Y10

Science
Quarter 2
Self Learning Module 4
Mirrors and Lenses

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Science - Grade 10
Quarter 2
Self Learning Module 4 – Mirrors and Lenses
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Schools Division Superintendent: Gladys Amylaine D. Sales CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Peter J. Galimba PhD

Development Team of the Self Learning Module

Writers: Leny Rose R. Pillo and June Nathan M. Fernandez

Editors: Maria Vonessa M. Panuela, Gladys G. Gerona, and
Ladylyn P. Sabla-on
Reviewer: Edna Rose P. Gueco
Illustrators: Leny Rose R. Pillo and June Nathan M. Fernandez
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Edna Rose P. Gueco
Ellen G. Dela Cruz

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 I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses (S10FE-IIg-50). The
scope of this module allows you to use it in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. This
module will discuss lesson on Plane Mirrors, Curved Mirrors, and Lenses.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the qualitative characteristics (in terms of location, orientation, type,
and magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and
lenses;
2. locate and characterize the orientation of an image created by a plane and
curved mirrors and lenses; and
3. cite common applications of plane and curved mirrors and lenses.

Lesson Mirrors and Lenses

Lesson Overview

Mirrors
Mirrors are an everyday part of our life. In our homes, there are mirrors in the
bedrooms, bathrooms, living rooms, and even in the dining rooms. Also, mirrors are
placed inside the malls, department stores, cars, dance studios, schools, hospitals,
salons, and many more.

A mirror is a smooth and one side-polished

surface that can reflect the light rays and form
images. Usually, mirrors are made of plane glass
plate with thin layer of silver nitrate or aluminum at
the back of the glass. It does not allow the
passage of light, instead bounces it off. Law of
Reflection applies to redirect the light that strikes
on mirrors to one direction and determine the
images formed. Figure 1. Mirrors
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 An image formed by reflection may be real or virtual. Table 1 below describes
the characteristics of real and virtual images.

Table 1. Characteristics of real and virtual images.

Types of Images
Real Image Virtual Image
• Formed by the actual intersection of light • It is formed due to imaginary intersection of
rays. light rays. (Formed when the light rays appear
• Can be seen or obtained on the screen. to be originating from a point but does not
actually meet.)
• Always inverted.
• Cannot be formed or projected on the screen.
• Formed at the same side as that of the
• Always erect or upright.
object in front of the mirror.
• Formed behind the mirror.

Types of Mirrors

There are two (2) main types of mirrors: the plane and spherical/curved mirrors.

1. Plane Mirror in physics, are the ones that have a flat reflecting surface and
produce image. Some distinguishable characteristics of image formed by plane
mirrors are virtual, upright, the same distance from the mirror as the object's
distance, the same size as the object, and laterally inverted (left-right reversed as
shown in Figure 2).
Flat mirror

Reflected light
rays

Extension of
reflected light rays

Light
rays

Object (O) Image (i)

Figure 2. Lateral Inversion Figure 3. Light rays striking a Plane Mirror and the image formed.

As shown in Figure 3, all light rays emanating from an object (O) are reflected
from a plane mirror so that the extensions of the reflected rays (in dotted lines)
backwards appear to come (or diverge) from the image (i) at the back of the mirror.
The rays do not actually pass through the mirror since the most mirrors are opaque.

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2. Spherical Mirrors have curved reflecting surfaces. A spherical mirror is formed
when you cut out a piece from a sphere and make either of the surfaces reflective.
Spherical mirrors have two (2) kinds- Concave and Convex Mirrors. They reflect
light rays and produce images differently. Table 2 shows the characteristics and
parts of spherical mirrors.

Table 2. Characteristics and Parts of Concave and Convex Mirrors

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
• Curved inward. • Curved outward.
• The inner surface is the reflective • The outer surface is the reflective
surface. surface.

