ahh] far part
also of the
ano—far part
also of—
tawagniyan
of—of loading
and unloading
so that’s why
we have
different kinds
of roads—so if
one—one idea
that would be
good enough is
that there
should be a
loading--one
loading and
unloading area
per ano—per
barangay, per
parts so that
everyone could
really follow.
 53

APPENDIX G

THEMATIC ANALYSIS RAW TABLE (STAGE 3)

Interview Question A Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

a. Do you think the Yes of course, [Ahh] it’s It is effective at Based on the
ordinance was because if this effective the very data gathered,
effective and followed ordinance is- is because— beginning the
by the citizens? Why followed by- by everyone is because [uhh] implementation
do you say so? the community reminded now the officers, of the Anti-
religiously, so that if you go to [uhh] the one Jaywalking
definitely we can cities—you who implement Ordinance in
establish among should follow it are somehow Davao City is
our community- this because strict but what effective.
in our community you will be I’ve said if they There are
or a- as what I’ve caught up— will not going to answers that if
said, [uhh] and if you will do [uhh] do it the ordinance
discipline, be caught up consistently is strictly
orderliness, and then you will go then it will not followed there
we can avoid to—to pay for be effective will be no
[uhh] road these, to fall in then. accidents.
accidents. line and you Furthermore,
somehow it the ordinance
will—be a also help not
problem in your just the drivers
time—so you who uses the
go there for streets but also
inconvenience to the people
already so— who crosses
people will be the street
following for it everyday to
because it has become
been—tawag knowledgeable
niyan—it has enough on
been an how to
ordinance properly cross
already to the street and
follow. to be
responsible in
following the
Anti-
Jaywalking
 54

Ordinance in
Davao City.

Interview Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

Question B

b. Why do you Favoritism, I-- So, because— Actually, I According to the

think some it’s just-- I think- because [ahh] didn’t [uhh] data gathered, bias
authorities commit - i think it’s only maybe there are observe that or favoritism in Anti-
biases or special it’s authorities like one in actual Jaywalking
favoritisms [uhhmm] it an that maybe but I heard Ordinance depends
wherever they isolated case because human rumours about on the in-charge if
catch someone maybe if there as we are—we there are the officer will just
violating the are cases like are just ano— officers who let the violators
ordinance? that but then as we are just also accept a especially if the one
far as-- as what na—example if [uhh]fee if who violates is their
I have the one—if you somebody family, friend or a
observed-- as are the one— violate it or violator will just
far as I know example if you somebody ask simply give the
that the people are the one— to pay it in officer an amount so
implementing the authority— [uhh] in a that he/she can be
this one really then your son certain action. excused in taking
implemented it, has been one of [uhm]. Maybe the consequences
regardless if the ano—one of because of, of violating the
they-- if the the violators also the in the ordinance.
people caught then—I think part of the
are their there is what officers those
relative or you called who are not
member of the another reason honest in their
family. for humanitarian work.
reason or just
for—favorable
reason because
it’s part of ano—
it’s part of—it’s
part of our—our
system.
 55

Interview Question C Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Interpretation

c. What can you It’s all about That’s what I I suggest that – Based on the
suggest in order to cons-- being said earlier [uhh] first in the result gathered,
further strengthen the consistent in-in example part of the the interviewees
Anti-Jaywalking implementing maybe the civilian we suggested in
Ordinance? the ordinance, government should follow order to
so it’s not just - next time could that particular strengthen the
uh-, we will not have—a anti-ordinance Anti-Jaywalking
follow this man-- situated which is ordinance. The
this [uhh] loading and jaywalking, officer in-charge
“ningas-kugon” unloading area because must be
attitude that we and that should whether we like consistent to the
are only good be strictly it or not that is implementation
for- for-a--the followed and also good for of the ordinance,
beginning, but beside the— us and second there must be no
then towards beside that one is I biases nor
the end we a-- loading and suggest that favoritism. The
we forget this unloading area the officers will violators must
ordinance. I is the strengthen in pay for their
think from the pedestrian lane terms of consequences to
start up to-- up kasi— implementing really prove the
to the end we somehow it will it, guarding the effectiveness of
have to be help us in the city and the said
consis-- we traffic, checking the ordinance. The
have to be very somehow it will people who are government
consistent in help us in the— passing the should also
implementing in—in giving street time-to- provide posters
anyway this the information time, and of along the streets
ordinance is drive so if there course do not to remind the
intended to help is one loading commit biases people where to
people on- on-- area, then the in terms of cross. Generally,
to help people information is accepting, it is not only the
[uhh] to have a there na—use accepting participation of
peaceful the pedestrian payment if the community,
community. lane then [uhh] but also with the
therefore somebody help of the
everyone will would violate loyalty of the
be aware. So if the, the officer to make
there are ordinance. the ordinance
different kinds effective and to
of loading and create a peaceful
unloading area, environment to
they will go— the city.
they will just
simply pass
 56

