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In almost all the bibliography available is defines the power as the capacity of
producing work. More tightly, we must say that energy is related to the ability to
produce work, which foreshadows a broader and more appropriate concept
With this concept in mind, we can say that thermodynamics is the study of the
transformations and exchanges of energy. All the forms of energy tend in last
instance to pass to heat. Chemical ejemplo:Energia to heat in a chemical reaction
(later we will see that this is not so general).
Electricity to heat, when it acts through a resistance, etc. Of all modes already you
known a made general that is worth it penalty emphasize it and that in
thermodynamics takes the form of a law: the energy is retains.
Precisely the law of conservation of energy is the first law of thermodynamics you
can state it in the following way: "Although energy can become a form of another
cannot be created or destroyed" or also "provided that there is an amount of one
form of energy must disappear exactly equivalent of other species of energy". For
the resolution of exercises you must remember the mechanical equivalent of heat
1 calorie (energy calorie) = 4,183 Joules (E. mechanical)
Thermodynamic systems
System is specified and delimited portion of the physical world, containing defined
amounts of substance that are considered under study or constitute our interest.
Need to also define environment or environment which is the area of the universe
that interacts with the system. This last definition is important since it determines
a more rigorously what must be understood by environment or environment.
Know what is the "area (and their limits) that interacts" with the system may not
always know precisely why in schemes that are noted below, the environment is
drawn with dashed lines.
The environment is the area of the universe that interacts with the system.
SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT (OR ENVIRONMENTAL) = UNIVERSE
System types
Isolated: no there is transfer of mass or energy with the environment.
EJ. : An ideal Thermo (isolated and rigid walls).
Closed: no transfers mass but if energy in the form of heat, work, or radiation.
EJ. : Any container closed not ideal.
Open: transferred mass and energy with their surroundings. EJ. : The body human.
The majority of systems in real life are open, while in the laboratory the majority of
chemical systems are closed.
The law of conservation of energy - which is one of the forms of expression of the
first law (or first principle) of the thermodynamics-, can be viewed in very easily with
the concepts of accumulated energy and exchanged power or energy in transit or
Exchange process. What is each of these expressions? See it next: is has a system
and its environment where each one will have a certain amount of energy (that not
can know). Interested in us just the energy changes that occur in the system (not in
the environment or environment even though it plays an important role for this).
Obviously is (System power) may be greater, less than, or equal to Ema (energy
from the environment) depending on each situation in particular, but in certain m
ento om will be an "Exchange of energy, ∆EI" which will be made by means of heat
and work or by one of them. Plot this situation in the following way:
Eac = ∑EI
After agreement to the process that we have seen the system may have gained or
lost power, whereupon the final balance would be:
Es final – Es initial = ∑EI
Or what is the same
∆Es = ∑EI
This simple equation tells us that the variation of energy of the system (we aim to
analyze the first law) is equal to the algebraic sum of exchanged energies or in
process of Exchange, being the accumulated energy that does not participate in
these processes. On the other hand while there is an exchange of energy between
Sistema-Medio environment always meets the law of conservation of energy and
that:
1.-before the Exchange: Esi + Emai = Euniverse
Being i = inicial
2.-after the Exchange: Esf + Emaf = Euniverse
Being f = Final
Where: Esf - Esi = ∆Es = ∑Eexchanged
En both cases the energy of the universe remains constant.
Internal energy
The internal energy (E) is defined in the literature as all forms of energy of a system,
other than those resulting from their position in space (potential energy, which is
supposed to be constant). We also add that global kinetic energy of the system
should also be excluded.
Understand as "energy kinetic Global" to the energy that emerges of the speed of
translation of the system in its set. The absolute calculation of internal energy (E) is
today impossible; that's why classical thermodynamics only energy changes interest
you. However which, is important that the student knows that all these energies have
name and theoretically could get to be possible your calculation (although still some
not is known it enough). See the pictures following where is indicate those types of
energy in (by ej.) 1 mol of substance pure in certain conditions of P and T.
