2019

Noviana S. R., Rizqi A., Riska S.,

Irawan, and Fatin A. N. S.

Semarang State University

Colligative Properties of Solutions
Mind Map:

Colligative Properties
of Solutions
The quantity of solute
particles in solution

Colligative Properties Colligative Properties

of Solutions of Solutions

Decrease of Increase in Decrease Osmotic

saturated vapor boiling point freezing pressure
pressure

Look at the Figure 1. That shows the

snowy road that is sprinkled by salt. Why is
that?
Have you ever seen Europeans or people
Figure 1. Ice road that is sprinkled by from countries that have winter, sprinkling
salt the salt on the stree tthat full of snow?
Maybe in the movie or video in social media, etc.
Evidently, the salt can prevent the melting of ice. It is certainly very useful to
avoid the accidents. Why did the salt can do that? It caused by colligative
properties of solution.
In this chapter, we will learn about the colligative properties of solution.
There are Decrease of saturated vapor pressure (P), increase in boiling point (Tb),
decrease freezing ( Tf ), and osmotic pressure (  ). So, let’s learn about
colligative properies of solutions!
What is the Colligative Properties of Solutions?
Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend only on the quantity of
solute particles in solution and do not depend on the type or identity of the solute
particles. The nature of solutions such as taste, color, and thickness (viscosity) are
properties that depend on the type of solute. For example, a solution of NaCl (salt)
feels salty, but the CH3COOH solution (vinegar acid) feels sour.

Before we study about “the colligative properties of solutions”, we have to understand

about “the solution”

What is the Solution?

SOLUTION is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which
dissolve each other and each of the constituent substances can not be physically
distinguished. The solution consists of solutes and solvents. Based on the electrical
conductivity (ionization power), the solution is divided into two types, namely
electrolyte solution and non electrolyte solution. Electrolyte solution is a solution that
can conduct electric current. This solution is divided into:

1. Strong Electrolytes
Strong electrolyte solution is a solution that has a strong electrical conductivity,
because the solute is in a solvent (generally water), all of which changes into ions
(alpha = 1). Strong electrolytes are:
a. Strong acids, such as: HCl, HCl03, H2SO4, HNO3 and others.
b. Strong languages, alkaline and alkaline bases, such as NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2,
Ba (OH)2 and others.
c. Easily dissolved salts, such as: NaCl, KI, Al2(SO4)3 and others

2. Weak Electrolytes
A weak electrolyte solution is a solution whose electrical conductivity is weak with
the price of the degree of ionization of: O <alpha <1. Weak electrolytes:
a. Weak acids, such as: CH3COOH, HCN, H2CO3, H2S and others
b. Weak bases such as: NH4OH, Ni(OH)2 and others
c. Salts that are difficult to dissolve, such as: AgCl, CaCrO4, PbI2 and other

3. NonEelectrolyte
solution is a solution that cannot deliver an electric current, because the solute in
the solvent cannot produce ions (not ionizing).
Classified into this type for example:
- Urea solution
- Sucrose solution
- Glucose solution
- Alcohol solutions and others
 CONCENTRATION is a way of expressing the quantitative relationship
between solutes and solvents.

1. MOL FRACTION (X)

The mole fraction is a comparison between the number of moles of a component and the
number of moles of all components contained in the solution.

The mole fraction is represented by X.

mole of partial solution
X
mole of total solution
XA = nA / (nA + nB) = 3 / (3 + 7) = 0.3
XB = nB /(nA + nB) = 7 / (3 + 7) = 0.7
* XA + XB = 1
2. PERCENT WEIGHT (%)
Percent weight represents gram weight of solute in 100 grams of solution.
part of solution
% x100
total solution

Example:
5% sugar solution in water, meaning: in 100 grams of solution there are:
- sugar = 5/100 x 100 = 5 grams
- water = 100 - 5 = 95 grams

3. MOLARITY (M)

Molarity states the number of moles of solute in 1 liter of solution.

mole of solut
m
kg(1000gr). solvent

Example:
What is the molarity of 9.8 grams of H2SO4 (Mr = 98) in 250 ml of solution?
- molarity of H2SO4 = (9.8 / 98) mol / 0.25 liter = (0.1 x 4) mol / liter = 0.4 M

4. MOLARITY (M)

Molarity states the number of moles of solute in 1 liter of solution.

