1st conjugation verbs – O, ARE, AVI, ATUM/US unless otherwise indicated

LEARN BOLD FOR ALL VERBS

accuso: accuse, charge, reproach, blame gusto: taste
administro: administer, manage, look after, habito: live, inhabit
perform; attend upon, serve iacto: throw, hurl; discuss, mention, boast
aedifico: build ignoro: not know, be unaware of
aestimo: evaluate, value, estimate impero: order, command
agito: drive, put in motion, chase, rouse, imploro: implore, beseech
excite incito: incite, arouse
ambulo: walk intro: enter
amo: love invito: invite
appello: call on, address, appeal to, beseech iudico: judge, decide
appropinquo: approach, draw near iuro: swear, take an oath, conspire
armo: arm coniuro: conspire, plot, band together
canto: sing, play iuvat (impers): it pleases
castigo: correct, chastise, blame, punish iuvo, are, iuvi, iutum: help, assist, support,
celebro: celebrate, honour; frequent, engage delight, please
in, repeat, practise adiuvo, are, adiuvi, adiutus: help, assist
celo: hide, conceal laboro: work
ceno: dine laudo: praise
clamo: call out, shout levo: lighten, relieve, ease, alleviate, lift,
exclamo: call out, exclaim remove
cogito: think, consider, reflect libero: set free
concilio: unite, win over, win favour of; gain, loco: place, put, arrange; let, hire
cause, bring about colloco: place (together), arrange, set, dispose,
considero: examine, inspect, consider, station
reflect mando: entrust, order, command, commit
creo: create, make, appoint memoro: remember, bring to mind, relate,
crucio: crucify, torture, torment mention
curo: care for, take care that, see to, heal, cure, commemoro: remember, recall, recount, relate
look after, manage, administer monstro: point out, show, indicate, teach,,
damno: condemn, doom, sentence, damn; instruct
harm, damage demonstro: point out, show, indicate, describe
condemno: condemn, sentence, convict, muto: change
accuse, charge narro: tell, narrate
delecto: delight, please, entice, seduce navigo: sail
delibero: deliberate, take counsel, resolve, neco: kill
determine nego: say…not, deny
dimico: fight, struggle, contend, strive noto: note, mark, observe, remark, signify,
do, dare, dedi, datus: give indicate, denote
circumdo, dare, dedi, datum: surround nuntio: announce, report
dono: give as a gift, present obsecro: beseech, entreat, pray
dubito: doubt observo: observe, note; watch, guard, keep;
educo: bring up, rear, educate esteem, honour
erro: wander, stray, err, make a mistake occulto: hide, conceal
excito: awake, arouse, stir occupo: seize, occupy, invade; take up,
excuso: excuse, absolve employ
existimo: think, consider opto: choose, select; wish for, desire
explico: unroll, unfold, set forth, explain orno: adorn, decorate; furnish, equip;
exploro: explore, search out, discover, spy honour, distinguish
out, reconnoitre oro: beg, pray, plead, entreat
exspecto: wait, expect paco: make peaceful, pacify, subdue, soothe
exsulto: exult, rejoice greatly; spring up, leap paro: prepare, furnish, provide, get, obtain
festino: hurry, hasten comparo: make ready, obtain, get,
firmo: strengthen, fortify, support, secure purchase; match, compare
confirmo: strengthen, make firm, establish, placo: soothe, appease, reconcile, pacify,
confirm placate
fugo: rout, put to flight porto: carry, bring, convey
fumo: smoke, steam, reek, fume exporto: bring out, export
postulo: ask, demand, require
praesto, are, stiti: show, display
privo: deprive of, rob, strip; free, release
probo: try, test, examine, prove, approve
pugno: fight
expugno: storm, take by assault, capture,
subdue, conquer
oppugno: attack, storm, fight against
puto: think
recuso: refuse, object to, reject, refute
regno: rule, reign, govern
retardo: keep back, hinder, delay, detain, retard
rogo: ask
seco, are, secui, sectus: cut, cleave, separate,
divide, tear
servo: save, keep, preserve
conservo: preserve, keep (safe)
simulo: pretend, feign, imitate
dissimulo: feign, disguise, hide, conceal
sono, are, ui, itum: make a noise, resound;
utter, call, cry out
specto: watch, look
circumspecto: look around
spero: hope
despero: despair
spolio: strip, despoil, plunder, pillage, rob
sto, are, steti, statum: stand
adsto, stare, stiti: stand at, stand by, stand
there; assist, support
insto, are, stiti, statum: be at hand, approach,
threaten, press upon, pursue
constat (impers.): it is agreed, established,
certain, well known
restat (impers): it remains, it is left
supero: overpower, defeat, overcome
tempto (tento): try, make an attempt on,
assail, put to the test, tempt, urge
turbo: upset, agitate, alarm, throw into
confusion
perturbo: throw into confusion, disturb, trouble
vasto: lay waste, ravage
verbero: beat, strike
verso: turn, wind, twist; turn upside down,
disturb, agitate; turn something over in one’s
mind, think over
veto, are, ui, itum: forbid, oppose, prohibit
vexo: harass, vex, trouble, annoy
vigilo: lay awake, keep watch, be vigilant
vito: avoid, shun
vitupero: curse, blame, reproach
voco: call
convoco: call together, gather
revoco: call back
invoco: call upon, invoke
evoco: call out, draw forth, summon
vulnero: wound, injure, harm
2nd conjugation verbs – EO, ERE, UI, ITUS/UM unless otherwise indicated
adhibeo: apply
appareo, ere, ui, apparsus: appear
ardeo, ere, arso, arsus: burn, be on fire
audeo, ere, ausus sum: dare (semi-dep)
augeo, ere, auxi, auctum: increase
careo, ere, ui + abl: lack, be without
caveo, ere, cavi, cautum: beware of
censeo, ere, censui, censum: propose, resolve,
be of opinion, value, assess, estimate
cieo, ere, civi, citum: arouse, stir up
compleo, ere, evi, etum: fill
impleo, ere, evi, etum: fill
debeo: owe, must, be obliged
deleo, ere, evi, etum: destroy
doceo, ere, ui, ctum: teach, explain
doleo: grieve, hurt
egeo + abl: need
exerceo: train
faveo, ere, favi, fautum + dat: favour
fleo, ere, evi, etum: weep, lament
defleo, ere, evi, etum: weep, lament
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum: rejoice (semi-dep)
habeo: have, hold, consider
haereo, ere, si, sum: stick, adhere
horreo: bristle; shudder at
iaceo: lie down
immineo + dat: threaten
indulgeo, ere, si, tum: be kind, tender,
indulgent; indulge in
iubeo, ere, ssi, ssus: order, command
lateo: hide, lurk
lugeo, ere, xi, ctum: mourn, lament
maneo, ere, mansi, mansus: remain, stay
misceo, ere, ui, xtum: mix, blend
moneo: warn, advise
moveo, ere, movi, motus: move
commoveo, ere, movi, motus: alarm, upset,
move
noceo + dat: harm
obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum: besiege, blockade
pareo: obey (+dat)
pateo: lay open, be exposed
pendeo, re, pependi: hang
impendeo: hang over, threaten, be imminent
persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum + dat:
persuade, prevail upon
suadeo, ere, si, sum + dat: advise, urge
placeo: please (+dat)
praebeo: offer, grant, give furnish, show,
display
praesideo, ere, sedi: sit before, guard, watch
protect, preside over, manage
prohibeo: prohibit, forbid, prevent
respondeo, ere, di, nsum: reply, answer
rideo, ere, risi, risum: laugh, smile
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum: sit
sileo: be silent
soleo, ere, solitus sum: be accustomed to, be
used to
studeo, ere: be eager, be keen; strive, apply
oneself to, pursue, study
stupeo: be stunned at, be amazed, be
astonished
sustineo, ere, nui, ntum: withstand, sustain
taceo, ere, ui: be silent
teneo, ere, ui: hold, keep
detineo, ere, ui, ntum: keep back, detain, delay
obtineo, ere, ui, ntum: obtain
pertineo: pertain, concern, relate to, apply to;
reach, extend to
contineo, ere, ui, ntum: contain, restrain
retineo, ere, ui, ntum: hold back, retain
terreo, ere, ui: frighten
perterreo: terrify
timeo, ere, ui: fear, be afraid of
torqueo, ere, rsi, tortum: twist, wrench
urgeo, ere, rsi: press, urge
valeo: be healthy, have strength (imper) vale:
farewell
video, ere, vidi, visus: see
provideo, ere, vidi, visus: foresee, make
provision for
invideo, ere, vidi, visus: grudge
voveo, ere, vovi, votus: vow
3rd conjugation verbs (compounds grouped together)
Please note: this list looks quite long but a lot of the verbs are mere compounds
of each other
accidit: it happens/ed
adimo, ere, emi, emptus: take away, remove

