CE6503 -

Environmental Engineering I

Introduction
UNIT I PLANNING FOR WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM
 Planning of water supply system for a
new city
• land area and topography
• No. of houses
• Population
• Other infrastructure like schools, hospitals
markets, cinema halls, malls,
• Parks
Planning of water supply system for a
new city
• Service oriented infrastructure like fuel
stations, bus terminals railway stations, power
back up system
• Industrial parks if any
• Water Demand
• Source of water and its quality
• Treatment required
• Mode of distribution and disposal
 Planning of water supply system for a
new city
• Quality of water to be distributed
• Fire fighting
• Future expansion
• Any reuse option
 Planning for existing city
• No of dwellings, Population,
• Industrial, commercial , parks, entertainment
area, Fire fighting
• Raw water sources
• Existing Distribution system and disposal
• Quality and Quantity issues
• Area to be served
• Topography of city
 Planning for existing city
• Population forecast
• Identifying additional water sources
• De Salination
• Rain water harvesting
• Wastewater disposal options
 SYLLABUS
UNIT I PLANNING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
1.Public water supply system
-Planning
-Objectives
2. Design period
3. Population forecasting
4. Water demand
5. Sources of water and their characteristics
6. Surface and Groundwater
7. Impounding Reservoir Well hydraulics
8. Development and selection of source
9. Water quality
10. Characterization and standards
11. Impact of climate change
 UNIT 2 CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
1. Water supply – Intake structures
2. Functions & drawings
3. Pipes & Conduits for water
4. Pipe Materials
5. Hydraulics of flow in pipes
6. Transmission main design
7. Laying , Joining and Testing of pipes
8. Drawings, Appurtenances
9. Types and capacity of pumps
10. Selection of pumps and pipe materials
 UNIT 3 WATER TREATMENT
1. Objectives
2. Unit operations and process - Principles
3. Flash Mixers
4. Flocculators
5. Sedimentation tanks
6. Sand Filters
7. Disinfection
8. Residue Management –
9. Construction and Operation & Maintenance
aspects of Water Treatment Plants.
 UNIT IV ADVANCED WATER
TREATMENT
• Principles and functions of Aeration
• De fluoridation
• De mineralization
• Water Softening
• De - Salination
• Membrane System
• Recent advances.
UNIT V WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SUPPLY TO BUILDINGS

1. Requirements of water distribution

-Components
2. Service reservoirs -Functions and drawings
3. Network design
4. Economics
5. Computer applications
6. Analysis of distribution networks
7. Appurtenances -operation and maintenance
8. Leak detection Methods
9. Principles of design of water supply in buildings
10. House service connection -Fixtures and fittings
11. Systems of plumbing and drawings of types of plumbing.
UNIT I PLANNING FOR WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM
UNIT I PLANNING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
1.Public water supply system
-Planning
-Objectives
2. Design period
3. Population forecasting
4. Water demand
5. Sources of water and their characteristics
6. Surface and Groundwater
7. Impounding Reservoir Well hydraulics
8. Development and selection of source
9. Water quality
10. Characterization and standards
11. Impact of climate change
 OBJECTIVES
• Safe – Free from pathogens virus parasites
• Clean – Free from harmful chemicals
• Adequate water to meet basic needs
• Convenient location
• Economical
 BASIC PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• Source of water
• Present Population and population forecast
• Per capita demand and supply
• Location of treatment plant, intake, wastewater disposal
• Optimization through alternative plans and cost benefit
analysis
• Water quality and quantity
• Plant siting
• Mechanization/ instrumentation/ automation
• Service building/ other utilities
• Design period

17
 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Surface water
Available water
Underground water

Storage and treatment

Demand assessment

Distribution system

Consumers: - residential/ commercial/ industrial

Waste water collection Disposal to steams/ drains / rivers (90%)

Treatment of wastewater Irrigations / horticulture (<10%)

18
 Sources of water Surface water

Ground water COMPONENTS OF

Intake works URBAN WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
Demand
Raw water storage

