RESEARCH PAPER

OF INVENTIONS

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

Mendoza, Princess Aira V.

BSIT 1.2A
 MICROSCOPE
I. INTRODUCTION
If you meet some cell biologists and get them talking about what they enjoy most
in their work, you may find it comes down to one thing: secretly, they’re all
microscope freaks. At the end of the day, what they really love is the chance to sit in
a small, dark room for hours on end, communing with their favorite cell type
through the lens of a beautiful microscope. That may seem odd, but the truth is, cells
can be pretty gorgeous, like living stained glass. One of my favorite examples of this
is the picture below, which shows cells in a very young leaf of thale cress, a small
flowering plant related to mustard.
You could find cells just as intricately patterned and beautifully formed in any
plant you looked at – from the rose in your backyard, to the grass growing up
through the sidewalk, to the carrots you ate for a snack. Let’s not limit it to plants,
either: exquisite layers of cells can be found in your skin, in an insect’s wing, and in
just about any other living tissue you choose to look at. We, and the world around
us, are cathedrals made of cells. We just need some microscopy to appreciate it.

II. BODY
 Invention
Although cells vary in size, they’re generally
quite small. For instance, the diameter of a typical
human red blood cell is about eight micrometers
(0.008 millimeters). To give you some context, the
head of a pin of is about one millimeter in diameter,
so about 125 red blood cells could be lined up in a
row across the head of a pin. With a few
exceptions, individual cells cannot be seen with the
naked eye, so scientists must instead use
microscopes (micro- = “small”; -scope = “to look
at”) to study them. A microscope is an instrument
that magnifies objects otherwise too small to be
seen, producing an image in which the object appears larger. Most photographs of
cells are taken using a microscope, and these pictures can also be
called micrographs.
From the definition above, it might sound like a microscope is just a kind of
magnifying glass. In fact, magnifying glasses do qualify as microscopes; since they
have just one lens, they are called simple microscopes. The fancier instruments that
 we typically think of as microscopes are compound microscopes, meaning that they
have multiple lenses. Because of the way these lenses are arranged, they can bend
light to produce a much more magnified image than that of a magnifying glass.
In a compound microscope with two lenses, the arrangement of the lenses has an
interesting consequence: the orientation of the image you see is flipped in relation to
the actual object you’re examining. For example, if you were looking at a piece of
newsprint with the letter “e” on it, the image you saw through the microscope would
be “ə." ^{1}1 More complex compound microscopes may not produce an inverted
image because they include an additional lens that “re-inverts” the image back to its
normal state.During the 1st century AD (year 100), glass had been invented and the
Romans were looking through the glass and testing it. They experimented with
different shapes of clear glass and one of their samples was thick in the middle and
thin on the edges. They discovered that if you held one of these “lenses” over an
object, the object would look larger.
Someone also discovered that you can focus the rays of the sun with one of these
special “glasses” and start a fire. These early lenses were called magnifiers or
burning glasses. The word lens by the way, is derived from the latin word lentil, as
they were named because they resembled the shape of a lentil bean (look up lens in a
dictionary)
These lenses were not used much until the end of the 13th century when
spectacle makers were producing lenses to be worn as glasses.
The early simple “microscopes” which were really only magnifying glasses had
one power, usually about 6X - 10X . One thing that was very common and
interesting to look at was fleas and other tiny insects. These early magnifiers were
hence called “flea glasses”

