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Subject- Physics
CHAPTER 1
ELECTROSTATICS
Four marks questions:
1. (a) Does the charge of a body is affected by its velocity?
If yes, how?
(b)A charged rod P attracts rod R whereas P repels
anther charged rod Q. What type of force developed
between Q and R?
2. What is electrostatic potential? Derive an expression for
electric potential at general point of an electric dipole.
3. The equivalent capacitance of the combination between
A and B in the given figure is 4μF.
(1) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.
(2) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V
battery is connected across terminals A and B.
(3) What will be the potential drop across each
capacitor?
4. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates
has a capacitance of 8 pF. What will be the capacitance
if the distance between the plates be reduced by half
and the space between them is filled with a substance
of dielectric constant K = 6?
2
5. What is dielectric polarization? Hence establish the
relation K =1+x.
6. A cube of side b has a charge q at each of its vertices.
Determine electric field and potential at the centre of
cube. Also find out the potential energy of system.
7. (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. Units.
(b) An electric dipole of dipole moment 20x10-6 Cm is
enclosed by closed surface. What is the net electric flux
coming out of this surface?
8. (a)Apply Gauss’s theorem to find out electric field near a
charged conductor.
(b)Using Gauss’s theorem, derive an expression for
electric field intensity at a point due to a line of charge.
9. What is meant by electrostatic potential energy of
system of charges? Derive an expression for potential
energy of two point charges and three point charges
and hence generalize the result for N point charges.
10. An infinite number of charges each equal to 4µC are
placed along x-axis at x=1m, x=2m, x=4m, x=8m and so
on. Find the total force on a charge of 1C placed at the
origin.
Six marks questions:
1. (a)What is the principle of capacitor?
(b) Derive an expression for the capacitance of parallel
plate capacitor with dielectric slab inside the plates.
2. (a) Explain quantization of charge.
(b)Using Gauss theorem derive an expression for
electric field due to a charged spherical shell at
different points.
3. (a) Name the SI unit of electric permittivity.

(b) Give the working principle of a Van de Graff
generator with the help of labeled diagram, describe the
construction and working. How is the leakage of
charges minimized from the generator?
4. (a)Deduce the expression for electrostatic energy stored
in capacitor having charge Q. How will the energy stored
and electric field inside capacitor be affected when it is
completely filled with a dielectric material of dielectric
constant K?
(b) Three identical capacitors C1, C2 and C3 of
capacitance 6 μF each are connected to a 12 V battery
as shown in fig, Find:
(1) Charge on each capacitor.
(2) Equivalent capacitance of the network.
(3) Energy stored in the network of capacitors.
5. (a)Prove that electric field is negative gradient of
electric potential.
(b)Two charges −q and +q are located at points A (0, 0,
−a) and B (0, 0, +a) respectively. How much work is
done in moving a test charge from point P (7, 0, 0) to Q
(−3, 0, 0)?
6. (a) State and prove Gauss’s theorem.
(b)Using Gauss’s law derives an expression for the
electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane
thin sheet. What will be the expression if the sheet has
some thickness?
3
7. (a) Two point charges 4 μC by and -2 μC are separated
by distance of 1m in air. Calculate at what point on the
line joining the two charges is the electric potential
zero?
(b)Twenty seven charged water droplets each with a
diameter of 2mm and a charge of 10-12C coalesce to
form a single drop. Calculate potential of the bigger
drop.
8. (a)What is electric line of force? Draw electric lines of
force for a single positive charge, single negative charge
and for an electric dipole. Discuss properties of electric
lines of force.
(b)An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary
under a constant electric field of 2.55x104N/C in
Millikan’s oil drop experiment. The density of oil is
1.26 g/cc. Estimate the radius of drop.
9. (a)What is electric dipole? What is its electric dipole
moment? Derive an expression for electric field at any
point on the equatorial line of dipole.
(b) Calculate amount of work done in rotating a dipole
of dipole moment 3x10-8Cm, from its position of stable
equilibrium to unstable equilibrium, in a uniform
electric field of intensity 104N/C.
10. (a) Find the absolute permittivity of mica, if its relative
permittivity is 8.
(b)Derive an expression for torque acting on an
electric dipole in a uniform electric dipole.
© derive an expression for potential energy of a
dipole in a uniform electric field.
 4

CHAPTER 2: 2. Why is alloy manganin used to make standard

resistance?
CURRENT ELECTRICITY 3. A silver wire has resistance of 2.1 ohm at 27.5oc and
resistance of 2.7ohm at 100oc. Determine temp
One Mark Questions: coefficient of resistivity of silver.

1. Which of the following represents potential difference? 4. What is the change in resistance of a Eureka wire when
its radius is halved and the length is reduced to one-
(a) J c-1 (b) c s-1 (c) J s (d) Jc.
fourth of its original value?
2. Dimensions of resistivity are: 5. Draw V-I graphs for Ohmic and Non-Ohmic materials.
(a) ML2T-3I-1 (b) ML3T-3I-2 (c) ML3T-2I-1 (d) ML2T-2I-2 Give one example of each.
6. Define resistance. What are the factors on which the
3. What is mobility? Give its SI unit.
resistance of a conductor depends on?
4. A wire of resistivity ρ is stretched to double of its
7. How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic
length. What is new resistivity?
conductor vary with increase in temperature?
5. Can we interchange the position of battery and
8. Write the differences between emf and terminal
galvanometer in wheat stone bridge circuit?
potential difference.
6. Define resistance and resistivity. Give their SI units.
9. State Kirchhoff’s First law and second law.
Write a relation between both.
10. When is Wheatstone bridge most sensitive?
7. What is the cause of random motion of electrons in
Four marks questions:
metal?
1. The number density of conduction electrons in a
8. What is current density? Is it a scalar pr vector
copper conductor is 8.5 × 1028 m-3. How long an
quantity?
electron take does to drift from one end of a wire, 3.0m
9. Define temperature coefficient of resistance.
long, to its other end? The area of cross-section of the
10. What is the effect of rise of temperature on
wire is 2.0 × 10-6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0
conductivity of metals?
A.
2. (a)A wire of resistance R is drawn such that its radius
Two marks questions:
changes from r to 2r. What is the new resistance?
1. Why we prefer a potentiometer rather than a voltmeter
(b) A Carbon resistor is marked in coloured bands of
to measure emf of a cell?
red, black, orange and silver. What is the resistance
and tolerance value of the resistor?

3. State the principle of potentiometer. Draw a circuit
diagram used to compare the e.m.f. of two primary
cells. Write the formula used. How can the sensitivity
of a potentiometer be increased?
4. Two wires X, Y have the same resistivity but their
cross-sectional areas are in the ratio 2: 3 and lengths
in the ratio 1: 2. They are fist connected in series and
then in parallel to a dc source. Find out the ratio of the
drift speeds of the electrons in the two wires for the
two cases
5. Three resistors 2Ω, 4Ω and 5Ω are connected in
parallel. What is the total resistance of the
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
combination? If the combination is connected to a
battery of emf 20V and negligible internal resistance,
determine the current through each resistor and the
total current drawn from the battery.
6. Deduce an expression for the current density and
potential difference across a current carrying
conductor of length l, area of cross-section A and
number density n of free electrons.
7. What is internal resistance of a cell? Name the factors
on which internal resistance of a cell depends? How
internal resistance of a cell can be determined using a
potentiometer?
8. State Kirchhoff’s second law and using it derive the
balance condition of wheat stone bridge.
5
9. Find equivalent resistance between A and B in each of
following circuit.
10. The potential difference across the terminals of a
battery of e m f 12V and internal resistance 2 ohm
drops to 10V when it is connected to a resistor.
Calculate the value of the resistance.
CHAPTER 3
One mark questions:
1. Does a magnetic field exert a force on a still charge?
2. Resistance of voltmeter is less than galvanometer. Is
statement true or false?
3. What is the nature of the magnetic field due to a toroid
carrying current?
4. What is a radial field in Moving coil galvanometer?
5. Does a magnetic field exert a force on an electron
moving parallel to the direction of the magnetic field?
6. Why the core of transformer is made up of
ferromagnetic substances?
7. In a certain region of space, electric field E and
magnetic field B are perpendicular to each other. An
electron enters in the region perpendicular to the
directions of both B and E and moves undeflected.
What is the velocity of the electron?
8. To convert galvanometer into a voltmeter, one should
connect a:
a) high resistance in series
 6

b) low resistance in series 2. What do you mean by Bohr Magneton and how can
you say that it is quantized?
c) high resistance in parallel 3. What do you mean by magnetic field lines? Draw
magnetic field lines for a bar magnet.
d) low resistance in parallel 4. Why phosphor bronze strip is used for restoring torque
in moving coil galvanometer?
9. The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is : 5. Define (a) magnetic declenation (b) magnetic dip at a
place.
a) zero b) 100 Ω c) infinity d) 500 Ω
6. Angle of dip at a place is 30 degrees. If the vertical
10. Cyclotron is used to accelerate : component of earth’s magnetic field at that place is
0.16√3 X 10-4 T. Calculate the horizontal component of
magnetic field.
a) Electrons b) neutrons
7. What happens when a diamagnetic substance is placed
in varying field?
c) positive ions d) negative ions 8. Establish the relation between magnetic permeability
and Magnetic susceptibility.
11. Horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic 9. An electron of energy 2000 ev describes a circular path
in magnetic field of flux density 0.2 T. What is the
field are equal, then angle of dip is:
radius of the path?
10. Can moving coil galvanometer be used to detect an ac
a) 600 b) 450 c) 300b d) 900
in a circuit? Explain.
12. Name any three :
(a) Paramagnetic materials (b) Ferromagnetic material (c) Six marks questions:
Diamagnetic material 1. With the help of diagram discuss the principle,
13. A current is set up in a long copper pipe. What is the construction and working of galvanometer. Also define
magnetic field inside the pipe? its current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity. How we
14. What is shunt? can increase the sensitivity of galvanometer?
15. What is Curie temperature? 2. (a) How will you convert galvanometer into voltmeter?
(a) How will you convert galvanometer into ammeter?
Two marks questions:
1. State and prove Ampere’s circuit law.