ago, ere, egi, actus: do, act, perform, carry on, drive
perago, ere, egi, actum: thrust through, pierce; drive, harass; carry through, complete; go through,
describe

arcesso, ere, cessi, cessus: summon, send for, invite

ascendo, ere, ndi, nsum: climb, go up

descendo, ere, ndi, nsum: go down, com down, descend, sink, fall
conscendo, ere, ndi, nsum: mount, climb, ascend, board, embark

aspicio, ere, spexi, spectus: look at, gaze at, behold

conspicio, ere, exi, ectus: catch sight of, notice
despicio, ere, spexi, spectum: look down, despise, scorn
perspicio, ere, spexi, spectum: look closely, examine, perceive, note, observe, ascertain
respicio, ere, exi, ectus: look back; turn to; admire, respect, regard
suspicio, ere, exi, ectum: look up at; suspect, mistrust

bibo, ere, bibi: drink, imbibe, absorb

cado, ere, cecidi, casum: fall, drop, die
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum: cut down, kill, murder
occido, ere, cidi, cisum: strike down, cut down, kill
occido, ere, cidi, casum: fall, go down, perish, die
cano, ere, cecini, cantum: sing, play, prophesy, foretell

capio, ere, cepi, captus: take, receive

accipio, ere, cepi, captus: accept, receive, take
excipio, ere, cepi, captus: take (out), draw out, receive
praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: seize beforehand, receive, obtain in advance, anticipate; give precepts to,
advise, warn, inform, teach, instruct
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus: receive, accept, take, hear
suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus: receive, take, take up, hold up, support, sustain; take upon, undertake, begin
decipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: deceive, trick

cedo, ere, cessi, cessum: go, move, walk; withdraw, retire; yield to; grant, allow
accedo, ere, cessi, cessum: come to, approach, come near, enter upon; be added to; attack
discedo, ere, cessi, cessus: leave, depart
decedo, ere, cessi, cessum: depart, go away, withdraw; yield, give up
excedo, ere, cessi, cessum: go from, withdraw, depart
procedo, ere, cessi, cessum: go forward, proceed
succedo, ere, cessi, cessum: go under, go below; to go from under, go up, climb; follow after, succeed
concedo, ere, cessi, cessus: withdraw, pass away, yield, submit to, concede, grant

cerno, ere, crevi, cretum: see, perceive, discern

decerno, ere, crevi, cretum: decide, determine, judge
secerno, ere, crevi, cretum: sever, separate, distinguish, discern

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctum: gird, encircle, surround, crown

claudo, ere, si, sum: close, shut, imprison
includo, ere, clusi, clusum: shut, enclose, confine, imprison; obstruct, block
intercludo, ere, clusi, clusum: cut off, block, shut in