Parts of Spherical Mirrors

1. Vertex: It is the midpoint of a spherical mirror. It is represented by the letter ‘V’.
2. Centre of Curvature: It is the center of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. The
center of curvature is denoted by “C’.
3. The radius of Curvature: It is the distance between the pole of a spherical mirror and
the center of the curvature. The radius of curvature is denoted by “R’.
4. Principal Axis: The straight line passing through the pole of a spherical mirror and the
center of curvature.
5. Aperture: It is the diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror.
6. Focus: It is a point on the principal axis where the light rays parallel to the principal
axis converge (if it is a concave mirror) or appear to diverge (if it is a convex mirror) after
getting reflected from the mirror.
7. Focal Length: It is denoted by the letter ‘f’. It is the distance between the center of the
mirror and the focal point of the mirror. It is the point where a parallel beam of light
converges or diverges.

Table 3. Characteristics of image formed by convex and concave mirrors and their examples.
Type of Mirror Characteristics of Image Example
Convex or Diverging Mirror Always… • side-view and rear-view
*erect mirror of vehicles and
Diverges light rays when
*virtual supermarkets for a
strikes the reflecting surface of *formed behind wider view of the back
the convex mirror. the mirror area
*reduced • street light reflectors to
regardless diverge or spread light
of the distance over a bigger area
of object from
the mirror

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Concave or Converging
Mirror
- Converges light rays at the
focus (F) when strikes and
reflects from the reflecting
surface of the concave mirror.
* Concave mirrors can form images
that can be large or small, erect or
inverted, real or virtual.
- The images formed varies * An object placed very close to the
depending on the distance concave mirror, a virtual and a
between the concave mirror magnified image is formed.
and the object. * Increasing the distance between
the object and the concave mirror, a
real image is formed and the size of • Head Mirrors
the image gets smaller. • Solar furnaces
At the Infinity - Real • Headlights & torches
- point-sized
- inverted • Ophthalmoscope, (an
- formed at the
optical instrument)
focus in front of mirror
Beyond the center of curvature - real • Solar Oven
- inverted • Microscopes
- reduced
- located in front • Satellite Dishes
- of the mirror • Reflecting telescopes
At the center of curvature - real • Beauty/Shaving
- inverted
- same size Mirrors
- located in front
• Dental Mirrors
of the mirror
Between the center of curvature - real
and focus - inverted
- enlarged
- located in front
of the mirror

At the focus

No image formed

Between the principal focus and - virtual

vertex/mirror - upright/erect
- enlarged
- located behind
the mirror

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Lenses

Our eyes have special structure that aids us to view and determine the characteristics
of those images. The lens of the eye is composed of transparent, flexible tissue and is located
directly behind the iris and the pupil.

A lens is a transparent piece of glass or plastic with at least one curved surface. Light
passes through lens. Lens works by refraction: it bends light rays as they pass through it, so
they change direction. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through a medium such
as lens. When light rays pass through the concave lens, it diverges or spreads out after
passing the lens. When light rays pass through the convex lens, it converges and focuses on
one point.

An image formed by refraction may be real or virtual. Table 4 below describes the
characteristics of real and virtual images.

Table 4. Characteristics of real and virtual images.

Types of Images
Real Image Virtual Image
• The image in which light rays from one • An image that is on the same side of the
point on the object cross at the location of lens as the object and cannot be projected
the image and can be projected on to a on a screen.
screen, a piece of film, or the retina of an
eye.

Table 5. Characteristics and Parts of Concave and Convex Lens

Concave Lens Convex Lens
It is thicker at the edges and thinner in the It is thicker in the center than edges. It bulges
center. It bulges inwards. outwards.

Important Points for Convex and Concave Lens

1. Centre of curvature: The center of sphere of part of which a lens is formed is called the
center of curvature of the lens. Since concave and convex lenses are formed by the
combination of two parts of spheres, therefore they have two centers of curvature. One
center of curvature is usually denoted by C1 and second is denoted by C2.
2. Focus – Point at which parallel rays of light converge in a concave lens and parallel rays
of light diverge from the point is called Focus or Principal Focus of the lens. Like centers of
curvature, convex and concave lenses have two Foci. These are represented as F1 and F2.
3. Principal Axis – Imaginary line that passes through the centers of curvature of a lens is
called Principal Focus.