3. (a) What is Biot-Savart’s law? Using this law derive an
expression for magnetic field due to a current carrying
infinite straight conductor.
4. Explain the principle, construction and working of a
cyclotron with the help of neat diagram. Why we cannot
accelerate e– in cyclotron?
5. (a) Which physical quantity has the unit Wbm-2? Is it a
scalar or vector quantity?
(b)Define equatorial line of bar magnet. Derive an
expression for magnetic field intensity at a point on the
axial line and also at a point on equatorial line.
6. (a)What is solenoid? Draw magnetic field lines for
solenoid. Derive an expression for magnetic field inside
the solenoid. What is the value magnetic field at end of
solenoid?
(b) A solenoid of length 1m and 3cm diameter has five
layers of windings of 800 turns each and carries a
current of 5 A. What is the magnetic field at centre
of solenoid? Also calculate magnetic flux of the
One mark questions:
solenoid at the centre.
7. (a)Derive an expression for potential energy of magnetic
dipole placed in uniform magnetic field.
(b) Short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.9 J/T is placed
with axis at 300 to a uniform magnetic field. It
experiences torque of 0.063J. (i) Calculate the
magnitude of magnetic field (II) in which orientation will
the bar magnet be in stable equilibrium in magnetic
field?
8. (a)Derive an expression for torque acting on a current
carrying coil placed in a uniform magnetic field
7
(b)In a galvanometer there is a deflection of 10div per
mA. The internal resistance of the galvanometer is
60ohm.If the shunt of 2.5 ohm is connected to the
galvanometer and there are 50 divisions in all, calculate
the max current which the galvanometer can read?
9. (a) Discuss Gauss’s law in magnetism.
(b) If θ1 and θ2 be the apparent angles of dip in two
vertical planes at right angles to each other, then show
that true angle of dip θ is given by cot2θ= cot2 θ1+ cot2
θ2.
10. (a) Compare the properties of diamagnetic,
paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances.
(b)What is meant by hysteresis? Discuss briefly the
dissipation of energy due to hysteresis.
CHAPTER 4
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. The power factor of pure resistive circuit is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) infinity (d) 90
2. State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction.
3. Is induced electric field conservative or non
conservative?
4. Define the SI unit of self inductance.
5. What is meant by magnetic flux?
6. What is the power factor of an LCR series circuit at
resonance?
7. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

8. If the wire kept in East west direction is dropped freely,
will any potential difference be developed across its
ends?
9. Write an expression for coefficient of mutual Induction
of two coaxial coils.
10. The electric current in a wire in the direction from A to
B is decreasing. What is the direction of induced
current in the loop kept above the wire as shown in
figure?
11. The instantaneous emf of an ac source is given by E
=300 sin314t. What is the rms value of emf?
12. What is the maximum value of coefficient of coupling?
13. The north pole of magnet is brought near a metal loop.
Find the direction of current induced in the coil as seen
by the person on the same side of the loop.
14. Name various methods of producing induced emf?
15. A capacitor blocks D.C. Why?
Two marks questions:
1. An induced current has no direction of its own. Why?
8
2. Why is the coil of dead beat galvanometer wound on
metal frame?
3. Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in
an ac circuit.
4. Self induction is known as inertia of electricity. Explain
why?
5. Define wattless current. How it can be achieved in a
circuit?
6. Current changes from 10A to 0A in 2 second in a coil of
self inductance 2H. Find the induced emf in the coil.
7. Calculate the current flowing through a solenoid of self
inductance 30 mH in which a magnetic flux of 15 mWb
is linked.
8. Why does the acceleration of a bar magnet decrease,
while falling through a solenoid connected to a closed
circuit?
9. Show that Lenz's law is in accordance with the law of
conservation of energy.
10. Draw the phasor diagram for series LCR circuit in
which inductor is dominating.
Four marks questions:
1. What are eddy currents? How are they produced? In
what sense eddy currents are considered undesirable in
transformer? How can they be minimized? Give two
applications of eddy currents.
2. A jet plane is travelling westwards at a speed of
1800km/h. What is the potential difference developed
between the ends of a wing 25m long. Earth’s magnetic

field at the location has a magnitude of 5.0x10-4T and
dip angle is 30.
3. Derive an expression for average power of ac circuit.
Also define power factor.
4. A sinusoidal voltage V = 200 sin 314 t is applied to a
resistor of 10 Ω resistance. Calculate
(c) rms value of the voltage b) rms value of the current c)
power dissipated as heat in watts
5. Give the principle of transformer, construction of step
down transformer. Give any two energy losses of
transformer.
6. With the help of labeled diagram discus the principle,
construction and working of ac generator.
7. What do you mean by rms value of ac voltage? Derive
an expression for it.
8. (a)What is series resonance circuit?
(b)A 0.3 H inductor, 60 μF capacitor and a 50 Ω resistor
are connected in series with a 120 V , 60 Hz supply
Calculate the (i) impedance of the circuit (ii) current
flowing in the circuit.
9. Distinguish between reactance and impedance. When a
series combination of a coil of inductance L and a
resistor of R is connected across a 12 V, 50 Hz supply a
current of 0.5A flows through the circuit. The current
differs in phase from the applied voltage by π\3 radian.
Calculate the value of L and R.
10. A resistor of 12 Ω, a capacitor of reactance 14 Ω and an
inductor of reactance 30 Ω are joined in series and
placed across a 230V-50Hz supply. Calculate
i) current in circuit
ii) Phase angle between current and voltage and iii)
power factor.
9
CHAPTER 5
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
One mark questions:
1. What do you mean by displacement current?
2. Give the ratio of velocity of U.V. rays and X-rays in
vacuum.
3. What is the frequency range of visible portion of the
spectrum?
4. Name the radiation used for studying crystal structure
of solids.
5. Give the frequency range of x rays
6. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their
wavelength.
Radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, micro waves,
visible light, gamma rays, infrared rays, X – rays.
7. To which part of em spectrum the wavelength 10-1m
belongs?
8. Electric field vector is along the X direction and
magnetic field vector is along Y direction .What do you
say about the direction of propagation of the wave?
9. Name the Em radiation used in electric ovens.
10. Which of the following is the infrared
wavelength?
(a) 10-4cm (b) 10-5cm (c) 10-6cm (d) 10-7cm.
Two marks questions:
1. What are X-rays? Give their two uses.
2. Microwaves are used in radars. Why?
3. State two applications of infrared radiations.

4. Write any two uses of U.V, rays. Also give its
frequency range.
5. What are electromagnetic waves? How are they
produced?
6. Write wavelength ranges of following electromagnetic
radiations
(a) Radio waves (b) micro waves (c) ultraviolet (uv)
radiation (d) visible light (e) infrared radiation (f) X –
rays and (g) gamma rays.
7. Write down the properties of electromagnetic waves.
8. Identify the type of em wave associated with the
following
a) Used to take photograph under foggy conditions b)
radiation emitted during welding
c) Emitted during radioactive decay
9. Identify the type of e.m wave associated with the
following wavelength/frequency ranges.
a) 0.1 to 1m b) 1014 Hz c) 1 A0 to 100 A0
10. What does an em wave consist of? On what factors
does the velocity of em wave depend?
CHAPTER 6
OPTICS
Two marks questions:
1. State Huygens’s principle.
2. What type of lens is an air bubble inside water?
Explain.
3. What is power of a lens? State its unit.
10
4. Draw a ray diagrams for Image formed by concave
mirror when the object is placed between centre of
curvature and principle focus.
5. Draw a ray diagrams for Image formed by convex lens
when the object is placed at 2F.
6. The polarizing angle of a medium is 600. What is the
refractive index of the medium?
7. Why dose sky appears blue?
8. What is the value of critical angle for a material of
refractive index √2?
9. Mention two important applications of the optic fibers.
10. State any two essential conditions for observing
sustained interference of light.
11. Our eye is more sensitive to yellow color then why do
we use red color for traffic light signal?
12. A light of wavelength 60000A in air enters a medium of
refractive index1.5, what will be its frequency in the
medium?
13. Derive a relation between focal length and radius of
concave mirror.
14. What is reflection of light? State laws of reflection.
15. For the same angle of incidence, the angles of
refraction in three media A,B and C are 150, 250and
350 respectively. In which medium would the velocity
of light be minimum?
16. What do you mean by dispersion and dispersive power
of prism?
17. Define resolving power of microscope. Write one factor
on which it depends?
18. Why cannot two independent monochromatic sources
produce sustained interference pattern?
19. What are polaroids? Give two examples.
20. A person with hypermetropic eye prefers to remove his
spectacles while looking at the sky. Why?

