CHAPTER 6: 1.1.A: Origin 6.

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of the Universe and the
BIOENERGETICS Cellular FunctionSolar System
and Structure
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AT THE END OF THIS SECTION, STUDENTS ARE
EXPECTED TO DEMONSTRATE THE UNDERSTANDING OF:

•Cell as the basic unit of

life
•Cellular functions and
structure
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BIOENERGETICS
•A field of biology concerned with studying how energy
flows through living systems
•Bio – Life
•Energetics – Energy
•The flow of energy is best illustrated by the food web
where an organism obtains an energy from another and is
in itself an energy from another and is in itself an energy
source for another

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CELL THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
•The cell is the basic and smallest unit of all living things
•Can be a single-celled organism, like a bacteria, or a
multi-cellular organism made from billions and trillions of
cells
•The human body, for example, has close to 37.2 trillion
cells
•Our body is also home to 100 trillion or more bacterial
cells, mostly found in our gastrointestinal tract
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CELLULAR HIERARCHY

•Cells that are linked together are called ______________

tissues
organs
•Interconnected tissues form an ________________ (e.g.
lungs, brain and kidney)
•Organs linked to each other form the
organ systems
___________________ (e.g. nervous system)
•Interconnected system form an
________________________
organism

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PROKARYOTIC CELLS
•Prokaryotes are single-
celled organisms (e.g.
bacteria)
•Their cells are composed
of a cell membrane
surrounded by a cell wall,
and a single strand of
DNA. No other organelles
and nucleus found inside

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PROKARYOTIC CELLS
•Prokaryotes do not need
oxygen to survive and
reproduce
•What they need is energy
that can be obtained from
heat, organic matter, or
inorganic compounds
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS

•They multiply through

binary fission in which a cell
divides into two
•Binary fission produces
daughter cells in which are
identical to the parent cell

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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
•First came into being when two bacterial cells coalesce to form a
union cells
•This union is mutually beneficial for the two bacteria for two
reasons:
•The bacteria inside the unified cell is protected by the host
bacteria
•The host bacteria is benefitted by the chemical energy produced
by the guest bacteria
•This process of two organisms coalescing and evolving as one
organism is called ENDOSYMBIOSIS
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
•DNA is contained
in a nucleus
•Capable of
producing chemical
energy due to the
presence of
MITOCHONDRIA

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CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
•The general functions of cells can be classed into
four:
➢To code information and translate instruction
➢To create energy
➢To produce protein to build biological parts
➢To regulate substances or stimuli entering the
internal environment of cells
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 Interact with the
Membranes external
environment
Code genetic
information and
Chromosomes carry out genetic
instructions
Key Cell Functions

Mitochondria Generate
energy
Endoplasmic Produce protein
needed to make
Reticulum and biological
Golgi tubes structures
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Enterocytes
Transport
(intestinal
dissolved
Absorption absorptive
substances to
cells), transport
other cells
vesicles
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Cells use nutrients

Endoplasmic and smaller
Biosynthesis reticulum and Golgi molecules to
tubes, ribosomes produce larger
molecules
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Break down
absorbed
Peroxisomes,
substances into
Digestion lysosomes, vacuoles,
and vesicles molecules that
can be used by
the organism
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Secretory Remove
vesicles, nonsoluble
Egestion
lysosomes, waste
vacuoles materials
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Secretary Remove
vesicles, soluble
Excretion
lysosomes, waste
vacuoles materials
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Maintain a
Cell
Homeostasis stable internal
membrane environment

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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Sense and
Cell
respond to
Irritability membrane,
changes in the
neurons environment
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Allow cells to move

Transport within the body of
Movement vesicles, secretory an organism, or
vesicles allow movement
within cells

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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Produce more
Gametes, cells, code
Repro- chromosomes, genetic traits
duction egg cells, and translate
sperm cells genetic
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Break down
food molecules
Respiration Mitochondria with a resulting
release of
energy
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS
Function Structure Description

Release
substances
Endoplasmic
Secretion synthesized
reticulum from
biomolecules
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REVIEW

Explain the:
•Cell as the basic unit of life
•Cellular functions and
structure
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NEXT TOPIC: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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