 Inventor
Zacharias Janssen was born in Middelburg, in The
Netherlands, in 1588, and died in the same city in 1638. He
came from a family that manufactured lenses. His father was
Hans Janssen. Although the origin of the microscope is a
question still uncertain, he is regarded as the inventor of the
compound microscope (with two lenses), perhaps with his
fathers’ help, in year 1595.
The recognition of this invention is generally allowed to
Zacharias Janssen in Middelburg, in The Netherlands. Since
Zacharias was very young at the time, Hans Lippershey may
have manufactured the first, but Janssen took over production.
The first compound microscopes produced by Janssen were simply a tube of 45 cm
long and 5 cm in diameter with a convex lens at each end. This instrument came to have
between 3 and 9 magnifications, depending on the size of the diaphragm aperture.
There is a legend that says that Zacharias Janssen, during his childhood, discovered
the microscope while playing with another child with damaged lenses in the Hans
Lippershey workshop. They held two lenses before their eyes in the direction of the
vane of the local church and watched as it seemed to come closer. Lippershey, of
course, saw this toy a useful tool for making money and named it optical tube. But this
legend may be apocryphal, since in fact the origin of the microscope is still in debate.
The Dutch diplomat William Boreel, later testified that Lippershey had stolen the idea
of this instrument to Janssen when he was just 2 years old.
However, there are serious reasons based on the personality of Zacharias Janssen to
believe that he isn’t really the author of the microscope, as he had a reputation for
dishonesty, since he had made fortune by forging Spanish copper coins and then
continued forging gold and silver coins.

 Details about the Invention

Microscope, instrument that produces enlarged images of

small objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view
of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and
analysis. Although optical microscopes are the subject of this
article, an image may also be enlarged by many
other wave forms, including acoustic, X-ray, or electron beam,
and be received by direct or digital imaging or by a combination
of these methods. The microscope may provide a dynamicimage
(as with conventional optical instruments) or one that is static .
The magnifying power of a microscope is an expression of
the number of times the object being examined appears to be enlarged and is a
dimensionless ratio. It is usually expressed in the form 10× (for an image magnified
10-fold), sometimes wrongly spoken as “ten eks”—as though the × were an algebraic
symbol—rather than the correct form, “ten times.” The resolution of a microscope is a
measure of the smallest detail of the object that can be observed. Resolution is
expressed in linear units, usually micrometres (μm).
Images of interest can be captured by photography through a microscope, a
technique known as photomicrography. From the 19th century this was done with film,
but digital imaging is now extensively used instead. Other types of microscopes use the
wave nature of various physical processes. The most important is the electron
microscope, which uses a beam of electrons in its image formation. The transmission
electron microscope (TEM) has magnifying powers of more than 1,000,000×. TEMs
form images of thin specimens, typically sections, in a near vacuum. A scanning
electron microscope (SEM), which creates a reflected image of relief in
a contoured specimen, usually has a lower resolution than a TEM but can show solid
surfaces in a way that the conventional electron microscope cannot. There are also
microscopes that use lasers, sound, or X-rays. The scanning tunneling
microscope (STM), which can create images of atoms, and the environmental scanning
electron microscope(ESEM), which generates images using electrons of specimens in a
gaseous environment, use other physical effects that further extend the types of objects
that can be examined.

 Personal Opinion
Some digital microscopes have dispensed with an eyepiece and provide images
directly on the computer screen. This has given rise to a new series of low-cost digital
microscopes with a wide range of imaging possibilities, including time-lapse
micrography, which has brought previously complex and costly tasks within reach of
the young or amateur microscopist.
This invention from the Middle Ages had helped a lot of purpose. Growing
populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and
more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more
people getting sick and needing medical attention. To develop the proper medicines for
illnesses, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation. Thus, they
needed a device that could magnify things invisible to the eye. With this device ,
people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye and
it also a key in discovering new means in curing various illness.
 CALCULATOR
I. INTRODUCTION
An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to
perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.
The first solid-state electronic calculator was created in the early 1960s.
Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the
first microprocessor, was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator
company Busicom. They later became used commonly within the petroleum
industry (oil and gas).
Modern electronic calculators vary from cheap,
give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers.
They became popular in the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated
circuits reduced their size and cost. By the end of that decade, prices had dropped to the
point where a basic calculator was affordable to most and they became common in
schools.
Computer operating systems as far back as early Unix have included interactive
calculator programs such as dc and hoc, and calculator functions are included in almost
all personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices, the exceptions being a few dedicated
address book and dictionary devices.
In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's
general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this had
diminished to less than 0.05%.