Water treatment plant

Clean water storage

Water distribution system

Water to consumers
Waste water treatment
Waste water
Disposal River, lake, water bodies
 CONTAMINANTS IN WATER
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Dissolved Minerals
• Organic - Suspended and Dissolved
• Inorganic – Suspended and Dissolved
• Pollutants from Agricultural and Industrial
activity
 GOOD WATER ?
• It should be free from bacteria
• It should be colourless and sparkling
• It should be tasty, odour free and cool
• It should be free from objectionable matter
• It should not corrode pipes
• It should have dissolved oxygen and free from
carbonic acid so that it may remain fresh
 Recommended Per Capita Supply
Sl Classification of towns Recommended Max
No Water Supply
1 Towns with piped 70
water supply w/o
sewerage system
2 Cities with piped 135
supply but with
sewerage system
3 Metros with both WSS 150
and STP
 Institutional Needs
Sl No Institutions Litres per head per
day
1 Hospitals >100 450

2 Hotels per bed 180

3 Hostels, Boarding schools and 135

boarding colleges
4 Restaurants per seat, air ports sea 70
ports
5 Schools and colleges 45

6 Cinema halls and Theatre 15

 Industrial Needs
S No Industry Unit Production Water demand based
on raw material in
kilo litres
1 Automobile Per vehicle 40

2 Distillery Kilo Litres 122 - 170

3 Fertilizer Tonne 80- 200

4 Tannery Tonne 40 - 45

5 Paper Tonne 200- 400

6 Steel Tonne 200 - 250

7 Textile Tonne 80- 140

 LPCD
The details of the domestic consumption are
a) Drinking - 5 litres
b) Cooking - 5 litres
c) Bathing - 55 litres
d) Clothes washing - 20 litres
e) Utensils washing - 10 litres
f) House washing - 10 litres
TOTAL 135 litres/day/capita
 lpcd

Total water requirement of the city

LPCD = …………………………………………….
365 X Design Population
 FIRE FIGHTING
• Fire fighting requires sufficient quantity of
water, so as to throw it over the fire at high
speeds .
• The quantity of water required extinguishing
fires should be easily available and kept
always stored in storage reservoirs.
• Fire hydrants are usually fitted in the water
mains at about 100 to 150m apart and
firefighting pumps are immediately connected
into them by fire brigade personnel.
 Fire Fighting
• These pumps throw water at high pressure in
the order of 100-150kN/m2.
• High rate of water consumption during a fire
considerably affects the design of distribution
system ,hence while designing public water
supply schemes, the rate of fire demand is
sometimes treated as function of population .
 Fire Demand

1) Kuichling”s formula
Q = 3182 √ P
Where,
• Q = Amount of water required L/Min
• P = Population in thousands
 Fire Demand
2) Freeman formula
Q = 1136 [ P/5+10]

P – population in thousands
Q – Water Required in litres/ minute
3) National board of fire under writers formula

Q = 4637√ P [1-0.01 √ P ]

4) Bustonformula
Q = 5663√ P
 Water Losses due to Thefts and
Wastes
• Leakages
• Unauthorized Connections

• Accounts for 15 %
FLUCTUATIONS IN RATE OF DEMAND

Average Daily Per Capita Demand = Quantity Required in 12

Months/ (365 x Population)

If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not

be sufficient to meet the fluctuations.

Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer.

Firebreak outs are generally more in summer, increasing
demand. So, there is seasonal variation .

Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out

more water on Sundays and Festival days, thus
increasing demand on these days.
 Fluctuations in rate of Demand
• Hourly Variation 6 – 9 and 16 – 20 hrs
• Holidays and Festival days
• Fire Fighting
• Storage Reservoir to meet peak demand
• Pumps, Distribution System to designed for
peak demand
• Summer Monsoon Winter – Seasonal
variation
 Peak Factors
S.No Population Peak Factor
1 Up to 50000 3.0
2 >50000 but less than 200000 2.5
3 > 200000 2.0
4 For rural areas with 6 hours 3.0
water supply only
 DESIGN PERIOD
The complete water supply project includes huge and costly
constructions such as dams, reservoirs, treatment works and
network of distribution pipelines.
These all works cannot be replaced easily or capacities
increased conveniently for future expansions.
While designing and constructing these works, they should
have sufficient capacity to meet future demand of the town
for number of years.
The number of years for which the designs of the water works
have been done is known as design period.
Mostly water works are designed for design period of 22-30
years.
DESIGN PERIODS FOR DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF A
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
Indian Standard Drinking water
Specifications (IS 10500:1991)
 Factors affecting changes in
population are
• Increase due to births
• Decrease due to deaths
• Increase / Decrease due to migration
• Due to annexation.
 Definitions

• ESTIMATE:“is an indirect measure of a present or

past condition that can be directly measured.”