because it’s
just near—
that’s the thing
there because
it’s near and
nobody’s
watching and I
can go. But if I
have a situated
loading and
unloading area
that I can read
the--instruction
that I will use
the pedestrian
then therefore I
will not go
anymore to
other place but
rather—to use
the pedestrian
lane.
 57

APPENDIX H

LETTER TO THE PARTICIPANTS

58
59
 60

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Brian Jasper Alayon

August 26, 2001
Km. 11, Suarez Village, Sasa, Davao City

09385505261
brianjasperalayon@yahoo.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P. Laurel, Bajada Street, Davao City

2018 – Present

Junior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P. Laurel, Bajada Street, Davao City

2014– 2018

Primary School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P. Laurel, Bajada Street, Davao City

2008 – 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2017 Athlete of the Year – Grade 10

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

N/A
 61

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Patricia June B. Banot

June 17, 2002

Carmelite Road, Bajada, Davao City

09472954322
patriciabanot5715@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2018 - Present

Junior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2014 - 2018

Primary School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2007 - 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2007 Best in Christian Education

2018 Certificate of Commendation in Debate (Erudites Club)

National Certificate 1 - FBS (Food and Beverages

Services)
 62

SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED

Erudites Debate Workshop

CPCJ Student Development Program

 63

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Antoinette Grace C. Bisquera

December 22, 2001
Deca Homes Indangan, Buhangin, Davao City

09952238536
antoinettebisquera02@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2018 - Present

Junior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2014 - 2018

Primary School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2006 - 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2015 With Honors-Grade 7

2016 With Honors-Grade 8

2017 With Honors-Grade 9

Perfect in Attendance
 64

2018 With High Honors-Grade 10

Perfect in Attendance

Literary Award

SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED

NAC Seminar and Workshop

Red Cross Youth Leadership Development Training

Red Cross Youth Standard First Aid Training

Red Cross Youth Basic Water Safety

Davao Training for Division Schools Press Conference

Division Training for Regional Schools Press Conference

Regional Training for National Schools Press Conference

 65

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

John Claude M. Celeste

February 16, 2002

Sto. Niňo, Millennium Village, Brgy. Indangan,

Davao

City

09123644638
janjanceleste@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2018 - Present

Junior High School Cabantian National High School

Country Homes, Brgy. Cabantian, Davao City

2016-2018

Teofilo V. Fernandez National High School

Brgy. Indangan, Davao City

2015-2016

Davao Oriental Regional Science High School

 66

Government Center, Brgy. Dahican, Mati City

2014-2015

Primary School Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy

Quezon St., Mati City, Davao Oriental

2008 - 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2016 With Honors- Grade 8

2017 With Honors-Grade 9

BSP Service Awardee

Perfect in Attendance

2014 With Honors - Grade 10

BSP Leadership Awardee

BSP Service Awardee

Best in T.L.E C.S.S

2015 BSP Outdoorsman Rank

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

Red Cross Youth Leadership Development Training

Rover Vigil

Crew Leaders Training Course

Emergency Service Training Course

 67

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Neil Lorenz B. Contaoi

September 28, 2000

105 Purok Sta. Teresita, Buhangin, Davao City

09662232769
neilcontaoi@yahoo.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2018 - Present