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 4. Optical center – The central point of a lens is called its Optical Centre. A ray passes
through optical center of a lens without any deviation.
5. Radius of curvature – The distance between optical center and center of curvature is
called the radius of curvature, which is generally denoted by R.
6. Focal Length – The distance between optical center and principal focus is called focal
length of a lens. Focal length of a lens is half of the radius of curvature.

Table 6. Characteristics of Image Formed by Concave Lens and its Applications

Concave Lens Applications
It is also called diverging lens because the • To improve the focus, concave lenses
light that passes through it tends to diverge at are placed in binoculars and
a particular point called the focal point. telescopes before the convex lenses.
The image formed is upright but smaller than • Concave lenses are used in glasses to
the actual image. correct the nearsightedness or myopia.
• In lasers, small concave lenses are
Diverging Lens used to widen the laser beam.
• Camera manufacturers use concave
lenses in combination with convex
lenses to improve the quality of
photographs.
• Concave lenses are used in
flashlights to magnify the light produced
by the light source.
• The widest use of concave lenses
is peephole.

Table 7. Characteristics of Image Formed by Convex Lens and its Applications

Convex Lens Applications
It is thicker in the center than edges. It bulges • Convex lens is widely used as
outwards. a magnifying glass.
It is also called converging lens because the
light that passes through it tends to converge at • People who are suffering
a particular point called the focal point. from farsightedness or
Convex (converging) lenses can form either hyperopia use convex lenses
real or virtual images, smaller or larger in glasses to rectify their eyesight.
depending on the distance of an object from the
lens. • In cameras multiple convex lenses
are used to magnify the image and to
Converging Lens focus, followed by concave lenses.

• The convex lenses are used in

microscopes to enlarge the sizes of
the tiny objects.

• Photocopy “Xerox” Machine

• Projector

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 I Will Do This
Activity 1: Images Formed by a Plane Mirror
Directions:
1. Stand in front of a plane mirror.
2. Look at and describe the image of yourself.
3. Raise your right hand. Observe the image.
4. Answer the succeeding set of questions.

Analysis Questions:
I. Compare the image formed with the actual object (which you). Put a check on the
box that best describes the image formed in a plane mirror:
1. Size of your image compared to yours
smaller
same size
larger
2. Distance of your image from the mirror compared to yours:
closer from the mirror
same distance from the mirror
far away from the mirror
3. Type of image:
real
virtual
4. Orientation of image:
upright
inverted
5. Hand raised by your image:
right
left
II. How do you describe the image formed by the plane mirror?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 Activity 2: Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

Directions: Describe the location, orientation, size, and type of image formed by curved
mirrors by completing the table below and answer the Analysis Question.

Size of Image Type of

Location of Object Orientation
Location of (Reduced, Image
(NOTE: Black arrow is the (Upright or
Image Same Size, or (Real or
object in front of a mirror) Inverted)
Enlarged) Virtual)

CONCAVE MIRROR
1.
Between C &
F, in front of inverted reduced real
the mirror

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 CONVEX MIRROR

6.

Analysis Question:
How do you determine the characteristics of image formed by the following mirrors?
A. Concave Mirrors?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B. Convex Mirrors?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Activity 3: Images Formed by Lenses

Directions: Describe the location, orientation, size, and type of image formed by Lenses by
completing the table below and answer the Analysis Question that follows.
Size of Image Type of
Location of Object Orientation
Location of (Reduced, Image
(NOTE: Black arrow is the (Upright or
Image Same Size, or (Real or
object in front of a mirror) Inverted)
Enlarged) Virtual)
CONVEX LENSES
1.
Between F
inverted reduced real
and 2F

2.

3.

4.

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5.

CONCAVE LENSES
6.

7.

8.