• PROJECTION (OR PREDICTION):“are calculations of

future conditions that would exist as a result of
adopting a set of underlying assumptions.”

• FORECAST:“is a judgmental statement of what the

analyst believes to be the most likely future.”
 POPULATION FORECASTING
TECHNIQUES

POPULATION FORECASTING TECHNIQUES

• ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD
• GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD
• INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• DECREASING RATE METHOD
• SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD
 Arithmetical Increase Method
• Suitable for large and old city with
considerable development
• Assumed population increase is constant
 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672

1981 1201553

1991 1691538

2001 2077820

2011 2585262
 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553

1991 1691538

2001 2077820

2011 2585262
 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

(1015672-858545)

1981 1201553

1991 1691538

2001 2077820

2011 2585262
 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

(1015672-858545)
1981 1201553 185881
(1201553-1015672)
1991 1691538 489985

2001 2077820

2011 2585262
 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553 185881

1991 1691538 489985

2001 2077820 386282

2011 2585262
 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553 185881

1991 1691538 489985

2001 2077820 386282

2011 2585262 508042

 Year Population Increment

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553 185881

1991 1691538 489985

2001 2077820 386282

2011 2585262 508042

 Arithmetical Increase Method
Average of
(157127+185881+489985+386282+508042)/5

= 345463 is average increment per decade

 Arithmetical Increase Method
• Average Increment =

(157127+185881+489985+386282+507442)/5
= 345463
Year 2021= 2585262+345463x1= 2931325
Year 2031= 2585262+345463x2= 3276788
Year 2041= 2585262+345463x3= 3622251
 Geometrical Increase Method
• Assumed that PERCENTAGE increase in
population from decade to decade remains
constant
• Applied for new industrial towns at the
beginning of development.
 Geometrical Increase Method
Year Population Increment Geometrical
Increase Rate of
Growth

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545

=0.18

1981 1201553 185881

1991 1691538 489985

2001 2077820 386282

2011 2585262
 Geometrical Increase Method
Year Population Increment Geometrical
Increase Rate of
Growth

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545

=0.18

1981 1201553 185881 185881/1015672

=0.18
1991 1691538 489985

2001 2077820 386282

2011 2585262 508042

 Geometrical Increase Method
Year Population Increment Geometrical
Increase Rate of
Growth

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545

=0.18

1981 1201553 185881 185881/1015672

=0.18
1991 1691538 489985 489985/1201553
=0.40

2001 2077820 386282

2011 2585262 508042

 Geometrical Increase Method
Year Population Increment Geometrical
Increase Rate of
Growth

1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545

=0.18

1981 1201553 185881 185881/1015672

=0.18
1991 1691538 489985 489985/1201553
=0.40

2001 2077820 386282 386282/1691538

=0.23

2011 2585262
 Geometrical Increase Method
Year Population Increment Geometrical
Increase Rate of
Growth

1961 858545
1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545
=0.18

1981 1201553 185881 185881/1015672

=0.18
1991 1691538 489985 489985/1201553
=0.40

2001 2077820 386282 386282/1691538

=0.23

2011 2585262 508042 508042/2077820

=0.24
 Geometrical Increase Method
Year Population Increment Geometrical
Increase Rate of
Growth
1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545