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus: drive, force, compel, gather, assemble, collect
colligo, ere, legi, lectum: gather, assemble, collect
colo, ere, ui, cultum: cultivate; take care of, cherish, worship, live, inhabit
incolo, ere, lui: inhabit, dwell, cultivate

concido, ere, cidi: fall (together), fall down, go to ruin

concido, ere, cidi, cisum: cut down, kill, destroy

condo, ere, didi, ditum: found, establish, construct, build, produce; store up, bury
consido, ere, sedi, sessum: take a seat, sit, settle, make camp

construo, ere, struxi, structum: gather together, pile up, construct, build
instruo, ere, xi, ctum: draw up, set in order; build; instruct

consuesco, ere, suevi, suetum: to accustom to, to become accustomed to

consulo, ere, lui, sultum: reflect, deliberate, consider, take counsel, consult
contemno, ere, mpsi, mptum: despise, scorn, disdain, esteem lightly
coquo, ere, coxi, coctum: cook
credo, ere, credidi, ditus: trust, believe (+ dat)
cresco, ere, crevi, cretum: grow, arise, spring from, increase
cupio, ere, cupivi, itum: desire, wish, long for

curro, ere, cucurri, cursus: run

accurro, ere, accurri, accursum: run up to, hasten to
occurro, ere, curri, cursum: run up to, run to meet, meet; appear, occur
decurro, ere, curri, cursum: run down, run across/over; charge, advance rapidly
procurro, ere, curri, cursum: run forth, run out; extend, jut out
succurro, ere, curri, cursum: run under; run to help, help, assist; be useful for; occur

defendo, ere, ndi, nsus: defend, protect

deficio, ere, feci, fectum: leave, desert, fail, be deficient, be weak
desero, ere, serui, sertum: abandon, leave, desert
desino, ere, si(v)i, situm: leave, cease, desist, stop, end
dico, ere, dixi, dictus: say, tell
disco, ere, didici: learn
divido, ere, i, visum: divide, distribute, separate

duco, ere, duxi, ductus: lead, take to

adduco, ere, duxi, ductus: lead to, bring to, induce, persuade, move to
deduco, ere, duxi, ductum: take down, lead to, lead out, escort; turn from, withdraw; found a colony
educo, ere, duxi, ductum: lead out, draw out, summon
induco, ere, duxi, ductum: lead in, put on (clothing), spread over, induce, persuade
produco, ere, duxi, ductum: lead forth; bear, produce; bring up, educate
reduco, ere, duxi. ductum: lead back, bring back, restore; reduce
subduco, ere, duxi, ductum: draw from under, draw up, lift, raise, remove, steal
conduco, ere, duxi, ductum: bring together, collect; hire
traduco, ere, duxi, ductum: bring across, transfer; spread abroad, make public; (time) spend, pass

edo, ere, edi, esum: eat, consume

edo, ere, edidi, editum: give forth, produce, put on, publish, proclaim, utter
dedo, ere, didi, ditum: give away, give up, surrender; devote, dedicate

addo, ere, didi, ditus: add to, give to

prodo, ere, didi, ditum: give forth, produce, bear; betray
reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus: restore, give back, return

emo, ere, emi, emptus: buy, purchase

redimo, ere, emi, mptus: buy back, redeem, ransom, release; gain, acquire

erigo, ere, erexi, erectum: set up, erect, raise; rouse, excite, cheer up, encourage
exigo, ere, egi, actum: drive out, expel; complete, finish
expromo, ere, prompsi, promptum: bring out, show, display, disclose
ex(s)tinguo, ere, nxi, nctum: put out, extinguish, destroy, kill

facio, ere, feci, factus: do, make, produce, cause

afficio, ere, feci, fectus: affect, influence
patefacio, ere, feci, factum: (make open) open up, reveal, expose, bring to light
perficio, ere, feci, fectum: achieve, carry out, accomplish, complete, finish, perfect
reficio, ere, feci, rectus: remake, restore, renew, repair, rebuild, refresh
efficio, ere, feci, fectum: bring about, accomplish, bring to pass
conficio, ere, feci, fectum: make ready, complete, finish
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus: put in charge of + dat

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus: deceive, trick

fido, ere, fisus sum: trust, be confident in
confido, ere, fisus sum: trust, believe, rely on, have faith in
diffido, ere, diffisus sum: distrust
figo, ere, fixi, fixum: fasten, fix, attach, transfix, pierce
fingo, ere, nxi, nctum: mould, fashion, form, sculpt, arrange; contrive, devise, invent; touch, handle,
flecto, ere, xi, xum: turn, bend, direct, persuade, move
fluo, ere, uxi, xum: flow, stream, pour
frango, ere, fregi, fractum: break, crush, break down, subdue

fugio, ere, fugi: flee, escape

aufugio, ere, fugi: flee from
effugio, ere, effugi: flee, escape
diffugio, ere, fugi: flee in different directions, disperse, scatter

fundo, ere, fudi, fusum: pour, spread

diffundo, ere, fudi, fusum: pour out, pour forth, scatter, diffuse, spread
effundo, ere, fudi, fusum: pour out/forth, spread abroad, send out, drive out, let go

furo, ere, ui: be mad, be furious

gemo, ere, ui, itum: moan, groan, sigh; creak
gero, ere, gessi, gestus: bear, produce, carry, have, wear, bellum g. wage war; se g. behave

iacio, ere, ieci, iactum: throw, hurl, cast, send forth

adicio, ere, ieci, iectus: throw to, cast at, add to, increase
eicio, ere, eieci, eiectus: throw out, drive out, expel
conicio, ere, ieci, iectum: throw together, unite; drive, hurl; draw a conclusion, infer
traicio, ere, ieci, iectum: cause to go over; throw, hurl, fling, cast; pass through
obicio, ere, ieci, iectum: throw at/before, present, offer, expose, oppose, object to; throw against
someone, reproach, taunt
deicio, ere, ieci, iectum: throw down, hurl, drive out, cast down, kill
proicio, ere, ieci, iectum: throw forth, cast out, throw away, reject; hold out, extend
subicio, ere, ieci, iectum: throw/lay/place under, submit, subject
immergo, ere, mersi, mersum: plunge, sink, immerse

incendo, ere, ndi, nsum: burn, set on fire, rouse, enflame, incite
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus: begin
intellego, ere, exi, ectum: understand, perceive, comprehend
interficio, ere, feci, fectus: kill
iungo, ere, iunxi, iunctum: join, unite, connect, attach
coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunctum: join, connect, unite

