A Micro Project On: TRANSFORMER

Micro Project In:

Diploma II Semester
Elements of Electrical Engineering (22215)
Submitted By:-
VAISHNAVI KHANEKAR (19)
SNEHA MAHAJAN (25)
ASAD PATHAN (30)
ASHUTOSH PATIL (31)
Submitted To:
Prof. Tripti Pillai
2018-2019
Program of Computer Engineering,
Dr. D. Y. Patil, school of Polytechnic, Vidyanagar,
Sec-7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400 706
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ………………………… Roll no …. Has

successfully completed his micro project on ‘Transformer’ circuit’.
In partial fulfillment of second semester of course in information
technology, in the academic year 2017-2018.

DATE:
PLACE:

Head of Subject teacher

Dept.of computer engg. Dept.of computer engg.
DYPP, Nerul. DYPP, Nerul.

Principal
DYPP, Nerul
Computer Engineering
Dr. D.Y Patil School of Polytechnic, Vidyanagar.
Sec-7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400 706.
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express deep sense of gratitude and

sincere thanks for the invaluable guidance that I have received
at the worthy hands of my prof. Tripti Pillai.
I express my thanks to our H.O.D. Prof. Umesh Patil for
permitting me to do this project and also to the entire staff
member who have helped me directly or indirectly
I also express my thanks to my friends for their underlying
support shown during the preparation of this project.

Sr. Topic Pg. No

No
1. Title Page
2. Certificate Page
3. Acknowledgment
4. Index
5. Actual Procedure Followed
6. Brief Introduction and Aim
 7. Transformers Rating
8. Types Of Transformers
9. Basic Parts Of Transformer
10. Earthing Networks

11. Protective Devices

12. Advantages And Disadvantages

13. Application

14. Conclusion

15. References

16. Weekly Report

17. Evaluation Sheet

Index

Actual Procedure followed

 Actual procedure Name of group members

Planned the data for transformer Sneha, Vaishnavi

Collected proper information Asad, Ashutosh

Collected data for earthing Vaishnavi, Ashutosh

network
Displayed all the data in document Sneha, Asad

Finalization of the document Viashnavi,Sneha,Asad

Checking of the micro project from Ashutosh, Asad, Vaishnavi,

the guide for correction Sneha
Brief Introduction:
For this micro-project we first finalized the transformer. We
collected all the information about transformers and its types.
Also we collected data on transformers basic parts. We visited
in our Dr.D.Y.Patil institute to view the step down transformer.

Aim of the micro-project

It is useful for transmitting power to electric motors which rely
on alternating current to rotate.
It used for industrial application and for power transmission.
 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical
energy between two or more circuits. A varying current in one
coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which,
in turn, induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage"
across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical
energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a
metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage
effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the
coil.
Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the
alternating voltages in electric power applications and for
matching between differing impedances in low power circuits.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in
1885, transformers have become essential for
the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating
current electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a
cubic centimeter in volume to units weighing hundreds of tons
used to interconnect

kVA
The rating is the load carrying capability of the machine. It
shows the maximum value of the voltage at which the machine
is designed, and the current consumption occurs at that
voltage. The machines are always rated in watts. But the
alternator and the transformer are the only machines which are
rated in volt-amp (VA).

Why transformer is rated in KVA?

The machines which consumed power are rated in KW. But the
main work of transformer is to transmit the power and not to
consume the power, i.e. it is rated in VA and not in KW.There are
two reasons because of which the rating of the transformer is in
kVA. Let understand this in details.

Reason 1:In case of the transformer, the load is completely

unpredictable, and the designer designed the transformer by
considering the unity power factor. Thereby, the rating of the
transformer is in KVA and not in KW.

Reason 2: The transformer consumes the power regarding

losses. The copper and iron are the two types of losses occur in
the transformer. The copper loss depends on the current
(ampere) flows through the windings of the transformer while
the iron loss depends on the voltage (volts). i.e., the rating of
the transformer is in kVA.

How rating of transformer depends on their losses?

The rating of transformer depends on the temperature of their
windings and oil that reaches within the specified limit. But how
the temperature rises in the machine. It rises because of the
losses. The losses that occur in the transformer increase their
temperature. Thus, we can say that the rating of the
transformer is in KVA.Primary and secondary coil in transformer.