=0.18

1981 1201553 185881 185881/1015672

=0.18
1991 1691538 489985 489985/1201553
=0.40

2001 2077820 386282 386282/1691538

=0.23

2011 2585262 508042 508042/2077820

=0.24
 Geometrical Increase Method
= (0.18x0.18x0.40x0.23x0.24)1/5

= .235
Year 2021 258562x(1+0.235)1 = 3193540
Year 2031= 258562+(1+0.235)2= 3944021
Year 2031= 258562+ +(1+0.235)3= 4870866
 Incremental Increase Method
• Suitable for average size town under normal
conditions.
• Increase in increment is considered in this
method
• The incremental increase is determined for
each decade from past population and the
average value is added to the present
population along with average rate of increase
 Incremental Increase Method
Year Population Increment Incremental
Increase Method
1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553 185881 +28754

(185881-157127)

1991 1691538 489985 +304104

2001 2077820 386282 -103703

(386282-489985)
2011 2585262 508042 +121760
 Incremental Increase Method
Year Population Increment Incremental
Increase Method
1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553 185881 +28754

1991 1691538 489985 +304104

2001 2077820 386282 -103703

2011 2585262 508042 +121760

 Incremental Increase Method
Year Population Increment Incremental
Increase Rate of
Growth
1961 858545

1971 1015672 157127

1981 1201553 185881 +28754

1991 1691538 489985 +304104

2001 2077820 386282 -103703

2011 2585262 508042 +121760

Total 1727317 350915

Average 345463 87729

(1727317/5) (350915/4)
 Incremental Increase Method
Population in the year 2021, 2031, 2041 are..
Year 2021
258562+(345463x1)+((1(1+1)/2)87729=3019054
Year 2031=
258562+(345463x1)+((2(2+1)/2)87729=3539975
Year 2041=
258562+(345463x1)+((3(3+1)/2)87729=4148625
 ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD

• This method is based on upon the assumption

that the population increases at a constant
rate; i.e.(i.e. dp/dt) is constant.
• Applicable to old and large cities with no
industrial growth and reached a saturation or
maximum development.
• This method yields lower results for rapidly
growing cities.
 ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD

Pn= (P + nx)
Where
• P= latest known population
• Pn= prospective population after ‘n’ decades. x
= average increase in population per decade.
 GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD

• In this method per decade percentage or

percentage growth rate is assumed to be
constant but increase is compounded over
existing population.
• The basic difference between Arithmetic and
geometric method is her compounding is
done every decade
• Like simple and compound interest
 GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
Pn= P [1+ (r/100)]n
• Where , r= Geometric mean percentage
increase.
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• In this method percentage growth rate is NOT
assumed to be constant as in the Arithmetic
or geometric methods.
• But is progressively increasing or decreasing
depending up on whether the average of the
incremental increase in the past data is
positive or negative.
 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• The population for future decade is by adding
mean arithmetic increase X to the last known
population as in arithmetic increase method
and to this is added the average of the
incremental increase Y once for the first
decade twice for the second decade thrice for
the third decade and so on.
 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• The method thus assumes that the growth
rate in the first decade is @ (X + Y), in the
second decade @ (X + 2y) and in the third
decade @ (X + 3Y) ….in the nth decade (X+nY),
• It is expressed as

Pn = P + nx + n(n+1) * y
2
 DECREASING RATE METHOD
• Since the rate of increase in population goes
on reducing as the cities reach towards
saturation goes on reducing, as the cities
reach towards saturation, a method which
makes use of the decrease in the percentage
increase is many a times used and gives quit
rational results.
 DECREASING RATE METHOD
• In this method, the average decrease in the
percentage increase is worked out, and is then
subtracted from the latest percentage
increase for each successive decade.
• This method is however, applicable only in
cases, where the rate of growth shows a
downward trend.
 SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD
• In this method, a graph is plotted from the
available data , between time and population.
• The curve is then smoothly extended up to
the desired year.
• This method however gives a very
approximate results as the extension of the
curve is done by the intelligence of the
designer
 POPULATION FORECASTING
• Ref NPTEL NOTES
WATER SOURCES
HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
 Water availability in India
Water availability information for India
• Population: 1 081 229 000
• Precipitation Rate: 1100 mm/year
• Total Actual Renewable Water Resources (TARWR)Volume in 2005:
1897 km3/year (1897 billion m3/year)
• Per Capita in 2000 : 1880 m3/year
• Per Capita in 2005 : 1750 m3/year
• Breakdown of Total Actual Renewable Water Resources
• Surface water: 64 %
• Ground water: 22 %
• Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater
systems: 20 %
• Incoming Waters: 34 %
• Outgoing Waters: 68 %
• Total Use of Total Actual Renewable Water Resources: 34 %
HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
 HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
PRECIPITATION