Junior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2014 - 2018

Primary School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2007 - 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

N/A

SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED

N/A
 68

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Paul Angelo Gastanes

November 23, 2001
Purok 4-B, Labao Compound, Upper Ilang, Davao
City

09560897253
paulomacasa@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2018 - Present

Junior High School Holy Cross of Bunawan

Kilometer 23, Bunawan, Davao City

2014-2018

Primary School Fr. Anthony & Mark Cavanis Elementary School

Upper Mangganian, Tibungco, Davao City

2008-2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2016 With Honors - Grade 7

Best in Religious Education

Outstanding Marian Student

2017 With Honors - Grade 8

 69

Best in Art

Best in Religious Education

Artist of the Year

2018 With Honors - Grade 9

Best In Religious Education

Best in Art

2019 With Honor-Grade 10

Outstanding Marian Devotee Award

Lady of Fatima Award

Outstanding Crossian Scout Service Award
DXGN 89.9 Radio Broadcaster Award
Conduct Award
Best in Art

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

Lectors, Commentators, Cantors and Psalmist Seminar Convention

Crossian Scout Training
Leadership Seminar
 70

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Elah Janica Liwag

August 15, 2001

#7 Virgo Street, GSIS Heights Matina, Davao City

09088958892
janicaliwag2@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P. Laurel, Bajada Street, Davao City

2018 – Present

Junior High School Philippine Women’s College of Davao

University Avenue, Juna Subdivision, Matina, Davao

City

2014 - 2018

Primary School GSIS Heights Elementary School

GSIS Heights, Matina, Davao City

2012 – 2014

University of Mindanao

Matina, Davao City

2012 – 2014
 71

Christian College of Southeast Asia

Ecoland, Davao City

2008-2011

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2014 Athlete of the Year – Grade 7

2015 Athlete of the Year – Grade 8

2016 Athlete of the Year – Grade 9

2017 Athlete of the Year – Grade 10

2018 Athlete of the Year

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

2018 Girl Scout Camp

 72

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Jalus Maince Requilman

September 22, 2001
Block 48 Lot 15, Brgy. Communal, Davao City

09666495940
jhayemcanlas11@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P. Laurel, Bajada Street, Davao City

2018 – Present

Junior High School Maypajo High School

Maypajo, Dagat – dagatan , Caloocan City

2014 - 2018

Primary School Kasarinlan Elementary School

Juna Street, Dagat – dagatan, Caloocan City

2008 – 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

N/A

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

N/A
 73

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Hannah Kaye Ricarse

March 20, 2002

Dela Pena Cabantian, Buhangin, Davao City

09489137953
ricarsehannahkaye@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2018 - Present

Junior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2014 - 2018

Primary School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P Laurel Avenue, Bajada, Davao City

2007 - 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2015 Athlete of the Year - Silver

2016 Athlete of the Year - Silver

2017 Athlete of the Year - Bronze

 74

2018 Athlete of the Year - Silver

SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED

Erudites Debate Workshop

Badminton Workshop
 75

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Yasmin Sarabia
September 29, 2001

Blk. 3 Lot 15, Palm Street, Lanang Executive

Homes, Davao City

09186949483
yasminsarabia29@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School University of the Immaculate Conception

J.P. Laurel, Bajada Street, Davao City

2018 – Present

Junior High School Imma – Con School of Davao

Brgy. Ubalde, Agdao, Davao City

2014 - 2018

Primary School Imma – Con School of Davao

Brgy. Ubalde, Agdao, Davao City

2008 – 2014

AWARDS AND CITATIONS

2014 Fifth Honors – Grade 7

2015 Fourth Honors – Grade 8

2016 Athlete of the Year

 76

2017 Fourth Honors – Grade 10

Officer of the Year

2018 With Honors – Grade 11

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

2016 Junior ICHEF Culinary

2017 Davao Young Leaders Congress