Four marks questions:
1. A converging lens has a focal length of 20cm in air. It
is made of a material of refractive index 1.6. If the lens
is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3. What
will be the new focal length of the lens?
2. Derive lens makers formula for convex lens.
3. What is total internal reflection? What is critical
angle? What are the necessary conditions for total
internal reflection?
4. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank
containing water to a depth of 80 cm. Find out area of
the surface of water through which light from the bulb
can emerge.
5. The radii of curvature of the faces of double convex
lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. if the focal length of lens is
12 cm. Find the refractive index of material of lens
6. A beam of light converges at a point P. A concave lens
of focal length 16cm is placed in the path of this beam
at 12 cm from P. Draw a ray diagram. Find the
location of the point at which the beam should now
converge?
7. What do you mean by hypermetropia? Explain its
causes and how it can be corrected with the help of
diagrams?
8. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially
with a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm.
The two are kept 15 cm apart. A point object is
placed40 cm in front of the convex lens. Find the
position of the image by this combination. Draw the
ray diagram showing the image formation.
11
9. Differentiate between polarized and unpolarized light.
How are they represented?
10. Differentiate between interference and diffraction.
Six marks questions:
1. (a) A ray of light is travelling from air to glass. How will
the following be affected:
(1) energy of wave (2) Frequency of wave © velocity of
wave
(b)With the help of neat and labeled ray diagram
discuss the construction and working of astronomical
telescope when the image is formed at the least
distance of distinct vision. Deduce the expression for its
magnifying power.
2. Draw a neat & labeled ray diagram showing the
formation of image in a compound microscope. Derive
an expression for its magnifying power. How can its
magnifying power be increased?
3. (a) Define minimum angle of deviation by prism.
(b) Derive an expression for refractive index of the
material of prism.
© Also show that small angle prisms can not deviate the
light much.
4. (a) What is accommodation power of human eye?
(b)What is near sightedness? Give its cause and how it
can be corrected?
(c)The far point of a myopicperson is 80 cm in front of
eye. What is the power of lens to enable him to see the
distant object clearly?
 12

5. (a)State and explain Huygen’s principle of wave theory
and prove laws of refraction on the basis of wave theory
of light.
(b)In a YDSE, two slits are separated by 5mm. A light of
wavelength 55000A falls on the slits. The distance of the
screen is 2m from the plane of slits. Calculate the
separation between 10th bright fringe and 3rd dark fringe
with respect to central maxima.
6. (a)Define Brewster’s law of polarization.
(b) Find the change in the focal length of a convex lens
having power 5D made up of glass of refractive index
1.50 is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.33.
7. (a)Describe Young’s double slit experiment to produce
interference pattern due to a monochromatic source of
light. Establish he conditions for maxima and minima
of pattern. Deduce the expression for fringe width.
(b) the ratio of widths pof two slits in YDSE is 4:1.
Evaluate the ratio of intensities at maxima and minima
in the interference pattern.
8. (a)State and explain the law of Malus.
(b)Two nicols are so oriented that the maximum amount
of light is transmitted. To what fraction of its maximum
value is the intensity of transmitted light reduced when
the analyzer is rotated through (1)45o (2) 90o (3) 180o.
9. (a)What is meant by diffraction of light? Discuss the
diffraction at a single slit. Explain energy distribution in
this diffraction pattern. Find the relation for width of
central maxima.
(b)In a single slit diffraction experiment, the first
minimum for red light (660nm) coincides with first
minimum of some other wavelength. Calculate other
wavelength.
10.(a) What is fringe shift? Derive an expression for it.
(b) What do you mean by fringe width? Derive an
expression or fringe width in the interference
pattern.
CHAPTER 7
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
One mark questions:
1. The mass of photon at rest is:
(a) 1 amu (b) 0 (c) 1.6x10-27 kg (d) 9.1x10-31kg
2. The thresh hold wavelength for a metal having work
function W0 is λ0. What is the threshold wavelength for
a metal having work function W0/2?
(a) λ0/2 (b) λ0/4 (c) 4λ0 (d) 2 λ0
3. Does the stopping potential in photoelectric emission
depend upon the frequency of incident radiation?
4. What happens to a photon when it passes through
crossed electric and magnetic fields?
5. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
6. Do non-metals show photoelectric effect?
7. Which photon is more energetic violet one or red one?
8. If intensity of incident radiation is doubled, what will be
the effect on cut off potential?
9. What do you mean by work function of metal?
10. On what factors the maximum velocity of
photoelectrons depends?
 13

Four marks questions: CHAPTER 8

1. State the laws of photoelectric emission.

2. Explain the laws of photoelectric emission on the basis
ATOMS AND NUCLIE
of Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Two marks questions:
3. What is photoelectric effect? Explain the effect of
increase of (a) frequency (b) intensity on incident 1. Which has greater ionization power: α particle or β
radiation on photoelectric current with suitable graphs. particle?
4. Light of wavelength 2200A falls on a photosensitive 2. Name the series of hydrogen atom which lies in U.V.
plate with work function 4.1ev.Find (a) energy of photon region?
in ev (b) maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron(C) 3. Name the series of hydrogen atom which lies in visible
stopping potential. region?
5. A photon and an electron have the same De Broglie 4. The nuclides like 17cl37 and 19k39, having same number
wavelength. Which has greater total energy? Explain. of neutrons are called………
6. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest 5. The electron emitted in beta decay originates from:
through same potential difference V. Find the ratio of (a) Inner orbits of atoms (b) Outer orbits of
de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. atoms
7. With the help of diagram discuss the experimental set
up used by hertz to study photoelectric effect. Show the © Decay of neutron into nucleus (d) Free electron exists
variation of photoelectric current with collector plate in nucleus
potential for different frequencies but same intensity of 6. Define decay constant.
same incident radiations. 7. Arrange the alpha, beta and gamma rays in the
8. The work function of cesium is 2.14ev. Find (a) thresh increasing order of their penetration power.
hold frequency for cesium (b) wavelength of incident 8. Name any material that can be used as moderator.
light if the photocurrent is brought to zero by a 9. What is the function of control roads?
stopping potential of 0.60 V. 10. Charge number increases by one during:
9. What is de-Broglie hypothesis? Derive an expression for (a) alpha decay (b) beta negative decay
de-Broglie wavelength. Also establish a relation between
de-Broglie wavelength and potential. © beta positive decay (d) gamma decay
10. Discuss the failure of wave theory to explain laws of
photoelectric effect.
 14

Four marks questions:

8. A nucleus undergoes beta decay to give the nucleus .
1. Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength for Write down the beta decay equation. Calculate the kinetic energy
Balmer series? of the electron emitted, assuming the mass of as 22.994466
2. Using Bohr’s second postulates of quantization of
u and that of as 22.989770 u. Rest mass of the electron may
orbital angular momentum show that the circumference
be ignored.
of electron in the nth orbital state in H-atom is n times
9. (a) The half life of a radioactive substance is 4 hours. In
the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it. Discuss at
how much time will 7/8th of the material decay?
least two limitations of Bohr’s atomic model.
(b)Tritium has a half life of 12.5 years against the beta
3. In an experiment on alpha-particle by a thin gold foil,
decay. What fraction of the sample of tritium will
draw a plot showing no of particles scattered versus the
remain un-decayed in 25 years?
scattering angle θ. Why is it that a very small fraction of
10. (a) Describe the phenomena of alpha decay.
the particles are scattered at θ>90. Discuss at least two
(b) What is means by Nuclear fission? What is chain
limitations of Rutherford model.
reaction?
4. (a)What is radioactivity? Explain the laws of
radioactivity
(b)A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5 years. After CHAPTER 9
how much time is its activity reduced to 3.125 % of its
original activity. SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES
5. Draw the graph showing the variation of B.E. / nucleon
with the mass no. for a large no. of nuclei 2< A< 240. One mark questions:
What are the main inferences from the graph? How do 1. Output of OR gate is 1:
you explain the constancy of BE in range 30< A (a) if both inputs are zero
<170.Explain the release of energy in the process of (b) if either input is zero
nuclear fission on the basis of this curve. (c) only, if both inputs are one
6. What do you mean by average life time? Establish the (d) if either or both inputs are one
relationship between decay constant & average lifetime 2. If both inputs are one, which of the following gate has
of a radioactive substance. zero output:
7. If 70% of a given radioactive sample is left un-decayed (a) AND (b) NOT (c) OR (d) NOR
after 20 days, what is the % of original sample will get 3. What is the phase difference between input and output
decayed in 60 days? wave form in the common emitter transistor amplifier?

