H5CPNW-E1

The University of Nottingham

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A LEVEL C MODULE, AUTUMN SEMESTER 2004-2005

POWER NETWORKS

Time allowed TWO Hours

Candidates must NOT start writing their answers until told to do so

Answer THREE questions

Only silent, self-contained calculators with a single line display are permitted in this
examination.

Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English
may use a standard translation dictionary to translate between that language and English
provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific dictionaries
are not permitted.

No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries,
may be used.

DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: Graph Paper

H5CPNW-E1 Turn over

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1. (a) A 22 kV, 45 MVA star connected 3 phase synchronous generator has a 16 ohm
synchronous reactance and has a maximum excitation of 44 kV If the maximum
input power from the turbines is 35 MW and the stability margin is 10% of the
rated MVA draw the machine operation chart for this machine.
[14 marks]

(b) The generator given in question 1 (a) is to supply a 22kV load of 35MW with a
0.6 power factor, what size of shunt compensation capacitance (in Farads) is
needed to enable the generator to operate in its correct operating region
(assume an operating frequency of 50Hz). [6 marks]

2. (a) Show that the fault current for a phase to ground fault If is given by
3E
If =
Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3R f

where Z0 and Z1 and Z2 are the zero, positive and negative sequence system
impedances respectively, Rf is the fault resistance and E is the supply phase
voltage. [8 marks]

(b) A phase to ground fault of resistance 100 ohms occurs at the mid-point of the 10
km line connecting to power system networks depicted in Figure 2a with
parameters as given in Table 2a. Using 100 MVA as the base MVA give the per
unit sequence impedance networks for this fault on the system in Figure 2a.
[8 marks]

(c) Calculate the positive sequence currents drawn by each of the power systems P1
and P2 for the phase to ground fault described in 2 b. [4 marks]

P1 T1 Transmission line T2 P2

Figure 2 a.
Table 2 a. Component per unit reactance at VA rating given

Component Line Voltage Rating Positive seq. Negative seq. Zero seq.
kV reactance reactance reactance
Power network 22 10MVA 1 1 2
P1
Power network 22 50MVA 1 1 2
P2
Transformer T1 22:275 50MVA 0.2 0.2 0.05
Transformer T2 22:275 100MVA 0.2 0.2 0.05
Transmission 275 200MVA 0.06 0.06 0.12
line

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3. (a) Show that if the real power transferred by a lossless transmission line is P
then the reactive power Q imported at the load end, when both ends of
the transmission line is at rated voltage, is given by

Q=
P
(cos δ − 1)
sin δ

where δ is the phase angle between the sending and receiving voltages.
[6 marks]

(b) Show that the voltage level at the centre of a lossless transmission line
Vc, when the supply and load ends are at rated voltage, is given by
⎛δ ⎞
Vc = V cos⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
where V is the system voltage, δ is the phase angle between the sending and
receiving voltages. [4 marks]

(c) Calculate the minimum MVA rating of a static VAR compensator necessary to
maintain the voltage at the centre of a 22kV 40MW transmission line of
impedance 0.2 p.u. at rated voltage and the line current magnitude at rated
power transfer of the uncompensated and compensated transmission line.
[10 marks]

4. (a) Describe the main causes of power quality problems and the type of problems
they cause. [10 marks]

(b) Describe a STATCOM device and how it can reduce power quality problems.
[10 marks]

5. (a) Find the most economical division of loads for two 1000 MVA generator stations
and plot the output of each generator station on a graph for the total load
variation from 500MW to 2000MW, when they have a minimum output of 500
MW and a total operating cost in £/hour given by
F1 = 0.01P12 + 0.3P1 + 6
F2 = 0.02 P22 + 0.1P2 + 1
where P1, P2, are in MW.
[12 marks]

(b) Briefly describe the main sources and mechanisms for generating renewable
energy. [8 marks]

H5CPNW-E1 End