lego, ere, legi, lectum: gather, collect, pick; scan, survey; read
deligo, ere, egi, ectum: choose, select
diligo, ere, lexi, lectum: value highly, love, cherish, prize
eligo, ere, elegi, electum: pick out, choose, select, elect

ludo, ere, lusi, lusum: play, sport, frolic

metuo, ere, ui, utum: fear, be afraid of, dread; revere
minuo, ere, ui, utum: make smaller, lessen, diminish, weaken

mitto, ere, misi, missus: send; send word

admitto, ere, misi, missus: let in, admit, allow, permit
committo, ere, misi, missum: commit, entrust; join, unite, bring together; engage, begin (i.e. battle)
demitto, ere, misi, missum: bring down, let fall, send down
dimitto, ere, misi, missus: send away, dismiss, discharge, separate, abandon, give up
emitto, mittere, misi, missus: send forth/out
amitto, ere, misi, missus: send away, dismiss; lose, let go
intermitto, ere, misi, missum: intermit, leave off, let go, neglect
praemitto, ere, misi, missum: send forth, set before, set in advance
promitto, ere, misi, missum: promise
remitto, ere, misi, missum: send back, drive back, send forth; let go back, loosen, slacken, release
manumitto, ere, misi, missum: manumit, set free
omitto, ere, misi, missum: omit, pass over, let go, disregard
permitto, ere, misi, missus: (suffer to pass through) allow, permit, grant, let go

neglego, ere, exi, ectum: neglect, not care for

nosco, ere, novi, notum: know, recognise, be acquainted with

cognosco, ere, novi, notum: get to know, learn, understand, recognise, know
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus: acknowledge, recognise, know, understand
ignosco, ere, novi, notum: [not to wish to know in relation to crime] i.e. pardon, forgive, excuse

ostendo, ere, ndi, nsus: show, display, declare, make known

parco, ere, peperci, parsum: (+dat) spare, have mercy on
pario, parere, peperi, par(i)tum: bring forth, produce, beget, bear, accomplish, bring about

pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum: push, drive

depello, ere, puli, pulsum: drive down/out, remove, expel
dispello, ere, puli, pulsum: drive away, scatter, dispel
expello, ere, puli, pulsum: drive out, expel, force out
impello, ere, puli, pulsum: drive against/onto, push; set in motion, urge, impel, incite
interpello, ere, puli, pulsum: interrupt by speaking, disturb, annoy
repello, ere, reppuli, pulsum: drive back, repel, reject

perdo, ere, did, ditum: destroy, ruin, lay waste, lose, throw away
pergo, ere, rexi, rectum: go on, continue, proceed, pass

peto, ere, ivi, itus: seek, ask, make for, head for, attack
repeto, ere, ivi, itus: seek again, bring back; resume; strike again, attack again;

pono, ere, posui, positus: place, put, set

depono, ere, posui, positum: put down, deposit, put aside, give up, resign
expono, ere, posui, positum: set out, expose, set forth, explain
impono, ere, posui, positus: place upon, put, impose, inflict
propono, ere, posui, positum: set forth, lay before, propose
compono, ere, posui, positum: put together, arrange, compose, prepare

porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum: stretch, extend, reach, hold forth, offer, present; protract, prolong
posco, ere, poposci: demand, beg, request, ask urgently, need

pre(he)ndo, ere, ndi, nsum: catch, seize, detain

comprehendo, ere, ndi, nsum: take hold of, seize, arrest, grasp, understand
depre(he)ndo, ere, ndi, nsum: catch, seize, detect, discover, arrest, grasp, comprehend
reprehendo, ere, ndi, nsum: seize, hold back, hold fast, restrain; reprimand, censure

premo, ere, pressi, pressus: press

opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum: press down on, press together, crush, suppress, overpower
supprimo, ere, essi, essum: press down/under, keep back, check, restrain, suppress

quaero, ere, sivi, situm: seek, search, look for, ask, demand; get, acquire, gain
requiro, ere, sivi, situm: seek (again), look for, inquire, ask, demand; require, need
quaeso, ere, i(v)i, itum: seek, beg, pray, beseech

quiesco, ere, evi, etum: rest, keep quiet, be still; cease, desist
requiesco, ere, evi, etum: rest, repose

rapio, ere, ui, raptus: seize

arripio, ere, ripui, reptum: seeize, snatch, get hold of
corripio, ere, pui, reptum: seize, snatch, take hold of
diripio, ere, ui, reptum: tear away, snatch, tear to pieces; ravage, spoil, plunder, destroy
eripio, ere, ripui, reptum: snatch away, seize; (+ se) flee

rego, ere, rexi, rectus: rule, govern

relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus: leave behind, abandon

rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus: break

irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum: break in, burst in, invade, attack, interrupt
corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum: break, destroy, ruin, corrupt, spoil

ruo, ruere, rui, rutum: rush, hurry, hasten; fall down, go to ruin; dash down

scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus: write

conscribo, ere, psi, ptum: write together, enrol, write/draw up

sino, ere, sivi, situm: allow, permit, let, suffer; ppp situs: situated

sisto, ere, stiti, statum: cause to stand, rest, place, draw up; present oneself, appear
consisto, ere, stiti, stitum: stand still, stop, take position, rest, remain, endure
resisto, ere, restiti: stand still, halt, stay, remain; resist, oppose
desisto, ere, stiti, stitum: desist, cease, stop; stand off/apart

solvo, ere, vi, solutum: loosen, release, set free, detach; (ship) set sail; dissolve, scatter
persolvo, ere, i, solutum: release, discharge, pay out, give what is due to another

spargo, ere, si, sum: bedew, sprinkle, scatter, cast about

sperno, ere, sprevi, spretum: scorn, reject, spurn, despise

statuo, ere, ui, utum: set up, establish, fix; constitute, appoint; decide, settle
constituo, ere, tui, tutum: set up, place, establish, decide, settle, agree upon
instituo, ere, tui, tutum: set up, fix, establish, construct, undertake, determine; train, instruct, educate
restituo, ere, ui, tutum: set up again, replace, restore, renew; give back