4. Name any one semiconductor used to make L.E.D.
5. What is the order of energy gap in semiconductors?
6. How much is the value of energy gap in conductors?
7. What is the value of potential barrier for silicon
semiconductor?
8. What type of extrinsic semiconductor is formed when
Germanium is doped with indium?
9. Is P-type semiconductor has positive charge?
10. Draw the symbol for npn transistor.
11. What happened to the width of depletion layer when p-
n junction is forward biased?
12. What happened to the width of depletion layer when p-
n junction is reversed biased?
13. Write Boolean expression for AND gate.
14. Draw circuit diagram for OR gate.
15. Which one has higher mobility electron or hole?
Two marks questions:
1. Draw the logic symbol of NAND gate and write its truth
table.
2. For a common emitter amplifier, dc current gain is 100.
If base current is 20 μA then calculate collector and
emitter current.
3. What is the difference between p type and n type
semiconductors?
4. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors
5. Draw energy band diagram for silicon intrinsic
semiconductor at room temperature. What will happen
if temperature is increased?
6. Why common emitter amplifier is preferred over
common base amplifier?
15
7. What do you mean by biasing? discuss the forward
biasing of pn junction diode
8. How Zener diode is different from conventional p-n
junction diode?
9. Draw a circuit diagram for studying the V-I
characteristics of p-n junction diode .also draw V-I
characteristics for forward biasing and reverse biasing.
10. With the help of a diagram explain the term ‘Depletion
layer’ and ‘potential barrier’ in p-n junction diode?
Four marks questions:
1. What is rectifier? Explain the working of p-n junction
diode as full wave rectifier.
2. What is transistor? Discuss the working of npn
transistor as an common emitter amplifier
3. Explain the working of pnp common base transistor as
an amplifier.
4. What is p-n junction diode? With the help of circuit
diagrams explain the forward and reverse biasing of
diode.
5. What is Zener diode? How it is different from
conventional p-n junction diode? Explain how it can be
used as voltage regulator?
6. With the help of diagram discuss the working of
transistor as an oscillator.
7. Explain the working and amplifying action of transistor.
8. Draw the circuit diagram to study the input and output
characteristics of common emitter npn transistor.
9. What is photo diode? Discuss how the intensity of
incident radiation affect the reverse current of diode?
10. With the help of circuit diagram explain the use of
transistor as a switch.
 16

Chapter 10 6. What should be length of antenna for a carrier wave of

frequency 6 x 106 Hz?
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 7. A carrier 200v and 2400 khz is modulated by 100v,
2000Hz sine wave signal. Find the modulation index?
1. Radio waves of frequency 300 MHz to 3000MHz belongs 8. What is microwave propagation? How we can increase
to: its range?
(a) high frequency band (b) very high freq band 9. What do you mean by LOS communication? Which
types of waves are used for this communication?
© ultra high freq band (d) super high freq band
10. Explain why T.V. transmission towers are usually made
2. Sky wave propagation is suitable for: high?
(a) upto 2 MHz (b) 2 MHz to20 MHz
(c) 2 MHz to 40 MHz (d) 2MHz to 80 MHz
3. Name three basic elements of communication system.
4. What is the function of antenna?
5. What is the limit of frequency up to which signals using
ground wave communication can be transmitted?
6. What is repeater?
7. What is the function of transponder?
8. What is audio frequency range?
9. What is noise?
Two marks questions:
1. Why are the sky waves not used in the transmission of
T.V. signals?
2. What is modulation index and what is its physical
significance?
3. What is modulation? What is the need of modulation?
4. What is demodulation? Discuss the detection of
amplitude modulated wave with the help of diagram.
5. Write a short note on satellite communication.

Subject – Chemistry
Chapter-1
Solid State
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Some of very old glass objects appear slightly milky
instead of being transparent. Why?
2. Why amorphous solids are called pseudo solids or
super cooled liquids?
3. Why the glass of window panes of some old building
appears to be thick at the bottom?
4. What kind of symmetry is exhibited by match box ?
5. Electrical conductivity of a solid is found to have the
same value along all directions. What is the nature of
the solid ? What will happen if we cut this solid with a
knife?
6. A solid is made up of two elements P and Q .Atoms Q
are in CCP arrangement while atoms P occupies all
tetrahedral sites. What is the formula of the compound?
7. What are F-centers?
8. What are n-type and p-type semiconductors? Give one
example of each.
9. What is doping ? What is its importance?
10. How is ferromagnetism different from paramagnetism?
11. What is tetrahedral and octahedral void ?
17
12. Calculate the number of atoms in a cubic based unit
cell having one atom on each corner and two atoms on
each body diagonal .
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
13. Calculate the space occupied (packing efficiency) in bcc
unit cell?
14. Gold (atomic mass = 197) crystallizes in a FCC unit
cell. Its atomic radius is 0.144 nm. What is length of a
side of a cell? What is its density ?
15. Differentiate Schottky and Frekel defect and discuss the
effect on the density of crystal in both cases?
16. If an element (Atomic mass =60) occurs in bcc
structure with cell edge 300pm.What is its density
?
17. Distinguish between Crystalline and Amorphous solids.
18. An element A crystallises in fcc structure. 200g of this
element has 4.12x1024 atoms. The
density of A is 7.2g/cm3 . Calculate the edge length of
the unit cell.
19. A NaCl crystal has FCC lattice . What is the distance
between Na+ and Cl- if its density is 2.165 g/cm3.
( Atomic mass Na =23 amu , Cl =35.5 amu)
20. The density of chromium metal is 7.2g/cm3.if the unit
cell has edge length of 289pm
Determine the type of unit cell. ( Atomic mass of
chromium is 52 amu ; NA =6.02x1024 mol-1)
21. An element exists in bcc structure with a cell edge of
250pm. If the density of the element is 8 g cm-3,what is
atomic mass of the element? [NA=6.023x1023]

Chapter-2
Solution
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define normality.
2. Why does the molarity of a solution remain unchanged
with temperature?
3. What does 0.2 m solution of urea represent?
4. Define mole fraction. What is its units?
5. Why the patients suffering from high B.P are advised to
take minimum quantity of salt?
6. How water rises from the soil to the top of vary tall
trees?
7. Give one example of liquid in gas solution.
8. Define molal elevation constant .
9. Define cryoscopic constant .
10. State Raoult’s law.
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
11. (a) Why oxygen mixed with helium is used by deep sea
divers?
(b) A solution of 12.5 g of urea in 170 g of water gave a
boiling point elevation of 0.63 K. calculate the
molecular mass of urea taking Kb = 0.52 K/m.
12. (a)A mixture of chloroform and acetone shows a
negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Explain?
18
(b)Concentrated H2SO4 is 49% by mass. Density of the
solution is 1.5g/cm3. Determine molarity, molality and
normality of the solution. (Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98)
13. (a) Why is 1 molar aqueous solution more concentrated
than a 1 molal solution?
(b)0.5% Solution of Sucrose(Molarmass=342)is isotonic
with 0.877%Solution of urea.Find the molar mass of
urea.
14. (a)What is the difference between diffustion and
osmosis?
(b) The freezing point of a solution containing 0.3g of
acetic acid in 30.0g of benzene is lowered by 0.45
degree celcius. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor (Kf for
benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1).
15. (a) Why does chemist prefer molality over molarity?
(b) Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing
0.52g glucose (C6H12O6) in 80.2g of water. Kf for
water=1.86 K/m.
16. (a)Distinguish between ideal solution and non-ideal
solution?
(b) The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of cane
sugar (mol.mass=342) is 732mm at 100 oc. Calculate
the boiling point of the solution (Kb for water =0.52 C).
17. (a) “Vapour pressure of the solution is less than the
vapour pressure of the pure solvent” Explain?
(b) Calculate the amount of NaCl which must be added
to 100g of water so that the freezing point is depressed
by 2 K. For water Kf = 1.86 K/m.
 19

Chapter-3 (b) How will you prevent corrosion ?