II. BODY
 Invention

In the early 1970s, the daily lives of people throughout the developed world were
changed profoundly by the advent of a small electronic machine that could per-form
basic mathematical problems much more quickly and more accurately than they could
be worked out on paper. Calculators expanded the math capabilities of everyone from
high school students to businessmen.
The hand-held pocket calculator was invented at Texas Instruments, Incorporated
(TI) in 1966 by a development team which included Jerry D. Merryman, James H. Van
Tassel and Jack St. Clair Kilby. In 1974 a basic patent for miniature electronic
calculators has been issued to Texas Instruments Incorporated. The patent is for
personal-sized, battery-operated calculators which have their main electronic circuitry
in a single integrated semiconductor circuit array, such as the popular "one-chip"
calculators. Hand-held Calculator
This represents another in a series of landmark developments at Texas Instruments
directly relating to miniature calculators. In 1958, Texas Instruments invented the first
integrated circuit, subsequently patented in 1964. This key innovation resulted in
dramatic change in virtually all areas of electronics equipment design, including
calculators.
This was followed by major developments fundamental to MOS/LSI integrated
circuitry - the basic technology behind today's miniature calculators. Two key patents
on MOS/LSI were awarded to TI in 1972. A third significant milestone was the
introduction by TI in 1971 of the "calculator-on-a-chip" MOS/LSI circuit which
became the heart of modern, miniature calculators.
The miniature calculator described in the new TI patent was the result of work done
at TI in the mid-60s. The patent (Number 3,819,921), originally filed in 1967, was
awarded to TI June 25, 1974. This miniature calculator (the world's first) employed a
large-scale integrated semiconductor array containing the equivalent of thousands of
discrete semiconductor devices. Measuring 4-1/4 x 6-1/8 x 1-3/4-inches, it was the first
mini-calculator to have the high degree of computational power found only at the time
in considerably larger machines.
The working heart of the first miniature calculator was an integrated semiconductor
circuit array that contained all the necessary electronics for performing addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. Other elements of this early example of the
miniature calculator included a small keyboard with 18 keys and a visual display in the
form of a semiconductor thermal printer for printing out calculations of up to 12
decimal digits.

 Inventor
 The original compact calculator was the abacus,
developed in China in the ninth century. The young
French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
invented the first adding machine in 1642, a clever device
driven by gears and capable of performing mechanical
addition and subtraction. The first commercially
successful adding machine was developed in 1886 by
William Seward Burroughs (1855-1898). The
"Millionaire," a machine invented by Otto Steiger in
1894, was the first adding machine also capable of direct multiplication.
Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a
mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century. Pascal was
led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his
father's work as supervisor of taxes in Rouen.[2] He designed the machine to add and
subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through
repeated addition or subtraction.
Pascal's calculator was especially successful in the design of its carry mechanism,
which adds 1 to 9 on one dial, and when it changes from 9 to 0, carries 1 to the next dial.
His innovation made each digit independent of the state of the others, which enabled
multiple carries to rapidly cascade from one digit to another regardless of the machine's
capacity. Pascal was also the first to shrink and adapt for his purpose a lantern gear,
used in turret clocks and water wheels, which could resist the strength of any operator
input with very little added friction.

 Details about the Invention

The calculator had spoked metal wheel dials,
with the digit 0 through 9 displayed around the
circumference of each wheel. To input a digit, the
user placed a stylus in the corresponding space
between the spokes and turned the dial until a metal
stop at the bottom was reached, similar to the way
the rotary dial of a telephone is used. This displayed
the number in the windows at the top of the
calculator. Then, one simply redialed the second
number to be added, causing the sum of both numbers to appear in the accumulator.
Each dial is associated with a one-digit display window located directly above it,
which displays the value of the accumulator for this position. The complement of this
digit, in the base of the wheel (6, 10, 12, 20), is displayed just above this digit. A
horizontal bar hides either all the complement numbers when it is slid to the top, or all
the direct numbers when it is slid toward the center of the machine. It thereby displays
either the content of the accumulator or the complement of its value.
Since the gears of the calculator rotated in only one direction, negative numbers
could not be directly summed. To subtract one number from another, the method of
nine's complement was used. The only two differences between an addition and a
subtraction are the position of the display bar (direct versus complement) and the way
the first number is entered (direct versus complement).
On four of the known machines, above each wheel, a small quotient wheel is
mounted on the display bar. These quotient wheels, which are set by the operator, have
numbers from 1 to 10 inscribed clockwise on their peripheries (even above a
non-decimal wheel). Quotient wheels seem to have been used during a division to
memorize the number of times the divisor was subtracted at each given index.