Intermolecular energies
1. Nuclear
2. Electronics
3.Traslacional
4.Vibracional
5.Rotacional
( 3, 4, and 5 are the Heat energies) Intermolecular energies
Intermolecular energies
1. Interionic attractive forces (you) (go out)
2. Attractive forces Ion - dipolo
3. Union for bridge of hydrogen
4. Attractive forces dipolo-dipolo
5. Attractive forces between ions or dipolos-molecules polarizables
6. You force between dipolos instantaneous - dipolos induced (London)
7. You force hidrofóbicas
8. Forces of repulsion
Also he will find in some bibliography, since synonymous of intermolecular unions to
the terms " you force of Waals Goes der ". There must be understood that this refers
to all the intermolecular attractive forces, excluding the union for bridge of hydrogen
(link of hydrogen) and, obviously, the link Ion - ion that must qualify as link of ionic
type.
Each system will have a certain number of them (not necessarily all), and for the
final calculation of the internal energy (E) is required to know the behavior of each
one of them. This, as is evident is very complicated, but not it is calculate a variation
of energy internal (∆E) that not is another thing that the sum algebraic of them energy
exchanged or in transit treated in the first part.
Heat Work
Introducción a la termodinámica
Sistemas termodinámicos
El entorno es el área del universo que interactúa con el sistema. ENTORNO DEL
SISTEMA (O AMBIENTAL) = UNIVERSO
Tipos de sistema
Luego de aceptar el proceso, hemos visto que el sistema puede haber ganado o
perdido potencia, por lo que el saldo final sería:
Es final - Es inicial = ∑EI
O que es lo mismo
∆Es = ∑EI
Esta simple ecuación nos dice que la variación de energía del sistema (nuestro
objetivo es analizar la primera ley) es igual a la suma algebraica de energías
intercambiadas o en proceso de intercambio, siendo la energía acumulada que no
participa en estos procesos. Por otro lado, mientras hay un intercambio de energía
entre el medio ambiente de Sistema-Medio, siempre se cumple la ley de conservación
de la energía y eso:
Energía interna
La energía interna (E) se define en la literatura como todas las formas de energía de
un sistema, distintas de las resultantes de su posición en el espacio (energía potencial,
que se supone que es constante). También agregamos que la energía cinética global
del sistema también debe ser excluida.
Entender como "energía cinética global" a la energía que surge de la velocidad de
traducción del sistema en su conjunto. El cálculo absoluto de la energía interna (E) es
hoy imposible; Es por eso que la termodinámica clásica solo le interesa a los cambios
de energía. Sin embargo, es importante que el estudiante sepa que todas estas
energías tienen nombre y que, en teoría, podría llegar a ser posible su cálculo (aunque
todavía algunas no se conocen lo suficiente). Vea las imágenes a continuación donde
se indican los tipos de energía en (por ej.) 1 mol de sustancia pura en ciertas
condiciones de P y T. Energías intermoleculares
1. nuclear
2. Electrónica 3.Traslacional 4.Vibracional 5.Rotacional
(3, 4 y 5 son las energías de calor) Energías intermoleculares
Energías intermoleculares
1. Fuerzas de atracción interiónica (tú) (salir)
2. Fuerzas atractivas Ion - dipolo.
3. Unión para puente de hidrógeno.
4. Fuerzas atractivas dipolo-dipolo.
5. Fuerzas atractivas entre iones o dipolos-moléculas polarizables.
6. Fuerzas entre dipolos instantáneos - dipolos inducidos (Londres)
7. Fuerzas hidrofóbicas.
8. Fuerzas de repulsión.
3. Que es termodinamica?
a. Es la rama de la física que describe los estados de equilibrio a nivel
macroscópico.
b. Es una ciencia y, quizá la herramienta más importante en la ingeniería, ya
que se encarga de describir los procesos que implican cambios en
temperatura, la transformación de la energía, y las relaciones entre el calor y
el trabajo.
c. Es el estudio de las transformaciones e intercambios de la energía.
d. Todas las anteriores.