8. (a) What is salt bridge? What are its advantages?
(b) What is cell constant ?
Electrochemsitry 9. What are fuel cells? Write down the reactions of H2 – O2
fuel cell?
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS 10. Differentiate between e.m.f and potential difference.
11. Give four points of differences between electrochemical cell
1. Calculate the e.m.f of the following cell:
and Electrolytic cell.
Mg(s) I Mg2+ (0.2M) II Ag+ (1x10-3M)I Ag(s)
12. (a)Can you store copper sulphate solution in a zinc pot?
Eo Mg+2/Mg = -2.37V,Eo Ag+/Ag = 0.80V (b)Why is the conductivity of a solution decreases with
dilution?
2. Calculate the e.m.f. of the cell at 250C 13. Calculate the molar conductance at infinite dilution for
Zn/ Zn+2 (0.01M) || Fe+2 (0.005M)/ Fe acetic acid, given
Eo (Zn /Zn2+) = 0.763V and E (Fe2+ /Fe ) = 0.44V 𝛌 om (HCl) =425, 𝛌 om (NaCl) =188 , 𝛌 om (CH3COONa ) =96
3. Calculate the emf of following cell at 25 oC Ω-1Cm2 mol-1
Cd|Cd2+ (0.001 M) || Fe2+ (0.6M) |Fe 14. Mention the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode
The standard reduction potentials of Cd2+/ Cd and Fe2+|Fe during working of a dry
are -0.403 and -0.441 volt respectively. Cell?
4. (a) Distinguish between metallic conductors and 15. (a)Can an electrochemical cell act as electrolytic cell ?
electrolytic conductors? How?
(b) Can a nickel spatula be used to stir a solution of (b)Define one faraday?
CuSO4?Support your answer with reason.
(Eo Ni+2/Ni = -0.25V;Eo Cu+2/Cu = +0.34V) Chapter-4
5. What type of a battery is the lead storage battery? Write
the anode and the cathode reactions and the overall
reaction occurring in a lead storage battery when current is Chemical Kinetics
drawn from it?
6. Define molar conductivity of a solution and explain how ONE MARK QUESTIONS
molar conductivity changes with change in concentration 1. What is first order reaction? Give example.
of solution for a weak and a strong electrolyte? 2. Define activation energy .
7. (a) What is corrosion? What is the formula of rust ?

3. Identify the order of the reaction if the rate constant
has the units :- L mol-1 sec-1
4. Why the rate of reaction does not remains constant
throughout the reaction process ?
5. Define molecularity of a reaction .
6. Define order of a reaction .
7. Define specific reaction rate or rate constant.
8. A reaction is found to be zero order reaction, will its
molecularity be zero?
9. Why reactions of high molecularity are rare?
10. What are effective collisions?
11. How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
12. A first order reaction is found to have a rate
constant, k=5.5x10-14 s-1 . Find the half life period of
the reaction.
13. A first order reaction is 20% complete in 10 minutes.
Determine the time taken for 80% completion of the
reaction?
14. Give Two points of differences between rate of a
reaction and rate constant.
15. What is half life period ? Derive an expression for
half life period of a first order reaction.
16. Distinguish between order and molecularity.
17. The rate constant for first order reaction is 60s-1.
How much time will it take to reduce the
concentration of the reaction to 1/10 of its initial
value?
20
18. A first order reaction takes 69.3 min for 50%
completion. Determine the time needed for 80%
completion.
19. Show that in case of a first order reaction, the time
taken for completion of 99.9% reaction is ten times
the time required for half change of the reaction?
20. The rate of most of reactions double when their
temperature is raised from 298k to 308K. Calculate
the activation energy of such a reaction.
21. What is the ratio of t3/4: t1/2 for the first order
reaction?
22. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 16
minutes. What fraction of the reaction would occur
in 32 minutes?
23. A retain is first order with respect to A and second
order with respect to B. What will happen to the rate
if concentration of A and B are doubled?
24. 60% of a reaction was completed in 60 minutes.
When was its half completed?
25. A reaction is first order with respect to A and second
order with respect to B. What Happen to the rate if
concentration of A and B are doubled?
26. 2NO2+F2 → 2NO2F
Write the rate of reaction in terms of
(a)Rate of formation of NO2F
(b) Rate of disappearance of NO2
27. Half life of a reaction is inversely proportional to
initial concentration of the reactant. Determine the
order of this reaction.
 21

Chapter:5 (b) How Artificial Rain is done?

13. Discuss any two applications of colloids?
14. (a)Is adsorption exothermic in nature? Why?
Surface Chemistry (b) What is the difference between adsorption and
absorption?
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS 15. (a)Out of PO4 3- , CO3 2-, Cl-1, which wil act as the best
coagulating agent for Fe (OH)3 ?
1. (a)Bleeding is stopped by the application of alum to a
(b) Give any three points of differences between true
wound. Why ?
solution and colloids .
(b)Why sky appears blue?
2. Distinguish between Physiosorption and
Chemisorption.
Chapter:-6
3. What are shape selective catalysts? Give one example.
4. (a)Why is smoke passed through charged plate before General principles and processes
allowing it to come out of chimneys in factories?
(b) What does CMC stand for?
of isolation of elements
5. Explain 1. Electrophoresis 2.Brownian movement
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
6. (a) A liquid is found to scatter a beam of light but leaves
no residue when passed through the filter paper. What 1. What is meant by smelting? Give examples.
can the liquid be described as? 2. Every ore is a mineral but every mineral is not an ore.
(b) Delta are generally formed when river meet the Comment.
ocean.Comment? 3. What is the basic difference between Roasting and
7. What are two types of emulsions ? Give examples. Calcination ?
8. (a) What are emulsifiers? Give examples? 4. Define flux. Give examples of acidic and basic flux?
(b) What is flocculation value? 5. What is Mond’s process of refining of nickel ?
9. Explain 1. Tyndal effect 2.Brownian movement. 6. What is ore dressing?
10. (a) What is mean by specificity of enzyme? 7. Explain the role of depressant in froth floatation
(b) Describe the bredig’s arc method for the preparation process with suitable example.
of metals sols. 8. What is the significance of leaching in the extraction of
11. Define Peptization. What is its cause? aluminum?
12. (a) What is Dialysis?

9. Explain the method of magnetic separation for
refining of metals.
10. Why does copper obtained from copper pyrite has a
blistered appearance?
11. What is the role of Cryolite in the metallurgy of
aluminum?
12. Give the principle of zone refining method, in refining
of metals.
13. Give two uses of iron metal .
14. Which type of ores are concentrated by froth floatation
process?
15. What is the role of NaCN in the extraction of silver from
a silver ore?
Chapter:-7
p- block elements
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
1. (a) NH3 is liquid where as PH3 is a gas. Why?
(b) Which is more acidic and why? HCIO, HIO,
HBrO
2. (a) Noble gases are inert. Why?
(b) Dinitrogen is not particularly reactive.Explain.
3. (a) Ammonia is stronger base than phosphine.Why?
(b) SF6 is known while SCl6 not? Why?
4. (a) H3PO2 is a monobasic acid. Comment
(b) Why solid CO2 is called dry ice?
5. (a) Why NH3 act as a Lewis base?
22
(b) The bond angle in PH3 is less than that in NH3.
Why?
6. (a) Why +3 oxidation state of Bi is more stable than
+5?
(b) Ionization enthalpy of nitrogen is more than
oxygen. Why?
7. (a) Explain why ‘N’ and ‘Bi’ do not form pentahalides
while phosphorous does?
(b) Interhalogen compounds are more reactive. Why?
8. (a) Why pentahalides of nitrogen are not formed?
(b) Why noble gases have low boiling point?
9. (a) What is Inert pair effect? Explain with suitable
example.
(b) The electron gain enthalpy with negative sign for
oxygen (-141 KJ mol-1) is less than
that of Sulphur (-200 KJ mol-1). Why?
10. (a) Bond energy of 'F2' is less than 'Cl2'. Why?
(b) Phosphorus is more reactive than nitrogen.
Explain.
SIX MARK QUESTIONS
11. (a) HClO4 is a stronger acid than H2SO4. Why?
(b) All the bonds in a molecule of PCl5 are not
equivalent? Explain.
(c) Explain why H2O is a liquid but H2S is a gas?
12. (a) NH3 acts as a complexing agent. How?
(b) Bi+5 is a strong oxidizing agent why?
(c) SF6is known but SH6 is not known. Why?
13. (a)Draw structure of N2O5 and N2O3.
(b)Why are pentalialides more covalent than
trihalides?

(c)SF4 undergoes hydrolysis but SF6does not. Why?
14. (a)‘F’ is more electronegative than ‘I’, even then HF
has lower acidic strength as compare to HI. Why?
(b)Why nitrogen does not extend its valency beyond
four?
(c) Write structural formula of H2SO5 , H2SO4
15. (a)NF3 is stable while NCl3, NBr3, NI3 are unstable.
Why?
(b) Arrange the following :- NH3 , PH3, BiH3, SbH3,
AsH3 in terms of :-
(i) Thermal stability (ii) Increasing Basic character
(c) OF2 is known as oxygen difluoride and not
fluorine oxide. Why?
16. (a)F2 is better oxidizing agent than Cl2. Why?
(b) PCl5 is known while PI5 not.Explain.
(c)Why conc. HNO3 turns yellow on exposure to
light?
17. (a) Solid phosphorus pentachloride act as an ionic
compound. How?
(b) Oxgyen exist as gas while sulphur exist as a solid
at room temperature? Why?
(c) Why NF3 is an exothermic compound but NCl3 is
an endothermic compound?
18. (a) Oxygen exhibit only -2 oxidation state in most
cases while other member of oxygen family show +4
& +6 oxidation states as well. Explain why?
(b) Draw structures of XeO4 and XeO2F4 .
19. (a) The M.P of group 15 elements first increases from
nitrogen to arsenic and the decrease to antimony &
bismuth.Why?
(b)Why white phosphorous is store under water?
23
(c)Halogens show some specific colors. Why?
20. (a) ClF3 exist but FCl3does not. Why?
(b)Fluorine exhibits only -1 oxidation state whereas
other halogens exhibit +1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation
states. Explain?
(a) What is aqua frotis?
21. (a)Axial bonds are stronger than equatorial bonds in
PCl5. Why?
(b) Draw structure of (a) cyclotrimetaphosphoric
acid. (b) linear polymetaphosphoric acid.
22. (a)Xenon does not form fluorides such as XeF3 and
XeF5. Why?
(b)Draw the structures of PCl3 and PCl5.
(c)Nitrogen exist as diatomic molecule while
phosphorus exist as telratomic molecule P4.
Explain?
23. (a) Why do noble gas form compounds with fluorine
and oxygen only?
(b)Give structure of H3PO3 and What is its basicity?
(c) What is laughing gas?
24. (a)Name the three allotropic forms of phosphorus.
Draw the structure of white phosphorus?
(b)Why chlorine act as bleaching agent?
(c)Why do noble gases have comparatively large
atomic sizes ?
25. (a)Why does (CH3)3P=O exist but (CH3)3N=O does
not ?
(b)Draw structures of XeO3 and XeF6
 24