sterno, ere, stravi, stratum: spread out, stretch, lay, prepare, arrange, cover; overthrow, throw to ground
stringo, ere, nxi, ctum: draw tight, bind; draw close, touch; draw (weapon)
sumo, ere, sumpsi, mptum: take up, assume, claim; take up for a purpose, use, employ
surgo, ere, rrexi, rrectum: rise, get up, raise, lift, arise occur

tango, ere, tetigi, tactus: touch, lay hold of, handle; (of places) reach, arrive at; move, affect;
touch upon, mention
attingo, ere, tigi, tactum: touch, reach, affect, be occupied with, undertake
contingo, ere, tigi, tactum: touch, take hold of, seize; concern; stain, defile

tego, ere, texi, tectum: cover, conceal, hide, shelter, protect, guard

tendo, ere, tetendi, /tentumtensum: stretch, extend, reach; aim at, direct one’s course to, strive, go to,
travel
contendo, ere, ndi, ntum: hurry, strive, content; stretch, shoot, hurl (weapon)
intendo, ere, ndi, ntum/tensum: stretch, extend, spread out; direct one’s course to, head for; intend

tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus: raise, lift, remove

trado, ere, didi, ditum: hand over, deliver, surrender, hand down

traho, ere, traxi, tractus: drag, draw

contraho, ere, traxi, tractum: draw together, unite; accomplish, execute; make a contract, bargain;
contract, diminish
retraho, ere, traxi, tractum: draw back, recall, withdraw
extraho, ere, traxi, tractum: draw out, drag out, release

vado, ere, vasi, vasum: go, walk; rush, go hastily

evado, ere, vasi, vasum: come out, go forth, get away, escape, pass beyond
invado, ere, vasi, vasum: go in, go in violently, attack, invade, charge, rush into, assault

veho, ere, xi, ctum: carry, convey, bear; ride, sail

proveho, ere, xi, ctum: carry forward, convey; promote, advance
vendo, ere, didi, ditus: sell

verto, ere, verti, versus: turn; change, alter

converto, ere, verti, versum: turn around, cause to turn, convert
adverto, ere, verti, versus: turn to, give attention to, attend to
animadverto, ere, verti, versum: direct the mind to, turn one’s attention to, notice, observe,
attend to

vinco, ere, vixi, victus: win, defeat, overcome

vivo, ere, vixi, victum: live, be alive, enjoy life; endure, last; reside, dwell
volvo, ere, volvi, volutum: roll, turn; turn over in one’s mind, ponder
4th conjugation – IO, IRE, IVI, ITUM unless otherwise stated

aperio, ire, rui, rtum: open, lay open, reveal, disclose, uncover
audio: hear, listen, heed, obey
custodio: watch, protect, keep, defend, guard; preserve, regard
desilio, ire, lui, sultum: jump down
dormio: sleep
haurio, ire, si, stum: drain, drink up, consume; draw water

impedio: impede, hinder, hamper, prevent, block, obstruct

expedio: set free, let loose, bring out; prepare, procure, make ready, arrange; unfold, explain

munio: strengthen, fortify, secure, defend, protect

punio: punish, avenge, take revenge

reperio, ire, repperi, repertum: find, find out, discern, discover, learn ascertain, obtain
comperio, ire, peri, pertum: find out, ascertain, learn

scio: know
nescio: not know

sentio, ire, nsi, nsum: sense, feel, notice

consentio: feel together, agree, unite over something, join

servio: serve, be a servant/slave, be of service to, be useful to, be fit for

venio, ire, veni, ventum: come

advenio, ire, veni, ventum: come to, arrive
convenio, ire, veni, ventum: come together, assemble, gather, agree; convenit (impers) it is agreed
pervenio, ire, veni, ventum: reach, arrive
subvenio, ire, veni, ventum: come to one’s aid, help, assist
revenio, ire, veni, ventum: return, come back
invenio, ire, veni, ventum: come upon, find
supervenio, ire, veni, ventum: come over, come upon, fall upon; be added to; go beyond, surpass,
exceed

vincio, ire, nxi, nctum: bind, tie, fasten; surround, confine, restrain
sepelio: bury; burn (funeral); destroy, ruin
Deponent
aggredior, edi, aggressus sum: go to, approach,
attack
progredior, edi, progressus sum: advance
ingredior, edi, ingressus sum: enter
egredior, edi, egressus sum: come out
regredior, edi, regressus sum: return, go
back
congredior, edi, congressus sum: go/meet with;
fight, contend, engage
amplector, ti, plexus sum: embrace, clasp,
encircle
arbitror, trari, tratus sum: think, consider
conor, ari, atus sum: try
cunctor, ari, atus sum: delay, linger, hesitate
fateor, eri, fassus sum: grant, acknowledge,
confess, admit, own
confiteor, eri, fessus sum: acknowledge,
confess, admit, own
for, fari, fatus sum: speak, say; foretell,
prophesy, predict
fruor, frui, fructus sum + abl: enjoy, delight in
fungor, fungi, functus sum: perform, execute,
do, engage in
hortor, ari, atus sum: encourage, exhort,
incite, excite
exhortor, ari, atus sum: encourage, exhort,
incite, excite
cohortor, ari, atus sum: encourage, exhort,
incite, excite
imitor, ari, atus sum: imitate, copy, represent,
portray
labor, labi, lapsus sum: glide, slip, fall
collabor, labi, lapsus sum: fall (together), fall
in ruins
loquor, loqui, locutus sum: speak
adloquor, loqui, locutus sum: speak to, address
colloquor, loqui, locutus sum: speak together,
hold a conference
eloquor, loqui, locutus sum: speak out,
pronounce, declare, proclaim
mereor, eri, meritus sum: earn, gain, get, earn
pay, be in military service, deserve, merit
minor, ari, atus sum: threaten
miror, ari, atus sum: wonder at, marvel
misereor, eri, itus sum: pity, have compassion
on
miseror, ari, atus sum: pity, have compassion
on; lament, deplore
morior, mori, mortuus sum: die
moror, ari, atus sum: delay
nascor, nasci, natus sum: be born
obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum: forget
obtestor, ari, atus sum: beseech, entreat,
implore; call as a witness
orior, oriri, ortus sum: rise, arise, get up; spring
forth, come forth, grow
coorior, oriri, ortus sum: come forth, stand up,
arise, break out, begin
adorior, oriri, ortus sum: approach, accost,
attack, enter upon, engage
patior, pati, passus sum: suffer, allow,
endure
polliceor, eri, pollicitus sum: promise, offer
potior, potiri, potitus sum + abl: gain
possession of, acquire
precor, ari, atus sum: pray
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum: set
out
queror, queri, questus sum: complain,
lament, bewail
reor, reri, ratus sum: think
revertor, reverti, reversus sum: return
sequor, sequi, secutus sum: follow, pursue
insequor, sequi, secutus sum: follow, pursue
consequor, sequi, secutus sum: follow, pursue;
attend, accompany; reach, overtake
prosequor, sequi, secutus sum: follow, pursue;
attend, accompany
subsequor, sequi, secutus sum: follow,
succeed, ensue
suspicor, ari, atus sum: suspect
testor, ari, atus sum: be a witness, testify,
attest; prove, declare, make known
tueor, eri, tuitus sum: see, look at, watch, gaze
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum: avenge, take
vengeance, punish
utor, uti, usus sum + abl: use, employ; enjoy
vagor, ari, atus sum: wander, spread about
veneror, ari, atus sum: revere, worship, adore,
honour
vereor, eri, veritus sum: fear
versor, ari, atus sum: dwell in, live in, be
engaged in, be involved in
vescor, vesci + abl: feed, feed on
Adjectives – 1st and 2nd decl – US, A, UM / ER, RA, RUM