Analysis Question:
How do you determine the characteristics of image formed by the following lenses?
A. Concave Lens?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

B. Convex Lens?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I Will Practice
DIRECTIONS: Draw the image formed for every object in front of mirrors and lenses
on the illustrations below and describe the characteristics of image formed.
Illustration Description of Image
1. Location:
Orientation:
Size:
Type:
2. Location:
Orientation:
Size:
Type:
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 3. Location:
Orientation:
Size:
Type:
4. Location:
Orientation:
Size:
Type:
5. Location:
Orientation:
Size:
Type:

I Will Apply
Study the pictures below and describe the images formed by mirrors and lenses.
Size Types of
Orientation
Applications of (Reduced/ Type of Image Mirror or Lens
(Upright/
Mirrors and Lenses Same Size (Real/Virtual) (Concave/
Inverted)
/Enlarged) Convex)
1. Car’s Side Mirror

2. Make-up Mirror

3. Magnifying Glass

4. Peephole on a door

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 Answer Key

I Will Do This
Activity 1: Images Formed by a Plane Mirror
Analysis Questions:
I. 1. same size
2. same distance from the mirror
3. virtual
4. upright
5. left
II. Images formed by plane mirrors are virtual, upright, left-right reversed, the same distance from the mirror as
the object's distance, and the same size as the object.

Activity 2: Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

Orientation Size of Image Type of Image
Location of Image (Upright or (Reduced, Same Size, or (Real or
Inverted) Enlarged) Virtual)
CONCAVE MIRROR
Between C & F, in front of the
1 inverted reduced real
mirror
At the Center, in front of the
2 inverted same size real
mirror
3 Beyond C, in front of the mirror inverted enlarged real
4 No Image Formed
5 Behind the mirror upright enlarged virtual
CONVEX MIRROR
Between F & mirror,
6 upright reduced virtual
behind the mirror
Analysis Question:
A. Concave Mirrors form images that are either upright or inverted, reduced/same size/enlarged, real or virtual
depending on the location of the object in front of the mirror.
B. Convex Mirrors form only one type of image which is virtual, reduced, and upright regardless of the location of
the object in front of the mirror.

Activity 3: Images Formed by Lenses

Orientation Size of Image Type of Image
Location of Image (Upright or (Reduced, Same Size, or (Real or
Inverted) Enlarged) Virtual)
CONVEX LENS
1 Between F and 2F inverted reduced real
2 At 2F inverted same size real
3 Beyond 2F inverted enlarged real
4 No Image Formed
5 Beyond 2F’ upright enlarged virtual
CONCAVE LENS
6 Between F and Lens upright reduced virtual
7 Between F and Lens upright reduced virtual
8 Between F and Lens upright reduced virtual
Analysis Question:
A. Concave Lens form only one type of image which is upright, reduced, and virtual regardless of the location of
the object in front of the lens.
B. Convex Lens form images that are either upright or inverted, reduced/same size/enlarged, real or virtual
depending on the location of the object in front of the lens.

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 I Will Practice
1. Location: between C & F, in front of the mirror 2. Location: between F & mirror, behind the mirror
Orientation: inverted Orientation: upright
Size: reduced Size: reduced
Type: real Type: virtual

3. Location: At 2F 4. Location: Beyond 2F’ 5. Location: Between F & Lens

Orientation: inverted Orientation: upright Orientation: upright
Size: same size Size: enlarged Size: reduced
Type: real Type: virtual Type: virtual

I Will Apply
Size Types of
Orientation
Applications of (Reduced/ Type of Image Mirror or Lens
(Upright/
Mirrors and Lenses Same Size (Real/Virtual) (Concave/ Convex)
Inverted)
/Enlarged)
1. Car’s Side Mirror Upright Reduced Virtual Convex
2. Make-up Mirror Upright Enlarged Virtual Concave
3. Magnifying Glass Inverted Reduced Real Convex
4. Peephole on a door Upright Reduced Virtual Concave