 Personal Opinion
Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed
circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated
equations. This computing device had helped lot of people, especially those who are
related to business that needs an accurate computation as well as students in solving
such problems. Computing devices like calculators is also an easy tool to carry since it
would be utilized on day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only
paved the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of
more complex processing machines like the computer.
Since the invention of this first miniature calculator, semiconductor technology has
had a dramatic impact on the electronic calculator industry with ever-decreasing prices
characteristic of this new breed of computational machines. These price reductions
have been a result of advances in solid-state technology and economies of large-scale
calculator manufacturing.
 E JEEPNEY
I. INTRODUCTION
The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is a recent development in the Philippines that
provides a sustainable, clean form of public transportation
As the U.S. withdrew from the Philippines after World War II, a large number of
jeeps were sold or given to Filipinos. WWI and II destroyed the country’s public
transportation system and soon, Filipinos began to modify jeeps into a sort of minibus
to accommodate more passengers and shelter them with a roof.
Today, the Jeepney is a symbol of Filipino pop culture. They are often painted in
bright, flamboyant colors and feature lights, loud horns and large, ornate hood
ornaments. The government began to regulate Jeepney transportation once it
established itself as a functional, inexpensive way of public transportation.

II. BODY
 Invention

Jeepney evolution can be broken down into different generations. Second

generation Jeepneys have air conditioning, refurbished engines and more space for
passengers. They are known for being noisy, garish and pollutant.
Third generation Jeepneys have better air conditioning systems, newly assembled
engines and closely resemble minibuses. They also tend to be more economical and
environmental.
Jeepneys fueled by liquid petroleum gas (LPG) were the first of these vehicles to
switch over to cleaner energy. LPG Jeepneys are rare, however their emissions are
much lower than those of earlier generations.
A 16-passenger jeepney uses the same amount of fuel as a 54-passenger bus.
Jeepneys have proven to be uneconomical as well as dangerous to the environemnt and
public health because of the large amount of smog that they produce. That and rising
gas prices led to the development of the E-Jeepney, or electronic Jeepney, a project
largely funded by Green Peace International and Green Independent Power Producers,
Inc (GRIPP). An E-Jeepney can run for 120 to 140 kilometers on a single charge at an
average speed of 40 kilometers per hour
An E-Jeepney drives next to an older, regular Jeepney. Photo by Luis Liwanag/
Greenpeace.
It is the first public transportation system of its kind in south-east Asia.
The E-Jeepney’s batteries recharge using power from biodegradable waste. Many
of the body parts are made locally, however the engine is imported.
Current riders can use E-Jeepneys on select routes through Manila for free under the
Climate Friendly Cities program by the Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities.
This program uses three approaches to the E-Jeepneys to help keep transportation
sustainable:
/GRIPP
A fleet of E-Jeepneys, each with a capacity of 12 passengers;
A depot serves as charging station
A power plant consisting of a generator, an anaerobic digester or biodigester that
processes organic waste and turns it into a form of usable energy.
Current plans call for a fleet of 50 E-Jeepneys to cruise the streets of Manila and its
incorporated cities. Local officials and international organizations like Green Peace
leave open the possibility of a larger number of E-Jeepneys in the future.
Makati City, outside of the capital city Manila, has emerged as a hub of Jeepney
development and testing. E-jeepneys will continue to roll out in other urban centers like
Baguio, Puerto Princesa and Bacolod.
 Inventor