LEARN BOLD
acerbus: bitter extremus: outermost, last, extreme, utmost
acutus: sharp facundus: eloquent
adversus: set against, opposite, in front falsus: false
aeger, gra, grum: ill, sick ferreus: of iron, unbending
aequus: equal, even, fair, level ferus: wild, barbarous, fierce
aeternus: everlasting, eternal fervidus: glowing, fiery, burning, hot, violent
alienus: foreign, belonging to another, fessus: weary, tired
another’s fidus: loyal, faithful
altus: high, deep finitimus: neighbouring
amplus: great, large, wide, ample, spacious, firmus: firm, steadfast
glorious foedus: foul, dreadful
angustus: narrow, difficult fretus: relying on (+ abl)
antiquus: ancient, former, old frigidus: cold, chilly
aptus: fitted (for), suitable geminus: twin, twofold
arduus: lofty, steep, difficult gratus: pleasing, welcome, grateful
ater: black, dark, gloomy horridus: bristling, rough, rugged, shaggy,
aureus: golden horrid, savage, wild
barbarus: foreign, barbarian humanus: human, civilised
beatus: blessed idoneus: suitable
benignus: kind ignarus: unaware of, unknowing,
bonus: good unacquainted
caecus: blind, obscure, unseen ignavus: lazy, cowardly, idle, inactive
caeruleus: dark blue, dark ignotus: unknown
calidus: warm, hot impius: ungodly, undutiful, irreverent, wicked,
callidus: clever impious
candidus: bright white, dazzling, fair improbus: wicked
carus: dear, beloved improvisus: unforeseen
cautus: cautious, careful, wary imus: lowest, bottom
celeber, bris, bre: much frequented, crowded, inauditus: unheard of
abounding in, numerous; renowned, indignus: unworthy, undeserving,
celebrated, famous undeserved, shameful
contentus: happy, satisfied infestus: hostile
certus: sure, definite, certain infirmus: weak, feeble
ceterus: the rest inhonestus: dishonourable, shameful,
clarus: clear, famous, loud disgraceful
commodus: suitable, convenient, advantageous iniquus: unequal, unfair, hurtful
conscius: aware integer, gra, grum: intact, complete, unhurt
continuus: uninterrupted, continual, on end invalidus: weak, feeble, not strong, inadequate,
contrarius: opposite inefficient
creber, bra, brum: frequent invisus: hated
cunctus: all, the whole of invitus: reluctant, unwilling
cupidus: desirous, eager iratus: angry
curvus: curved iustus: just, fair, right
defessus: weary, tired out laetus: happy
densus: thick, dense, close-packed laevus: left, on the left hand side, unlucky
dexter, tra, trum: right latus: wide, broad
dignus: worthy lentus: slow, sluggish; tough, tenacious,
dirus: dread, dire, grim sticky
diversus: different liber: free
divinus: divine, godlike longus: long
dubius: doubtful maestus: sad, unhappy
durus: hard magnus: big
egregius: splendid, distinguished, excellent, malus: evil, bad
illustrious, surpassing manifestus: clear, evident, obvious
eruditus: learned, accomplished, skilled, maritimus: of the sea, seaside
experienced maturus: ripe, mature
exiguus: small, little, scanty, tiny medius: middle, central
meus: my, mine regius: royal, kingly
mirus: wonderful reliquus: remaining, the rest of
miser: wretched, poor repentinus: sudden
multus: much, many sacer: sacred, holy
mutuus: mutual, reciprocal, in exchange; saevus: savage, fierce
borrowed, lent salvus: safe, saved, preserved, unharmed,
necessarius: necessary, related sound
nefarius: impious, wicked sanctus: sacred, inviolable, holy
niger: black sanus: sane, healthy, whole, sound
nimius: excessive scelestus: wicked
nocturnus: nocturnal, of the night secundus: second, favourable
noster: our securus: care-free, calm
novus: new serus: late
nudus: naked sinister: on the left, unlucky, unfavourable,
nullus: no..., not any, none perverse
obscurus: dark, obscure situs: placed, located, set, lying
occultus: hidden, secret sollicitus: anxious, worried
opportunus: timely, opportune solus: alone, lonely
parvus: small, little sordidus: dirty, filthy, foul; low, mean, vile
patrius: of one’s father, ancestral stultus : foolish, stupid
pauci, ae, a: few summus: highest, top of
pavidus: fearful, panicking, trembling, superus: upper
alarmed, terrified supremus: last
perfidus: treacherous, false, dishonest suus: his (own), her, their, its
peritus: clever at, skilled in tacitus: silent, quiet
perpetuus: permanent, everlasting tantus: so great
placidus: calm, peaceful tener: tender
plenus: full, filled timidus: timid, shy, fearful
plus: more totus: whole
posterus: later, next, following tranquillus: tranquil, calm
praecipuus: special, outstanding trepidus: fearful, panicking, agitated, alarmed,
praeclarus: very clear, very bright, anxious
distinguished, splendid, magnificent, excellent, tutus: safe
famous tuus: your
priscus: ancient, of old ullus: any
privatus: private, unofficial ultimus: furthest, furthermost, last
probus: honest universi: all
profugus: fugtive, fleeing, exiled, banished vacuus: empty, free from
propinquus: near, neighbouring validus: strong
proprius: own, private vanus: void, empty, vain, insubstantial,
proximus: nearest, next fruitless
publicus: public, official varius: different, varied, changeable, of
pulcher: handsome, beautiful different colours
quantus: how big verus: true
rarus: scattered, few, thin vester: your
rectus: straight, upright, right, correct vicinus: near
3rd decl - FORTIS TYPE: IS, E INGENS TYPE: NOM, GEN (parts
indicated as required)