Chapter:-8 9. (a) Why are Ni2+ compounds more stable than Pt2+ While
Pt4+ compounds are more stable than Ni4+ compounds?

d & f- block elements (b) Why do transition metals act as catalysts?

TWO MARK QUESTIONS (c) Draw structure of permanganate ion.

1. Why is KMNO4 Kept in dark bottles? 10. (a) Why transition elements from alloys?
2. Why do transition elements from colored
(b) Cu+, Ag+, Sc3+ are colorless. Explain?
compounds?
3. Why transition elements exhibit large number of (c) Draw structure of dichromate ion.
oxidation states?
4. Zn and Cd are normally not considered as transition 11. (a) Zn,Cd,Hg are volatile metals. Explain?
metals. Why?
(b) Cuprous chloride is diamagnetic While cupric chloride
5. What are general electronic configuration of d & f
is paramagnetic. Why ?
block elements?
6. Write two uses of K2Cr2O7. (c) Write the chemistry of chromyl chloride test?
SIX MARK QUESTIONS 12. (a) How oxidation states of transition elements different
from p block elements?
7. (a) [ T1(H2O)6 ]3+ is a colored while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is
colorless. Explain? (b) Give two points of differences between lanthanoids and
(b) Why is manganese more stable in the +2 state actinoids.
than +3 state while the reverse is true for iron?
(c) Complete the following chemical reaction equation
(c)Draw the structure of chromate ion.
Cr2o72- (aq) + Fe 2+ (aq) + H+ (aq)
8. (a) Out of La(OH)3 and Lu(OH)3 . Which one is more basic
and why?

(b) What is Lanthanide contraction?

(c) What is the cause of Lanthanide contraction?

 25

Chapter:-9
Chapter:-10
Co-Ordination Compounds
TWO MARK QUESTIONS Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
1. Define coordination entity and coordination number. SIX MARK QUESTIONS
2. Give IUPAC name of the following coordination
compounds : 1. Write down:-
K3[Fe(CN)6] (a) Wurtz reaction
(b) Frankland’s reaction
[Cu(NH3)4] SO4 (C) Gatterman reaction
(d) Wurtz fitting reaction
3. A solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green but a solution of (e) Hunsdiecker reaction
[Ni(CN)4]2- is colorless. Explain. (f ) Groove’s Process
4. What are homoleptic and heteroleptic Complexes ? 2. (a) Why chloroform is stored in dark colored bottles?
5. Write the formulas for the following coordination (b) Why alkyl halides are immiscible in water
compounds:- although these are polar?
tetraamminediaquacobalt(III) chloride (c) Why the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower
potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) than that of cyclohexyl chloride?
6. Tetrahedral complexes don’t show geometrical isomers. 3. (a) The treatment of an alkyl chloride with aqueous
Why? KOH leads to the formation of an alcohol whereas in
7. NH3 readily form complexes but NH4+ does not. Why? the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkene is the major
8. Which of the following show optical isomers? product. Explain.
1. Cis-[CrCl2(ox)2]3- 2. Trans-[CrCl2(ox)2]3- (b) How do the products differ when ethyl bromide
9. What are hydrate and linkage isomers? Give examples. reacts separately with (i) KCN (ii) AgCN
10. Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic while[Fe(CN)6]4- is (c) Ethyl Iodide undergoes SN2 reaction faster than
diamagnetic. Explain. Ethyl Bromide.Why?
11. What are low spin and high spin complexes? 4. Write down:-
12. What is meant by the chelate effect? Give an example (a) Fittig reaction
(b) Sandmeyer reaction

(c) Ullmann’s reactin
(d) Finkelstein reaction
(e) Dehydrohalogenation
(f) Fridel crafts acylation
5. (a)Why vinyl halide and aryl halide does not give SN1
& SN2 reaction easily but allyl halide and benzyl
halide undergo these reactions very easily?
(b)Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes
towards neucleophilic substitution reactions. Why?
(c) What is Kharasch effect or peroxide effect?
6. Write down:- (a) Friedel Crafts alkylation (b)
Swart’s raction(C) Williamson’s synthesis
(d) Hofmann’s Ammonolysis reaction (e) Corey
House reaction(f) Balz – Schiemann reaction
7. (a) Explain the purpose of Anhyd. ZnCl2 in
preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols .
(b)Why does electrophilic substitution take place at
Ortho and Para position in haloarenes?
(c) Out of HCl and SOCl2 which is preferred for
converting ethanol into chloroethane and why?
8. (a) Give two uses of Freon.
(b) Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing
group (having- I effect) yet it is ortho-para
directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution
reaction. Why?
(c) Why the boiling points of alkyl chlorides,
bromides and iodides are considerably higher than
those of the hydrocarbons of comparable molecular
masses?
9. (a) Discuss the mechanism of SN1 Reaction using
suitable example?
26
(b) Which is rate determining step in SN1 Reaction?
(c) Which one of the following passes undergoes SN1
Reaction faster and why?
10. (a) Treatment of alkyl halides with AgNO2 give
mainly nitroalkanes while that with KNO2 give
mainly alkyl nitrites. Why?
(b) Discuss the mechanism of SN2 Reaction using
suitable example?
(c) Why it is known as concerted mechanism?
Chapter:-11
Alcohols,phenols,ethers
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. How will you obtain alcohols from haloalkanes?
2. C2H5OH has higher boiling point than C2H5Br. Why?
3. Give two important uses of methanol.
4. What is rectified spirit?
5. Alcohols are weaker acid than water. Why?
6. Why ethers are cleaved only by acids and not by
bases?
7. Ethers have low boiling points than corresponding
alcohols?
 27

8. Primary alcohols are strongest acids and tertiary are 17. (a)Give two important uses of ethers.
weakest . Why ? (b)Boiling point of O-nitrophenol is less than that of
9. Alcohols are more soluble in water than p-nitrophenol. Explain.
alkanes.Why? 18. (a) Diethyl ether is less soluble in water. Why?
10. How will you prepare phenol from Benzene? (b)Dipole moment of methanol is higher than that of
11. Ethers are lewis bases. Commet. phenol. Why?
12. Complete the following reactions :- 19. (a)Preparation of ethers by acid-catalysed
dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols is not
suitable method. Give reason.
(b) How will you distinguish 10 , 20, 30 alcohols by
time test .
20. (a) What is William son’s synthesis . Give example.
(b) Why di-tert. butyl ether cannot be prepared by
FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS Williamson's Synthesis.
13. (a) Phenols are stronger acid than alcohols. Explain? 21. (a)Discuss Victor Meyer’s test to distinguish 10 , 20,
(b)Discuss the mechanism of dehydration of 30 alcohols .
alcohols. (b)What will be the products in following reaction :-
14. (a) Grignard’s reagent is used in ethers but not in
benzene. Why?
(b) Give any two limitations of williamsons’s
systhesis.
15. (a) Anisole is less reactive than phenol towards
electrophillic substitution reactions. Why?
(b)How will you prepare tert butyl ethyl ether with
Williamson’s synthesis?
16. (a)O-nitrophenol is more acidic than O-methoxy
phenol. Why?
(b)Phenols can undergo electrophillic substitution
reactions while alcohols does not. Why?
 28

