IMPORTANT FORMULAE

LIGHT:
1. For Mirrors the sign conventions are:
u (object distance) is –ve (as object is always taken on the left of mirror)
v (image distance) is –ve if the image is real (front of the mirror)
v (image distance) is +ve if the image is virtual (behind the mirror)
h (height of the object) is + ve
h`(height of the image) is +ve, if the image is erect (virtual)
h`(height of the image) is -ve, if the image is inverted (real)

The focal length of a concave mirror is taken as –ve.

The focal length of a convex mirror is taken as +ve.

1f
f
ff 1f
f
ff 1f
f
ff
f
Mirror formula: v + u = f
.
hf
f ff
f vf
f
ff
Magnification: m = = @
h u

2. For Lens the sign conventions are:

u (object distance) is –ve (as object is always taken on the left of lens)
v (image distance) is –ve if the image is on the same side as that of the object (virtual)
v (image distance) is +ve if the image is real.
h (height of the object) is + ve
h`(height of the image) is +ve, if the image is erect (virtual)
h`(height of the image) is -ve, if the image is inverted (real)

The focal length of a concave lens is taken as –ve.

The focal length of a convex lens is taken as +ve.

1f
f
ff 1f
f
ff 1f
f
ff
f
Lens formula: v @ u = f
.
hf
fff vf
f f
ff
Magnification: m = =
h u

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fin
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3. Refractive index n orµ = = fff
speed oflight in the medium v
1
4. Power = (unit = diopter, 1D = 1m-1)
f
EFFECTS OF CURRENT:

1. Electric current (SI unit: ampere, 1A = 1Cs-1)

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ff
f
ff
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I= =
t t
2. Potential difference (SI unit: volt, 1V = 1JC-1)
W
V= f ff
f
ff
ff
f
Q

3. Ohm’s law
VαI
Vf
ff
ff
f
or, = constant
I
Vf
ff
ff
f
or, = R
I
V = IR

4. Resistance
By Ohm’s law (SI unit of ohm, 1Ω = 1VA-1)
V
ff
f
ff
f
R=
I
Or,
Rα l
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f
f f
f
Rα or, R α
A A
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lf
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R =ρ w here, l = length of the w ire and A = area = π r or
2
A 4

A
5. Resistivity , ρ = R , (SI unit Ω m)
l
6. Equivalent Resistance in Series
V = V1 + V2 + V3
or, IR S = IR 1 + IR 2 + IR 3 $ Acc A to ohm. s lawV = IR
` a
b c
IR S = I R 1 + R 2 + R 3
[ RS = R1 + R2 + R3
where, R S = equivalent resistance in series

7. Equivalent resistance in parallel:

I = I1 + I2 + I3
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V
f
f
ff
f
ff
f V
f f
f
ff
f
ff
f V
f f
f
ff
f
ff
f V
f f
f
ff
f
ff
f
f Vf
or, = + + $ Acc A to ohm. s lawV = IR or I = ff
ff
f
RP R1 R2 R3 R
f g
V
f
f
ff
f
ff
f
f 1f
f
ff
ff
f
f 1f
f ff
ff
f
ff 1f
f ff
ff
f
ff
f
=V + +
RS R1 R2 R3
1f
f
ff
ff
f
ff f 1f
f
ff
f
ff
f f1f
ff
ff
f
ff f1f
ff
ff
f
ff
[ = + +
RP R1 R2 R3
where, R P = equivalent resistance in parallel

8. Electric energy (SI unit joule(J))

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Vf
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
W or E = I Rt = t = VIt
2
R

9. Power (SI unit watt, 1W = 1J-1)

Workdone
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ff W
f
f f
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Power = =
t time
f 2g
VIt
f
ff
f
fff
f
ff
f Vf
P= = VI = I R = f ff
f
ff
f
f
2

t R

10.Commercial unit of Energy (kilowatt hour)

1kW=1000W
1h=60X60 =3600s
#1kWh=1000X3600Ws =3.6X10 J
6