LEARN ALL except italics

acer, acris, acre: sharp, fierce qualis: what sort of, what kind of
amabilis: lovely, amiable recens, ntis: fresh
amens, ntis: senseless, insane, frantic, out of sapiens, ntis: wise, sensible
one’s mind similis: similar, like
atrox, ocis: dreadful, cruel, fierce, horrible, singularis: unique, remarkable, one by one,
savage single, singular
audax, acis: bold, reckless sollemnis: yearly, annual, appointed,
brevis: brief, short customary; religious, solemn
celer, ris, re: quick suavis: sweet
civilis: of a citizen supplex, icis: suppliant, begging, beseeching
communis: general, common talis: such
crudelis: cruel tenuis: slender, thin
demens: insane, out of one’s mind terribilis: terrible
difficilis: difficult tristis: sad, grim, gloomy, depressing
dives, itis: rich, wealthy turpis: base, shameful, vile, ugly
dulcis: sweet ulterior, oris: further, on the further side,
duplex, icis: double beyond
elegans, ntis: elegant, refined utilis: useful
facilis: easy vehemens, ntis: violent, furious, ardent,
fatalis: fatal, fateful vehement, forcible, vigorous
felix, icis: lucky, fortunate, happy, fruitful, velox, ocis: quick, swift
fertile vetus, eris: old
ferox, ocis: fierce, ferocious viridis: green, verdant, vigorous, blooming
fidelis: loyal, faithful virilis: manly; bold, spirited, vigorous
fortis: brave, strong
frequens, ntis: crowded
gracilis: slender, slim, lean
gravis: heavy, serious
humilis: humble, lowly
immanis: immense, monstrous, huge, vast,
enormous
immobilis: immoveable, unmoved
immortalis: immortal
inanis: empty
incolumis: safe, unharmed
incredibilis: incredible
inermis: unarmed
inferior, oris: lower
ingens, ntis: huge
innocens, ntis: innocent
insignis: distinguished
interior, oris: inner, interior
lenis: gentle, mild
levis: light, trivial
militaris: military, of a soldier
mirabilis: marvellous, wonderful, strange,
amazing
mitis: mild
mortalis: mortal
nobilis: of noble birth, famous, well-known
omnis: all
par, paris: equal
potens, ntis: powerful
praeceps, cipitis: headlong, steep
prior, oris: former, earlier
Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives – learn all
aliqui, aliquae, aliquod: some
aliquis, aliquis, aliquid: someone, something
alius, a, ud: (an)other
alter, ra, rum: the other, the second
ambo, ae, o: both
complures, es, a: a considerable number of, several
ego, nos: I, we
hic, haec, hoc: this
idem, eadem, idem: the same
ille, illa, illud: that
ipse, a, um: himself, herself, itself, themselves
is, ea, id: that; he, she, it
nemo, nullius: no one
nescioquis/quid: I don’t know who/what
nihil: nothing
plerique, pleraeque, pleraque: the majority of
plus, pluris: more
qui, quae, quod: who, which, that
quisque, quaeque, quidque/quodque: each
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque: whoever, whatever
quidam, quaedam, quoddam: a certain...
quis, quis, quid: who?, what?
quis/qui, qua/quae, quid/quod: any, anyone [used after si, nisi, ne, num]
quisquam, quisquam, quicquam: anyone
quivis, quaevis, quodvis: who/what you like, anyone, anything
se: himself, herself, itself, themselves
tu, vos: you, you pl
uter, utra, utrum: which (of the two)
uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of the two), both
HSC CORE VOCAB LIST Irregular and Impersonal Verbs – learn all except italics

ESSE and compounds bellum inferre + dat: wage war on

sum, esse, fui: to be
abesse: be away, be absent
adesse: be there, be present, be there to
help
praesum, praeesse, praefui+dat: be in
charge of
superesse+ dat: be left over, survive
prosum, prodesse, profui + dat: benefit
(i.e. be for...)
desum, deesse, defui + dat: be missing
from, be lacking, fail
interesse: to be among
interest (impers)+ dat: make a
difference, be important to
afferre: bring, bring up, bring to
aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus: take away,
steal
perferre: endure; bring news, report
praeferre: prefer
proferre: bring forward, offer; bring
forth, produce; extend, enlarge, lengthen
referre: bring back, report
conferre: bring together, compare
deferre: carry away, report
differo. differre, distuli, dilatus: differ;
postpone
efferre: bring out, extol
offero (obfero), offerre,