Using the principle of electromagnetic induction, a transformer

changes an alternating voltage (potential difference) from one
value to another whether it is smaller or greater.To identify a
primary and secondary coil of a transformer first of all you have
to understand what a transformer is, a transformer consists of a
soft iron coil with two coils wound around it which are not
connected to one another.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COIL:

The term Primary and Secondary coil is given to a transformer
to understand its working in a simpler way which I described
below in short.
The coil to which the alternating voltage is supplied is called the
primary coil or primary winding. The alternating potential
difference of this coil results in an alternating current in the
primary coil and produces a changing magnetic field around it,
due to this changing magnetic field or flux an alternating
current is induced in the Secondary coil and an alternating
voltage is induced in secondary coil.
The size of the induced voltage resulting from the induced
current in the secondary coil depends on the number of turns in
the secondary coil. Below is the relationship between the
voltage and the number of turns in each coil is given by:

TRANSFORMERS ARE OF TWO TYPES:

(I)- Step Up transformer
On a step-up transformer there
secondary coil than the primary
voltage across the secondary coil
voltage across the primary coil.
“stepped-up”.
are more turns on the
coil which means induced
is greater than the applied
That is voltage has been

(ii)- Step Down transformer

And a step down transformer has less turns on the secondary
coil than the primary coil which means induced voltage across
the secondary coil is less than the applied voltage across the
primary coil. That is voltage has been “stepped-down”.

BASIC PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER:

 A transformer is made of several different parts that function in
their own different ways to enhance the overall functioning of a
transformer.

 Laminated core.
 Windings.
 Insulating materials.
 Transformer oil.
 Tap changer.
 Oil Conservator.
 Breather.
 Cooling tubes.
 Explosion vent
 Buchholz relay

Laminated Core
The core of the transformer is used to support the windings. It
is made of soft iron to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis
loss, and provides low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic
flux. The diameter of a transformer’s core is directly
proportional to copper loss and inversely proportional to iron
loss.

Windings
Windings consist of several copper coil turns bundled together,
each bundle connected to form a complete winding. Windings
can be based either on the input-output supply or on the
voltage range. Windings that are based on supply are classified
into primary and secondary windings, meaning the windings to
which the input and output voltage is applied respectively. On
the other hand, windings based on voltage range can be
classified into high voltage and low voltage windings.

Insulating materials
Insulating materials like papers and card boards are used to
isolate primary and secondary windings from each other as well
as the transformer core. These windings are made of copper
due to high conductivity and ductility. High conductivity
minimizes the amount of copper needed and minimizes losses.
Moreover, high ductility results in easy bending of conductors
into tight winding around the core that also minimizes the
amount of copper and volume of winding.

Transformer oil
The transformer oil insulates as well as cools the core and coil
assembly. The core and windings of the transformer must be
completely immersed in the oil that normally contains
hydrocarbon mineral oils.

Conservator
The conservator is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum fitted
above the transformer that conserves the transformer oil. It is
vented at the top and is filled only half with the oil to allow
expansion and contraction during temperature variations.
However the main tank of the transformer with which the
conservator is connected is completely filled with the oil
through a pipeline.

Breather
The breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel, which
is used to keep the air that enters the tank moisture-free. This is
because the insulating oil when reacts with moisture can affect
the insulation and cause internal faults, which is why it is a must
to keep the air free from moisture. In the breather, when the air
passes through the silica gel, the moisture contents are
absorbed by the silica crystals.

Tap changer
To balance voltage variations within the transformer, tap
changers are used. There are two types of tap changers – on
load and off load. In on load tap changers, tapping can be
changed without isolating transformer from the supply, while in
off load, the transformer needs to be disconnected from the
supply.

Cooling tubes
As the name suggests, cooling tubes are used to cool the
transformer oil. The circulation of oil within the transformer
may be natural or forced. In the case of natural circulation,
when the oil temperature rises, the hot oil naturally moves to
the top and cold oil moves down, while in case of forced
circulation, an eternal pump is used.
Buchholz Relay
Placed over the connecting pipe that runs from the main tank
to conservator tank the Buchholz Relay senses the faults
occurring within the transformer. It operates by the gases
emitted due to decomposition of transformer oil during internal
faults. Thus, this device is used to sense and in turn protect the
transformer from internal faults.

Explosion vent
The boiling hot oil from the transformer is expelled during
internal faults through the explosion vent to avoid explosion of
the transformer. This is generally placed above the level of the
conservatory tank.