Chapter:-12 8. Distinguish the following with suitable chemical

test:-
(a)Acetic acid & Formic acid
Aldehydes,Ketones and (b)Benzoic acid & phenol
Carboxalic acids 9. (a)The carboxylic carbon of carboxylic acids is less
electrophillic than carbonyl carbon of aldehydes &
ONE MARK QUESTIONS ketones. Why?
(b)Compare acidic strength of benzoic acid, formic
1. Out of Ethanoic & Methanoic acid, which one is acid & acetic acid.
more acidic? Why? 10. (a) Although phenoxide ion has more number of
2. What happen when an acetaldehyde reacts with resonating structure than carboxylate ion,
hydroxyl amine? carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?
3. Chloroacetic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid. (b)Why it is necessary to control pH during the
Why? reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia
4. How can you distinguish an alcohol and a derivatives?
carboxylic acid ? 11. (a)Why aldehydes are more reactive than ketones?
5. Out of p-chlorobenzoic acid and p-nitrobenzoic acid (b)What is aldol condensation? Give Example.
which is stronger acid and why? 12. (a)Formaldehyde give Cannizaro’s reaction with
6. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound NaOH while acetaldehyde does not. Why?
b)Write a short note on cross aldol-condensation
with suitable example.
13. Give a chemical test to distinguish between:-
(a) Propanal and Propanone (b) Acetophenone and
Benzophenone
14. Convert:- (i) Nitrobenzene to Benzoic acid
FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS (ii) Benzoic acid to m-bromo benzoic acid
15. Write short note on:-
7. (a)Carbonyl compounds mainly show nucleophilic (a) Benzoin condensation (b) Etard’s reaction
addition reactions. Why? 16. (a) Complete the reaction :-
(b)What is Hell Volhard Zelinsky Reaction?
(CH3 COO)2 Ca

(b) Which one is stronger acid and why?
Chapter:-13
Organic compounds containing
nitrogen
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Amines are more basic than alcohols. Comment.
2. Aromatic amines are almost insoluble in water.Why?
3. Why alkylamines are more basic than ammonia?
4. n-butyl amine has more boiling point than trimethyl
amine. Why?
5. Why do amines act as nucleophiles?
6. pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine.
Why?
7. Why tertiary amines are more basic than primary
amines?
8. What is 'diazotisation'?
9. Why tertiary amines do not undergo acylation?
10. Name a chemical test is used to distinguish pri-,sec-
,tert- amines .
29
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
11. Convert nitrobenzene into phenol.
12. Convert alkyl halides to primary amines .
13. What is Gabrial pthalimide reaction?
14. Compare the basic strength of pri-, sec-, tert-
amines in aqueous solvent.
15. What is Schotten Baumann reaction ?
16. Give a chemical test to distinguish between aniline
and N-methyl aniline.
17. What is carbyl amine reaction?
18. Aromatic amines are weaker bases than aliphatic
amines. Explain .
19. Synthesis 1, 3,5 tribromobenzene from aniline.
20. Aniline does not undergo Friedel crafts alkylation.
Explain.
21. Write down Hoffmann mustard oil reaction.
22. How is Schiff’s base prepared?
23. Can we prepare aniline by Gabrial pthalimide
reaction?
How will you convert Benzamine to benzoic acid ?
Chapter:-14
Polymers
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is PVC ? Name the monomer of PVC.
2. What is the function of S in the Valcanization of
rubber?
 30

3. Name the monomers of Nylon 6,6 . 5. What is the chemical name of vitamins A and disease
4. What are natural and synthetic polymer? Give caused by its deficiency?
example. 6. What is glycosidic Linkage?
5. What are addition and condensation polymers? Give 7. What is main function of nucleic acids in the body ?
example. 8. What is the chemical name of vitamin B and disease
6. Distinguish between chain growth and step growth caused by its deficiency?
polymer. 9. Write down one main source and one deficiency disease
7. Define the terms:- 1. Fibres 2. Elastomers of vitamin C.
8. What are thermosetting polymers and thermoplastics?
9. Distinguish between Homopolymers and co-polymers. TWO MARK QUESTIONS
10. What are linear, branched chain polymers? 10. Distinguish between nucleoside and nucleotide.
11. What is Buna –S? How is it synthesized? 11. What are proteins? Describe the primary structure of
12. Give the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde to get protein?
bakelite. 12. What are acidic and basic amino acids?
13. Synthesize:- (a) PAN (b) Nylone 6,6 13. What are complementary bases of :-
14. Synthesize:- (a) Nylon6,10 (b) Neoprene (a) Adenine (b) Thymine (c) Guanine (d) Cytosine in
Synthesize:- (a) Buna-N (b) Polystyrene DNA ?
14. What is meant by denaturation of proteins ?
Chapter:-15 15. What are complete and incomplete proteins?
16. Give two points of differences between RNA and DNA.
Biomolecules 17. Write two differences between globular and fibrous
proteins?
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 18. What is peptide linkage? Give example.

1. What is Replication?
2. Which are water soluble vitamins?
3. It a diet consisting mainly of rice an adequate diet. Why
or why not?
4. What is main function of carbohydrates in the body ?
 31

Chapter:-16
Subject – Biology
Chemistry in daily life Unit I
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
REPRODUCTION
1. What are Tranquilizers? Give examples.
2. What are food preservatives? Name one substance. ONE MARK QUESTIONS
3. Why do soaps not work in hard water?
4. What are antibiotics ? 1. Name the vegetative propagule of Bryophyllum.
5. What are Narcotic analgesics and Nor-narcotic 2. Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or
analgesics? Give examples. asexual? Why?
6. Why synthetic detergents are better than soaps ? 3. What are gemmules?
7. What are antihistamines? Give example? 4. Which type of asexual reproduction is found in Hydra?
8. What is tincture of Iodine and why is it used for? 5. Why is Amoeba called immortal?
9. How aspirin does help in the heart attack? 6. How does yeast reproduce?
10. Name a sweating agent used for diabetic patients. 7. What is sexual dimorphism?
11. What are Disinfectants? Give example. 8. Why is apple called false fruit?
12. What are antiseptics? Give example. 9. Give the term for pollination by bats.
13. Which is first discovered antibiotic? 10. Define Geitonogamy.
14. Name the medicine which is used as an antacid. 11. Define chiropterophily.
15. Name a substance which can be used as antiseptic as 12. Define Parthinocarpy.
well as disinfectant. 13. Define porogamy.
14. Name the outer covering of seed.
15. At what stage does mammalian embryo implanted in
uterus?
16. What is spermiation?
17. What is colostrum?
18. Define Amniocentesis.
19. What is the function of scrotal sacs?

20. What is corpus luteum? Give its function.
21. What is surrogate mother?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is emasculation? How is it useful in plant
breeding programme?
2. What is double fertilization?
3. Draw a labeled diagram of anatropous ovule.
4. What are Leydig’s cells? Write their function.
5. What is cleavage? How many hours after fertilisation
does first cleavage occur in human zygote?
6. Draw a labeled diagram of human spermatozoon.
7. What is cortical reaction?
8. What are Sertoli cells? Write their function.
9. What is artificial insemination? What are its
advantages?
10. What are STD’s? Name some STD’s?
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain the development of female gametophyte with
the help of suitable diagram.
2. Write any four characteristics of insect pollinated
flowers.
3. What are advantages of cross pollination over self
pollination?
4. What is organogenesis? Describe the fate of three germ
layers during organogenesis.
5. Describe the reproductive system of human female.
6. Draw a labelled diagram of L.S. of human testis.
32
7. Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule with
help of suitable diagram
8. Write briefly about the surgical methods of birth
control.
9. Expand ZIFT, GIFT, IUD, ICSI.
10. Discuss various temporary methods of birth control.
SIX MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define reproductive health. Enlist the problems
associated with the reproductive health. What strategies
have been adopted to achieve a reproductively healthy
society
2. Describe the various modes of asexual reproduction in
the living organisms.
3. Describe the development of a dicot embryo with
suitable diagrams.
4. Write a note on the development of endosperm. Mention
the types with examples.
5. What is oogenesis? Where does it take place? Explain
the process with help of suitable diagram.
6. What is menstruation? Explain various phases of
menstrual cycle. Also describe the hormonal control of
menstrual cycle in human female.
7. Explain various special techniques which can be used
in assisted reproductive technologies.
8. Explain diagrammatically various physical and
chemical events of fertilization in humans
 33

UNIT II 2. “Mendel was lucky in selecting seven particular

characteristics of pea plant”. Comment on this
statement.
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 3. Why is Mendel considered as father of genetics?
4. What is test cross? What is its use in genetics?
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
5. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood
1. What is meaning of aphorism “Like begs like” group B. They have a child with blood group O. Work
2. Name the scientists who rediscovered Mendel’s laws of out the cross and predict the blood groups of other
heredity. offspring.
3. What are alleles? 6. Why is human genome project called mega project ?
4. Name the chromosomal disorder due to trisomy of 21st 7. Discuss the composition of transcription unit.
chromosome. 8. What are vestigial organs? Give examples.
5. What is Pleiotropy? 9. State and explain biogenetic law.
6. What is Aneuploidy? 10. What do you mean by industrial melanism.
7. What is central dogma? 11. What are homologous organs. Give example.
8. Name the initiation codons.
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
9. What is cistron?
10. What is the site of protein synthesis? 1. State and explain Mendel’s law of independent
11. What are Okazaki fragments? assortment with help of suitable diagram.
12. What are eobionts? 2. What are the reasons behind Mendel’s success?
13. What is genetic drift? 3. State and explain chrpmosome theory of inheritance.
14. What are coacervates? 4. Explain the Genetics of Turner’s syndrome along with
15. Describe evolution in three words. its symptoms.
16. Give an example of connecting link. 5. A colour blind child is born to a normal couple. Work
out the cross and explain the genetics behind it.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
6. What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.
1. Why Mendel did selected pea plant for his 7. What is genetic code? Discuss its nature.
experimentation? 8. Describe the modern concept of evolution.
9. Describe Hardy-Weinberg principle.
 34