La experiencia nos muestra que existe una dirección en el que ocurren los
fenómenos. Sabemos que el calor va de los cuerpos calientes a los fríos y no al
revés; que un gas tiende a expandirse ocupando todo el volumen posible, y no
a contraerse; que por consecuencia de la fricción los cuerpos se paran, no se
aceleran.
Luego de aceptar el proceso, hemos visto que el sistema puede haber ganado o
perdido potencia, por lo que el saldo final sería:
Es final - Es inicial = ∑EI
O que es lo mismo
∆Es = ∑EI
Esta simple ecuación nos dice que la variación de energía del sistema (nuestro
objetivo es analizar la primera ley) es igual a la suma algebraica de energías
intercambiadas o en proceso de intercambio, siendo la energía acumulada que no
participa en estos procesos.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Energy is the first law of thermodynamics that we can enunciate it in the following way:
"although energy can be converted from one form to another, it can not be created or
destroyed" or "whenever there is an amount of a form of energy must disappear an
exactly equivalent amount of other energy species.
Isolated: there is no transfer of mass or energy with the environment. EJ. : An ideal
thermos (isolated and rigid walls).
Closed: it does not transfer mass, but it is energy in the form of heat, work or radiation.
EJ. : Any closed container is not ideal.
Open: it transfers mass and energy to its surroundings. EJ. : The human body. Most
systems in real life are open, while in the laboratory most chemical systems are closed.
3. What is thermodynamic?
a.. It is the branch of physics that describes the states of equilibrium at the macroscopic
level.
b. It is a science and perhaps the most important tool in engineering, as it is responsible
for describing the processes that involve changes in temperature, the transformation
of energy, and the relationships between heat and work.
c. It is the study of the transformations and exchanges of energy.
d. All of the above.
The thermodynamic system can be separated from the rest of the universe (called the
system's surroundings) by real or imaginary walls. In the latter case, the system under
study would be, for example, a part of a larger system. The walls that separate a
system from its surroundings can be insulators (called adiabatic walls) or allow the flow
of heat (diathermic).
Energy can not be created or destroyed; it can be transformed from one form to
another, but the total amount of energy never changes, it remains constant.
7. The system may have gained or lost Energy, with which the final balance will
be:
a.. It is initial - It is final = ΣEI
Indicating that:
ΔEI = ΣES
b. Do not have a balance between the final energy - initial.
c. It is final - It is initial = ΣEI which indicates that:
ΔEs = ΣEI
d. None of the above.
After accepting the process, we have seen that the system may have gained or lost
power, so the final balance would be:
It's final - It's initial = ΣEI
Or what is the same
ΔEs = ΣEI
This simple equation tells us that the variation of energy of the system (our objective
is to analyze the first law) is equal to the algebraic sum of energies exchanged or in
process of exchange, being the accumulated energy that does not participate in
these processes.
8. Since in the universe there are many types of energy, what would be the
internal energy.
a.. It is the energy resulting from a potential difference between two points and allowing
an electric current.
b. It is the position and movement of a body and is the sum of the potential energy,
kinetic energy and elastic energy of a moving body.
c. It is the force that is released in the form of heat.
d. It is defined as all forms of energy of a system, different from those that result
from its position in space.
The internal energy (E) is defined in the literature as all forms of energy in a system,
different from those resulting from its position in space (potential energy, which is
supposed to be constant).
10. What happens if the environment performs work on the system and vice
versa.
a. the internal energy is increased, hence its positive sign. And if the internal energy
decreases, its sign is negative.
b. the internal energy is increased, hence its negative sign. And if the internal energy
decreases, its sign is positive.
c. None of the above.
d. there is an equivalence of internal energy for both the work and the system.