EARTHING:
In an electrical installation, an earthing system or grounding
system connects specific parts of that installation with the
Earth's conductive surface for safety and functional purposes.
The point of reference is the Earth's conductive surface. The
choice of earthing system can affect
the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation.
In addition to electric power systems, other systems may
require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may
have lightning rods as part of a system to protect them from
lightning strikes.
Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit,
saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long
circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for
operation, as well as to control static electricity and provide
lightning protection.

EARTHING NETWORKS:
TN-S: separate protective TN-C: combined PE TN-C-S earthin
earth (PE) and neutral (N) and N conductor all system: combined
conductors from the way from the PEN conductor from
transformer to consuming transformer to the transformer to
device, which are not consuming device. building distribution
connected together at any point, but separate P
point after the building and N conductors in
distribution point. fixed indoor wirin
and flexible powe
cords.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:

The following discusses some of the protection devices

typically delivered as a part of the power transformer delivery.
1. Buchholz (Gas) Relay

The Buchholz protection is a mechanical fault detector for

electrical faults in oil-immersed transformers. The Buchholz
(gas) relay is placed in the piping between the transformer
main tank and the oil conservator. The conservator pipe must
be inclined slightly for reliable operation.

The Buchholz protection is a fast and sensitive fault detector. It

works independent of the number of transformer windings,
tap changer position and instrument transformers. If the tap
changer is of the on-tank (container) type, having its own oil
enclosure with oil conservator, there is a dedicated Buchholz
relay for the tap changer.

2. Pressure Relay
Many power transformers with an on-tank-type tap changer
have a pressure protection for the separate tap changer oil
compartment. This protection detects a sudden rate-of-
increase of pressure inside the tap .

An internal fault in an oil-filled transformer is usually

accompanied by overpressure in the transformer tank.

The simplest form of pressure relief device is the widely used

frangible disk. The surge of oil caused by a heavy internal fault
bursts the disk and allows the oil to discharge rapidly. Relieving
and limiting the pressure rise prevent explosive rupture of the
tank and consequent fire.

By providing the transformer with a pressure relief valve, the

overpressure can be limited to a magnitude harmless to the
transformer.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMER

Advantages
1. It offers good mechanical strength
2. It has the advantage of preventing condensed
flux leakage and iron loss.
3. It is efficient for high frequencies.

Disadvantages
1. It is not good to use outdoors
2. It can be noisy.
3. The transformer introduces losses in the form of copper
loss, eddy current loss and hysteresis loss at high
frequencies.
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

1. The transformer used for impedance matching.

2. The transformer used for isolate two circuits electrically.
3. It is used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages
in electric power applications.
4. The transformer used in voltmeter, ammeters, protective
relay etc.
5. The transformer used for step up low voltage in case of
measurement.
6. The transformer used for step down high voltage for safety.
7. The transformer used in rectifier.
8. It is used in voltage regulators, voltage stabilizers, power
supplies etc.
CONCLUSION

To summarize this experiment, the entire objective has been

achieved. We gain knowledge on transformer. First of all, we
collected data on it to determine the step down transformer
Next, we manage to determine the basic parts of transformers
and also learned about earthing networks
This project made my interest more in Elements of Electrical
Engineering. With the help of our guide I did my project best as
much as possible.
 REFERENCES

1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.research.net
3. http://nptel.ac.in
4. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
5. https://www.electrical.com
 WEEKLY REPORT
Sr Details of activity Plan Plan Name of team
no. started finished members
on on
1 Searching topic for Sneha, Vaishnavi
micro-project
2 Discussion about Asad, Ashutosh
the title of micro-
project
3 Selection of the Vaishnavi, Ashutosh
subject
4 Discussion Sneha, Asad
regarding the
topic with guide
5 Selection of Viashnavi,Sneha,Asad
proper data and
sub topics
6 Collecting all the Ashutosh, Asad
data in roper
format
7 Analyzing the data Sneha, Vaishnavi
8 Finalization of the All
micro-project

Micro project Evaluation Sheet

 Name of student: Enrollment no:
Name of program: computer engineering Semester: II
Course title: Code: 22215
Title of micro- project: - Transformers
Coarse Outcomes Achieved:-
Sr Characteristics to be Poor Average Good Excellent
no. assessed (marks1-3) (marks4- (marks6-8) (marks9-10)
5)
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literate survey/
information collection
3 Completion of target as
per project proposal
4 Analysis of data and
representation
5 Quality of prototype/
model
6 Report presentation

7 Presentation

8 Viva