IRE and compounds

eo, ire, ii, itum: to go OTHERS
abire: go away aio, ait (defective): to say
adire: go to, approach nolo, nolle, nolui: be unwilling, not want
exire: go out, leave possum, posse, potui: be able to, can
perire: perish volo, velle, volui: wish, want
redire: return, go back coepi, isse, coeptus (defective): begin
praeterire: go past; omit, leave out pudet (impers): it shames, to be ashamed
inire: go in, enter of
obire: go to meet, visit, face; die fio, fieri, factus sum: be made, be
obviam ire: go to meet appointed, become, happen
subire: go under, undergo inquam, inquit: I say, he says/said
transire: cross malo, malle, malui: prefer
memini, meminisse + gen: remember
FERRE and compounds odi, odisse: hate
fero, ferre, tuli, latum: carry, bring, bear, oportet (impers): it is right, it is proper
endure; to say, assert licet, licere, licuit (impers): it is allowed
inferre: bring in, bring against; taedet (impers): it wearies, to be tired of
HSC Core Vocab List – Adverbs, conjunctions, particles – learn all except italics
abhinc: ago, hereafter
ac: and
acriter: keenly, fiercely
adeo: to such an extent, so far
adhuc: thus far, up to this
aegre: with difficulty, badly, reluctantly
aeque: equally, fairly
aliquamdiu: for some time
aliquando: at some time, sometimes, at last
aliter: otherwise, differently
an: or, or whether
antea: previously
antequam: before
aperte: openly
at: but
atque: and
attente: attentively, carefully
aut: or
aut…aut: either… or
autem: but, however
bene: well
breviter: briefly
celeriter: quickly
certe: certainly
circiter: about, around
clam: secretly
comiter: courteously, kindly, in a friendly manner
commode: rightly, properly, appropriately, comfortably
continuo: straightaway, immediately, at once
cotidie: daily
cras: tomorrow
cum: when, since, although
cur: why
deinde: then
demum: at last, finally
denique: finally
diligenter: diligently, carefully
diu: for a long time
donec: while, until, so long as long as
dum: while, so long as
dummodo: provided that, as long as
ecce: look
eheu: alas
enim: for

17
eo: there, to that place
eodem: to the same place / point
ergo: therefore
et…et: both… and
etiam: also, even
euge: hurray
extra: outside
facile: easily
fere: almost
ferociter: fiercely
fideliter: faithfully, loyally
foede: foully
foras: outside, forth
forsitan: perhaps
fortasse: perhaps
forte: by chance
frustra: in vain
furtim: furtively
graviter: seriously
haud: not
heri: yesterday
hic: here
hinc: from here. hence
hodie: today
huc: here, to this place
iam: now, already
ibi: there
ibidem: in the same place / matter / time
identidem: repeatedly, again and again
ideo: on that account, for that reason, therefore
igitur: therefore
illinc: from that place, on that side
illic: there, to that place
illuc: there, to that place
immo: on the contrary, yes indeed, no indeed, no rather
impune: with impunity
inde: from that place, thence
intente: intently
interdiu: by day
interdum: now and then, sometimes, occasionally
interea: meanwhile
interim: meanwhile
intra: inside, within
intus: inside, within
ita: thus, in this way
itaque: and so

18
iterum: again
leniter: softly, gently, mildly, calmly
leviter: lightly, gently
longe: far, by far
magis: more
magnopere: greatly
male: badly
mane: in the morning
modo: only, just
multo: (by) much
nam: for
ne: that, that not, in order… not
-ne: surely…? [Introduces a question]
nec: nor, and … not
necesse: necessary
nequaquam: not at all, by no means
neque: nor, and … not
neque… neque: neither… nor
non iam: no longer
non solum: not only
nonne: surely
num: surely… not; whether
numquam: never
nuper: recently
nusquam: nowhere
o: oh
ocius: more swiftly, quickly
olim: once, one day
omnino: completely, utterly, surely, by all means
paene: almost
palam: openly
partim: partly
parum: too little
passim: here and there
paulisper: for a short time / while
paulo: (by) little
paulum: little
placide: calmly
plus: more
postea: afterwards
postquam: after
postremo: finally, in the end
postridie: the next day
potius: rather
praeterea: moreover, besides
pridie: the day before

19
primo: first, firstly, in the beginning
primum: first, firstly
prius: before, previously
priusquam: before
procul: far off, at a distance
profecto: truly, really, indeed
propterea: on that account, for the reason that
qua: where, by which place
quam: than, how
quamquam: although
quamvis: although
quando: when
quasi: as if
-que: and
quia: since
quidem: indeed
quin: who not, that not, that, but that; why not, nay rather, but indeed
quin etiam: nay rather, but indeed, rather
quo: where, to where
quod: because
quominus: by which the less, so that not
quomodo: how, in what way
quondam: once
quoniam: since
quoque: also, too
quot: how many
quotiens: how often, as often as
recte: rightly, duly
repente: suddenly
retro: back, backwards, behind
rite: rightly, duly
rursus: again
saepe: often
sane: clearly, really, indeed, surely; sensibly
sapienter: wisely
satis: enough, quite
scilicet: evidently, of course
sed: but
semel: once
semper: always
sero: late
seu/sive: or, whether… or
si: if
sic: thus, in this way
sicut: just as, like
simul: at the same time, together

20
simul atque: at the same time, as soon as
simulac: at the same time, as soon as
sin: but if
sponte: (of one’s) accord, willingly
statim: at once
stulte: foolishly
suaviter: sweetly
subito: suddenly
super: above
supra: above
tacite: silently, quietly
tam: so
tamen: however
tametsi: although
tamquam: as if, like
tandem: at last, finally
tantum: only, so much
temere: rashly
tot: so many
totidem: just as many
totiens: so often
totiens… quotiens: as often… as
tum: then
ubi: when, where
ubique: everywhere
ultro: beyond, besides, moreover, of one’s own accord, spontaneously
umquam: ever
una: together
unde: from where
undique: on all sides
usquam: anywhere
usque: continuously, all the way
ut: that, so that, to, in order to, how, as
utinam: would that…! I wish that….!
utrimque: on both sides
utrum (an): whether or, or
valde: very, very much
varie: variously, in different ways
-ve: or
vehementer: fiercely, intensely, loudly, forcefully, vehemently
vel: or rather; either… or; even, actually
velut: just as, like
vero: but, moreover, truly, indeed, in fact, really
verum: truly; but
videlicet: clearly, of course, plainly
vix: scarcely, hardly, barely

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