References
Padua, A.L. et al. (2005). Practical and Explorational Physics: Modular Approach.
Science & Technology Series. Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Araneta Ave., Q.C.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-physics-intermediate/section/20.2/ (Accessed Date:
October 15, 2021)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/mirrors/ (Accessed
Date: October 15, 2021)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/25-6-image-formation-by-lenses/
(Accessed Date: October 15, 2021)
Nonato, G. & Danac, A. iPhysics. pp. 436-437

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/2c/da/9f/2cda9fd36e8ed40d07a2453153cdfa30.jpg
(Accessed Date: October 15, 2021)

https://pixabay.com/photos/mirror-reflection-sky-sun-travel-1393587/ (Accessed
Date: October 15, 2021)

https://antiqueglassltd.co.uk/high-quality-mirror-tips/ (Accessed Date: October 15,

2021)

https://studynlearn.com/blog/concave-and-convex-mirror/ (Accessed Date: October

15, 2021)

https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-real-image-and-virtual-image/
(Accessed Date: October 15, 2021)

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 Written Assessment Worksheet No. 4
Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: ___________

Concept Check
MELC: predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of images
formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses (S10FE-IIg-50)

Part I. Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully. Select the letter of the best answer
1. The image formed by a plane mirror is LATERALLY INVERTED. Which of the following
examples best describe this?
A. When a boy moves toward the mirror, his image will move away from the mirror.
B. When a boy moves toward the mirror, his image will move at the side of the mirror.
C. When a girl raises her left hand, her image will also raise its left hand.
D. When a girl raises her left hand, her image raises its right hand.

2. What relationship of object POSITION to the SIZE of the image formed in concave mirrors?
A. As the object moves closer to the mirror, the image height is reduced.
B. As the object moves away from the mirror, the image height is enlarged.
C. As the object moves closer to the mirror, the image height is enlarged.
D. As the object moves away from the mirror, the image height is the same as the object.

3. An object is placed between a concave mirror and its focal point. What is the type and
orientation of the image formed?
A. virtual and inverted B. virtual and upright C. real and inverted D. real and upright

4. Images formed by a concave lens are always _____________________.

A. inverted, same size, real C. inverted, enlarged, virtual
B. upright, reduced, virtual D. upright, enlarged, real

5. What image will be formed if the object is at the focal point of a convex lens?
A. inverted, reduced, real C. no image is formed
B. upright, enlarged, virtual D. upright, reduced, real

Part II. Describe the characteristics of the images formed by mirrors and lenses in terms of
location, orientation, size, and type of image by completing the table below.

Type of
Location Orientation Type Size
Mirrors/Lenses

Plane Mirror
Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
Convex Lens
Concave Lens

Reflection Question:
How will you differentiate the images formed by mirrors and lenses?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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 FOR TEACHER’S USE ONLY. Do not attach this portion to the SLM for students.

Part I. Multiple Choice

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C
Part II.
Type of
Location Orientation Type Size
Mirrors/Lenses
laterally
Plane Mirror behind the mirror inverted, virtual same size
erect/upright
diminished/
Convex Mirror behind the mirror erect/upright virtual smaller/
reduced
behind/front of the mirror
enlarged/
(Depending on the
Concave Mirror upright/inverted virtual/real same size/
location of the object
reduced
from the mirror)
behind/front of the lens
enlarged/
(Depending on the
Convex Lens upright/inverted virtual/real same size/
location of the object
reduced
from the lens)
diminished/
Concave Lens behind the lens erect/upright virtual smaller/
reduced

Reflection Question
A plane mirror will have an image behind the mirror. The image formed will
always be laterally inverted, erect/upright, virtual, and same size as the object.
A convex mirror and a concave lens will have an image that is behind the
mirror, erect/upright, virtual, and smaller than the object.
A concave mirror and convex lens will form images that are either in front or
behind the mirror or lens, upright or inverted, real or virtual, larger/same size/smaller
depending on the distance of the object from the concave mirror or convex lens.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO-Bacolod City

(Office Address): Rosario-San Juan Sts., Brgy. 14, 6100, Bacolod City
Telefax:

Email Address: bacolod.city@deped.gov.ph

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