10. How does fossil of Achaeopteryx provide evidences in 5. Name two toxic chemicals present in tobacco
favour of evolution of birds from reptiles? 6. Define totipotency
7. What is callus
SIX MARK QUESTIONS 8. What do you mean by mutation breeding?
1. What is incomplete dominance? Explain with the help 9. What is ‘Golden Rice’?
of cross. 10. What is meant by biofotification?
2. Taking example of ABO blood types of human, explain 11. What do you mean by white revolution?
the phenomenon of multiple alleles and co-dominance. 12. Name the bacteria responsible for formation of curd
3. Explain the Lac-Operon of E coli with the help of from milk.
schematic representation. 13. What are methanogens?
4. Describe the mechanism of DNA replication with the TWO MARK QUESTIONS
help of suitable diagrams.
5. Explain Griffiths experiment to show that DNA is 1. “Tobacco smoke is carcinogenic” Comment on this
genetic material. statement.
6. Describe the mechanism of protein synthesis in 2. Expand SCID, AIDS, ELISA, CMIS.
prokaryotes with the help of suitable diagram. 3. Give an account of 1. Filariasis 2. Ascariasis
7. Explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection. 4. Draw a labelled diagram of antibody molecule.
8. Give a brief account of Lamarck’s theory of evolution. 5. Define autoimmune diseases. Give two examples.
6. Differentiate between B-Cells & T-Cells.
UNIT III 7. Is alcohol stimulant or depressant? Describe the ill
effects of alcoholism on human body.
BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE 8. Name any four diseases spread by house fly.
9. “Feeling of warmth after alcohol consumption is false”
ONE MARK QUESTIONS Comment on the statement.
10. Write a short note on single cell protein.
1. Which lymphocytes form the cell mediated immune 11. What do you mean by biofortification?
system`? 12. What is plant breeding? Enlist varios steps involved in
2. Name the casual organism of typhoid. plant
3. Why is AIDS called secondary immune-deficiency? 13. Breeding.
4. What are carcinogens? 14. What is baker’s yeast? Give its application
 35

FOUR MARK QUESTIONS

Unit – IV
1. Name the pathogen that causes pneumonia. List its
symptoms and mode of transmission. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS
2. Name the pathogen that causes amoebiasis. List its
symptoms and mode of transmission.
APPLICATIONS
3. Name any two hallucinogens. What are their effects on
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
human body?
4. Write a short note on drug addiction. 1. What are palindromes
5. What is cancer? Briefly discuss different types of 2. What is ori?
cancer. 3. Define selectable marker.
6. Write a short note on CMIS. 4. What are bioreactors?
7. Briefly explain the functions of following with reference 5. What is passenger DNA?
to immunity. 6. Name the bacteria which act as natural genetic
Antibodies engineer.
Helper T- Cells 7. Define elution.
B- cells 8. Expand GMO.
Phagocytes 9. How is inactive Bt toxin converted into its active form,
8. What do you mean by term single cell protein. What are 10. Name the insulin produced by genetic engineering.
advantages of using single cell protein as food. 11. What are transgenic animals?
9. Describe the steps involved in plant disuse culture 12. Name the bacteria which produces Bt toxin.
technique.
10. Discuss the role of microbes in sewage treatment. TWO MARK QUESTIONS
11. Name one symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria. How does
1. Briefly write about downstream processing.
it help in nitrogen fixation?
2. Make a list of tools needed for recombinant DNA
technology.
3. What are molecular scissors? Describe their role in
recombinant DNA technology?
4. What are cloning vectors? Write name of commonly
used vectors.

5. What is the role of selectable marker in genetic
engineering?
6. Explain gene gun method for introduction of alien DNA
into host.
7. Describe various types of enzymes needed for
recombinant DNA technology.
8. Write a short note on electroporation.
9. What are DNA ligases? Write two uses of gene cloning.
10. What essential features must be present in cloning
vehicle?
11. What is the role of restriction endonuclease enzyme in
recombinant DNA technology?
12. Write a short note on biopatent.
13. What do you mean by biopiracy?
14. How was insulin obtained before the advent of
recombinant DNA technology?
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
1. Expand PCR. Explain the working mechanism of PCR.
How does it help in amplification of gene of interest?
2. What do you mean by recombinant DNA technology?
Discuss various tools needed for recombinant DNA
technology.
3. What are "Cry proteins"? Name an organism that
produces it. How has man exploited this protein to his
benefit?
4. What is genetic engineering? Explain the process of
genetic engineering technology.
36
5. What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
6. Explain the structure of insulin molecule. Briefly
discuss the steps involved in production of genetic
engineered protein.
7. What are transgenic animals? How are transgenic
animals helpful to us?
8. Explain how biotechnology can be helpful in achieving
sustainable agriculture?
9. What is down stream processing? What are its
advantages in obtaining the commercial products?
10. What are the advantages of genetic engineering in crop
improvement?
11. What are GM crops? Write two advantages and two
disadvantages of GM Crops.
UNIT – V
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is an ecosystem
2. Who coined the term ecosystem?
3. What are two main components of ecosystem?
4. How will you calculate net productivity?
5. Which pyramid is always upright?
6. Define stratification?
7. What do you mean by gross primary productivity of an
ecosystem?
8. Define ecology.

9. Who coined the term ecology?
10. Define commensalism.
11. Give an example of ammensalism.
12. Name two organisms associated to form lichens.
13. What does the term ‘biota’ mean?
14. What do you mean by carrying capacity of
environment?
15. What is zero population growth?
16. What is Mycorrhiza?
17. What are day neutral plants?
18. Define predation.
19. What does J shaped growth curve of a population
indicate?
20. What is Allen’s Rule?
21. What is Red data book?
22. Expand IUCN.
23. Name the first national park of India
24. What is Ex-situ conservation?
25. What is biological magnification?
26. What is global warming?
27. Define algal bloom.
28. Expand CFC, CNG, BOD, SPM.
29. Name on synthetic greenhouse gas.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate between grazing food chain and detritus
food chain.
2. Differentiate between food chain and food web.
37
3. “Length of food chain in an ecosystem is limited to 3-4
trophic levels” Explain why?
4. Give an account of ecological succession.
5. A parasitic food chain always has an inverted ecological
pyramid of number. Explain how?
6. Differentiate between S shaped and J shaped pattern of
population growth.
7. Differentiate between natality rate and mortality rate.
8. Differentiate between habitat and niche.
9. What are heliophytes? Give their major characteristics.
10. State Gause’s competitive exclusion principle.
11. Differentiate between immigration and emigration.
12. Differentiate between hibernation and aestivation.
13. What do you mean by hot spots of biodiversity?
14. What is MAB programme?
15. What is acid rain? Mention its one effect.
16. What is Eutrophication ? What are its effects?
17. Write a note on biological oxygen demand (B.O.D.).
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS
1. What are ecological pyramids? Describe pyramid of
number and biomass.
2. What is primary productivity? How is it different from
secondary productivity? Give brief description of factors
that affect primary productivity.
3. What is food web? How is it different from food chain?
4. ‘All the solar energy trapped by green plants is
ultimately returned to environment’ Comment on the
statement.

5. What is ten percent law of energy? Give an account of
energy flow in an ecosystem.
6. Is it possible for a species to occupy more than one
trophic level in an ecosystem at one time? Explain with
help of an example.
7. State and explain Gause’s competitive exclusion
principle.
8. What are different types of adaptations in animals?
Explain with suitable examples.
9. What is commensalism? Explain with the help of an
example.
10. Write the ecological adaptations of xerophytes.
11. Explain the brood parasitism with example.
12. Explain different types of ecological adaptations of
hydrophytes.
13. How is photochemical smog formed? How is it harmful
to plants and animals?
14. What is ozone depletion? What are its causes and
effects?
15. Define global warming. Give any two causes of global
warming.
16. What are primary pollutants and secondary pollutants?
Give examples.
SIX MARK QUESTIONS
1. Discuss nitrogen cycle in nature.
2. What is ecosystem? Explain two main components of an
ecosystem.
3. Define ecological succession. Describe ecological
succession on a bare rock.
38
4. Discuss carbon cycle with help of a schematic labelled
diagram.
5. What are the different adaptations in animals? Explain
desert adaptations in
6. animals,
7. Discuss the ecosystem of a pond with suitable
examples.
8. Discuss various causes of loss of biodiversity.
9. What is biodiversity? What is the importance of
biodiversity for mankind?
10. Explain various methods of conservation of biodiversity.
11. Discuss three important components of biodiversity.
12. What is deforestation? Write any five consequences of
deforestation.
13. Write about major atmospheric pollutants and their
sources.
14. Describe the ill effects of air pollution on plants and
human beings.
15. Briefly discuss the causes, effects and control measures
of global warming.