It is defined as the fall of moisture from the

atmosphere to the earth surface in any form
Liquid precipitation – Rainfall
Frozen precipitation – Snow, hail, Sleet, freezing rain

1. Runoff
2. Infiltration
3. Evaporation
4. Evapotranspiration
 HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS
1. Runoff
2. Infiltration
3. Evaporation
4. Evapotranspiration
 SURFACE SOURCES
1. STREAMS
2. RIVERS
3. PONDS
4. LAKES
5. IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS
STREAMS
RIVERS
PONDS
LAKES
IMPOUNDING
RESERVOIRS
IMPOUNDING
RESERVOIRS
 SUBSURFACE SOURCES
1. INFILTRATION GALLERIES
2. INFILTRATION WELLS
3. SPRINGS
4. WELLS INCLUDING TUBEWELLS
INFILTRATION GALLERIES OR HORIZONTAL WELLS

3 TO 5 M DEPTH
INFILTRATION GALLERIES OR HORIZONTAL WELLS

SHALLOW DEPTH - 3 to 5m DEPTH

WIDTH – 1m
DEPTH – 2m to 100m
INFILTRATION GALLERIES
INFILTRATION WELLS
INFILTRATION WELLS
INFILTRATION WELLS
 RANNEY WELLS

Patented type of radial well called ranney well

or a ranney collector.
RCC caisson of 4.3m diameter, 0.45m thick
 SPRINGS
1. GRAVITY SPRINGS
2. SURFACE SPRINGS
3. ARTESIAN SPRINGS
GRAVITY SPRING
SURFACE SPRING
ARTESIAN SPRING
 WELLS
1. OPEN WELL OR DUG WELL
1. SHALLOW WELLS
2. DEEP WELLS
2. TUBEWELLS
1. CAVITY TYPE TUBEWELL
2. SCREEN TYPE TUBEWELL
OPEN WELL FITTED WITH A PUMP
SHALLOW OR DEEP DUG WELL
 Cavity type tube well
• Draws water from the bottom of well
• Spherical flow
• Economical
 Screen Type Tube Well
• Very popular type of well
• Can draw from multiple aquifers
 Impounding or Storage Reservoir
• A reservoir with gate-controlled outlets
wherein surface water may be retained for a
considerable period of time and released for
use at a time when the normal flow of the
stream is in sufficient to satisfy requirements.
 Types of Reservoirs
Auxiliary or Compensatory Reservoir: A
reservoir which supplements and absorbed
the spill of a main reservoir.

Balancing Reservoirs: A reservoir downstream

of the main reservoir for holding water let
down from the main reservoir in excess of that
required for irrigation, power generation or
other purposes.
 Types of Reservoirs
Conservation Reservoir:
A reservoir impounding water for useful purposes, such as
irrigation, power generation, recreation, domestic, industrial
and municipal supply etc.
Detention Reservoir:
A reservoir where in water is stored for a relatively brief
period of time, most of it being retained until the stream can
safely carry the ordinary flow plus the released water.
Such reservoirs usually have outlets without control gates and
are used for flood regulation. These reservoirs are also called
as the Flood Control Reservoir or Retarding Reservoir.
 Types of Reservoirs
Distribution Reservoir:
A reservoir connected with distribution system a water supply
project, used primarily to care for fluctuations in demand
which occur over short periods and as local storage in case of
emergency such as a break in a main supply line failure of a
pumping plant.
Multipurpose Reservoir:
A reservoir constructed and equipped to provide storage and
release of water for two or more purposes such as irrigation,
flood control, power generation, navigation, pollution
abatement, domestic and industrial water supply, fish culture,
recreation, etc.