The E-jeepney, short for electrical jeepney, was the

brainchild of Green Renewable Independent Power
Producers, Inc. or GRIPP in partnership with Mr Robert
Puckett, President of Solar Electric Company in the
Philippines. Primary manufacturer of e-jeepneys in the
Philippines is the PhUV Inc ., the business arm of the
Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturers Assn. of the Phils.
(MVPMAP). It is equipped with either a 5 kW, 72-volt
electric motor or a 7 kW, 84-volt one, either with or without transmission, with front
end (hood & fender) or none, side or rear entry and front-facing or center-facing rear
seats. It is the first electric vehicle granted an orange license plate by the Land
Transportation Office (LTO) to operate on Philippine roads.
 Details about the Invention
Here are more reasons to support electric vehicles:
1. New jobs
EVAP estimates that 10,000 new jobs may be created, including in downstream and
upstream industries, with the development of the Electric Vehicle Industry in the
Philippines.
Starting with manufacturing, the manufacturing facilities now being set up by both
local and foreign players will be needing local skilled workers such as welders, painters,
machine operators, body makers and general vehicle assembly workers.
There will also be new jobs generated through the actual operations of the EV
systems such as charging station operators, maintenance and service technicians,
ETrike and EJeepney drivers, and transport operators.
2. More taxes for the government
EVAP estimates that with the new industry that will be established, there will be
additional withholding taxes of P689.52 million starting Year 4 up to Year 9 after the
signing of the Alternative Fuel Vehicles Incentives Act.
3. Multiplier effect
The injection of more disposable income will lead to more consumer spending
which will, in turn, create more incremental sales for the EV industry. The multiplier
effect of the generated sales to the EV industry given a multiplier of 5 is P167.46
billion. At 1% withholding tax, the Philippine government stands to collect P1.67
billion.
4. Carbon credits from emission reduction
With the initial deployment of 100,000 ETrikes alone, the total avoided carbon
dioxide (CO2) emission is estimated to reach 355,806 tons per year. Assuming the
market price of carbon credit is US$10 per ton, the country stands to gain US$3.56
million or P159.54 million per year.
5. Dollar savings from Oil Import Reduction
Assuming that 100,000 ETrikes are deployed, the dollar savings from gasoline
imports would amount to P4.5 billion (90 million liters x P50/liter) or $100.41 million.

6. Savings from pollution-related health expenses

Even with a 10% penetration rate by electric vehicles in our local transport scene,
the savings brought about by the reduction in pulmonary and cardio vascular diseases
and premature death is P 1.79 billion ($400 million x Php 44.815 = P17.9 billion x 10%)
7. Net VAT gain on EV Sales
An estimated VAT of P1.57 billion is expected to be contributed to the government
in 9 years based on the gross revenues of P33.49 billion from sales of 100,000 ETrikes
and 10,000 EJeepneys.
8. VAT collection from additional energy demand
The estimated additional power demand from the deployment of ETrikes and
EJeepneys for the next 9 years is 88.8 gigawatt hours. This assumes that each unit of EV
consumes anywhere from 2.4 kwh to 5.6 kwh per day during battery charging and
operates 300 days in a year.
9. Net Revenue Gain with all things considered
With the income tax gain on job generation and its multiplier effect, the credits
from emission reduction, pollution-related health expenses, VAT on sales and on
additional energy demand, the country stands to gain close to P10.5 billion as compared
to only P320 million in foregone revenues from tax exemption if the AFV bill is
approved. It's actually a no brainer.
Now we know that there will be expected power shortages and problems by 2015
but the nice thing about EVs is that charging time can be planned and energy can be
stored.
So EVs must be charged at night while you sleep and when most industries are
closed and power use is low. This might even help the power companies balance their
power distribution.

 Personal Opinion
E-Jeepney developers have tightened control on graphic design and paint jobs to
ensure that the art will represent the lives of the average Filipino, using national
symbols and imagery to keep the feeling of this new technology relevant to the people it
serves.
A major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines was
the develoment of the jeepney an was now improved as Electric Jeepney or simply,
E-Jeepney. Because of its usefulness, the jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is
considered as the primary mode of transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel
powered jeepney produces laege quantities of black smoke, and is usually a major
contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive exhaust system. This modern type of
transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.