mole of solut
M 
V of solution

Example:
What is the molarity of 9.8 grams of H2SO4 (Mr = 98) in 250 ml of solution?
- molarity of H2SO4 = (9.8 / 98) mol / 0.25 liter = (0.1 x 4) mol / liter = 0.4 M
5. Normality states the number of moles of equivalent solute in 1 liter of solution.
 For acids, 1 mol is equivalent to 1 mole of H + ion.
For bases, 1 mol is equivalent to 1 mole of OH- ion.
Between Normality and Molarity there is a relationship:

N = M x valence

The colligative properties of the solution

Colligative properties include:
1. Decrease of saturated vapor pressure (P)
2. Increase in boiling point (Tb)
3. Decrease freezing ( Tf )
4. Osmotic pressure (  )

1. Decreased Steam Pressure

If the solute is non-volatile (not volatile; the vapor pressure cannot be measured), the
vapor pressure from the solution will always be lower than the volatile pure solvent
vapor pressure. Ideally, the vapor pressure of a volatile solvent above a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is directly proportional to the concentration of the
solvent in the solution. Look at the Figure 2.

Figure 2. decrease of vapor pressure

The relationship in the colligative nature of this solution is expressed quantitatively in

Raoult's law: the vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution, the solution is the
product of the mole fraction of the solvent, X solvent with the vapor pressure of the
pure solvent, P ° solvent. Decrease in vapor pressure, ΔP, that is P ° solvent − The
solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of X solute.

P = Xp x Pº
P = steam pressure of solution
Xp = mol fraction of solvent
Pº = steam pressure of solution

2. Increase Boiling Point

The boiling point of a solution is the temperature when the vapor pressure is the same
as the external pressure. Because of the decrease in vapor pressure of the solution by
the presence of non-volatile solutes, an increase in temperature is needed to increase
the vapor pressure of the solution to the same as the external pressure. So, the
presence of solutes in the solvent results in an increase in boiling point; boiling point
of solution, Tb, higher than boiling point of pure solvent, Tb °. The increase in boiling
point, bTb, which is Tb − Tb ° is directly proportional to the concentration (molality,
m) of the solution, as:
Tb  Kb.m

where Kb is the constant increase in molal boiling point (in units of ° C / m) and m is
the molality of the solution.

3. Decrease in Freezing Point

In solutions with volatile solvents and non-volatile solutes, only solvent particles can
evaporate from the solution leaving particles of solute. The same is true in many cases
where only solvent particles solidify, leaving particles of solute to form a solution
with more concentrated concentration. The freezing point of a solution is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solution is equal to the pure solvent
vapor pressure. At this temperature, two phases - solid solvents and liquid solutions -
are in equilibrium.

Because of the decrease in vapor pressure of the solution from solvent vapor pressure,
the solution freezes at a lower temperature than the freezing point of pure solvent - the
freezing point of solution, Tf, lower than the freezing point of pure solvent, Tf °. In
other words, the amount of solvent particles coming out and entering solids per unit
time becomes the same at lower temperatures. The colligative nature of the solution is
a decrease in freezing point, ΔTf, which is Tf ° - Tf is directly proportional to the
concentration (molality, m) of the solution, as:

Tf  Kf .m

where Kf is the constant decreasing the molal freezing point (in units of ° C / m) and
m is the molality of the solution.

Figure 2. shows the diagram of P - T. It shows the relationship of freeazing point,

boiling point, and vapor pressure.
 Tb  Kb.m
Figure 2. Diagramof P-T

4. Osmosis pressure
When two solutions with different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable
membrane - a membrane that can only be passed by a solvent particle but cannot pass
through a particle of solute, an osmosis phenomenon occurs. Osmosis is the event of
selective displacement of solvent particles through a semipermeable membrane from a
solution with a lower concentration of solute to a solution with a higher concentration
of solute.

Figure 3. Osmotic Pressure

Consider Figure 3. Osmosis pressure is defined as the pressure applied to resist the net
transfer of solvent particles from the solution with a high concentration of solvent to
the solution with a low solvent concentration. If the external pressure equal to osmosis
pressure is applied to the side of the solution, the solvent height and solution will
return to normal. Osmosis pressure, , straight, directly proportional to the number of
particles of solute, n, in a given volume of solution, V — which is molarity (M), as:

 =MRT