It all started with a big explosion that occurred

about 15 and 10 BILLION years ago!

 As the products of THE BIG BANG expanded, they
cooled down and formed all things in the Universe.
Earth is one of the eight planets that orbitates around
our Sun. This sun is one of the 200 BILLION stars that
make up the MILKY WAY GALAXY

Our SOLAR SYSTEM is in one of the “arms” of our galaxy. The

light of the nearest galaxy, ANDROMEDA, takes about 2.2
MILLION years to reach Earth!
Andromeda, has about twice the number of stars of Milky
Way.
All things in Universe are made of MATTER,
and all MATTER is made of a collection of
ATOMS!
 ATOMS are
the basic
building
blocks of
everything
around us!
Like this
image at
the right is
made of
several
different
tiny images!
 There are different types of atoms.
What makes an atom different from another?

Atoms are made of ELECTRONS

spinning around a NUCLEUS.

The NUCLEUS is made of

PROTONS and NEUTRONS

The number of NEUTRONS can vary, but

ELECTRONS and PROTONS are always the
same.

ELECTRONS are NEGATIVE CHARGED

PROTONS are POSITIVE CHARGED
NEUTRONS have NO CHARGE
The difference between atoms
1) the number of protons (or electrons) is fixed for a particular atom.
2) each atom has a different number of protons (and hence electrons) from
every other.

CARBON
NITROGEN
IRON

OXYGEN SILICON
 The different atoms are called ELEMENTS!
Scientists have recognized about 118 different ELEMENTS (thus different atoms),
and they are all organized in the:
There are two basic groups of elements:

METALS and NON-METALS

MOST ELEMENTS ARE METALS!!!

 ELEMENTS are the simplest substances,
and together they make up every other substance in the world.

Atoms join together to form MOLECULES, IONS or ALLOYS

A MOLECULE of WATER An ION of SALT contains

contains only three A SOLDER is an ALLOY
atoms of Sodium and
atoms: Two of hydrogen made of atoms of Lead
atoms of Chlorine.
and one of oxygen and atoms of Tin. Both
Sodium is a METAL and
Both are NON-METALS these elements are
Chlorine is a NON-METAL
METALS
 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
COMPOUNDS are made of two or more elements that when combined, produce a
CHEMICAL REACTION and make a new substance.
For example, SALT IS A COMPOUND of Sodium and Chlorine. Compounds are hard to separate!

MIXTURES are made up of two or more elements or COMPOUNDS.

For example, AIR IS A MIXTURE of 3 elements ( Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon)
and 2 compounds (Carbon dioxide and water vapour). Mixtures are easily separated!
 ACID or ALKALINE

The substances can be acid or alkaline.

This is said to be the pH of a substance

The (lower case) “p” stands for “potential”

And the (upper case) “H” stands for Hydrogen

The level of pH is
measured on a scale of 0 to 14
with 0 representing the
highest concentration of acid
and 14 representative of the
most alkaline.
Seven is the magic
number for pH because it means
that there is a balance of acid Hydrangea macrophylla
and alkaline in the solution and acidic soils produce BLUE FLOWERS, neutral
is often referred to as pH soils produce very PALE CREAM PETALS,
neutral. and alkaline soils results in PINK or PURPLE.